Book Glossary

Useful terms related to digital file preparation and book manufacturing The following pages are an alphabetical compilation of terms commonly used in the graphic arts field, with emphasis on book manufacturing terminology. The definitions are drawn from a variety of sources such as Bookman's Glossary, Chicago Manual of Style, Pocket Pal, and other publications. Some definitions are specific to use and operations at Sheridan Books, Inc. A special thanks to Agfa's Prepress Education Resources for their written permission to use some of the definitions and terms as they appear in Agfa's own publications.

All products referred to herein are the trademarks of their respective holders.

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© 2009 by Sheridan Books, Inc.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without expressed permission from the publisher.

Interior Design and Composition—Beth Tobin Editor—Laura Baker Subject Matter Contributors—Ed Blissick, Rob Nowak, Beth Tobin, Bill Wearne, Mark Witkowski

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc., a division of The Sheridan Group (Hunt Valley, MD). Preface

This glossary is meant to aid those working in Design and Production within the publishing world. We encourage its use and distribution both as an introduction to our intriguing industry and as a handy reference guide. We welcome comments or suggestions that would make this glossary a more effective information source. #

24 Bit Graphics An 8 bit image that is filtered through three channels of color (cyan, magenta, and yellow). 8 Bits x 3 colors = 24 Bit Graphics.

32 Bit Graphics An 8 bit image that is filtered through four channels of color (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black—CMYK). 8 Bits x 4 colors = 32 Bit Graphics.

8 Bit Graphics An electronic image made up of pixels that in turn are made up of 16 x 16 grids or halftone cells. Each square within this grid can be either black or white and, dependent upon the pattern, creates an illusion of gray for that pixel. Each 16 x 16 grid is capable of creating 256 different levels of gray when defining the image.

1

A

AA’s Changes from original copy or instructions, which are chargeable to the customer; also called Author’s Alterations.

Abrasion Resistance The degree to which paper can withstand repeated scuffing, rubbing or scratching.

Absorbency The property of paper which causes it to take up liquids or vapors in contact with it.

Absorption The first stage in ink drying; some of the ink vehicle is absorbed by the paper, leaving a stiffened film of ink on the surface.

Abstract A short summary of a book or article.

Accordion Fold In binding, a series of parallel folds, each opening opposite the next.

3 Acid Free Paper Paper which is free from acid or other ingredients likely to have a destructive effect; also called Neutral pH Paper or Alkaline Paper.

Across the Grain The direction 90°, or at a right angle, to the paper grain. Paper is weaker and more sensitive to changes in relative humidity in the cross grain direction; also called Against the Grain.

Actual Weight The true weight of a given quantity of paper, which differs from basis weight because of manufacturing variations; also called Actual Basis Weight.

Additive Primary Colors Red, green, and blue light are referred to as the Additive Primary Colors. When used in various degrees of intensity and variation, they create all other colors of light; when superimposed equally, they create white. Additive colors are transmitted light used in video monitors and televisions.

Adhesive A material, fluid at the time of use, spread by means of rollers to one or more surfaces, for the purpose of bonding two materials together, such as paper and board.

Adhesive Binding See: Perfect Binding.

4 Advance Copies (1) Finished books sent to a customer, usually by air, prior to bulk shipment of the balance of the order. (2) Copies of a new book sent to reviewers before the publication date; also called Review Copies.

Against the Grain The direction perpendicular, or at a right angle, to the direction in which fibers of the paper lie; also called Across the Grain. Folding against the grain is not recommended.

Air Freight A freight handling service in which the service owns the planes and ground transportation involved in moving the freight.

Air Freight Passenger Baggage Service The fastest and most expensive package handling service offered by commercial airlines. A package of up to 50 pounds maximum weight is put on the next available flight to a destination, along with passenger baggage. The package must be picked up at the airport.

Airbrush In electronic imaging, a retouching technique to alter or enhance images.

Airing See: Wind.

Alcohol A substance added to the fountain solution of a printing press to reduce the surface tension of water.

5 Alcohol Substitutes Chemicals added to the fountain solution of a printing press instead of alcohol.

Aliasing Jagged edges seen in images with diagonals and curves. Anti-aliasing by shading the areas along the sharp edges can minimize the effect.

Align To line up.

Alignment (1) Positioning of the letters of a line of type into exact juxtaposition with each other and with the accompanying lines. (2) The positioning of printed pages when they register with adjacent pages and their reverse sides.

Alkaline Paper Non-acid paper that has a high degree of permanence; also called Acid Free Paper or Neutral pH Paper.

All-Flaps-Meet Mailer A corrugated mailing carton made to the exact dimensions of a book; does not provide as much protection as a Bumper-End Mailer. See also: OPF.

Alteration In composition, any change made in the copy after it has been typeset.

6 Aluminum Plate A thin sheet of aluminum used in lithography for some press plates, the image being applied photographically.

Anti-Offset Spray See: Spray Powder.

Antique A natural or cream-white color of paper.

Antique Finish A paper finish, usually on a book and cover papers, that has a natural rough surface.

Appendix An addition to the back matter of a book listing material related to the subject but not necessarily essential to its completeness.

Application File A computer file still in its native software format (an InDesign® file, a QuarkXPress® file, etc.).

Application Software A computer program written to accommodate specific needs of the user (word processing software, spread sheet software, graphics software, etc.).

7 Apron Blank space at the bind edge of a foldout, usually on a French Fold, which allows folding and tipping without interfering with the copy.

Archival Paper Acid-free paper made to resist disintegration, used for records that must last.

Artifact Any undesirable effect that becomes visible in a viewed or printed image after processing. Example: Banding.

Artificial Gold See: Imitation Gold.

Artwork A general term used to describe photographs, drawings, paintings, hand lettering, and the like prepared to illustrate printed matter.

Ascender The portion of a lower case letter that extends above the body of the letter, as in b, d, f, etc.

ASCII (AS-KEY) American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This code set is used for data interchange among computers. Each character is represented as an 8-bit code.

8 Assemble (1) The operation of bringing together the separate sections of a book, into a complete whole. See also: Gathering. (2) To bring together all the items in a set for packing; also called Collating.

Assemble Draws The operation of putting together two or more groups of gathered signatures to produce a completely gathered book. See also: Draw.

Assembly Sheet An instruction sheet for a job that shows the correct page sequence, identification of all unnumbered pages, positioning instructions, strip- in instructions, special camera instructions, etc.

Author The original writer or composer of a book, treatise or document.

Author’s Alterations See: AA’s.

9

B

B.A.M. Balance After Mailing.

Back Cylinder Print A press malfunction which causes the printed image to transfer to the impression cylinder and then to the press sheet.

Back Flap The back inner fold of a dust jacket; often contains a photograph and brief biography of the author.

Back Lining (1) A paper or fabric strip used with crash or super to reinforce the spine of a case bound book after rounding and backing. It provides a means for a firm connection between book and case. Headbands, if used, are attached to the paper or cloth. (2) The paper stiffening used in the backbone of a case, between the binder boards; also called Back Strip. (Must have a back liner to stamp.)

Back Margin See: Gutter Margin.

11 Back Matter Material printed at the end of a book such as appendix, addenda, glossary, index, bibliography, etc.

Back Strip See: Back Lining.

Back Up To print the second or reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side. Printing is said to back up when the printing areas on both sides are exactly opposite each other.

Backbone The back of a bound book connecting the two covers; also called Spine or Shelfback.

Backing (1) The process of raising a joint on a book to be case bound; occurs after rounding and before lining. (2) Printing the second, or back side of the sheet.

Backup The process of copying files and/or programs from a hard drive to an external medium to prevent the need to recreate in the event the original is lost, damaged or destroyed.

Backward Broadside Page A page on which the text runs sideways. The book is turned counter- clockwise to read.

12 Bad Break (1) In composition, starting a page or ending a paragraph with a widow or other unsightly arrangement of type. (2) Incorrect word division.

