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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation DISENTANGLING DRIVING FORCES OF AVIAN COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS By FLAVIA A. MONTAÑO CENTELLAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Flavia A. Montaño Centellas To Javier Andrés ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I want to thank my advisor, Bette Loiselle, who did not only fulfil the role of an academic guide, but of role model in every aspect of life. I thank my committee members John Blake, Emilio Bruna, Benjamin Baiser and Scott Robinson, for their valuable input and advice throughout this research. Everybody at the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at the University of Florida who contributed to this research, with their feedback in presentations, their questions in social events and their constant support in distress times. In particular, I am grateful to the crew at “the little white house”, the Tropical Ecology and Conservation Lab, who provided me with a family during these years of learning. All this work would not be possible without the incredible participation of my friends in Bolivia. All of them were crazy enough to grab their backpacks and hike with me chasing flocks, mist-netting in extreme landscapes and learning about this unique ecosystem. In particular, I am grateful to Rhayza, Miguel, Paola, Cesar, Mariela, Camila, Mariano, Darwin, Beatriz, Yara, Karen, Krystal, Sebastian, Nellsy and Amanda for their extended help in fieldwork, and beyond. Moving all these people and collecting these data was possible with the help of numerous funding agencies. Grants from the Tropical Conservation Development program (TCD-UF), UF Biodiversity Institute, Idea Wild, American Ornithologist Union, World Wildlife Fund, The Rufford Foundation, Neotropical Bird Club, American Philosophical Society and The Field Museum, made all this possible. I thank the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, for their support. Finally, I am grateful to my family, my mom and dad, who not only understood and supported all the crazy decisions I made in life but have tagged along and celebrated successes with me. Especially, I do all this with Javier Andres in my mind and by my side. More than a brother, a guide. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................16 2 BIRD COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY ALONG ELEVATIONAL GRADIENTS: A GLOBAL ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................21 Background .............................................................................................................................21 Methods ..................................................................................................................................26 Bird Elevational Data ......................................................................................................26 Patterns of Diversity along Elevational Gradients ..........................................................27 Deterministic Processes Driving Community Assembly Along Elevational Gradients ......................................................................................................................30 Results.....................................................................................................................................31 Patterns of Diversity along Elevational Gradients ..........................................................31 Deterministic Processes Driving Community Assembly along Elevation ......................33 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................34 Patterns of Diversity along Elevational Gradients ..........................................................34 Deterministic Processes Driving Community Assembly along Elevation ......................35 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................40 3 GLOBAL PATTERNS OF BIRD FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC BETA DIVERSITY SHOW THAT MOUNTAIN PASSES ARE HIGHER IN THE TROPICS ....50 Background .............................................................................................................................50 Methods ..................................................................................................................................54 Bird Elevational Data ......................................................................................................54 Phylogenetic and Functional Data ...................................................................................55 Functional and Phylogenetic Beta Diversity ...................................................................57 Effect of Latitude on Mountain β Diversity Patterns ......................................................60 Results.....................................................................................................................................61 Avian Assemblages .........................................................................................................61 Effect of Latitude on Beta Diversity (βchao) and Speed of Change in Diversity (βsor) .....61 Coupling or Decoupling of Different Dimensions of β Diversity ...................................63 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................64 5 4 DISENTANGLING DRIVERS OF AVIAN COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY ALONG ELEVATIONAL GRADIENTS IN THE BOLIVIAN ANDES ............................................81 Background .............................................................................................................................81 Methods ..................................................................................................................................84 Bird Surveys ....................................................................................................................84 Bird Taxonomic Diversity: Species Richness and Composition .....................................85 Bird Functional and Phylogenetic Dispersion .................................................................85 Testing for Deterministic Processes Shaping Bird Assemblages ....................................88 Ecological Predictors of Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity ....................................88 Results.....................................................................................................................................91 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................93 5 OPPOSITE PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY OF MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS ALONG AN ELEVATION GRADIENT PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR FACILITATION IN COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY ...............................106 Background ...........................................................................................................................106 Methods ................................................................................................................................111 Mixed Species Flock Surveys .......................................................................................111 Phylogenetic Data ..........................................................................................................112 Morphological and Ecological Traits ............................................................................113 Test for Trait Conservatism ...........................................................................................114 Functional and Phylogenetic Structure of Flocks ..........................................................114 Pair-Wise Associations ..................................................................................................116 Results...................................................................................................................................118 Discussion .............................................................................................................................120 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................126 6 INTERACTION NETWORKS OF AVIAN FLOCKS INCREASE IN CONNECTIVITY AND COHESION WITH ELEVATION ...............................................136 Background ...........................................................................................................................136 Methods ................................................................................................................................141 Data Collection ..............................................................................................................141
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