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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. MISSOURI RIVER DIVISION CORPS OF ENGINEERS OMAHA, NEBRASKA

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TO OUR READERS: During June, 1975, both the United States Army and the Army Corps of Engineers commemorate their two hundredth anniversaries. And for the past century and a half, the Corps, at the direction of Congress, has planned for the wise use and proper development of America's water resources. The Corps was born in a moment of stress and at a time of great need. The hastily formed continentals desperately needed defensive ramparts for the Battle of Bunker Hill. Our first engineers met the challenge and, since that strife-ridden genesis, the Corps has picked up the gauntlet many times and served well in each national crisis. Corps representatives, civilian and mili­ tary, dedicate themselves to preserving the Nation and enhancing both our way of life and the environment which supports it. The Army Engineers have played a vital role throughout our history — whether at peace or war. In the early decades of our Nation's development, we handled construction of the country's first interstate roads and canals, the first bridges and railroads. Numbered among our many accomplishments, the Corps built the Panama Canal and finished the Washington Monument. Since 1824 the Engineers have been charged with improving rivers and har­ bors, with the responsibility for both the coastal work and the intricate sys­ tem of inland waterways. We are dedicated to serving the people of the United States and responding to their needs. In this tradition, we remain sensitive to the Nation's emphasis on environmental and developmental needs of the Nation. During this, our bicentennial year, as in years past, we urgently seek to foster public awareness of and involvement in our water resources planning efforts. To respond to your wishes, we must communicate. Therefore, I ask you to study this booklet. Learn what has been accomplished and consider what is being planned for your State. Then, provide us with your opinions and offer your counsel. We exist to serve you and all the people of the United States.

W. C. GRIBBLE/rR. Lieutenant GeneraVUSA Chief of Engineers DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, MISSOURI RIVER DIVISION CORPS OF ENGINEERS OMAHA, NEBRASKA The address of each Corps of Engineers office involved in the State is given below, and the area of responsibility of each is indicated on the map in the back of this pamphlet. Inquiries regarding the work of the Corps should be addressed to the appropriate office. DIVISION ENGINEER DEPARTMENTOFTHE ARMY, MISSOURI RIVER DIVISION Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 103, Downtown Station Omaha, Nebraska 68101 DISTRICT ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Omaha District, Corps of Engineers 6014 U.S. Post Office and Court House 215 North 17th Street Omaha, Nebraska 68102 DIVISION ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION Corps of Engineers 536 South Clark Street Chicago, Illinois 60605 DISTRICT ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers 1217 U.S. Post Office and Custom House St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 INTRODUCTION 5 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES 15 COMPLETED MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS 19 Garrison Dam and Lake Sakakawea 19 Bowman-Haley Lake, North Dakota 21 COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS 22 Marmarth Local Flood Protection 22 Mandan Local Flood Protection 23 Lower Heart River Flood Control 23 ASSOCIATED PROJECTS OF OTHER AGENCIES 22 MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS UNDER WAY 24 Comprehensive Plan, Missouri River Basin 24 Oahe Dam and Lake Oahe 25 Pipestem Lake, North Dakota 21 FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS UNDER WAY 26 Missouri River between Garrison Dam and Lake Oahe 26 OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS 27 Mott, Cannonball River 27 "S WORK UNDER SPECIAL CONTINUING AUTHORITIES 28 Small Flood Control Projects 28 Flood Fighting and Emergency Repairs 29 Flood Plain Information Reports 31 SURVEYS UNDER WAY 32 SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER BASIN 35 COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS 39 Lake Traverse-Bois de Sioux River 39 Lake Ashtabula and Baldhill Dam 40 Homme Dam and Lake 40 Red River of the North 41 FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS UNDER WAY 42 Channel Improvements, Souris River at Minot 42 Red River of The North at Pembina 43, 45 OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS 42 Kindred Lake, Sheyenne River 42 Burlington Dam, Souris River, North Dakota 43 Grafton, North Dakota 45 WORK UNDER SPECIAL CONTINUING AUTHORITIES 44 Velva, North Dakota 44 Lower Branch Rush River 44 Red River of the North at Pembina, North Dakota 43,45 SURVEYS UNDER WAY 46 INDEX 47 STATE MAP 3 V'V This booklet provides timely, concise information con­ cerning the water-resources development program of the Corps of Engineers in North Dakota. Although it is a regularly constituted branch of the United States Army, with extensive military engineering and con­ struction responsibilities, the Corps is actively engaged also in planning and building projects for flood control, navigation, and water conservation as primary civil functions under Federal law. When adverse conditions or problems arise in con­ nection with flooding or related conservation matters, local interests, if unable to cope with the situation, may petition their representatives in Congress for assistance. The representatives, after consideration of such petitions, may request the appropriate Con­ gressional Committee to direct the Corps of Engineers to investigate the feasibility and economics of reme­ dial measures. When the directive covers an entire river basin, the basin is studied as a unit, and every effort is made to develop a comprehensive plan. Flood control, hydroelectric power, navigation, irri­ gation, water supply, water quality control, recrea­ tion, and such other water uses as can be economi­ cally integrated into the plan are considered. Throughout the investigation and planning stages of a basin development, close coordination is maintained with local interests, the State, and other Federal agencies. As a result, the desires of local interests and the plans of other agencies receive full con­ sideration, and the project as finally recommended for construction by the Corps of Engineers becomes a properly designed unit in the ultimate compre­ hensive development of the stream basin. The entire program, from preliminary planning through construc­ INTRODUCTION tion and operation, is under the direction of the Secretary of the Army and the supervision of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. The decentralized organization of the Corps of En­ gineers, with its 11 major divisions based primarily on drainage boundaries, is particularly suited to the conduct of comprehensive studies leading to the most effective utilization of our water resources. Most of the major river basins are entirely within the boun­ daries of single divisions, and district boundaries are usually established to include one or more princi­ pal tributary basins. Thus, the studies of water resources needs and development for an entire river system, such as the Missouri River, can be coordi­ nated in a single office where the varied and some­ times conflicting water uses can be most readily resolved and duplications of effort avoided. The pro­ grams and activities of the Corps, as presented herein, are arranged by major subbasins which lie wholly or partially within the State. The guiding prin­ ciple — the greatest good for the greatest number

5 of persons — is and must be followed if our water and land resources are to fulfill our needs in the years to come.

Inasmuch as both Divisions and Districts of the Corps of Engineers for Civil Works are defined geo­ graphically to embrace complete river basins, sub- basins, or appropriate river reaches, the organiza­ tional pattern in North Dakota involves two Divisions and two Districts.

In North Dakota, overall coordination among all Federal and State agencies working to develop land and water resources is accomplished through the Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Commission and the Missouri River Basin Commission.

The Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Commissioi serves as the principal agency for coordination of Reservoirs constructed for flood control often include Federal, State, interstate, local, and nongovernmental additional storage capacity for multipurpose uses, plans for developing water and related land resources such as for the conservation of water for municipal in the region. In Fiscal Year 1968, the Commission and industrial uses and water quality control, navi­ initiated a comprehensive framework study with gation, irrigation, development of hydroelectric power, participation by the States of North Dakota, Minnesota, conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife and South Dakota and eight Federal agencies. The values, and recreation. Where there are several re­ study is scheduled to be completed this year. Activi­ servoirs in a basin, their operation as a coordinated ties and functions of the Missouri River Basin Com­ system increases the benefits in downstream areas. mission are discussed elsewhere in this Introduction Water resources projects completed by the Corps in in connection with the Missouri River Basin Com­ the State of North Dakota include the Garrison Dam prehensive Framework Study. on the Missouri River, Baldhill Dam on the Sheyenne River, Homme Dam on the Park River, Bowman-Haley FLOOD CONTROL Dam on the North Fork of the Grand River, and local Federal concern in flood control dates back to the flood protection projects at Mandan, Marmarth, and early part of the 19th Century when the interrela­ Scranton, and at several locations in the basin of the tionship of flood control and navigation became Red River of the North. Garrison Dam has provided apparent in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi flood control protection since 1953, electrical power River. Congress, in the Flood Control Act of 1936, since 1956, and its reservoir, officially named Lake extended that interest to the entire country due to the Sakakawea, is a popular recreation area. impact of disastrous floods affecting wide areas, as well as transportation systems. In addition, the Corps is supervising the development of the public use areas of Lake Oahe, Lake Ashtabula, The purpose of flood control work is to regulate and the Bowman-Haley Lake. Bank protection work is floodflows and thus to prevent flood damage. The term being done at selected sites along the Garrison-Oahe "flood control" also includes alleviation of major drain­ reach of the Missouri River. age problems. These objectives are accomplished by means of reservoirs, local protection works, or combinations of both. Local protection is accom­ plished by channel enlargement and improvement, realignment, removal of obstructions, construction of levees and floodwalls, bank protection, and appurte­ nant works.