Band A strip of paper, printed or unprinted, which wraps around loose sheets (in lieu of binding with a cover) or assembled pieces.

Banding Banding is the visually obvious changes in density in a vignette or graduated screen; generally considered undesirable.

Bar Code Printed on covers, dust jackets, etc. or on labels to be adhered to surface for the Seller or the Purchaser to scan for ISBN and price.

Base Color A first color used as a background on which other colors are printed.

Base Stock Foundation stock from which various papers are made.

Baseline In composition, the line on which the bottoms of letters rest, exclusive of descenders which fall below the baseline.

Basis Size The standard size for a grade of paper that is used to determine the Basis Weight; 25 x 38 is the Basis Size for book papers.

13 Basis Weight The weight of a ream (500 sheets) of paper in the Basis Size for that grade of paper.

Bill of Lading (B/L)/Packing Slip The document that originates a shipment; it contains all the necessary information for the carrier to properly handle the shipment in transit. May include special instructions for handling and protecting from the elements, as well as delivery information. A Bill of Lading is: a) the contract of carriage, b) documentary evidence of title, c) used by the carrier to generate a Freight Bill, d) serves as a Packing Slip since it describes content.

Binary The base-two numbering system which uses only the digits 0 and 1. It is the format for processing data in computers.

Bind To join pages of a book together with thread, wire, adhesive or other means and to enclose them in a cover when so specified.

Bind Margin The gutter or inner margin from the binding to the beginning of the printed area; also called Gutter Margin or Back Margin.

Binder (1) One who binds books. (2) Short for perfect binding equipment. (3) A detachable cover, into which loose pages or bound books and pamphlets are inserted on rings or posts; contents are easily removed.

14 Binder Board A stiff, high-grade composition board used inside the cloth of the case in book binding; more dense than chipboard.

Binding (1) Fastening printed sheets together into books. (2) The covers and spine of a book.

Bit Short for binary digit. The smallest unit of information computers recognize, either a value of 1 or 0.

Bite A surface characteristic of paper which causes it to accept ink, pencil or other impressions.

Bitmap An electronic image made up of dots that are stored as either black or white (off or on). Each of these dots is equal to 1 bit of data.

Black and White Originals and reproductions in single color, as distinguished from multicolor.

Black Printer The black negative or plate made for color reproductions, to give proper emphasis to neutral tones and detail, as well as print any black copy.

15 Blank An unprinted page.

Blanket A fabric coated with natural synthetic rubber, clamped around the blanket cylinder, which transfers ink from the printing plate to the paper on an offset press.

Blanket Contamination Foreign matter that becomes attached to the blanket; interferes with print quality.

Blanket Cylinder The roller on which the blanket is mounted

Blanket Wash Streaks Smears on press sheets which give the appearance of something damp having been pressed against the sheet; sometimes they will appear on a series of sheets after the blanket has been washed.

Blanket-to-Blanket Press A perfecting press in which the web or sheet runs between two blanket cylinders, each of which acts as the impression cylinder for the other; also called Unit Perfecting Press.

Bleed Any image that extends beyond the trim edge of the page, typically ⅛".

16 Bleed Tabs Most commonly, a solid ink square bleeding at the thumb edge of a page or pages as a guide for the location of specific text matter.

Blind Embossing A design which is stamped without foil or ink, giving a bas-relief effect.

Blind Folio A folio (page number) which is counted, but not printed.

Blind Image A plate image that has lost its ink-receptivity and fails to print; also called Blind Plate.

Blind Stamp A design which is impressed (stamped) by the die alone, without foil or ink.

Block Style A type style in which all lines align at the left margin.

Blocking The sticking together of printed press sheets, caused by wet ink.

Blowup A photographic enlargement.

17 Blurb See: Mortice Copy.

BMI (Book Manufacturing Institute) An association of manufacturers of books and suppliers of book materials.

Body In ink making, consistency or viscosity.

Body Copy The main part of the text of a publication.

Body Type Type used for the text matter of a book, as distinguished from the headings and display type.

Boldface (bf) Heavy-faced type.

Bonding Strength Cohesiveness of fibers within a paper, which determine its resistance to the destructive forces of printing.

Book Block Sewn, trimmed signatures, ready for case-binding.

18 Book Cloth Cotton cloth, sized, glazed or impregnated with synthetic resins, used for book covers; comes in different weights and weaves. The quality of the cloth is determined by the number of threads per inch and the tensile strength of the threads.

Book Order See: Fulfillment.

Book Paper A general term for a class or group of papers having common physical characteristics that are most suitable for book manufacture; made to close tolerances on caliper (pages per inch).

Book Rate Fourth class mail with a special rate, less than ordinary fourth class; travels at the same speed as ordinary fourth class; also called Educational Material (EM).

Booklet A small book of not more than 24 pages.

Border A printed line or design surrounding an illustration or other printed matter.

Bottom Margin The margin at the bottom of a page; also called Foot Margin or Tail Margin.

19 Bowed Edges (of paper) Convex or concave edges on trimmed sheets, caused when the draw of the knife is not uniform because of wavy edges on the untrimmed sheets.

Box Fold Cover An unattached cover with two folds made to form a spine equal to the bulk of the contents, into which two or more pieces are loosely inserted.

Boxhead Similar to a cut-in head, but with a ruled line around it; also a head for a column in a ruled table.

Break For Color To indicate or separate the parts of a mechanical which print in different colors.

Brightness (1) The light being reflected by copy to the scanner. (2) In paper, light- reflective qualities that affect contrast and halftone reproduction. (3) The intensity or clarity of color; not dull or gray in value.

Broadside Page A page on which the text runs sideways. The book is turned clockwise to read it.

20 Broker (1) An agent for foreign shipments who arranges all details of the shipment including the paperwork, insurance, legal documents, etc. (2) A middle person between publishers and printers who take a publisher’s job and sends it to a printer who can meet the quality, price, turnaround time, etc., needed.

Buckle Folder A type of folder. To fold, two rollers push a sheet between two metal plates. When the paper meets a stop between the two plates, it starts to buckle at the entrance of the plates. A third roller, in conjunction with one of the original rollers, seizes the buckle and puts a fold in the paper.

Buckram A book cloth which can be identified by heavy, coarse threads; available in a number of grades; normally used for library bindings or large, heavy books.

Building-In To place newly cased-in books through a finishing step where backs are shaped and enough pressure is applied by special hydraulic presses to secure the drying books firmly.

Bulk (1) The stacked thickness of paper, usually expressed in pages per inch (ppi). See also: Caliper. (2) The thickness of a book, exclusive of cover.

21 Bulking Dummy Unprinted sheets folded in the signature size and signature number of a given job, to determine the actual bulk; used to establish dimensions for cover or Dust Jacket art preparation or by the binder to determine case size.

Bullets Round solid dots available in a variety of sizes; set on the vertical center of the type body size; used to set off items in an indented list. See also: Register Marks.

Bumper End Mailer A cushioned-end corrugated mailing carton with an air cell which provides added protection for the contents.

Burn In plate making, a common term for plate exposure.

Burn Out To overexpose a press plate so that no tints come up.

Burrs Rough edges caused by cutting with a dull knife.

Burst Binding See: Notch Bind and Notch Adhesive Case Bind.

22 Bursting Strength The degree to which paper can withstand pressure without rupturing.

Butt To adjoin without overlapping as with two colors of ink.

Byte An electronic unit of measure equal to 8 bits. Some types referred to as a computer word, a byte is generally an alpha or numeric character.

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C

C1S ( Coated One Side) Paper coated on one side only for covers and dust jackets.

C2S (Coated Two Sides) Paper coated on both sides.

Caking The collecting of pigments on plates or rollers, caused primarily by the inability of the vehicle to hold the pigment in suspension.

Calendered Paper Paper which has been compacted and smoothed during manufacture by passing it through a stack of polished metal rollers called calenders.

Calibration Adjusting a device to optimize performance and accurately display or output colors.

