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Influences of Heidegger's Ontology and Nietzsche's

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Influences of Heidegger's Ontology and Nietzsche's INFLUENCES OF HEIDEGGER’S ONTOLOGY AND NIETZSCHE’S OVERMAN IN SARTRE AS SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTER OF SARTRE’S THE FLIES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters By GURUH DWI RIYANTO Student Number: 05 4214 091 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 INFLUENCES OF HEIDEGGER’S ONTOLOGY AND NIETZSCHE’S OVERMAN IN SARTRE AS SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTER OF SARTRE’S THE FLIES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters By GURUH DWI RIYANTO Student Number: 05 4214 091 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i ii . iii iv “Kalau semua sekolah tinggi hanya menghasilkan bangsat-bangsat saja, ya, akan runtuhlah manusia ini”(Yang Sakit, Mereka yang Dilumpuhkan, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) “Truth? A mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms, in short a sum of human relations which have been subjected to poetic and rhetorical intensification, translation, and decoration, and which, after they have been in use for a long time, strike a people as firmly established, canonical, and binding; truths are illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions” (On Truth and Lies in Non-moral Senses, Nietzsche) Everything happens for a reason (which is made for an interest) “He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary”(Zarathustra, Nietzsche) “Desire is the theme of life” (Lame Light, Charlie Chaplin) “To choose is to invent” (Sartre) “Put your passion into action” (Before Sunset, a movie) “An ideology is made of what it does not mention; it exists because there are things which must not be spoken of” (Macherey, Postcolonial Studies Reader,pg.235) “Diniati” (A man in a gas station) For me, my parents, my aunt, my brothers, and Paryanti. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people for helping me to accomplish this study. My greatest gratitude goes to my family. This includes my aunt who gave her “arisan” reward pay the expensive entrance tuition of Sanata Dharma University. She also paid the expensive tuition fee each semester. I also thank my parents and brothers who have given me my being-in or dwelling and constructed my being-in-the-world. I give thanks also to individuals, communities and institutions that have supported me. They are Natas and PPMI that have grown me up, Orong-orong (the most anarchistic community I have ever joined) and Kajian Jumat Malam for the discussions, Being community for introducing me with Heidegger, Canista community for teaching me to love education, IIEF for the journey that has permitted me to get the materials I need, Kolese S.T Ignatius Library for providing the sources. Thank to students of 2005, especially the D class and they who were involved in In Love with Madonna. My gratitude also goes to Sartre for opening the horizon of freedom and responsbility, Nietzsche for encouraging me to live passionately, Pramoedya for his struggle, and Marx for his specters. For the criticism, I am very thank you to Mrs. Elisa, especially for the suggestion on problem formulations, Mr.Tatang and Mrs.Putu. All that I have mentioned have supported me to accomplish this undergraduate thesis. Guruh Dwi Riyanto vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE..........................................................................................................i APPROVAL PAGE...............................................................................................ii MOTTO PAGE.....................................................................................................iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ................................................................................................................................iv DEDICATION PAGE...........................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................vii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ viii ABSTRAK.............................................................................................................xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 A. Background of the Study........................................................................1 B. Problem Formulation.............................................................................7 C. Objectives of the Study..........................................................................7 D. Definition of Terms................................................................................8 CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW.......................................................10 A. Review of Related Studies.....................................................................10 B. Review of Related Theories................................................................. 14 vii 1. Theory of Character and Characterization.........................14 2. Theory of Heidegger’s Ontology.....................................15 3. Theory of Nietzsche’s Overman........................................27 C. Theoritical Frameworkd........................................................................47 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study..............................................................................49 B. Approach of the Study.........................................................................53 C. Method of the Study.............................................................................54 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Characterization of Orestes Character..........................................57 B. Influences of Heidegger’s Ontology in Orestes...................................86 C. Influences of Nietzsche’s Overman in Orestes....................................98 D. Orestes’ departure from Heidegger’s Ontology and Nietzsche’s overman.............................................................................................120 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION Conclusion...........................................................................................................127 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................132 viii ABSTRACT GURUH DWI RIYANTO: Influences of Heidegger’s Ontology and Nietzsche’s Overman in Sartre as Seen in the Main Character of Sartre’s The Flies. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010. This work discusses influences of Heidegger’s ontology and Nietzsche’s overman in the main character in Sartre’s The Flies since interpretations of this play are dominated either by relating it to its historical background or to existentialist philosophy. Ontology is the science of being in general, embracing such issues as the nature of existence and the categorical structure of reality, in this case human’s nature while overman is the ideal man according to Nietzsche who succeeds in overcoming humanity. This study attempts to take another point of view, seeing The Flies through influences of Heidegger’s ontology and Nietzsche’s overman. Nietzsche and Heidegger are chosen because they are considered to give immense influences on western philosophical tradition, especially existentialism. Nietzsche revolutionized ethics, and Heidegger strived to bring back ontology to its radix. This study is guided by four problem formulations. First, how the main character, Orestes, is characterized? Second, what are influences of Heidegger’s ontology in Orestes? Third, what are influences of Nietzsche’s overman in Orestes? Fourth, how does the character of Orestes depart from Heidegger’s ontology and Nietzsche’s overman? This study applies library research and moral-philosophical approach. Library research includes data from internet, especially e-book and periodicals, and printed materials, mainly books. Moral philosophical approach is employed in this study to explore the philosophical influences of Heidegger and Nietzsche. Through those two steps the study has been accomplished. The study shows that Orestes is characterized in two different ways, before and after his awareness of freedom. First, he is characterized as bondless, submissive, and ambivalent. Second, he is characterized as brave, free, responsible, creative, individual, rebellious, bonded, dangerous, outcast, and liberating. This study proves that Heidegger’s ontology influences Orestes’ point of view. First, Orestes saw his human being, dasein, as distinctive being and that the awareness of the radical duality brought man to the state of authenticity. Second, men were in the condition of being abandoned. Third, men were being who ix always projected to the future. Fourth, men were constituted in their being-in-the- world. Fifth, human’s ontological mood was basically unhappiness which should be faced to be authentic. Nietzsche’s overman influences in building Orestes’ characters, actions and his relationship with society. First, Orestes had been slave morality. Second, he had the characters of overman; strong,
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