6 NAVIGATION In addition, the Corps of Engineers is responsible Navigation improvements as provided by the Federal for administering the Federal laws for the preserva­ Government stem from the commerce clause of the tion and protection of the navigable waters of the Constitution, and from subsequent decisions of the United States. Among other things, these laws pertain Supreme Court, to the effect that the Federal obliga­ to granting of permits for structures over or in navi­ tions to regulate navigation and commerce also in­ gable waters and for operations in navigable waters; cluded the right to make necessary improvements. alteration or removal of obstructive bridges; removal Navigation improvement has two aspects which must of sunken vessels or other obstructions endangering be considered. It is a part of the overall problem of navigation; establishment of anchorage grounds, the development of water resources and at the same special anchorage areas, danger zones, dumping time is an element of the national transportation pro­ grounds, restricted areas, fishing areas, and harbor blem. The Federal Government is concerned with both lines. The Corps of Engineers also compiles annual statistics on commercial cargoes. These data are aspects. highly important in determining the need for and The primary objective of river and harbor improve­ justification of the improvement and maintenance of ments is to assist in the development, conduct, and rivers and harbors for commerce and navigation. They safety of water-borne commerce. This is accomp­ are also of value to commercial and shipping con­ lished by deepening and widening waterways so that cerns, various Federal and local agencies, and others commercial and other watercraft can be accom­ interested in transportation. modated safely and expeditiously to provide an economical means of transportation for various types of cargoes. Other objectives include provision of facilities to promote recreational boating. HYDROELECTRIC POWER Navigation works also provide important intangible Hydroelectric power long has been an important part benefits. These include the expansion of existing, and of the Nation's economic system and has become an the development of new, agricultural and industrial integral part of the water resources development pro­ production, and the removal of broad sectional handi­ gram. Power is included in any Corps of Engineers caps due to inaccessibility. National benefits include project only at the direction of Congress, which acts transportation values to the national defense, particu­ upon recommendations of the Federal Power Commis­ larly in case of emergencies. The Corps of Engineers sion. Such recommendations are generally based is responsible for construction, maintenance, and upon the current and potential market, and, of course, operation of Federal river and harbor projects, and the upon the economic feasibility. The Corps becomes cost is largely Federal. only the constructing agent in this matter, and generated power in turn is distributed by the appro­ the prudent development of its limited natural re­ priate marketing agencies. sources. Wise planning is vital, then, to attain a balance between economic growth and the preserva­ tion of natural beauty. WATER SUPPLY Water supply is of increasing vital interest to the na­ Through the enactment of the National Environmental tional economy and security, and full attention is given Policy Act of 1969, the Environmental Quality Improve­ to this subject in the planning of river basin works. ment Act of 1970, and other legislation, the Execu­ Under Section 6 of the Flood Control Act of 1944, tive Branch and the Congress have placed upon the the Secretary of the Army is authorized to make con­ Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies tracts with States, municipalities, private concerns, or engaged in the development of natural resources, the individuals for domestic and industrial uses of surplus responsibility of seeking such a balance. The Corps, in water that may be available at Corps of Engineers its comprehensive studies and project investigations, projects. The Water Supply Act of 1958 makes further considers environmental values and needs equally provisions for water supply storage in Federal navi­ with economic, technical, and social factors. gation, flood control, irrigation, or multiple-purpose projects. Under the terms of the Water Supply Act, Public participation is actively sought and encour­ reimbursement to the Federal Government by local aged to work in partnership with the Corps to define interests for the costs involved may be extended over environmental objectives. At the State level, Citizens a period of 50 years. This Act was amended in 1961 to Environmental Councils, composed of individuals increase the Federal interest in water quality control. representing a broad spectrum of public interest and environmental and socio-economic disciplines, are sponsored by Division and District Engineers to assist ENVIRONMENTAL in the formulation and review of the Corps' broad plan­ CONSIDERATIONS ning process. Similarly, local interests are encour­ Traditionally, Americans have sought economic aged to form Citizens Advisory Groups to assist in expansion and development to support a growing the review of specific project study and planning. population and to achieve a better standard of living. It has become evident, particularly within this decade, that our natural resources, including environmental quality, are not limitless. Thus, our Nation is faced with the critical need to provide a quality environ­ ment for its citizens while, at the same time, insuring Environmental considerations are essential compo­ adjacent private lands. Facilities such as marinas with nents of the decision-making process throughout the their attendant items for sale and rent are normally planning, design, construction, and operational located on Federal lands on a concessionaire basis. phases. The Corps of Engineers extends a standing invitation to all concerned citizens to participate in Wildlife is thriving within the reservoir areas of the this vital program. Missouri River basin due to an abundance of food, water, and natural habitat. The presence of wildlife RECREATION provides an additional benefit to the hunter, the photo­ Outdoor recreational opportunities are now recog­ grapher, the student of wildlife, and to the tourist who nized as a national resource worthy of development to derives enjoyment from observing wildlife in the open a far greater degree than heretofore. Accordingly, country. The Corps of Engineers has produced a 26- in the planning of water resources projects, Federal minute, 16-millimeter film in color, titled "Wildlife agencies now consider the needs and potentialities on the Main Stem". This film may be obtained from for outdoor recreation on the same basis as other the Public Affairs Office of either the Missouri River uses of water resources. In carrying out the civil works Division or the Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, program according to the directives of Congress, the Omaha, Nebraska, for showing by schools, colleges, Corps of Engineers has made millions of acres of universities, and by civic organizations. lands and water areas available, including both river improvement and lake projects, for publ ic recreational use. A map at the back of this booklet shows the location and status of each project described in detail. The Although facilities for recreational use of lake areas map also shows the jurisdictional boundaries of the are being provided as rapidly as possible, the demand Corps of Engineers' offices, and their addresses are continues to exceed the steadily increasing supply. shown in the front of this booklet. During 1972, facilities provided for public use at lakes include access roads, boat-launching ramps and navigation aids, parking areas for cars and trail­ ers, observation points, picnic areas, campgrounds, FLOOD PLAIN INFORMATION swimming areas, and water supply. Provisions are The Chief of Engineers, through the Secretary of the also made for the preservation and enhancement of Army, is authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1960 fish and wildlife resources. Additional privately owned to provide information to States and local communi­ facilities and services such as motels, restaurants, ties, upon their request, for optimum use and regula­ and sporting goods stores are generally provided on tion of flood plain areas. The work done by the Corps under this authority involves surveying and OTHER SPECIAL AND CONTINUING mapping of flood plain areas, together with technical AUTHORITIES studies necessary to establish the flood damage potential, flood heights, and the extent of inundation Under legislation enacted by Congress, the Corps of of the areas involved. Such information is provided to Engineers is authorized to undertake certain flood con­ aid local interests in establishing rights-of-way lines, trol measures without specific congressional approval stream clearance lines, and land use regulations. for each project. These measures include the con­ struction of small flood control projects, the removal Special flood hazard information reports are provided of accumulated snags and other debris from tributary under the Corps of Engineers' technical services streams, channel clearing and straightening in navi­ program to provide guidance for flood plain manage­ gable streams and their tributaries, and emergency ment planners. These studies can be requested by bank protection works. Federal, State, or local governmental agencies for In each instance, the project must constitute a com­ small areas, for short stream reaches, or when flood plete solution to the problem and it must be econom­ plain information reports are not scheduled. These ically sound: that is, the economic benefits derived reports usually fulfill a more immediate need for flood from the project must exceed the costs of the project. plain regulation or planning and they may be com­ Also, each project must be sponsored by and coor­ parable in scope to a full flood plain information dinated with the local interests desiring the project. report. Any costs in excess of the Federal limitation must be absorbed by the project sponsor, that is, a city, county, State or other legal governmental unit with the power to levy taxes, provide certain assurances, and pay the non-Federal costs of the project. Requests for studies of problems covered by these continuing authorities may be initiated by a local governmental unit by writing either to the Corps of Engineers or to appropriate Congressional representatives. The following paragraphs describe briefly the salient features of the Corps' continuing authorities: SMALL FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS Section 205 of the 1948 Flood Control Act, as' amended, gives authority to the Chief of Engineers to construct

10 small flood control projects such as levees, floodwalls, Engineers is also authorized to engage in flood fight­ and small dams. The Federal share for each project ing and rescue operations, to repair or restore flood may not exceed $1,000,000 at any single locality control works threatened or damaged by floods, to except in an area that has been declared a major construct emergency flood protection works, and to disaster area. In that instance, the Federal share for assist State and local governments in alleviating dam­ each project may not exceed $2,000,000 providing age, hardship, and suffering caused by major dis­ the project area has been classified as a major dis­ asters. Following are brief descriptions of the emer­ aster area within the 5-year period immediately pre­ gency authorities of the Corps of Engineers: ceding the date the Chief of Engineers determines PUBLIC LAW 99, FLOOD-ASSOCIATED ASSISTANCE that construction of a project is warranted. The Corps of Engineers is authorized by Congress to fighting and rescue operations, and SNAGGING AND CLEARING engage in flood to repair or restore flood control works threatened or Section 208 of the 1954 Flood Control Act, as amended, damaged by floods. When emergency assistance is authorizes the Chief of Engineers to approve the required, local officials can coordinate their request expenditures of up to $250,000 a year on any one tributary stream for removal of accumulated snags through the State Civil Defense Preparedness Agency. and other debris, and for channel clearing and If the emergency is beyond local and State capa­ straightening in navigable streams and tributaries to bilities, the Agency may then request assistance from reduce flood damages. the Corps. The Corps rehabilitation and restoration authority EMERGENCY BANK PROTECTION following a flood is limited to flood control structures. Section 14 of the 1946 Flood Control Act, as amended, Under Public Law 99, the Corps authority does not authorizes the Chief of Engineers to spend up to extend to the reimbursement of State or local authori­ $250,000 annually in a single locality for the con­ ties for expenditures of funds for flood fighting, the struction, repair, restoration, or modification of emer­ dewatering of flooded areas, or for flood cleanup or gency streambank and shoreline protection works to removal of temporary flood control structures. Such prevent damage to highways, bridge approaches, activities, however, may be authorized after Presi­ public works and utilities, churches, hospitals and dential declaration of a major disaster (See "Public schools, and other non-profit public services. The Law 288"). authority does not apply to privately owned property PUBLIC LAW 99 — OPERATION FORESIGHT or structures except as indicated above. In 1969, Operation Foresight, an emergency flood OTHER EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES protection program, was launched by order of the In addition to the foregoing authorities, the Corps of President. In the spring of that year, the National

