Book Glossary Useful terms related to digital file preparation and book manufacturing The following pages are an alphabetical compilation of terms commonly used in the graphic arts field, with emphasis on book manufacturing terminology. The definitions are drawn from a variety of sources such as Bookman's Glossary, Chicago Manual of Style, Pocket Pal, and other publications. Some definitions are specific to use and operations at Sheridan Books, Inc. A special thanks to Agfa's Prepress Education Resources for their written permission to use some of the definitions and terms as they appear in Agfa's own publications. All products referred to herein are the trademarks of their respective holders. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 09 10 11 12 13 14 © 2009 by Sheridan Books, Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without expressed permission from the publisher. Interior Design and Composition—Beth Tobin Editor—Laura Baker Subject Matter Contributors—Ed Blissick, Rob Nowak, Beth Tobin, Bill Wearne, Mark Witkowski Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc., a division of The Sheridan Group (Hunt Valley, MD). Preface This glossary is meant to aid those working in Design and Production within the publishing world. We encourage its use and distribution both as an introduction to our intriguing industry and as a handy reference guide. We welcome comments or suggestions that would make this glossary a more effective information source. # 24 Bit Graphics An 8 bit image that is filtered through three channels of color (cyan, magenta, and yellow). 8 Bits x 3 colors = 24 Bit Graphics. 32 Bit Graphics An 8 bit image that is filtered through four channels of color (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black—CMYK). 8 Bits x 4 colors = 32 Bit Graphics. 8 Bit Graphics An electronic image made up of pixels that in turn are made up of 16 x 16 grids or halftone cells. Each square within this grid can be either black or white and, dependent upon the pattern, creates an illusion of gray for that pixel. Each 16 x 16 grid is capable of creating 256 different levels of gray when defining the image. 1 A AA’s Changes from original copy or instructions, which are chargeable to the customer; also called Author’s Alterations. Abrasion Resistance The degree to which paper can withstand repeated scuffing, rubbing or scratching. Absorbency The property of paper which causes it to take up liquids or vapors in contact with it. Absorption The first stage in ink drying; some of the ink vehicle is absorbed by the paper, leaving a stiffened film of ink on the surface. Abstract A short summary of a book or article. Accordion Fold In binding, a series of parallel folds, each opening opposite the next. 3 Acid Free Paper Paper which is free from acid or other ingredients likely to have a destructive effect; also called Neutral pH Paper or Alkaline Paper. Across the Grain The direction 90°, or at a right angle, to the paper grain. Paper is weaker and more sensitive to changes in relative humidity in the cross grain direction; also called Against the Grain. Actual Weight The true weight of a given quantity of paper, which differs from basis weight because of manufacturing variations; also called Actual Basis Weight. Additive Primary Colors Red, green, and blue light are referred to as the Additive Primary Colors. When used in various degrees of intensity and variation, they create all other colors of light; when superimposed equally, they create white. Additive colors are transmitted light used in video monitors and televisions. Adhesive A material, fluid at the time of use, spread by means of rollers to one or more surfaces, for the purpose of bonding two materials together, such as paper and board. Adhesive Binding See: Perfect Binding. 4 Advance Copies (1) Finished books sent to a customer, usually by air, prior to bulk shipment of the balance of the order. (2) Copies of a new book sent to reviewers before the publication date; also called Review Copies. Against the Grain The direction perpendicular, or at a right angle, to the direction in which fibers of the paper lie; also called Across the Grain. Folding against the grain is not recommended. Air Freight A freight handling service in which the service owns the planes and ground transportation involved in moving the freight. Air Freight Passenger Baggage Service The fastest and most expensive package handling service offered by commercial airlines. A package of up to 50 pounds maximum weight is put on the next available flight to a destination, along with passenger baggage. The package must be picked up at the airport. Airbrush In electronic imaging, a retouching technique to alter or enhance images. Airing See: Wind. Alcohol A substance added to the fountain solution of a printing press to reduce the surface tension of water. 