Caliper (1) The thickness of a single sheet of paper measured under specified conditions; usually expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). (2) The instrument that measures tickness. (3) The thickness of a single sheet of board, measured in points.

25 Camera Setting The percentage of reduction or enlargement at which a piece of copy is to be photographed to achieve proper finished size; also called Reproduction Ratio.

Camera-Ready Copy In offset, material ready for reproduction; also called Copy, Photocopy or originals.

Cap and Lower Case (C and LC) Marking on a manuscript calling for the use of capital and lower case letters; all primary words in a sentence begin with a capital letter.

Caps Upper case letters; capitals.

Caps and Small Caps (C and SC) Two sizes of capital letters used to composition words, consisting of full size capitals and small capitals designed to be approximately the height of lower case primary letters.

Caption The description accompanying an illustration, for explaination or identification.

Caret A triangular symbol (^) used in writing or in proof-reading, to indicate where a change is to be inserted.

26 Carload Lot Sufficient paper to make up a freight carload, usually 36,000–100,000 pounds; also refers to a price category.

Cartage Company Pickup or delivery of freight within commercial zone of a city by local carrier acting as agent for shipper or over-the-road carrier.

Carton A cardboard box; shipping carton.

Case The covers of a hardbound book, consisting of paper or cloth over binder boards.

Case Fraction In composition, a small built up fraction, such as ½.

Case Binding Binding in which the cover is made separately and consists of rigid or flexible boards covered with cloth, paper or other material in such a manner that the covering material surrounds the outside and edges of the board. Covers always project beyond the edges of the text pages; also called Edition Binding or Hardcover Binding.

Case Bound A book bound with a hard (stiff) cover; also called Hard Bound or Cloth Bound.

27 Casemaker A machine that produces finished cases from raw materials (paper or cloth, boards and backstripping) which have first been cut to the proper size.

Casing-In The operation of applying paste or glue to the end sheets of a book, inserting the sewn and trimmed text into the case (cover), and building- in using hydraulic presses to secure the books while drying.

Cast Coated Coated paper dried under pressure against a polished cylinder, to produce a high gloss, enamel finish.

Catalog Envelope See: Open End Envelope.

Catalog Rate A special fourth class mailing rate.

Catching Up A press condition which indicates that the non-image area of a press plate is starting to accept ink or scum.

CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) A computer medium capable of storing 650 megabytes or 1.3 gigabytes of compressed data. This format allows the data to be read repeatedly but not edited or altered in any way.

28 Cellulose A fibrous substance obtained from cotton, linen, hemp, and wood; used to make paper.

Center Spread The facing pages in the center of a signature; also called Natural Spread.

Centerline or Center Mark A short line applied to a page in an electronic file to indicate the center of the trim margins of a page or a form; also used for registration.

Certified Mail Mail that provides a record of delivery to be maintained by the Post Office from which the mail is delivered. The carrier delivering the item obtains a signature from the addressee. There is a charge for Certified Mail. If a return receipt is requested, an additional fee is charged.

Chain Dot See: Elliptical Dot.

Chalking Improper drying of ink causing it to dust off; also called Powdering or Dusting.

Change Request A form used to convey instructions or specifications pertaining to an order in process or information affecting the status or schedule of such an order; also called Change Order.

29 Chapter Headings Headings printed on the opening page of each chapter, above the text.

Character A letter, number, punctuation mark, space or special graphic used for the production of text. See also: Glyph.

Characterization See: Profiling.

Character Count The total number of characters in a specified segment of copy.

Check Copy (1) A folded and gathered, but unbound, copy of a book sent to a customer for approval before binding. (2) A gathered, trimmed copy that is inspected and approved prior to any binding operation; used as a guide in the bindery for assembling in the proper sequence, including inserts, furnished items, etc.; also called F&G.

Chemical Ghosting Faint replicas of images that are printed on the other side of the sheet. Caused by chemical interaction of inks during the drying stage; also called Gloss Ghosting.

Chemical Pulp Pulp for papermaking made from cullolose containing substances obtained by chemical means.

30 Cheshire Label A label that is applied by a Cheshire Labeler. See: Four-Up East-West Labels.

Chipboard Low grade board made from wastepaper; commonly used as backing for padded forms.

Chroma The purity or saturation of a color. Its freedom from white or gray. See: Hue.

CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight at a given point of destination) The seller pays all costs up to the arrival of the shipment at the foreign port.

CIP Page A preliminary page that contains the Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publications data; normally the page with copyright information.

Classification In shipping, a publication which assigns ratings to various articles and provides bill of lading descriptions and rules.

Clean-Up To make the non-printing areas of a plate, which have begun to be ink- receptive ink-repellant once again.

31 Close Register Low trap allowance, requiring press printing position accuracy of ± ½ row of dots; also known as Tight Register or Hairline Register.

Close Up To move type or other elements on a page closer together by removing space.

Closed Head The top of the signature produced by a fold, presenting a solid surface when opened at the center; the signature can be opened easily and accurately, for rapid feeding.

Cloth Woven fabric, finished in various ways; used with binder boards to make cases.

Cloth Bound See: Case Bound.

CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) The Reflective Primary colors used in printing to effectively create other colors within a press’s gamut.

Coated Paper Paper with mineral and chemical substances applied to the surface to achieve higher opacity, brightness, and special properties for printing; produced in glossy or dull (matte) finishes.

32 Coating (1) Mineral substances such as china clay, blanc fixe, satin white, etc. used to cover the surface of paper, thus making the coated surface of enameled papers. (2) In photography and photomechanics, the application of varnish, and other mixtures to plates. (3) Application of light-sensitive solutions to plate surfaces. (4) An emulsion, varnish or lacquer applied over a printed surface to give it protection.

Coating Accumulation An accumulation of paper coating material on the blanket during printing.

Coating Pile The buildup of coating on the press blanket as the sheet goes through a multicolor press. Fountain solution will loosen the coating causing it to pile further down the line in the printing operation.

Coating Streaks Uneven distribution of coating on base paper stock, wider than ⅛”.

COD (Collection on Delivery) A mail shipment for which collection of mail costs is done at the time of delivery and returned to the sender.

Coffee Table Book An oversized book, heavily illustrated, which is suitable for displaying on a coffee table.

33 Collate (1) Gathering (assembling) sections (signatures) in a predetermined order for binding. (2) To assemble multiple books or other items to form a complete set.

Collating Marks Markings (a rule, rectangle or similar mark) on the outside of the fold of each signature. When signatures are collated, these marks align diagonally. A missing mark indicates an omitted signature; two side by side represent a duplication.

Collect Shipment A shipment for which freight charges are billed by the carrier to the consignee.

Colophon (1) Trade emblem or device of a printer or publisher. See: Logo. (2) An inscription page sometimes found at the end of a book, listing details pertaining to production of the book, or the printer’s imprint.

Color (of paper) A characteristic achieved by dyeing paper in various hues, often in shades exclusive to a particular mill. Paper color affects readability and color reproduction. White sheets are considered to have color varying in tones from blue to yellow to pink.

Color Bar A control strip printed on the edge of a press sheet for visual and densitometer checking of ink color and density. It consists of small blocks of each color, halftone tints, and overprints of the color.

34 Color Gamut The colors that a device such as a proofer or a press is capable of producing.

Color Model CMYK, RGB, and L*A*b* systems for assigning numbers to colors.

Color Perception The manner in which the eye distinguishes color based on hue, brightness, and saturation.

Color Process Printing A reproduction of color made by means of separations. The printing is done using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks, each requiring its own negative; also called Process Color or Four Color Process.

Color Proofs A set of color process proofs consisting of proofs of each color, singly and in combination with other colors, as the job will be printed. Used for customer approval and for press match.

Color Scanner Equipment used to make color separations by photoelectrically reading the relative densities of the copy; also called Image Scanner or Electronic Scanner.

Color Separation Te process of capturing and separating full color original images into the primary printing colors and using one plate for each color.