11 Weather Service had predicted major flooding be­ hardships, and suffering caused by the disaster. The cause of the heavy snow cover in the Missouri River law provides for Corps assistance, as directed, in basin. The President ordered the Office of Emergency undertaking in the public interest, protective measures Preparedness (now the Federal Disaster Assistance such as flood debris removal and other work beyond Administration), to coordinate Federal planning to the scope of the authority of Public Law 99." augment State and local resources, and directed the Secretary of the Army to use available authorities to PERMITS FOR WORK IN NAVIGABLE WATERS employ the Corps' capabilities. The Department of the Army, acting through the Corps of Engineers, performs extensive civil functions Since Public Law 99 authorizes the Chief of Engineers which include the construction, operation, mainte­ to expend funds for flood emergency preparations, no nance, and control of river and harbor and flood- new legislation was necessary for Corps' participa­ control improvements authorized by law, and the ad­ tion. The Chief of Engineers cannot, however, issue ministration of certain laws enacted by Congress for an Operation Foresight declaration until the National the protection and preservation of navigation and Weather Service has predicted that major flooding navigable waters of the United States. could occur on designated streams. The term "navigable waters of the United States" Upon the issuance of an Operation Foresight declara­ means those waters of the Nation which are presently, tion, the Corps of Engineers is then authorized to or have been in the past, or may be in the future, advise threatened communities of emergency activi­ susceptible for use for the purpose of interstate or ties they can take to protect themselves from predicted foreign commerce. Within the Missouri River basin, flood threats. When requested by State or local author­ streams that are classified as "navigable waters" are ities, or when certain emergency work is clearly the Missouri River from its mouth to Fort Benton, beyond the financial and manpower resources of the Montana; the Yellowstone River from its mouth to the community, the Corps can also construct emergency town of Intake, Montana; and the Big Sioux River from levees to protect public facilities in flood-threatened its mouth to a point 3.5 miles upstream therefrom. Based areas. on the above definition of "navigable waters", studies PUBLIC LAW 288 — MAJOR DISASTER RECOVERY are being made of other reaches of the Yellowstone Public Law 288 provides that: "Upon declaration of a River and of other major tributary streams in the basin major disaster by the President, the Corps and other to determine if they meet the navigability criteria. Federal agencies, at the direction of the Federal Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act approved 3 Disaster Assistance Administration, will assist State March 1899 prohibits the unauthorized obstruction or and local governments in alleviating the damage, alteration of any navigable water of the United States.

12 The construction of any structure in or over any navi­ of the Bureau of Reclamation, the Tennessee Valley gable water, the excavation from or depositing of Authority, or the International Boundary and Water material in such waters, or the accomplishment of Commission, (2) dams which have been constructed any other work affecting the course, location, condi­ pursuant to licenses issued under the authority of the tion, or capacity of such waters are unlawful unless Federal Power Act, (3) dams which have been inspect­ the work has been recommended by the Chief of ed within the twelve-month period immediately prior Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of the Army. to the enactment of this Act by a State agency and In the interest of efficient administration, however, which the Governor of such State requests be exclud­ authority has been delegated by the Secretary of the ed from inspection, and (4) dams which the Secre­ Army and by the Chief of Engineers to Division and tary of the Army determines do not pose any threat District Engineers to issue permits for work and to human life or property. structures in or over navigable waters in cases which Dams to be inspected under the authority of this are entirely routine. program are any artificial barriers which are 25 feet The decision as to whether a permit will be issued or more in height above streambed or which have is based on an evaluation of all relevant factors in­ impounding capacity at maximum water storage ele­ cluding the effect of the proposed work on naviga­ vation of 50 acre-feet or more. After a dam is inspected, tion, fish and wildlife, conservation, pollution, aes­ the Governor of the State in which the dam is locat­ thetics, ecology, and the general public interest. ed will be advised of the results of the inspection. Detailed information on permits required under Sec­ Immediate notification will be made if any hazardous tion 10 of the March 1899 River and Harbor Act, or conditions are found. Upon request of the Governor, on other authorities of the Corps of Engineers may advice will be provided on measures necessary to be obtained by writing to the nearest District Engineer correct any hazardous conditions found during the at the address listed in the front of this booklet. inspection. NATIONAL DAM INSPECTION PROGRAM Public Law 92-367, dated August 8, 1972, authorizes the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers, to undertake a national program of inspecting dams for the purpose of protecting human life and property. All dams in the United States shall be inspected except (1) dams under the jurisdiction

The Missouri Rivertributaries in North Dakota originate in two subbasins known generally as the Western Dakota and the Eastern Da­ kota Subbasins. The Western Dakota Sub- basin encompasses an area of more than 77,000 square miles and includes portions of South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, and MISSOURI North Dakota. The subbasin contains two dis­ tinctly different areas. One is the Black Hills, RIVER an area of striking terrain, with mineral and timber resources and a substantial, though TRIBUTAR S seasonal, tourist trade which promises to dominate the local economy. The other area is the Great Plains, semi-arid and, hence, semi-sterile. In both areas the economy is dominated by agriculture, particularly live­ stock grazing. The subbasin contains a con­ siderable amount of lignite which could be used in thermal powerplants. In North Dakota, the Western Dakota Sub­ basin spreads, fan shaped, from the south­ west corner of the State north and east to the Missouri River which forms the perimeter of the subbasin. Major subbasin tributaries of the Missouri River are the Cannonball, Heart, Knife, and Little Missouri Rivers. The Yellow­ stone River crosses into North Dakota from neighboring Montana and continues north­ ward another 20 miles or so before entering the upstream end of Lake Sakakawea. This in private farms. But the area experiences 178-mi le-long lake is impounded by Garrison extremes of floods and droughts, and agricul­ Dam which straddles the Missouri about 75 tural production is accordingly unstable. The miles upstream from Bismarck, the capital of subbasin in North Dakota is unique in that it North Dakota. has only one major stream, the James River. Although it originates in North Dakota, the Completed by the Corps of Engineers in the James follows an almost due-south course 1950's, Garrison Dam and Lake Sakakawea along the eastern edge of the subbasin into is a major unit in the main stem system of South Dakota, continues its southerly course dams. Other projects constructed in North through that State and joins the Missouri Dakota by the Corps of Engineers' Omaha River in the vicinity of Yankton, South Dakota. District provide flood protection for the com­ Pipestem Creek, the largest tributary in North munities of Marmarth, Scranton, and Man- Dakota of the James River, has been the dan. On the Missouri River between Garrison cause of serious flooding in the city of Dam and the headwaters of Lake Oahe the Jamestown and adjacent rural areas. Pipe- Corps is continuing its program of bank stem Dam and Lake, authorized by the Flood protection and stabilization work at selected Control Act of 1965, is now under construc­ locations. tion and is scheduled for completion late in In the southwestern corner of the State the 1974. Omaha District has constructed Bowman- The foregoing projects have resulted from Haley Dam and Lake, a multiple-purpose studies made by the Corps of Engineers in project located on the North Fork of the Grand response to requests from State and local River 6 miles upstream from Haley, North interests. Currently authorized studies, in­ Dakota. volving all or part of the Western Dakota and The Eastern Dakota Subbasin extends east­ Eastern Dakota Subbasins, have been com­ ward from the Missouri River to embrace an bined into an overall study in the interest of area of more than 58,000 square miles lo­ more effective study procedures or have cated primarily in North Dakota and South been deferred until the wishes of local in­ Dakota. About 92 percent of the subbasin is terests are more clearly defined.

16 AUTHORIZED CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROJECTS UNDER NOT OTHER COMPLETED CONSTRUCTION STARTED PROJECTS

NORTH DAKOTA

LAKE SAKAKAWE A GARRISON

MISSOURI RIVER BANK JAMESTOWN STABILIZATION RESERVOIR GARRISON DAM TO LAKE OAHE

PIPESTEM LAKE DICKINSON MANDAN JAMESTOWN Paiter so BISMARCK LAKE ' TSCHIDA

LOWER HEART RIVER

MARMARTH OAHE Beaver SCRANTON MOTT

LAKE LINTON OAHE NORTH DAKOTA 'i BOWMAN - HALEY SOUTH DAKOTA MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

18 COMPLETED MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS GARRISON DAM AND LAKE SAKAKAWEA (Omaha District)

Garrison Dam is located on the Missouri River 75 miles upstream from Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota. This project, now essentially complete, is a major unit in the Missouri River system of multiple- purpose dams and is making major contributions to the economy of the basin in the form of flood control, hydroelectric power, improvement of navigation downstream from Sioux City, storage of water for ir­ rigation, and other allied benefits. In the past, floods originating in the upper basin of the Missouri River caused extensive damages not only in North Dakota but in all of the Missouri River Ti valley. The record-breaking flood of April 1952 dis­ rupted the lives and affected the welfare of thousands of people in the valley. Generated by melting snow in the Dakotas and in Montana, the flood swept down­ stream, inundated many towns, and spread over more than 2 million acres of agricultural lands. Damages caused by this disastrous flood were estimated at $179,000,000. Had it been fully operational at the :: time, Garrison Dam, in conjunction with other projects of the authorized Missouri basin program, would have prevented more than $162,000,000 of the flood damage. Construction of Garrison Dam was started in 1946. The compacted earth embankment extends more than 2 miles across the Missouri River valley and has a maximum height of 202 feet. Other major features of the project are the spillway, the outlet works, and the powerhouse. The spillway, located on the east side of the river, is a reinforced concrete structure topped by 28 steel gates which are individually controlled by electric hoists. This structure serves as a safety valve to release water when the volume flowing into the reservoir exceeds the maximum operating needs and capabilities of the project. The outlet works con­ sist of the intake structure, located in the lake, and eight tunnels which run beneath the dam. Normal water releases are made through the powerplant, using five of the tunnels to carry water for power generation and for use downstream. The three remain­ ing tunnels and the spillway are used primarily for MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