5 Alcohol Substitutes Chemicals added to the fountain solution of a printing press instead of alcohol. Aliasing Jagged edges seen in images with diagonals and curves. Anti-aliasing by shading the areas along the sharp edges can minimize the effect. Align To line up. Alignment (1) Positioning of the letters of a line of type into exact juxtaposition with each other and with the accompanying lines. (2) The positioning of printed pages when they register with adjacent pages and their reverse sides. Alkaline Paper Non-acid paper that has a high degree of permanence; also called Acid Free Paper or Neutral pH Paper. All-Flaps-Meet Mailer A corrugated mailing carton made to the exact dimensions of a book; does not provide as much protection as a Bumper-End Mailer. See also: OPF. Alteration In composition, any change made in the copy after it has been typeset. 6 Aluminum Plate A thin sheet of aluminum used in lithography for some press plates, the image being applied photographically. Anti-Offset Spray See: Spray Powder. Antique A natural or cream-white color of paper. Antique Finish A paper finish, usually on a book and cover papers, that has a natural rough surface. Appendix An addition to the back matter of a book listing material related to the subject but not necessarily essential to its completeness. Application File A computer file still in its native software format (an InDesign® file, a QuarkXPress® file, etc.). Application Software A computer program written to accommodate specific needs of the user (word processing software, spread sheet software, graphics software, etc.). 7 Apron Blank space at the bind edge of a foldout, usually on a French Fold, which allows folding and tipping without interfering with the copy. Archival Paper Acid-free paper made to resist disintegration, used for records that must last. Artifact Any undesirable effect that becomes visible in a viewed or printed image after processing. Example: Banding. Artificial Gold See: Imitation Gold. Artwork A general term used to describe photographs, drawings, paintings, hand lettering, and the like prepared to illustrate printed matter. Ascender The portion of a lower case letter that extends above the body of the letter, as in b, d, f, etc. ASCII (AS-KEY) American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This code set is used for data interchange among computers. Each character is represented as an 8-bit code. 8 Assemble (1) The operation of bringing together the separate sections of a book, into a complete whole. See also: Gathering. (2) To bring together all the items in a set for packing; also called Collating. Assemble Draws The operation of putting together two or more groups of gathered signatures to produce a completely gathered book. See also: Draw. Assembly Sheet An instruction sheet for a job that shows the correct page sequence, identification of all unnumbered pages, positioning instructions, strip- in instructions, special camera instructions, etc. Author The original writer or composer of a book, treatise or document. Author’s Alterations See: AA’s. 9 B B.A.M. Balance After Mailing. Back Cylinder Print A press malfunction which causes the printed image to transfer to the impression cylinder and then to the press sheet. Back Flap The back inner fold of a dust jacket; often contains a photograph and brief biography of the author. Back Lining (1) A paper or fabric strip used with crash or super to reinforce the spine of a case bound book after rounding and backing. It provides a means for a firm connection between book and case. Headbands, if used, are attached to the paper or cloth. (2) The paper stiffening used in the backbone of a case, between the binder boards; also called Back Strip. (Must have a back liner to stamp.) Back Margin See: Gutter Margin. 11 Back Matter Material printed at the end of a book such as appendix, addenda, glossary, index, bibliography, etc. Back Strip See: Back Lining. Back Up To print the second or reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side. Printing is said to back up when the printing areas on both sides are exactly opposite each other. Backbone The back of a bound book connecting the two covers; also called Spine or Shelfback. Backing (1) The process of raising a joint on a book to be case bound; occurs after rounding and before lining. (2) Printing the second, or back side of the sheet. Backup The process of copying files and/or programs from a hard drive to an external medium to prevent the need to recreate in the event the original is lost, damaged or destroyed. Backward Broadside Page A page on which the text runs sideways. The book is turned counter- clockwise to read.