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Review of Flow Duration Methods and Indicators of Flow Duration in the Scientific Literature: Arid Southwest

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Review of Flow Duration Methods and Indicators of Flow Duration in the Scientific Literature: Arid Southwest Review of Flow Duration Methods and Indicators of Flow Duration in the Scientific Literature: Arid Southwest Kenneth McCune and Raphael Mazor Technical Report 1063 Review of flow duration methods and indicators of flow duration in the scientific literature: Arid Southwest Kenneth McCune and Raphael Mazor Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA January 2019 Technical Report 1063 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Tables .......................................................................................................................... iv Statement of the purpose ........................................................................................................... 1 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 1 General approach ................................................................................................................... 1 Search methods ..................................................................................................................... 3 Analysis of sources................................................................................................................. 5 Including sites in the review ................................................................................................ 5 Evaluating information about indicators ............................................................................... 7 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 7 Flow duration assessment methods ....................................................................................... 7 Pacific Northwest ...............................................................................................................14 Oregon Interim Method ......................................................................................................15 New Mexico .......................................................................................................................15 Mediterranean Europe .......................................................................................................16 North Carolina ....................................................................................................................17 Temperate US (IN, KY, OH, IL, NH, NY, VT, WV, and WA) ...............................................18 Indicators in the Arid Southwest ................................................................................................18 Geomorphological Indicators .................................................................................................18 Hydrologic Indicators .............................................................................................................18 Biological Indicators ...............................................................................................................19 Aquatic macroinvertebrates ...............................................................................................19 Terrestrial arthropods .........................................................................................................22 Algae .................................................................................................................................22 Bryophytes .........................................................................................................................22 Riparian and wetland vascular plants .................................................................................23 Vertebrates ........................................................................................................................23 Proposed indicators ..................................................................................................................24 Geomorphological indicators .................................................................................................24 Hydrologic indicators .............................................................................................................24 Biological indicators ...............................................................................................................24 Aquatic macroinvertebrates ...............................................................................................24 i Terrestrial arthropods .........................................................................................................24 Algae .................................................................................................................................24 Bryophytes .........................................................................................................................25 Wetland and riparian plants ...............................................................................................25 Vertebrates ........................................................................................................................25 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................28 Flow duration assessment methods ......................................................................................28 Methods .............................................................................................................................28 Excluded Methods .............................................................................................................30 Indicators ...............................................................................................................................31 Biology ...............................................................................................................................31 Geomorphology .................................................................................................................52 Hydrology...........................................................................................................................55 Other citations ....................................................................................................................60 Other indicators .....................................................................................................................65 ii TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Ecoregions of the Arid Southwest (Omernik and Griffith 2014). Brown tones indicate arid ecoregions, blue tones indicate non-arid ecoregions, and gray tones indicate regions outside the Southwest. ............................................................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Process for identifying indicators of flow duration to assess in the Arid Southwest. ..... 3 Figure 3. Decision tree for reviewing sources. ............................................................................ 6 Figure 4. Flowchart used to determine flow class in the Pacific Northwest method (adapted from Nadeau 2015). ..........................................................................................................................15 Figure 5. Plot used for classifying flow duration based on three metrics calculated from hydrologic model outputs. .........................................................................................................17 Figure 6. Neohermes aestivation chamber in a dry streambed in Arizona (courtesy M.T. Bogan) .................................................................................................................................................21 iii TABLE OF TABLES Table 1. Search parameters and dates used to assemble literature on indicators of flow duration in arid southwest ........................................................................................................................ 4 Table 2. Methods for assessing flow duration and their associated indicators. ........................... 9 Table 3. Summary of indicators included in flow-duration assessment methods .......................11 Table 4. Evaluation criteria for indicators identified in the literature review. 1: Non-priority indicator proposed for inclusion because it is required by the New Mexico protocol (NMED 2011). .......................................................................................................................................12 Table 5. Score interpretation for the New Mexico method .........................................................16 Table 6. Select examples of ASW indicators and levels associated with flow-duration classes. 25 iv STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to document methods and indicators that may be used to determine the flow status of streams in the Arid Southwest (ASW), with an emphasis on field-based methods that distinguish ephemeral from perennial and intermittent streams. ASW, within the context of this review, was considered arid to semi-arid regions within US states, defined as regions that typically receive under 15” rainfall per year (US Army Corps of Engineers 2008, Omernik and Griffith 2014). States within
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