flood control, and to release additional discharges construction of the Missouri River's system of dams is as required. The five turbine-generators, located in the remarkable growth of water-based recreation. the powerhouse, have a combined capacity of 400,000 Lake Sakakawea has a 1,340-mile shoreline which kilowatts, and are capable of producing almost 2 provides excellent opportunities for fishing, swim­ billion kilowatt-hours of electrical energy annually. ming, water skiing, boating, camping, and other out­ The first generator was activated in January 1956, and door activities. There are at present 17 recreation the fourth and fifth units were placed in service in areas which were initially developed by the Corps of October 1960. Through June 1974, the project has Engineers. The State of North Dakota, local com­ produced about 36 8 billion kilowatt-hours of electri­ munities, church groups, and youth organizations cal energy. have further developed and are maintaining these The lake's maximum normal operating level of 1,850 recreation areas within the reservoir boundaries. feet above sea level was reached on 13 July 1969. In 1974, Garrison Dam and Lake Sakakawea recorded The lake has multi-use storage capacity of 24,400,000 about 1,200,000 recreation-days by people who acre-feet for flood control, power development, irriga­ toured the powerhouse and used the many outdoor tion, and improvement of riverflows for navigation, recreational facilities available to them. The lake and municipal water supply, stream sanitation, and for the downstream tailwater fishing areas are enjoying storage of trapped sediment. a growing popularity and are attracting anglers from Lake Sakakawea will contribute to the future develop­ all parts of the United States and Canada. ment of irrigation, not only providing water which can The value of project benefits provided by Garrison be diverted to irrigable lands in eastern North Dakota, Dam and Lake Sakakawea amounts to $27,134,000 but also making possible the diversion of water stored annually. Of this amount $10,161,000 is attributed to in the Corps of Engineers' Fort Peck Lake in Montana. flood control, $10,016,000 to power, $4,950,000 to ir­ An incidental benefit which has resulted from the rigation, and $1,952,000 to navigation. Total project COMPLETED MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS

cost is estimated at $329,700,000. Revenue from a low-level gated conduit for operational releases, leases since the project began operations has and an ungated morning glory spillway for discharge amounted to $4,304,748 of which approximately of excessive floodwater. $3,228,561 has been returned to the State of North The lake provides for the permanent storage of ap­ Dakota. proximately 26,000 acre-feet of water for conservation purposes and sediment storage, plus space for ap­ BOWMAN-HALEY LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA (Omaha District) proximately 102,000 acre-feet of flood-control storage. Bowman-Haley Lake is located on the North Fork of To meet the recreational needs of the area, facili­ the Grand River 6 miles upstream from Haley, North ties have been provided for camping, boating, swim­ Dakota. This multiple-purpose project provides for ming, fishing, picnicking, and other outdoor activities. flood control, fish and wildlife enhancement, general In addition, trees have been planted to provide shade recreation, and a future water supply for the towns for the picnic and camp areas. The recreation-day of Bowman, Scranton, Gascoyne, and Reeder. attendance was almost 100,000 during 1972. As of Floods in the North Fork of the Grand River basin July 1974, the Federal Government has collected are usually the result of snowmelt runoff aggravated $31,177 from the rental of land and has returned ap­ by ice jams. In the past, flooding had inundated proximately $23,383 to the States of North Dakota roads and bridges and vast areas of cropland and and South Dakota. pastureland. The estimated cost of the project is $4,372,200. It The project was authorized by the Flood Control Act of is estimated that the benefits from flood control, water 1962. Construction was started in July 1964 and com­ supply, fish and wildlife, and recreation will average pleted in 1970. Major features of the project are an $350,000 annually. earthfiII embankment with a maximum height of 79 feet and a crest length of approximately 6,000 feet, MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS MARMARTH LOCAL FLOOD PROTECTION (Omaha District) The city of Marmarth is located in southwestern North Dakota on the west bank of the Little Missouri River immediately below its confluence with Little Beaver Creek. The city is situated on the combined flood plain of the two streams and has experienced flooding from both streams. A levee system constructed by W.P.A. and C.W.A. forces in 1939 and 1940 proved inadequate for Marmarth's flood protection needs. A project to provide protection for an area of about 50 city blocks was authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 1954, and was constructed by the Corps in 1959. The improvement consisted of raising about 5,500 feet of existing levee and extend­ ing the protection about 4,300 feet upstream on Little Beaver Creek and 2,600 feet downstream on the Little Missouri River. Constructed at a cost of $182,500 in Federal funds and $12,000 in non-Federal funds, the project, in 1972, prevented an estimated $1,449,000 in flood damages.

ITOTAL COST

HHI DAMAGE PREVENTED THROUGH JUNE 1974

MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

ASSOCIATED PROJECTS OF OTHER AGENCIES The 1944 Flood Control Act assigned to the Corps of Engineers the responsibility of prescribing regula­ tions for the use of storage capacity allocated to flood control at reservoirs constructed wholly or in part with Federal funds. The act further provided that the Corps should have the responsibility for determining flood-control capacities in all reservoirs included in the comprehensive plan for the Missouri River basin. The responsibilities have been fulfilled for the Bureau of Reclamation's Heart Butte and Jamestown Reser­ voirs, brief descriptions of which follow:

22 COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS

MANDAN LOCAL FLOOD PROTECTION (Omaha District) Mandan, a city of about 10,525 population, is lo­ cated on the Heart River about 6 miles upstream from its junction with the Missouri River. Flood history reveals that the city suffered overflow from the Heart LOWER HEART RIVER FLOOD CONTROL River 24 times in the period from 1881 to 1949, and (Omaha District) sustained extensive damages to domestic, business, The Flood Control Act of 1954 authorized a plan of industrial, and civic properties, and distruption of improvement for the lower Heart River to provide highway and railroad traffic. greater flood protection at Mandan and to extend The Mandan local protection project, which was protection to areas upstream and downstream from the authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of city. Within the area brought under protection are 1946 has, since 1950, provided the city substantial valuable agricultural lands, the city of Mandan, protection against flooding. The project consists of a extensive commercial development, and a portion of levee 23,250 feet long, 318 linear feet of concrete a transcontinental highway. The project involved the floodwall, approximately 4,500 feet of railroad em­ use of a segment of U.S. Highway 10 as a levee, bankment used as a levee, riprap protection on 1,500 construction of a levee from the highway to high feet of channel bank, and a highway crossing stoplog ground to the south, enlargement of bridge openings structure. Work on interior drainage facilities, delayed immediately west of the city, raising of existing levees due to lack of local cooperation, was initiated in 1958. and floodwalls, and construction of a levee and Construction was completed in June 1959. channel improvements from the Northern Pacific Railway bridge to the mouth of the Heart River. The Mandan levee system has prevented flood damages estimated to be $16,259,000 through June Started in 1959 and completed in 1963, the project 1974. The project, including the interior drainage is credited with preventing an estimated $1,794,000 work, cost $839,900, of which $683,900 was Federal in flood damages through June 1974. Project costs and $156,000 non-Federal. were $2,087,000 Federal and $310,000 non-Federal.

IB TOTAL COST TOTAL COST

DAMAGE PREVENTED THROUGH JUNE 1974 •• DAMAGE PREVENTED THROUGH JUNE 1974

ASSOCIATED PROJECTS OF OTHER AGENCIES

HEART BUTTE RESERVOIR (Lake Tschida) is a major JAMESTOWN RESERVOIR was completed in 1954 on feature of the Bureau's Heart Butte Unit. It was the James River just upstream from Jamestown, North completed on the Heart River about 15 miles south Dakota. The dam is an earthfiII structure 81 feet high of Glen Ullin, North Dakota, late in 1949. The dam and 1,400 feet long. The reservoir storage capacity is is a rolled earthfiII structure rising 124 feet above the 230,000 acre-feet of which 200,000 acre-feet is for streambed, with a crest length of 1,850 feet. The flood control exclusively, 10,000 acre-feet is allocated reservoir has a capacity of 225,500 acre-feet, of which to seasonal joint use, and 20,000 acre-feet is for 150,000 acre-feet is for flood control and 68,700 conservation storage. The project was built as an early acre-feet is for irrigation. Since it was first put in portion of the Garrison Diversion Unit, and is serving operation in 1950, Heart Butte Reservoir has earned its flood and silt storage purposes during the interim flood control benefits estimated to be $10,749,000. period. Through 1974 Jamestown Reservoir was credited with preventing $3,491,000 in flood damages.

23 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS UNDER WAY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, MISSOURI RIVER BASIN (Missouri River Division) The 1944 Flood Control Act gave birth to the Nation's first attempt at solving its water resource problems through a comprehensive approach to river basin development. The legislation, which has come to be known as the Pick-Sloan Plan, was based upon separate proposals recommended by the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation. of riverflows is essential to navigation on the Missouri Designed primarily to provide four basic benefits — River. flood control, irrigation, generation of hydroelectric In addition to the projects in the plan, many others power, and improvement of navigation on the lower had been authorized by Congress prior to 1944, some Missouri River — the measure has since incorporated of them closely associated with the comprehensive benefits to improved municipal and industrial water plan. New projects have been and are being author­ supplies, land treatment and enhancement, water ized by Congress as their need becomes apparent, quality control, conservation of fish and wildlife, and and are added to the overall development. In the public recreation. project formulation stages the Corps of Engineers actively cooperates with local, State, and other The plan originally provided for building some 103 Federal interests to determine the best solutions for dams and reservoirs to develop storage capacity of flood problems and related water resource needs. approximately 110,000,000 acre-feet for multiple- By the end of 1974, the Corps of Engineers and the purpose use; local levees and floodwalls to protect Bureau of Reclamation had placed 87 reservoir pro­ municipal, industrial, and agricultural areas; and a jects in operation in the Missouri River basin. These system of levees on both sides of the Missouri reservoirs have a combined storage capacity of nearly River between Sioux City, Iowa, and the mouth to 100 million acre-feet. Construction of 6 additional protect hundreds of thousands of acres of bottom reservoir projects is under way, which will provide lands against flooding. Planned uses of stored water further storage capacity of more than 8 million acre- included the irrigation of some 4 million acres of feet. The Corps of Engineers has completed 62 land and the generation, ultimately, of 13 billion local protection projects in the Missouri River basin, kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power annually for and has 8 others under construction. The latter industrial and municipal expansion, for pumping irri­ figure includes the Missouri River Levee System as a gation water, and for other domestic uses. Regulation single project.

24 MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS UNDER WAY

'TT-~

COLORADO ^ |

An outstanding feature of the program is the control Operation of the six main stem reservoirs during cal­ of the upper Missouri River, effected principally by endar year 1973 made possible the movement of ap­ a system of six reservoirs on the main stem to regu­ proximately 1.8 million tons of commerce on the Mis­ late the runoff from the entire upper half of the basin. souri River in the reach from Sioux City, Iowa to These reservoirs were formed by the construction of the mouth. Fort Peck Dam in Montana, Garrison Dam in The 1973 navigation shipments represented a de­ North Dakota, Oahe, Big Bend, and Fort Randall Dams crease of 36 percent from the corresponding period in South Dakota, and Gavins Point Dam in Nebraska in 1972, reflecting the severe March-May 1973 flood and South Dakota. The system has a combined stor­ conditions when navigation was temporarily suspend­ age capacity of more than 75 million acre-feet of which ed. Shipments forthe 12-month period ending June more than 16 million acre-feet is for flood control. 1974 were about 2.1 million tons.