35 Color Space A color model in which every color is defined by a point in space. A device such as a monitor uses the RGB Color Model to assign numbers to colors within the specific monitor’s color space—the colors it’s capable of reproducing.

Color Swatch A small, usually square, solid color block used to furnish a sample of the actual ink color to be produced.

Colorimetry The science of predicting color matches based on research into human color vision.

Comb Binding See: Plastic Comb Binding.

Comber Marks Marks that occur when the comber wheels of a folder pass over printed matter on the sheet, causing the ink to smear.

Coming-and-Going Imposition An imposition that has right hand pages in sequence from the front of the book to the end; the book is turned over and all left hand pages are in sequence and read from the back of the book to the front.

36 Commercial Perforation A series of small slits, produced on a folder, running parallel to the fold at the binding edge; it permits paper to separate easily at the slits to remove pages from the book.

Commercial Register Color printing in which the allowable misregister is within one row of dots.

Common Carrier A transportation line engaged in the business of handling persons or goods for compensation and for all persons impartially; regulated by I.C.C.

Common Pages (1) In plate-ready PDF files, pages used for two or more different publications, usually without change or with minor changes. (2) In reference to offprints, a leaf (2 pages) required in more than one article.

Comp Short for Composition.

Complex Mathematics Copy that includes multi-level equations, scientific copy, Greek characters and technical symbols.

Compose (or Composing) The process of setting type.

37 Composite Several pictures placed together to form a single, combined picture.

Composition Setting type; also called Typesetting.

Compressability The degree of pressure a sheet of paper can withstand and still return to its original thickness.

Compression The process of manipulating the way data is stored through special software that allows files to be stored more compactly.

Computer-to-Plate (CTP) System in platemaking where files are sent directly to the platesetter eliminating the need for film.

Concealed Damage Shipping damage that is not evident when viewing the unopened carton.

Condensed Face A narrow version of a regular typeface; permits more characters in a given measure; about 60% of the width of standard characters.

38 Confirming Price The price of an order, after all specifications are finalized; does not include Author’s Alterations or Overruns/Underruns.

Confirming Proof A proof confirming to the customer how the page, as shown by the proof, will print. No approval required or expected.

Connected Dots Halftone dots of 50% value or more, joined together visibly in a negative or on a plate.

Consignee The receiver to whom goods are shipped.

Consignor The shipper who forwards goods.

Continuous Tone A method of reproducing an image without using dots or screens. See also: Contone.

Contone Any image which has not been screened and contains gradient tones from black to white; may be a photograph, oil painting, wash drawing, etc.

39 Contrast (1) The tonal gradations between the highlights, midtones, and shadows in an original or reproduction; also called Copy Density Range. (2) The relationship between the lightest and the darkest areas of an image.

Convertible Sheet-fed Perfecting Press A two-unit press that prints two colors on one side of the sheet or one color on two sides; presses are available with more units.

Copy Any furnished material to be used for reproduction; also called Camera- ready Copy.

Copy Dot To scan dot for dot; to exactly match previously screened originals.

Copyright Literary, dramatic, artistic, and musical property protection for the author as authorized by the U.S. Constitution, securing for the author, for a limited time, the exclusive rights to his or her work.

Copyright Notice A notice required by law to protect publicly distributed information. It must include the symbol © and the word Copyright.

Copyright Page The book page containing the copyright notice and the copyright information.

40 Corner Marks Short rules at the corners of pages in an electronic file or on original copy indicating page trim.

Corr Short for Correction.

Correction Marks See: Proofreader’s Marks.

Corroseal A corrugated mailing material, used primarily for single copy mailing.

Count The quantity of sheets, signatures or finished books available for an order.

Cover 1 Outside front cover.

Cover 2 Inside front cover.

Cover 3 Inside back cover.

Cover 4 Outside back cover.

41 Cover Paper A designation for a wide variety of papers durable enough to be used as book covers.

Crack-n-Peel Labels or pockets to have paper peeled off and to be applied to a surface.

Crash See: Super.

Credit Line A statement giving the name of a photographer, author, etc., responsible for the picture, quotation, etc., being used.

Crop To eliminate certain areas of a photograph or other artwork.

Crop Marks Marks along the margins of an illlustration, used to indicate the portion of the illustration to be reproduced.

Crossmarks See: Register Marks.

Crowd To ink the plate heavily in order to print darker; applying too heavy an ink film to the plate.

42 Crushing On case bound books, smashing of the spine that can occur during the rounding operation; this may cause some creasing of text paper at the bind edge; occurs most often on books of small bulk.

Crystallization A condition in which a dried ink film repels a second ink that must be overprinted.

CTP See: Computer-to-Plate.

Curl In paper, distortion of the unrestrained sheet due to differences in structure, coatings from one side to the other or to absorption of moisture on an offset press. The curl side is the concave (wire) side of the sheet, which is more receptive to humidity change. Most commonly affects lightweight paper and cover paper.

Curling A condition of flexible or stiff covers that do not remain flat after drying.

Customer Furnished (CF) Any material supplied by a customer (Examples: paper, printed covers, mailing labels, etc.).

Customs Papers See: Export Declaration.

43 Cut-in Head A heading placed in a box of white space fitted in at the side of a composition page.

Cutoff Printed copy or artwork either completely or partially missing from the printed sheet or trimmed book.

Cutter Dust Residue resulting from the paper cutting operation, which may interfere in the printing process.

Cutter Wrinkles Creases or folds in the sheet, usually running at a slight angle to machine direction; may vary in size and appear at random.

Cyan (C) Process Hue. One of the four process colors.

44 D

Damp Streaks In paper, streaks caused by uneven pressing or drying during the manufacturing process.

Decorating Printing or stamping a case, making it ready for use.

Delamination A separation of a coating from the surface of the paper.

Delete To omit from copy or film. A delete mark is used to designate the material to be omitted.

Delta-E A measurement of the difference between two colors.

Densitometer (1) In photography, a photoelectric instrument for measuring optical density or relative degree of light absorption or opacity of a subject. (2) In printing, a reflection instrument used to measure the density and consistency of color throughout the print run.

45 Density (1) The specific gravity of paper, or weight per unit volume. (2) A measure of the degree of blackness. (3) The blackness and weight of type set in photocomposition.

Descender The portion of a lower case letter that extends below the main body, such as in g, j, p, q, y.

Desktop Publisher (1) A page layout application that integrates text and graphics on a computer. (2) One who uses a desktop publishing application.

Desktop Publishing Use of personal computers and software applications that allow integration of text and graphics using true composition standards.

Destination The point to which a shipment is consigned.

Device Driver A program which functions as a translator, converting one device’s output into data that another device can understand.

Device Resolution The resolution of an output device such as 72 ppi for a monitor and 2400 dpi for a platesetter.

46 Die A design, letters or pattern cut in metal for stamping book covers or for embossing; also called Stamping Die.

Die Cutting The use of sharp steel rules to cut special sizes and shapes, labels, boxes and containers from printed or unprinted materials.

Digital A signal or display which varies between two extremes, either on or off, such as a clock which displays time by illuminating numbers. Computers are digital devices.

Digital Printing Printing by plateless imaging systems (file is sent directly to a press and bypasses plating).

Dimensional Stability The degree to which paper or film will maintain its size and shape when subjected to changes in moisture content or relative humidity.

Dingbat A typographical symbol or ornament; most common use is for decoration.

Display Type (1) Typefaces designed for use in headlines or other non-text positions. (2) Large sizes of any typeface, 14 points or larger, as distinct from body text sizes which usually extend up to 12 or 14 points.

47 Distilling The process of creating PDF files using Adobe’s Acrobat Distiller.

Divide and Use All An instruction to the printer to divide a lot of paper so as to use the same number of sheets for each form, thereby printing the greatest number of complete books.

Dividers Tabbed sheets of index or other heavy stock, used to identify and separate specific sections of a book.

Dogears A portion of a page, usually a corner, folded back in such a way that it will not trim.

Dot The individual element of a halftone.