As these six reservoirs comprise the backbone of the Above normal inflows in 1965 and 1967 filled the main basin's water storage system for multiple-purpose stem reservoir system for the first time in 1967. The services, a sound plan for their operation is essential. large inflows have maintained ample water in most of This is accomplished through the Reservoir Control the basin's reservoirs to meet functional requirements Center at the Corps' Division Office in Omaha. Guided for several years to come. Recent studies indicate, by the recommendations of a special coordinating however, that overall consumptive use of water in the committee of State and Federal agency representa­ basin will more than double by the year 2020 and tives, the Center develops an annual operating plan to will greatly reduce the water supply available for navi­ govern the operation of the reservoirs through each gation and electric energy generation. Drought condi­ ensuing year. tions and below-normal inflows in the future could curtail the reservoirs' energy potential still further. Completed and partially completed flood control pro­ These limitations serve to underline the need to ac­ jects in the Missouri River basin have prevented complish and implement a sound plan for managing nearly $3.7 billion in flood damages. The six main the basin's water resources. stem reservoirs generated about 9.1 billion kilowatt- hours during the 12-month period ending in June 1974. OAHE DAM AND LAKE OAHE (Omaha District) Total power generation by all of the hydro power proj­ The Oahe Dam and Lake Oahe project is usually ects in the basin system amounted to 10.7 billion identified as a Missouri River basin development in kilowatt-hours during the same period. South Dakota. About one-third of Lake Oahe is, Over 9.4 million recreation days were generated by however, in North Dakota and the headwaters extend visitors in 1973 while visitation forthe 12-month period upstream on the Missouri River almost to Bismarck. ending June 1974 was about 9.3 million recreation- days.

25 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

Comparable in size to Garrison Dam and Lake Saka- Authorized by the 1944 Flood Control Act as part of kawea, the Oahe project's principal interests to North the comprehensive Missouri basin program, Oahe Dakotans are the opportunities afforded by recrea­ Dam is located about 7 miles upstream from Pierre, tional and power facilities. Recreational and wildlife South Dakota. It, too, is a multiple-purpose project areas have been developed in the North Dakota for flood control, navigation, hydroelectric power, portion of the project at Sibley Island, Beaver Creek, and irrigation. Its storage capacity is approximately and Fort Yates. Additional areas have been selected 23,600,000 acre-feet, and its power installation is and will be developed as the need becomes evident. 595,000 kilowatts. These areas include facilities for boat launching, Revenue from leases to July 1974 has amounted to camping, picnicking, swimming, and sanitary facili­ $850,978 of which approximately $638,200 was re­ ties. Public use of the project's recreational facilities turned to the States of North Dakota and South during 1974 was about 1,900,000 recreation-days. Dakota.

MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS UNDER WAY

FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS work completed to January 1975 includes the Square UNDER WAY Butte area upstream from Bismarck, the Lake Mandan area upstream from Washburn, the Fort Clark area MISSOURI RIVER BETWEEN GARRISON DAM AND LAKE OAHE downstream from Stanton, the Painted Woods area (Omaha District) downstream from Washburn, a small area near Stan­ In 1963, Congress authorized the construction of bank ton, and other bank protection work in the Bismarck- protection works at various locations along the Mis­ Mandan area and at Dry Point about 18 miles upstream souri River between Garrison Dam and Lake Oahe. from Bismarck. Other work included the construction The 1968 Flood Control Act amended this authoriza­ of channel blocks at the Dry Point, Square Butte, and tion to increase the monetary limitation of the work. Bismarck-Mandan areas. The estimated costs of the Improvements consist of rock revetments and dikes to improvements total $8,380,000, Federal and $200,000 protect the banks from erosion and to provide for non-Federal. Otherworkwill be accomplished accord­ channel stabilization in this reach of the river. The ing to a schedule based on the urgency of improve­ ments needed in this reach of the river.

26 MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS UNDER WAY

PIPESTEM LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA a concrete conduit outlet works equipped with high- (Omaha District) pressure slide gates, and a grassed spillway. The Flood Control Act of 1965 authorized construction Pipestem Lake will provide 135,000 acre-feet of of a project on Pipestem Creek, the largest North storage for flood control, 41,500 acre-feet of surcharge Dakota tributary of the James River. The creek has storage, and 10,000 acre-feet of multi-purpose stor­ been the cause of serious flooding in the city of age. The project will afford opportunities for recrea­ Jamestown and adjacent rural areas. tional and fish and wildlife development.

The multiple-purpose project is located on Pipestem Creek in Stutsman County, North Dakota, about 3 miles Construction of the project was started in June 1971 upstream from Jamestown. Major features of the pro­ and is now essentially completed except for recrea­ ject are a rolled earthfi11 embankment with a maximum tional facilities. The estimated cost of the project is height of 102 feet and a crest length of 3,500 feet, $9,260,000 Federal and $172,500 non-Federal.

OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS

OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS MOTT, CANNONBALL RIVER (Omaha District) A local protection project for Mott, North Dakota, was authorized by the 1958 Flood Control Act. The plan of improvement consists of levees along both banks of the Cannonball River and modification of the existing channel. Due to lack of local interest, the project has been placed in inactive status. (See Surveys Under Way.)

27 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

WORK UNDER SPECIAL Total costs of the project were $103,000 Federal CONTINUING AUTHORITIES and $18,500 non-Federal. It is estimated that flood control benefits will average $6,500 a year. SMALL FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS the provisions under which Section 205 projects are LINTON, NORTH DAKOTA (Omaha District) A section approved and constructed aie discussed in the intro­ of the town of Linton, locally referred to as "Old Town," duction to this booklet. Projects constructed under has been subject to frequent flooding from Beaver this authority must meet the requirements set forth in Creek and its tributary, Spring Creek. Beaver Creek Sections 1 and 3 of the 1936 Flood Control Act, must empties into Lake Oahe about 60 miles downstream be approved by the Chief of Engineers, and must be from Bismarck. complete within themselves and not commit the United States to any additional improvements to insure their A plan of protection has been approved by the Chief successful operation. Projects completed or under of Engineers consisting of channel improvements and consideration in this category in the West Dakota and relocation and the construction of levees and appur­ East Dakota Subbasins of North Dakota are discussed tenant works on both Beaver and Spring Creeks. in the following paragraphs. Further action on this project has been deferred in­ definitely at the request of local interests. SCRANTON, NORTH DAKOTA (Omaha District) Situated on high ground, Scranton suffered little damage from the fast-rising floodflows of Buffalo Creek prior to the 1930's. As the town grew, however, improvements made within the flood plain increased the flood potential. Local interests undertook remedial measures, but continuing damage — climaxed by the floods of 1950 and 1953 — brought realization of their inability to provide the necessary protection.

A project consisting of straightening and realigning about 1 mile of channel, with accompanying levees extending through town, was approved by the Chief of Engineers in October 1957 and was completed in June 1959.

28 WORK UNDER SPECIAL CONTINUING AUTHORITIES

FLOOD FIGHTING AND EMERGENCY REPAIRS supplementing local supplies of needed materials. In Although the Corps of Engineers is primarily an the Omaha District, reconnaissance teams advised engineering and construction agency of the Federal local authorities at 165 localities of the flood potential Government, its responsibilities also include emer­ and of the help available to them under Operation gency operations and assistance to stricken com­ Foresight. The District provided for the construction of munities in time of flood or other disaster. These protective works at 50 locations in the States of activities are carried out in cooperation with the Red Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Cross, Coast Guard, and other agencies and groups Dakota. These works were credited with preventing in accordance with Public Law 99, 84th Congress, $6,625,000 in flood damages and an immeasurable and prior legislation. amount of human suffering and misery. The total cost to the Federal Government was $1,557,900. The These services include rescue of flood-marooned Governors, county and local officials and many indi­ persons, removal of livestock and property, and repair, viduals of the affected States expressed their gratitude restoration, and strengthening of levees and other and appreciation to the President and to the Federal flood-control works threatened or destroyed by floods. agencies for their foresight in providing for the timely Also included is the building of erosion control works construction of the protective works. where streambank erosion threatens destruction of highways, bridge approaches, or other public works. Emergency bank protection for erosion control is authorized by Section 14 of the 1946 Flood Control Emergency Control Centers were activated by the Act. Emergency expenditures made in the State of Corps of Engineers during the last week in February North Dakota under authority of Public Law 99 or 1969 due to the flood potential created by a heavy Section 14 are as follows: snowpack in the Upper Great Plains region of the EXPENDITURES United States. President Nixon, on 1 March 1969, F.Y. Section 14 P.L. 99 called for a coordinated effort by all Federal agencies 1945-1954 • $100,400 $399,710 operating under the direction of the Office of Emer­ 1955-1960 19,680 gency Preparedness. The result was "Operation 1967-1970 2,906,400 Foresight" under which the Corps of Engineers, 1973 8,150 utilizing Public Law 99 authority, assisted local com­ 1974 7,730 munities by furnishing technical assistance, by pro­ viding for the hire of construction equipment with operators to construct protective works, and by

29 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES WORK UNDER SPECIAL CONTINUING AUTHORITIES

FLOOD PLAIN INFORMATION REPORTS Applications for flood plain information reports in In accordance with Section 206 of Public Law 86-645, North Dakota should be submitted to the North Dakota as amended by subsequent legislation, the Secretary State Water Commission, Bismarck, North Dakota. of the Army, through the Chief of Engineers, is author­ The Commission will forward such applications to the ized to compile and disseminate information on floods appropriate District Engineer, Corps of Engineers. and flood damages, including identification of areas Flood plain information reports will be publicly pre­ subject to inundation by floods of various frequencies, sented and explained by the Corps of Engineers to and to provide general criteria for guidance in the the community that requested them. The Corps will use of flood plain areas. also supply copies to State and Federal agencies. Distribution is made by the sponsoring community to The purpose of these reports is to make available to others who have use for the flood plain information, State and local governments, interested agencies, and such as planners, architects, engineers, lending agen­ citizens a factual basis for guidance in planning cies, insurors, and developers. and regulating the use of flood plains. The objectives Special flood hazard information reports are provided of these reports are: under the Corps of Engineers technical services pro­ (1)To compile information on floods and potential gram to provide guidance for flood plain management flood hazards; planning. These studies can be requested by Federal, State, or local governmental agencies for small areas, (2) To encourage the optimum but prudent use of river for short stream reaches, or where flood plain informa­ valleys by providing a factual basis for reducing tion reports are not scheduled. The two reports listed future flood damages through well-planned local regu­ below have been completed by the Omaha District: lation of flood plain use; (3) To provide information to local governments and SPONSORING private citizens for guidance on the use of flood LOCALITY AGENCY STATUS plains; Drainage ditch at City of Dickinson Completed June 1968 Dickinson (4) To reduce future flood damages by flood plain management, thus reducing flood problems arising Bismarck, City of Bismarck, Completed from improper flood plain development; and Burleigh County Burleigh County August 1974 (5) To delineate flood hazard areas that may be used Missouri River as a basis for administration of the Federal Flood Insurance Program by the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

31 MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES

Following is a tabulation of studies which pertain to streams in the West Dakota and East Dakota Sub- basins of the State.

LOCALITY PURPOSE STATUS Cannonball River To review previous re­ Completion of study and tributaries, ports pertaining to the deferred indefinitely North Dakota Cannonball River to de­ pending outcome of SURVEYS UNDER WAY (Omaha District) termine advisability of diversion studies by Studies of flood and related water resources problems modifying recommenda­ the Bureau of are conducted by the Corps of Engineers in response tions on flood control and Reclamation and the to directives, either by Congress or by the Senate allied purposes. State of North or House Public Works Committee. These directives Dakota. generally result from action by the people living in affected areas. The study is assigned to the District Yellowstone To review previous re­ Completion of study Engineer concerned, who holds public meetings at River and tribu­ ports to determine the deferred indefinitely. the beginning, during, and at the conclusion of his taries, Montana, advisability of providing investigations to assure that the views and desires Wyoming, and improvements in that of the local interests are fully considered. Also, during North Dakota reach of the river below the course of each investigation, the Corps' studies (Omaha District) Billings, Montana, in the are coordinated with all interested State and Federal interest of flood control agencies, as well as with the local people. and allied purposes. The findings and recommendations of the District Engineer are submitted to the Division Engineer. Buford-Trenton To review previous re­ Submitted to After successive reviews by the Division Engineer, the Irrigation ports to determine higher authority Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, and the District and methods of resolving land in July 1974. Office, Chief of Engineers, the report of the Chief of vicinity, North use problems resulting Engineers is prepared. Dakota from high water table in The views and comments of local interests are again (Omaha District) the Buford-Trenton Irriga­ solicited during the review by the Board of Engineers tion District and vicinity. for Rivers and Harbors, which may also hold public meetings in special cases. The report of the Chief of James River and To determine whether Study deferred Engineers is subjected to further reviews by the af­ Tributaries, improvements for flood pending completion fected States, by other Federal agencies, by the Office North Dakota and control and allied water of James River of Management and Budget, and by the Secretary of South Dakota resources development Level B study the Army before it is transmitted to Congress. (Omaha District) are advisable at this time.

32 SURVEYS UNDER WAY

MISSOURI RIVER BETWEEN SIOUX CITY, IOWA AND FORT BENTON, MONTANA — Six survey investiga­ tions assigned to the Omaha District pertain to all or portions of-the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa to Fort Benton in Montana. Individually, each survey has both limitations in scope and geographic cover­ age, and problems in duplication of effort. Thus, the consolidation of these studies was considered advis­ able to overcome the limitations and problems, in­ crease overall study efficiency, and to provide a broadened and improved baseforplanning decisions. The following investigations were therefore combined under one study authority: Missouri River between Fort Peck Lake and Fort Benton, Montana; Missouri River between Garrison Dam-Lake Sakakawea and Fort Peck Dam; Missouri River between Lake Oahe and Garri­ son Dam; Missouri River, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska; Missouri River, Additional Hydropower; and Subimpoundments, Lake Francis Case and Lake Oahe, South Dakota. An interim report focusing on the advisability of pro­ viding additional hydropower at the main stem dams is scheduled for completion in 1975. Completion of the consolidated investigation is sched­ uled for 1977.

33 34 The Souris-Red-Rainy River Basin is located along the northern boundaries of North Da­ kota and Minnesota and extends short dis­ tances into South Dakota and Montana. The region includes the Souris River, Red River of S3URIS- the North, and Rainy River basins which drain about 60,000 square miles in the United RED- States. The topography of the region includes open, rolling prairie, upland hills, flat valley plains, swamplands, rugged hills and rock outcrops interspersed with lakes and RIVER BASIN streams. Annual precipitation varies from less than 15 inches in the west to 25 inches in the east. This is adequate for crop produc­ tion during normal years; however, in the western portion of the region, occasional periods of severe drought have occurred. Natural resources include fertile soil, petro­ leum, natural gas, lignite, sand and gravel, peat, iron and copper, wetlands, and a large wilderness area. Agriculture and agriculture-oriented in­ dustries are the principal sources of income; however, the Rainy River basin also depends upon timber and tourism for a share of its economic well-being. The region's popu­ lation, about 700,000, is largely rural, with few urban areas of more than 2,500 people. The largest urban center is Fargo, North

35 Dakota-Moorhead, Minnesota which had a sion was established by Executive Order 1970 population of 83,000. About 16,000 11359 under the provisions of Title II of the Indians reside on six reservations in the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965 (P.L. region. 89-80). The Commission serves as the The current water resource needs of the basin principal agency for coordination of Federal, include flood damage reduction, low flow State, Interstate, local and nongovernmental augmentation for water supply and fishery plans for developing water and related land enhancement, and recreation improvement. resources in the region. The Commission Flood damage control is the most critical initiated a comprehensive framework study need at present. Flooding along the main in fiscal year 1968 with participation by the stem of the Red River and its tributaries has States of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South been severe due to long periods of inunda­ Dakota and eight Federal agencies. tion over large areas. The need for water- The final report on the findings of the study based recreation is another problem area. was completed in June 1972. Formulation of Despite an abundance of lakes and streams the framework program of resource develop­ in the eastern portions of the basin, there ment will require the integration of demands are almost no bodies of water in the central for water and related land resources in the and western portions. This imbalance has region and evaluation of many alternative created a high demand for water-based rec­ solutions of how to best meet the needs of reation throughout the basin. all of the people. The report presents a broad The Souris-Red-Rainy Region Comprehen­ framework plan which provides for the im­ sive Basin Study is a cooperative effort of proved management and use of water and Federal and State agencies. The study will related land resources and includes plans develop a framework plan to serve as a broad for Federal, State, local, and private develop­ guide for the best use or combination of uses ment with the completion of the framework for water and related land resources of the study and in accordance with Executive Or­ Souris-Red-Rainy Region to meet foresee­ der 11737 (7 Sept. 1973), the Souris-Red- able short- and long-term needs. Rainy River Basins Commission was made a The Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Commis­ part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission. A Sioux / SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

38 COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS

COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS LAKE TRAVERSE-BOIS DE SIOUX RIVER (St. Paul District). The Lake Traverse-Bois de Sioux project is located in southeast North Dakota but parts of the development extend into South Dakota and Minnesota as well. The reservoir is a natural lake at the head of the Bois de Sioux River about 30 miles south of Wahpeton, North Dakota, where the Otter Tail and Bois de Sioux Rivers join to form the Red River of the North. Frequent floods along the Bois de Sioux and Red Rivers threaten to destroy crops as well as urban property and damage bridges and highways. f Periods of insufficient rainfall sometimes cause seri­ ous water shortages in the area. The flood control facilities now in operation include a dam near White Rock, South Dakota at the north end of Lake Traverse, and a secondary control structure at Reservation Highway (State Highway 117) crossing near Wheaton, Minnesota. An embankment near Browns Valley, Minnesota and channel improvements along a 24-mile reach of the Bois de Sioux River below White Rock Dam complete the project's major features. Total cost of construction of the completed project was $1,333,900 and cost of maintenance to June 1974 totaled about $889,000. Since the project was placed in operation, flood damages estimated at $4,720,000 have been prevented.