Dot Gain In printing, dots print darker than they should, causing darker tones or colors.

Dot Gain Compensation The process of increasing or decreasing the screen value on plates to achieve the desired screen value on press.

48 Dot Gain Scales A series of line screen numbers 0—9 in a coarse screen background; used to determine plate sharpness, resolution during platemaking, and dot gain or plate wear on the press during a print run.

Dot Slurring Smearing of halftone dots during printing.

Double Black Duotone A two color halftone in which both plates are printed in black; also called Double Black Halftone Printing.

Double Black Halftone Printing See: Double Black Duotone.

Double Column Pages which consist of two vertical columns rather than type extending across the entire page.

Double Draw Occurs when there are more sections in a book than stations on the gathering line; the sections are assembled in batches (draws), then the two batches are merged to form a completely gathered book.

Double Image Two impressions of all or a portion of an image. The undesirable double image may be caused by press sheets touching while the ink is still wet.

49 Double Page Spread Any two facing pages on which the layout requires that copy on both pages match at the binding edge; copy which extends across the gutter margins.

Double Thick Cover Stock A cover stock composed of two sheets of 65 lb. cover stock laminated together.

Doubles A mechanical malfunction of the gathering line that results in two like signatures being dropped on the line where there should be one.

Doubling (1) A press problem which generally occurs when sheets make contact with the blanket twice—once just before the impression point and the second time at the impression point—resulting in a double image. (2) Occurs when the feeder of the press feeds two sheets instead of one. (3) Occurs when the blanket slips at the pressure point, resulting in a slur or double image. (4) A doubled impression in stamping where the second impression or ‘hit’ does not register perfectly over the first one.

DPI (Dots Per Inch) The unit of measure for output resolution, dpi refers to the number of dots that will fit in an inch.

Drag Press register trouble with the dot enlarged toward the back (non- gripper edge) of the sheet. See: Slur.

50 Draw (1) The gathered sections of a book. (2) The dragging motion of any cutting machine knife.

Drawdown An ink chemist’s method of roughly determining color shade. A small glob of ink is placed on paper and drawn with the edge of a putty knife spatula to get a thin film of ink.

Drier Any substance added to ink to hasten drying.

Drilling Punching of holes in folded sections, trimmed or untrimmed, or in finished books that will permit their insertion over rings or posts in a binder.

Drop Folio A page number placed at the bottom of a page.

Drop Page A page such as a chapter opener or halftitle page where the text box starts lower than most of the pages; also called Sinkage Page.

Drop Shipment To ship an order to one address and bill the charges to another.

51 Dropout Halftone A halftone that contains no dots or details in the highlights; also called Highlight Halftone.

Dropout Type See: Reverse.

Dropping-On Covering See: Sew and Glue.

Dry Trapping Printing wet ink over ink that has dried.

Drying Time The time required for an ink to become rub-free or tack-free.

Dualtone A halftone image reproduced using two colors.

Dull Finish A smooth surfaced paper with a low gloss finish.

Dummy (1) A preliminary layout showing the position of illustrations and text as they are to appear in the final reproduction. (2) A set of blank pages made up in advance to show the size, shape, form, and general style of a piece of printing. See: Bulking Dummy.

52 Duotone A two-color halftone reproduction from a one-color original, requiring two halftone plates for opposite ends of the gray scale, one emphasizing highlights and the other emphasizing shadows. One plate usually is printed in a dark ink, the other in a lighter one.

Duplex Paper A paper or cover stock with a different color, finish or texture on each side. Usually produced by laminating two sheets.

Dust Jacket The printed or unprinted wrapper, usually paper, placed around a case bound book; also called Dust Cover, Dust Wrapper, Book Jacket or Jacket.

Dusting See: Chalking.

Duty The charge assessed by a government on shipments exported or imported.

53

E

Edge Staining Coloring the trimmed edges of a finished book; may be the top only or thumb edge or all three edges. Staining is done by brushing, spraying, or sponging with dye. If the top is only colored, it is called Top Staining.

Edit To modify or revise existing text or to prepare a manuscript for publication; also called Redact.

Edition Binding See: Case Binding.

Educational Material (EM) A special mailing rate for books; the lowest possible rate. See: Book Rate.

Eggshell Finish A relatively rough finish given to the uncoated paper that resembles the surface texture of an eggshell.

Effective Resolution The resolution of an image at its final output dimensions. Will be different than the scanned image if the image is scaled in the page layout program.

55 Electronic Publishing See: Desktop Publishing.

Electronic Scanner See: Color Scanner or Scanner.

Elliptical Dot Elongated dots that provided improved gradation of tones in print, particulary midetones; also called Chain Dot.

Em Space A composition unit of measurement, equal to the space of the largest letter in the alphabet of the type face and point size being used.

En Route A shipment in the possession of the carrier and being transported.

En Space One half the width of an em space; the width given to a numeral.

Enamel A high gloss coated paper or a coating material on a paper.

Encapsulated PostScript See: EPS.

56 End Matter See: Back Matter.

Endleaf See: End Sheets.

Endpoint Densities The dots that yield the desired highlight and shadow at the ends of the halftone range.

End Sheets Four pages each at the beginning and end of a case bound book, one leaf of each being solidly pasted against the inside board of the case. Stock is stronger and heavier than text stock; may be white or colored stock, printed or unprinted. Also called Endpapers, Endleaves or Lining Papers.

English Finish A grade of book paper with a smoother, more uniform surface than machine finish.

Enlargement A reproduction larger in size than the original; also called Blowup.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) A high-resolution, electronic file format used to transfer PostScript image information from one program to another. The file includes PostScript code and a low resolution (PICT) representation of the image.

57 Errata An acknowledgement of a printing error.

Errata Sheet A loose page with revised text to correct technical, typographical or other errors. Inserted loose into books prior to distribution or sent later to be inserted.

Estimate A price provided to a customer, based on the specifications outlined on the estimate form; it is normally sent prior to entry of an order and prices may change if the order specifications are not the same as the estimate specifications.

Exclusive Use of Trailer A very costly method for a direct truck shipment. The charge is for a full trailer load, plus a surcharge, regardless of the amount shipped.

Expanded Type See: Extended Type.

Expansivity The degree to which a paper changes its dimensions for a given change in its relative humidity.

Export (1) Shipment of goods to a foreign country. (2) Transferring data out of a software program to be used elsewhere.

58 Export Declaration Paperwork given to the carrier for use in clearing a shipment through U.S. Customs; also called Customs Papers.

Exposure A step in photographic processes during which light produces an image on the light-sensitive coating on film or plates; in photography, called Shot; in platemaking, called Burn.

Extended Type Type with a wider face than normal type that allows less copy to be set in a given measure; also called Expanded Type.

Extender A pigment used in printing inks to reduce intensity and opacity.

Extract A passage taken from another book or another author’s writing; usually set in smaller type than the main text or differently indented.

59

F

F & G A folded and gathered, but unbound, copy of a book. See also: Check Copy.

Face A style of type.

Face Margin See: Trim Margin.

Facing Pages Two pages that face each other when a publication is open.

Family All sizes and weights of basic type design; members may vary in weight, width, or other treatment. For example, a family may include roman, italic, extended, and boldface treatments of a face.

Fanout A condition in which printing subjects are spread or separated, usually along the back edge of the press sheet, caused by moisture absorption and expansion of the sheet.

61 FAS (Free Alongside Ship, at Port of Export) The seller pays all charges to deliver the goods to the dock within reach of the ship’s tackle, but not on board. All shipping activities, costs, and risks from that point are the responsibility of the buyer.

Feathering The spreading of ink at the edges of printed type, caused by irregularities in the ink or its distribution.

Felt Side The smoother side of the paper for printing; the top side of the sheet in paper manufacturing.

Fiber In the papermaking process, minute particles of rag or wood pulp that are the raw ingredients of paper.

Fiber Case See: Slip Case.

FIFO (First in-First out) In inventory, the first material received (i.e., the oldest) is the first issued and used.

Figure (fig.) An illustration. This may be a drawing, a photograph, a diagram, or a chart.

62 Figure Legend See: Legend.

File A collection of electronic information with a distinctive name which may be treated by the computer as a single unit.

Filler Minerals, such as clay and other white pigments, added to paper pulp to improve opacity, smoothness, brightness and printing capabilities.

Filling In A condition in offset lithography where ink fills the area between the halftone dots or plugs up the type; also known as Plugging or Filling Up.

Film Lamination Bonding plastic film by adhesives or heat and pressure, to protect the printed material and improve its appearance.

Finish The general surface properties of paper, determined by various manufacturing techniques.

Finish Size See: Trim Size.

Finishing Any post press operations, such as folding, binding, etc.

63 First Class Mail Written or typewritten matter, sealed in an envelope and closed against inspection; limited to a maximum of 12 oz.

Flap The portion of a dust jacket which wraps inside the front and back covers and is made visible by opening the cover.

Flat Printed matter or a photograph that is lacking in contrast.

Flat Back A binding on which the spine (back) is not rounded; also called Square Back.

Flat Color Printing two or more colors without overlaying color dots (i.e., without color trap); individual color matching. This differs from process color which is a blending of four colors to produce a broad range of colors.

Flexible Binding A binding built around boards which are flexible, rather than stiff.

Flooding An excess of ink caused by too little water or the absence of an etching material in the water fountain.

64 Flop To turn over an image so it faces the opposite way when printed.

Flow The ability of an ink to spread over the surface of the press rollers or into a thin film.

Fluorescent Inks Extrememly brilliant inks containing flourescent pigments.

Flush Even with; usually refers to composition copy.

Flush Cover A book cover that has been trimmed to the same size as the text pages.

Flush Left Composition copy that is even with the left edge of the print area or text area.

Flush Paragraph A paragraph with no indention; also called Block Style Paragraph.

Flush Right Composition copy that is even with the right edge of the printing area or text area.

65 FOB Ann Arbor Consignee is responsible for freight and charges from shipper's loading dock.

FOB Destination Consignor is responsible for freight and charges until delivery is made to Consignee.

Foil Tissue-thin material, faced with metal or pigment, used in book stamping with a stamping die.

Fold Marks Marks added to a negative flat along the margins of a press sheet as a guide for folding.

Folding Endurance The ability of paper to withstand repeated folding without breaking.

Foldout An oversize leaf folded to fit within the trim size of the book and tipped in.

Folio (1) A page number. (2) Sometimes used to refer to a sheet that has been folded once.

66 Font A complete assortment of type of a given size and design containing all of the characters needed for ordinary composition.

Foot The bottom of a column, page or book.

Foot Margin The margin at the bottom of a page; also called Bottom Margin or Tail Margin.

Footnote Reference material usually at the foot of a page and set within the text area; usually two points smaller in type size than the text.

Fore Edge Margin See: Trim Margin.

Foreign Mail Any mail destined for a foreign country.

Foreword A statement forming part of the front matter of a book, often written by an expert other than the author to give the book greater promotability and authority.

67 Form Any assembly of pages that can be printed simultaneously in a single impression of the printing press; a flat of imposed pages.

Format The size, style, type page, margins, printing requirements, etc., of any magazine, catalog, book or printed pieces.

Forwarding In case binding, the operations between trimming sewn signatures and casing in.

Foul Proof Type proof from which corrections have been made and approved.

Four Color Process The printing process in which full-color reproduction is obtained by printing successive images from photographic plates in Yellow, Magenta, Cyan, and Black inks; also called Process Color and Full Color Printing.

Four Color Separation See: Color Separation.

Four-Sided Trim (Trim4) After folding and gathering is complete, a trim is taken from all four edges to produce evenly trimmed sheets.

68 Four-Up East-West Labels Computer labels that are four across with sequencing in an East- West (horizontal) direction. This type of label is applied by Cheshire addressing equipment.

Foxing Brown stains in paper caused by chemical impurities.

FPO (For Position Only) Refers to an image placed to indicate position only, not for reproduction; usually a low resolution version of the image.

Free Astray A shipment misloaded out of route is designated to be ‘astray'. Once found, it is sent to its proper destination with no additional charges.

Free Sheet A paper free of groundwood or mechanical wood pulp.

Freight Claim A loss or damage claim against a carrier.

Freight Forwarder (1) An individual or company accepting shipments from shippers and combining them for forwarding in carload lots. (2) An air freight forwarder who acts as an agent, using commercial airlines and providing ground transprtation services.

69 French Fold A sheet folded twice with the second fold at right angles to the first.

French Spacing In composition, putting extra space after the punctuation and before the start of the next sentence.

Front The edge of a book opposite the binding edge; also called Thumb Edge or Trim Edge.

Front Cover The face of a book; also called Cover 1.

Front Flap The inside fold on the front of a dust jacket.

Front Guide On a printing press, the mechanical stop against which the gripper edge of the sheet is positioned.

Fronting Printing the front side of a sheet.

Frontispiece An illustration facing the title page of a book; also called Frontis.

Front Matter The pages preceding page 1 of a book. See: Preliminaries (Prelims).

70 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) A method of electronic file transfer. FTP is quicker and more reliable than E-mail.

Fulfillment The filling and shipping of book orders or serial subscriptions.

Full Color Printing See: Four Color Process.

Full Measure Text set to make a line of type the full width, flush with both margins.

Fuzz Loose fibers projecting from the surface of a sheet of paper; also called Fluff.

71

G

Galley Composition material before it has been arranged in page form.

Gang Scanning Simultaneous scanning of multiple originals.

Gatefold A four page insert which has foldouts on either side of the center spread.

GATF (Graphic Arts Technical Foundation) A scientific, technical, and educational organization serving the graphic industries conducting research in all graphic processes and applications.

GATF Star Target A quality control aid which is a target smaller than a dime with pie- shaped wedges of lines that converge in the center. It is commonly printed with color bars on the edge of a press sheet. It is used to detect dot gain, slurs, double images or spreading of an image.

Gather See: Collate.

73 Gathering Collecting, by hand or machine, the signatures of a book in the sequence in which they are to be bound; also called Collating.

Generation Each succeeding stage in reproduction of film or a scanned image from the original.

Ghosting The undesirable appearance of faint replicas of printed images caused chemically or mechanically.

Gigabyte An electronic unit of measure equal to about 1,000 megabytes of data (or 1,000,000 bytes). Gigabytes are abbreviated as gb.

Glass Brief for magnifying glass; also called Loupe or Linen Tester.

Glazed Paper with a high gloss or polished finish.

Glide-Pak A customer furnished corrugated cardboard on which cartons are piled and banded for shipment.

Gloss A paper’s shine or luster which reflects light.

74 Gloss Ghosting See: Chemical Ghosting.

Gloss Ink An ink containing an extra quantity of varnish which gives a glossy appearance when dry.

Glossy Print A photographic print on a shiny-finished paper. Prints intended for reproduction are usually made on such paper.

Glued-On Cover A paper cover fastened to the text with glue.

Gluing Off The process of applying glue to the spine of a book to be case bound, after sewing and smashing and before trimming.

Glyph An image that visually represents a type character. The letter ‘a’, for example, is represented by a different glyph in each font it is used in. Ligatures such as ff, fi, etc. are glyphs as are f and i.

Gradation Variation in tonal values, from 0% (white) to 100% (black).

Grade A means of ranking various kinds of paper and cloth.

75 Grain In paper, the machine direction in paper-making along which the majority of fibers are aligned. This governs some paper properties such as increased size change with relative humidity across the grain and better folding qualities along the grain.

Grain Long Paper in which the grain runs parallel to the longest measurement of the paper.

Grain Short Paper in which the grain runs parallel to the shortet measurement of the paper.

Grainy Printing Printing characterized by unevenness, particularly of halftones.

Granite Finish Paper that has been mottled by the addition of fibers of a different color, to resemble the texture of granite.