^•1 TOTAL FEDERAL COST

DAMAGE PREVENTED THROUGH JUNE 1974 SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

LAKE ASHTABULA AND BALDHILL DAM (St. Paul Because of severe flood conditions during the spring District). Baldhill Dam, located about 16 miles up­ of 1950, the Baldhill Dam, although not entirely stream from Valley City, was constructed to reduge completed, was placed in emergency operation in damages, primarily at Valley City, and to alleviate that year and placed in permanent operation in the water shortages in municipal and rural areas along spring of 1951. It is a compacted earth structure, 1,650 the Sheyenne River and Red River of the North. The feet long with a concrete gravity control works 140 dam was authorized by the 1944 Flood Control Act feet in length, surmounted by three 40-foot tainter and was placed in operation in 1950. It has prevented gates, with two 3-foot diameter conduits in the piers flood damages estimated to total $18,440,000 through for low water control. The reservoir, known as Lake June 1974 and has improved streamflow in the Shey­ Ashtabula, has a storage capacity of 70,000 acre- enne and Red Rivers. The effectiveness of this project feet at normal pool level. was demonstrated during the 1950 and 1969 floods. Federal cost for improvement through 30 June 1972 totaled about $2,986,700, including $2,652,800 for Floods in the Sheyenne River basin are usually the Baldhill Dam and $333,900 for recreational facilities result of snowmelt, and flood levels are frequently constructed since completion of the dam and reser­ aggravated by ice jams. Floods have inundated busi­ voir. The cost of local interests was $208,000 in con­ ness and residential sections of Valley City and other tributed funds. The total cost for operation and main­ communities, and several thousand acres of cropland tenance to 30 June 1974 was approximately $2,181,000. between Valley City and the mouth of the Sheyenne Public recreational facilities consist of access roads, River. parking areas, boat launching ramps, picnic shelters, wells, toilets, campsites, and beaches, located at The extended drought period of the 1930's created eight public-use areas adjacent to Lake Ashtabula. an acute water shortage in the Sheyenne and Red

River basins. Some communities were forced to trans­ TOTAL COST port drinking water from distant sources. Disposal DAMAGE PREVENTED THROUGH JUNE 1974 of sewage into the river by municipalities and indus­ tries created a serious pollution problem. HOMME DAM AND LAKE (St. Paul District). In order to reduce flood damages and to improve water supplies in the Park River basin in northeast North The project provides limited protection against floods Dakota, the Homme Dam was built by the Corps downstream from the dam. Baldhill Dam also provides of Engineers on the South Branch of the Park River sufficient waterflow during dry periods to meet water about 4 miles upstream from the city of Park River. supply needs of municipalities and rural areas along Floods occur nearly every year in the Park River the Sheyenne River and the Red River below the mouth basin, which is tributary to the Red River of the of the Sheyenne River. So that part of the water from North. Spring flooding often has been severe, re­ the Sheyenne River may be diverted into the Red River sulting in damage to agricultural lands, and to above Fargo for water supply and to improve low flows, municipal areas in the basin. Also, serious water a low diversion dam and ditch has been constructed shortages have occurred in the basin, threatening by local authorities. The dam is located about 35 miles both domestic water supplies and water quality. upstream from the mouth of the Sheyenne River. During the drought of the 1930's, the river re-

40 COMPLETED FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS

mained dry for long periods. The Red River flows northward across the Canadian Homme Dam and Lake helps to solve these border, in contrast to the river systems of the problems by providing limited protection against Missouri and Mississippi valleys, which flow in a spring overflow and a dependable streamflow for generally southerly direction. The Red River and its water supply at Park River and Grafton. The dam is tributary, the Bois de Sioux River, form the boun­ an earthfill structure 865 feet long, with a 5-foot dary line between North Dakota and Minnesota. The diameter gate-controlled conduit under the dam and Red River flows some 400 miles to the interna­ a concrete spillway about 150 feet in length ad­ tional border in a meandering course through the jacent to the dam. The reservoir has a storage broad, flat bed of an ancient glacial lake called capacity of about 3,650 acre-feet below spillway Agassiz. crest. It is in this flat, low-lying terrain along both sides of the border that the spring melting of winter- Benefits of Homme Lake are primarily those obtained long accumulations of snow has caused severe by water supply and recreation. Total flood damages floods of long duration and increasing frequency in prevented through June 1974 are estimated to be recent years. Three of the worst flood disasters $781,300. along the Red River occurred in 1950, in 1966, and The project was authorized by the Flood Control Act in 1969, when extremely high water prevailed for of 1944, and the dam was placed in operation in several weeks, inundating thousands of acres of December 1950. Federal cost for improvement through farmlands and portions of a number of towns and 30 June 1972 totaled about $1,394,000, including cities. The damages from each flood ran into recreational facilities. The cost to local interests millions of dollars. amounted to about $98,600, including $56,200 in In the 1948 Flood Control Act, the United States required contributed funds. Cost of maintenance to Congress took the initial authorizing step necessary 30 June 1974 was approximately $654,000. Access to bring about a system of flood control and drain­ roads to recreation areas, parking areas, toilets, wells, age measures for relief of these adverse conditions and swimming beaches have been provided. in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. The Red River of the North project, thus approved and RED RIVER OF THE NORTH (St. Paul District). further authorized by the 1950 Flood Control Act, Along most of the eastern tier of North Dakota provides for a detention reservoir on the Otter Tail counties bordering on the Red River of the North, River in Minnesota in addition to channel improve­ flat slopes and poor drainage contribute to a ments, levees, and floodwalls in Minnesota and serious flood condition which long has plagued the North Dakota. Units of the project in North Dakota residents of the area. which are being studied or deferred for restudy are Several important municipal areas on both banks of discussed elsewhere in this pamphlet. the Red River and its southern tributary, the Bois de Sioux River, as well as substantial agricultural The project in the main was completed in 1961. It areas, have been especially hard hit by flooding. has resulted in improved flow capacities at con­ The municipal areas include Grand Forks and East stricted reaches of the rivers, and materially Grand Forks, as well as the Fargo, North Dakota- lessened flood damage during the 1966 and 1969 Moorhead, Minnesota metropolitan area. floods.

41 SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS approved 27 October 1965 (Public Law 89-298). UNDER WAY Resolutions adopted by the Senate Public Works Committee on 25 June 1970 and the House Public CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT, SOURIS RIVER AT Works Committee on 14 July 1970 approved the MINOT, NORTH DAKOTA (St. Paul District). Large channel improvement portion of the Souris River floods, particularly the destructive flood of 1969, project. The remainder of the recommendation con­ have caused catastrophic damages and much human tained in the referenced House Document, including suffering and hardship in the Souris River basin. the dam and reservoir located near Burlington, Since 1936 Lake Darling Reservoir, operated by the North Dakota was authorized by the Flood Control U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for water supply to Act approved 31 December 1970 (Public Law 91- downstream impoundments to maintain favorable 611). (See Flood Control Reservoirs - Study Under waterfowl conditions, has also served to reduce flood Way) damages by controlI ing several smalI floods. The 1969 The channel improvement works now underway will flood greatly exceeded the storage capacity of Lake supplement the flood protection to be furnished by the Darling. It inundated 3,000 homes and required evac­ authorized reservoir. Channel improvements were uation of about 12,000 persons, caused damages, in­ authorized separately and planning for these was cluding flood fighting costs, of about $10,900,000 at expedited in order to provide the Minot area with a Minot and about $1,600,000 in the remainder of the moderate degree of flood protection until the reservoir Souris valley. becomes operative. The channel improvements will Again in the spring of 1970, and in 1974 a heavy snow­ provide for passage of floods up to 5,000 cubic feet fall created an unexpected flood threat, and emer­ per second without causing flood damage in Minot. gency flood protective works were constructed. The improved channel in Minot will have a bottom Without protective measures, damages would have width of 70 feet. Where possible, channel excavation amounted to about $11,000,000. will be restricted to one side of the channel to reduce Channel improvement was authorized under the adverse impact of the project on the aesthetic and provisions of Section 201 of the Flood Control Act environmental values of the area. Plans call for the

SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS Dakota on the Sheyenne River, about 70 miles above its mouth and about 5 miles southwest of the com­ KINDRED LAKE, SHEYENNE RIVER (St. Paul District). munity of Kindred. The project consists of a multiple- Because of the limited flood storage capacity in Lake purpose impoundment for flood control, water quality Ashtabula, its benefits do not extend to West Fargo control, recreation, and fish and wildlife purposes, on the Sheyenne River or to other communities on the and is planned to control runoff from about 3,014 Red River. Thus, recurrent flooding causes serious square miles. The improvements include a revised damage at West Fargo, and along the Lower Sheyenne operating plan for the existing impoundment at Lake River. In addition, high Sheyenne River flows aggra­ Ashtabula and appropriate flood plain management vate downstream flooding along the Red River of the measures at communities along the river. In providing North. During the maximum known flood in 1882, over water quality improvement and beneficial flood stage 100,000 acres of cropland in the basin, were flooded reductions on the Lower Sheyenne River and the Red by the Red River of the North and the Sheyenne, Wild River of the North, the project will be fully-compatible Rice, and Maple Rivers. with a comprehensive plan of water resource manage­ The Kindred Lake damsite is in Cass County, North ment and development for the Red River of North

42 FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS UNDER WAY construction of the following major features as part Three contracts totaling $1,287,000 were awarded of the Souris River channel improvement: through January 1974 for channel work and construc­ 17.7 miles clearing and snagging tion of control structures upstream from Logan to the 10.6 miles channel improvement 27th Street Bridge in Minot. This work is scheduled (includes 14 cutoffs) for completion in October 1975. Channel work in 5 3.4 miles earth levee other reaches is expected to be completed by Octo­ 27 channel control structures ber 1976. 8 storm-water pumping stations Mitigating features have been incorporated into this 5 wet wells for temporary pump installation segment of the project to reduce adverse impact. 6,300 lineal feet storm water interceptors The Roosevelt Park portion of the project was com­ Current estimates, July 1973, include Federal costs pleted in November 1972 at a total cost of approxi­ of $14,300,000 and non-Federal costs of $2,690,000 mately $500,000. The benefit-cost ratio for this project is approxi­ mately 1.2. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AT PEMBINA, NORTH Following authorization in 1970, studies were made DAKOTA (St. Paul District) This local flood protection to separate out a usable segment of the overall project will consist of a levee and floodwall costing flood control project on which construction could $1,165,000. The estimated costs for the project, at begin as soon as possible. Construction on the July 1971 price levels, are $1,355,000 Federal and Roosevelt Park cutoff was begun in October 1971. $84,000 non-Federal. The levee and floodwall are The Roosevelt Park cutoff channel is approximately scheduled for completion in October 1975. A public 1,200 feet long. A control structure is located in meeting was held at Pembina on 29 September 1970 the channel to divert normal and low flows into finalizing project approval. Local assurances were the original channel. Channel barriers with gated approved on 20 May 1974. culverts have been installed in the original channel near its upstream and downstream junctions with the cutoff channel.

OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS basin. At design pool elevation the impoundment will tion on the Souris River, recommended by the Chief have a storage capacity of 412,000 acre-feet, of of Engineers in House Document No. 321, 91st Con­ which 22,000 acre-feet will be reserved for sedimen­ gress, 2nd session, provides for two major structural tation over the 100-year project life and 60,000 acre- measures, channel improvement through the city of feet for storage for water quality control, recreation, Minot (see Minot channel improvement) and upstream and fish and wildlife. A capacity of 330,000 acre-feet reservoir development. The reservoir feature was au­ will be reserved exclusively for flood control. thorized by the Flood Control Act approved 31 Decem­ Funds were appropriated for fiscal year 1973 to initiate ber 1970 (Public Law 91-611). a restudy of this project, particularly to review ques­ tions raised concerning the effect of the conservation pool on ground-water levels and on salinity control. No funds have been appropriated with which to start construction, the restudy is currently under review. BURLINGTON DAM, SOURIS RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA (St. Paul District). The project for flood damage reduc­

43 SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

The flood problem at Minot is complicated by the sider a plan providing for a dam below the confluence existence of three potential flood sources, the upper of the Souris and Des Lacs Rivers to increase the Souris River, and two of its tributaries, the Des degree of protection at Minot. In addition, local and Lacs River and Gassman Coulee. The authorized other interests concerned about the possible adverse reservoir-channel improvement project would effects of the reservoir and proposed operating plan provide Minot and nearby urban areas with a high favored investigation of alternatives that would lessen degree of protection from all three flood sources. the amount of reservoir storage or provide greater The site of the authorized dam is locaied on the restrictions on reservoir operation. Advanced plan­ Souris River about one-half mile northeast of ning studies have given consideration to all alterna­ Burlington and just above the confluence of the tive plans, both structural and nonstructural. Souris and Des Lacs Rivers. During its review, the The studies conclude that the most feasible under­ Board of Engineers of Rivers and Harbors recom­ taking would include the Burlington Reservoir, sub­ mended that post-authorization studies further con­ stantially as authorized, plus a diversion tunnel to

SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION

WORK UNDER SPECIAL railroad alterations. Remedial work in the vicinity of CONTINUING AUTHORITIES the county road was completed in the fall of 1972. The estimated total Federal cost of the project is VELVA, NORTH DAKOTA (St. Paul District). Much $335,000 and non-Federal costs are about $45,000. of the city of Velva has been inundated from Estimated flood control benefits approximate $71,400 flooding on several occasions in the past. A major annually. flood in August 1962 inundated about 80 percent LOWER BRANCH RUSH RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA of the developed area in Velva and some agricul­ (Section 205) (St. Paul District). The Lower Branch tural land in the vicinity. Rush River rises about 5 miles southwest of Amenia, A plan of improvement was approved by the Chief North Dakota, and flows in an easterly direction. of Engineers in June 1965 and the project was The river, formerly a tributary of the Rush River, was completed in July 1966. The improvements consist diverted in 1924 and now flows into the Sheyenne of about 1,650 feet of levee east of Bonne's River. Coulee, enlargement of about 1,000 feet of the The project consists of enlarging and straighten­ channel, excavation of about 1,100 feet of drainage ing the channel of the Lower Branch Rush River ditch, and channel clearing and snagging along between mile 17.3 and the confluence with the about 5.7 miles of Souris River and 0.6 mile of Sheyenne River. A southern tributary of the Lower Bonne's Coulee, with allied roadwork, culverts, and

44 OTHER AUTHORIZED PROJECTS divert the Des Lacs River's flood flows to the reservoir, GRAFTON, NORTH DAKOTA (St. Paul District). The and also the improvement of existing levees between purpose of this project, which consists of a levee, a Burlington and Minot and at Sawyer and Velva, non­ flood bypass channel, interior drainage facilities, and structural measures in other areas along the river. other related features, is to improve flood protection Pre-construction planning was initiated in 1971. A in the Park River Basin. A detailed study considering local citizens committee was organized and met 16 environmental effects, flood protection, area utiliza­ times with District representatives from March 1972 tion, economic benefits, and farming benefits was to November 1972 during which time agreement was made and resulted inafavorable report. The study was reached on the basic plan. completed in FY 1974. Federal cost of the project is $66,300,000, based on The estimated Federal costforthe project is $1,105,000, July 1973 prices. As of 30 June 1973, $280,500 had and local maintenance, operation and replacement been spent on the project. costs are $1,500, based on September 1973 price levels. The furnishing of required assurances of local cooperation is pending.

WORK UNDER SPECIAL CONTINUING AUTHORITIES

Branch will also be enlarged and straightened in corner of North Dakota at the junction of the the reach from mile 7.5 to the mouth. The existing Pembina River and the Red River of the North, enlarged Rush River channel will be extended up­ about two and one-half miles south of the inter­ stream about one-half mile by means of two national boundary. channel cutoffs to reduce Rush River stages. The The project includes a combination levee and flood- project includes bridge and culvert alterations, new wall about 15,600 feet in length encircling the city bridges, and construction of continuous spoil banks and associated interior drainage facilities including along more than 5 miles of the downstream reach a pumping station, ponding area, and interceptor of the improved Lower Branch channel. sewers and ditches; road and street ramps; and a highway and two railroad closures. Total project The project has been substantially completed. The costs (July 1971) for new work are estimated at Chief of Engineers authorized the project on 5 March $1,355,000 of which $1,271,000 is Federal and 1971 under the authority contained in Section 205 of $274,000 is non-Federal. The project was author­ the 1948 Flood Control Act, as amended. The cost ized by the Chief of Engineers on 5 October 1971 of the Droiect was $1,000,000. under the authority contained in Section 205 of the 1948 Flood Control Act, as amended. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AT PEMBINA, NORTH Construction began in June 1974. DAKOTA (St. Paul District). The project is located in Pembina County in the extreme northeastern

45 SOURIS-RED-RAINY RIVER REGION SURVEYS UNDER WAY

In October 1971, officials from the State Departments SURVEYS UNDER WAY of the two countries and concerned agency represent­ atives toured the border area, inspected the boundary PEMBINA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, NORTH DA­ dikes, and recommended that: all unilateral action KOTA (St. Paul District). Flood problems exist on affecting the flow of water cease; an international com­ ttie Pembina River below Walhalla. Damages are mittee be formed consisting of representatives of principally rural but urban developments at Neche Federal, State, and local agencies from both countries; and Pembina in North Dakota and in Canadian an action program be developed to alleviate drainage communities are affected. Periodic water shortages problems; and that the committee should report to for municipal, industrial, and domestic supplies are governments through their respective State Depart­ experienced at Neche, Gretna, and Altona, in Mani­ ments. After several meetings of the committee some toba and in rural areas during drought periods. Local temporary remedial measures were developed. The interests desire a multiple-purpose reservoir above solution to the larger problem of major floods was to Walhalla to meet these needs. be identified in the Corps of Engineers report. Studies of the flood and low-flow problems on the Preliminary findings by the Corps in 1972 indicated Pembina River date back to the 1930's and have probable economic feasibility, provided flood dam­ continued to the present without developing an age reduction benefits in Canada were recognized, acceptable solution. None of the early studies could of the dam and reservoir on the Pembina River near establish economic feasibility based upon benefits Walhalla together with about 12 miles of channel clear­ in the United States portion of the flood plain. ing in the downstream reach of the river. Thus, in 1962, the Governments of the United States and Canada directed the International Joint Commis­ RED RIVER OF THE NORTH (St. Paul District) This sion to investigate and report on the measures which flood control general review survey was authorized could be taken to develop the water resources of the by Congressional resolutions in 1950. This basin sur­ Pembina River in Manitoba and North Dakota. A re­ vey pertains to flood control and related water prob­ port by the International Joint Commission was com­ lems of the entire basin of the Red River of the North. pleted in 1967, which recommended as economically Public meetings were held in 1950 and 1951. Inter­ feasible a plan providing for two reservoirs, one in agency cooperation has been ongoing. This general each country, for flood control, improvement of fish survey will develop a plan for a system of tributary and wildlife, water supply, and irrigation, including a reservoirs which will best meet present and projected conduit and canal system to transport irrigation water water requirements and recreation needs throughout to the using areas in both countries. A basis for cost the basin. The survey is due to be completed in sharing was suggested. To date the Governments FY 1979. have taken no action on the cooperative program Another important survey is being funded from the recommended by the International Joint Commission. above general survey. This is the Forest River, North With no action on the study a situation developed Dakota survey. A meeting was held in Minot on 2 Octo­ whereby local protection works in one country were ber 1973 with local interests and with the North Dakota redirecting flood overflows at the expense of the State Water Commission (NDSWC). There will be inter­ other country. The boundary problem and increas­ agency cooperation with the NDSWC and with the ing tension between concerned interests on both Soil Conservation Service. Problems in the Forest sides of the boundary led to the allocation of funds River subbasin include extensive flood damages and for the Corps of Engineers to initiate a 2-year review a lack of permanent flood control structures. A meet­ of prior reports to determine if changed conditions ing was held on 30 April 1974 with the NDSWC and would justify development of a solution independent agreement was reached on study responsibilities. of Canada. This survey is due to be completed in FY 1975.

46 Bowman-Haley Lake 21 Buford-Trenton Irrigation District 32 Burlington Dam, Souris River 43 Cannonball River and Tributaries 32 Channel Improvement, Souris River at Minot 42 Comprehensive Plan, Missouri River Basin 24 Garrison Dam and Lake Sakakawea 19 Grafton 45 Heart Butte Reservoir 23 Homme Dam and Lake 40 James River and Tributaries 32 Jamestown Reservoir 23 Kindred Lake, Sheyenne River 42 Lake Ashtabula and Baldhill Dam 40 Lake Traverse-Bois De Sioux River 39 XLinton 28 Lower Branch Rush River 44 Lower Heart Flood Control 23 Mandan Local Flood Protection 23 Marmarth Local Flood Protection 22 Missouri River Tributaries 15 Missouri River Between Sioux City, Iowa and Fort Peck Lake, Montana 33 Missouri River Between Garrison Dam and Lake Oahe 26 Mott, Cannonball River 27 Oahe Dam and Lake Oahe 25 Pembina River and Tributaries 46 Pipestem Lake 27 Red River of the North 41, 46 Red River of the North at Pembina 43, 45 Rush River, Lower Branch 44 Scranton 28 Souris River at Minot 42 Souris-Red-Rainy Region 35 Velva 44

47 • U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974-667-412

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