Graphic Arts In common usage, all components of the printing industry.

Gray Goods Undyed, unfinished book cloth as it comes from the loom.

76 Gray Levels The value associated with a pixel representing it’s lightness from black to white. Defined as a value from 0 to 255 in an 8 bit image, with 0 being black and 255 being white.

Gray Scale A strip of standard gray tones ranging from white to black to measure the tonal range obtained during photography or plate exposure. See also: Sensitivity Guide.

Gray Scale Image An image that is made up of various levels of gray and is not restricted to black and white. The number of bits defining the image determines the number of levels of gray available.

Gripper Edge The leading edge of a sheet of paper passing through a printing press. It is the longer edge of the sheet.

Gripper Margin The unprintable back edge of paper which presses usually clamp on; usually ½" or less; see also Gripper Edge.

Grippers Metal fingers on a sheet-fed press that clamp on paper and control its flow as it passes through the press.

Gross Weight The total weight of merchandise and shipping container.

77 Groundwood Paper Paper made from groundwood pulp; paper used for newspapers and other forms of non-permanent printed materials.

Groundwood Sheet Cheap paper containing a proportion of bark, in addition to wood fibers. This makes it acidic and leads to early decay.

Guarded Signatures See: Reinforced End Sheets.

Guide Edge The shorter edge of a printed sheet at right angles to the gripper edge which travels along a guide on the press or folder. This edge, like the gripper edge, should never be altered or manipulated between the printing and folding operations.

Guide Side The side the press uses to guide the sheet to the exact side position, usually the side toward the operator; also known as Operator or Control Side.

Guillotine A flat bed cutter with a single cutting blade.

Gum Streaks Streaks, particularly in halftones, produced by uneven gumming of plates. Gumming of plates partially desensitizes the image.

78 Gummed Labels Labels with an adhesive on the back that must be moistened for application.

Gumming The treating of plate surfaces with a thin coating of Gum Arabic as a protection against oxidation and as an aid to desensitizing the plate.

Gutter (1) In multi-column composition, the blank space between columns on a page. (2) Short for Gutter Margin.

Gutter Margin In binding, the blank space where two pages meet; the inside margin at the binding edge; also called Back Margin or Bind Margin.

79

H

Hairline Register Register within ± ½" row of dots; also called Close Register or Tight Register.

Half Title Page A printed page containing only the book or section title; sometimes called Bastard Title.

Halftone The reproduction of continuous-tone artwork, such as a photograph, through a screening process which converts the image into dots of various sizes.

Halftone Cell A matrix of imagesetter spots that can be drawn to simulate halftone dots of different percentages.

Halftone Dots The individual subdivisions of a printed surface created with a halftone screen.

81 Halo Effect (1) The white areas appearing around dark areas in an image when it’s over sharpened in an image manipulation program such as Photoshop. (2) In printing, occurs when ink accumulates at the edges of printed letters and halftone dots making the centers appear lighter.

Hand Tip To attach a leaf, foldout, etc. to a signature or bound book by hand operations of gluing and placement of the item.

Handstamp To stamp on an envelope, package, etc. using a rubber stamp, such things as a return address or mailing information required by postal regulations.

Handwork Any operation which can only be accomplished by hand. This includes hand operations in Plate Prep or Bindery.

Hanging Indentation In composition, copy set with the first line flush and all others indented.

Hard Bound See: Case Bound.

Hardcover Binding See: Case Binding.

82 Hard Copy (1) The permanent visual record of the output of a computer or printer. (2) The material sent to a compositor in typed format for conversion into composition material.

Hard Dot A halftone dot characterized by a sharp, clean cut edge with little or no fringe.

Hard Edge An undesirable characteristic of a halftone where the outer edge prints more or less a dark line, rather than fading away.

Hardware The physical components of a computer.

Head (1) The top of a page or form. (2) A heading in text composition.

Head Margin The white space above the first line on a page; also called Top Margin.

Head Trim The amount allowed for the top trim, usually ⅛".

83 Headband A small decorative strip of silk or cotton used at the top and bottom of a case bound book to fill the gap normally formed between the spine of the book and the cover.

Headings Headlines presenting a digest of the matter to follow. They appear at the top of a page, article, column, section, etc.

Heat Tunnel On shrink wrap equipment, a heated device the package travels through. The heat shrinks a plastic film so it tightly conforms to the material wrapped.

Hickey In printing, a blemish in the impression caused by dirt, hardened specks of ink or any dry hard particle working into the ink or onto the plate or offset blanket. It is generally characterized by a solid center area surrounded by a white halo.

High Bulk Paper A paper specifically manufactured to retain a thickness not found in other papers of the same basis weight.

High Contrast In photography, a reproduction in which the difference in darkness (density) between adjoining areas is greater than in the original.

84 High Key Picture A continuous tone photo made up of predominantly highlight (white) areas.

Highlight The lightest or whitest parts in a photograph, represented in a halftone reproduction by the smallest dots or the absence of all dots.

Highlight Halftone A halftone reproduction in which the highlights are devoid of dots, for accentuation of contrast; also called Dropout Halftone.

Hinge See: Joint.

Hinge Score A technique that allows the covers of a paperback book to flex open and not exert unnecessary pressure on the glued spine edge of the book. This in turn results in a more durable bind and a longer-lasting book.

Hit An impression from a stamping die.

Holdout A property of coated paper with low ink absorption which allows ink to set up on the surface with high gloss. Papers with too much holdout cause problems with set-off.

85 Hot Melt A glue used in bookbinding which is applied hot and sets up almost instantly when applied to a cool surface.

House Cloth Material for casemaking stocked at the bindery, available in a limited number of colors.

House Sheet Paper stocked by the printer.

Hue (1) In color, the attribute of a color that distinguishes it from other colors. (2) The wavelength of light of a color in its purest state (without the addition of white or black). See also: Chroma.

Humidity The amount of moisture in the air, relative to temperature. It affects paper, ink, rollers, and other materials involved in the printing process.

Hydrophilic Water-loving; preferring to be wet by water rather than by oils.

Hydrophobic Water-hating; water repellant.

Hyphenation Determining where a word should break at the end of a line. In computerized composition, there are programs to make these decisions.

86 I

Icons A graphics prompt displayed on a computer monitor representing software, peripheral devices or instructions for various computer operations.

IDF (Includes Drop Folio) When used after the printer surface height, it is used for placing base of drop folio on bottom PS line. Used for layout of chapter openers and other drop folioed pages to give same bottom margin to trim.

Illustrations The drawings, photographs, etc., used to supplement the text of printed matter.

Illustrator® A graphics software program manufactured by Adobe Systems as part of Creative Suite®.

Image (1) A picture formed by light, such as is projected from an illuminated piece of art by a lens. (2) The impression left by the projected light image on a photosensitive emulsion. When this impression is invisible, it is called a Latent Image. Subsequent chemical development is then used to make the latent image visible.

87 Image Area The area inside the margins of a page. See also: Print Block.

Image Assembly In electronic prepress, putting together various elements of a job (photos, illustrations, text pages, etc.).

Image Resolution Defines the size of each pixel in an image within the grid of pixels that defines a scanned image.

Imitation Gold A metallic composition leaf frequently used as a substitute for genuine gold leaf in stamping book cases; also called Artificial Gold.

Imposition The plan for the assembly of pages in a press form so that they will be in the correct sequence after the printed sheet is folded; also called Press Layout.

Imposition form See: Layout sheet.

Imposition Software Software used to manipulate pages created in page layout programs into proper sequence and position for signatures.

88 Impression (1) In printing, the pressure of type, plate or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper. (2) An image of any kind imposed on a surface.

Imprint (1) The identifying name of a publishing company carried on a published book. (2) To print on a previously printed piece by running it through a press again.

Indent To begin a line with a given amount of white space such as a paragraph indentation.

InDesign® Page layout software produced by Adobe Systems as part of Creative Suite®.

Index A list at the end of a book, showing individual terms from the text contents, in alphabetical order, and listing the pages on which each entry appears.

Indexed Color Color that uses a specific look up table containing up to 256 colors chosen from the RGB color model.

Indicia Mailing permit information required by the Post Office; replaces a stamp.

89 Inferior Character A letter, numeral or symbol written below the baseline and to the right of another character, usually in a smaller type; also called Inferior Figure or Subscript.

Initial Carrier The transportation line to which a shipment is delivered by the shipper.

Initial Letter A large capital or decorated letter used to begin a chapter section or sometimes a paragraph.

Ink Absorption The degree to which ink will penetrate paper.

Ink Dot Scum On aluminum plates, a type of oxidation characterized by scattered pits that print sharp, dense dots.

Ink Film Ink thickness when printed.

Ink Holdout The ability to keep ink on top of the paper’s surface; also called Ink Resistance.

90 Ink-Jet Printer A non-impact printer that forms characters by the projection of a jet of fast-drying ink onto paper.

In-Line Denotes a production line of machinery, as opposed to a single piece of production equipment.

In-Line Covering Covers applied on gathered and glued signatures in one continuous process. See also: Perfect Binding.

Ink Receptive Having the property of being wet by greasy ink in preference to water.

Ink Receptivity The degree to which a paper resists or accepts ink penetration.

Ink Repellent Having a surface which will attract water and repel greasy inks.

Ink Resistance Resistance to the penetration of the ink vehicle; also called Ink Holdout.

Insert (1) In printing, a page, etc., that is printed separately and then placed into or bound with the main publication. (2) In composition, copy to be added.

91 Inside Delivery Delivery made inside a door or garage on the ground level. It will not include breaking of all skid bands and unloading cartons. There is an additional charge for Inside Delivery, and a charge for each additional floor above the ground.

Inside Margin See: Gutter Margin.

Insured Mail Standard B mail can be insured for protection against loss or damage. Numbered insured mail provides for a receipt to the mailer at the time of the mailing, the mail is identified by number and a signature is required on delivery. The fee varies with the insured value. The maximum value is $5000. A return receipt can be requested; an additional fee is charged for this.

Intensity The extreme strength, degree or amount of ink.

Interleaving See: Slip-Sheeting.

Inter-Line Carrier A shipping term for a carrier participating in a through movement, other than either the originating or delivering carrier.

Inverted Page An upside down page.

92 ISBN Number The International Standard Book Number assigned by the publisher, under a system administered by the R.R. Bowker Co. It uniquely identifies the particular book. This number should appear on the copyright page and usually on Cover 4.

ISSN Number Similar to ISBN Number but issued for journals only.

Italic The style of letters that slope forward in distinction from upright or roman letters; used for words requiring emphasis. Italic characters may also differ in other ways as well.

93

J

Jacket See: Dust Jacket

Jacketing The application of dust jackets on finished case bound books.

Jiffy Bag A padded mailing bag, available in varous sizes.

Jiffy Rigi Bag A cardboard type mailing bag available in various sizes.

Jog (1) To align or even flat sheets of paper to a common edge or edges. (2) The intermittent turning on and off of a press to position, clean or put on a plate or blanket. ( 3) To align folded sections so edges are even.

Joint The flexible hinge where the cover of a case bound book meets the spine, permitting the cover to open without breaking the spine of the book or breaking apart signatures; also called Hinge.

95 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) A compression format that reduces file size by discarding pixel data. JPEG is especially useful for continuous images but not for halftone images.

Justified Text copy composition flush to both left and right margins.

Justify To set type or prepare text composition to a specified width or measurement so that the left and/or right-hand margins of the printed matter will be aligned. Justification may be accomplished by adjusting the spacing between words and characters (letter spacing) so as to fill the measure with each full line of type.

96 K

K Process Color. In four color process work, the common symbol for black.

Kerning In composition, adjusting the spacing between two characters so they appear closer together.

Key Plate In color printing, the plate used as a guide for the register of other colors. It normally contains the most detail.

Kilobyte An electronic unit of measurement equal to 1,024 bytes. Kilobytes are abbreviated as k.

Knock Out See: Reverse.

Knockout A printing term that refers to the technique of preparing a color separation not to print in some areas. This typically occurs when one process color overlaps a second causing the bottom color not to print.

97 Kraft Paper or board made from unbleached woodpulp by the sulfate process; it is brown in color.

Kraft Paper Used to wrap books, usually journals for individual copy mailing.

98 L

Label (1) Gummed paper with carton content information and the shipping address stenciled on it and is applied to the carton. (2) Address labels applied to an envelope, mailer or directly on printed matter; normally customer furnished.

Laid Paper Paper which, when held up to the light shows fine parallel lines (wire marks) and crosslines (chain marks).

Laminate (1) To coat with clear plastic, either liquid or film. (2) Two separate sheets of paper joined as a single sheet, to provide a special thickness, surface or varying colors from one side to the other.

Landscape A page that has a greater width than height.

Lap (1) The slightly extended areas of print surfaces in color plates that make for easier registration of color. (2) See: Lip.

99 Lap Register Register achieved by overlaying a narrow of the second color over the first color at the points of joining.

Laser Printer A high speed computer printer that produces hard copy of computer data by using laser technology to project an intense light beam with a very narrow width. This light creates a charge on the printer drum that picks up the toner and transfers it to paper. The toner is affixed to the paper with heat.

Lasers (1) Separated—where each color is identified on its own page. (2) Composite—all colors combined on one page.

Latent Image The image on plate that must be chemically treated before it becomes visible.

Lay Sheet The first of several press sheets run to check lineup, register, non- printing areas and type.

Layback The non-printable area of a plate; the distance from the plate edge to the gripper margin plus the gripper margin.

Laydown Sequence The sequence in which multiple colors are printed.

100 Layflat (1) Type of lamination used on paper bound books. (2) Method of perfect binding where the cover is glued only to the spine edge allowing the book to lay flat.

Layout (1) The drawing or sketch of a proposed printed piece; the working diagram for a printer to follow. (2) Short for Layout Sheet. (3) Another term for Plate Prep.

Layout Sheet The imposition form; indicates the sequence and positioning of pages in an imposition and corresponds to printed pages on the press sheet; also called Imposition Form. Once the printed sheet is folded, pages will be in consecutive order.

Leaders In composition, rows of dashes or dots to guide the eye across the page; used in tabular work, programs, tables of contents, etc.

Leading The space between lines of type, measured from baseline to baseline; always expressed in points. For example 8/9—point size of type is 8 points, amount of leading is 9 points. This may also be expressed as 8 point type, 1 point leaded.

Leading Scale A clear acetate scale, calibrated in points, to measure the leading of composition copy.

101 Leaf (1) Each separate piece of paper in a book, with a page on each side. (2) A pigmented stamping material used to decorate cases.

Legend (Leg.) (1) On a map or chart, the key to various signs and symbols used. (2) The brief wording which identifies or explains an illustration, usually appearing directly below the illustration or figure; also called Figure Legend.

Length The ability of an ink to flow.

Lens A device, usually glass or quartz, used to focus light in a camera.

Letterspacing The placing of additional space between each letter; sometimes used to fill out lines for justification.

Library Binding A book bound in accordance with the standards of the American Library Association, having strong endpapers, muslin reinforced end signatures, sewing with four-cord thread, canton flannel backlining, and covers of Library or Caxton Buckram cloth with rounded corners.

Library Edge The part of the spine that is visible when on a shelf.

102 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number An identification number issued by the Library of Congress upon application of the publisher; normally appears on the preliminary page which contains copyright information.

Library Rate A special Fourth Class mailing rate for books sent from a publisher or printer to a library, college or university only.

Lift (1) The number of books in a convenient handful. Books are stacked in lifts and trimmed in lifts. (2) The number of printed or unprinted sheets in a pile for cutting by the guillotine.

Lightweight Paper Paper in the 17–35 lb. weight range.

Like-Sidedness A description of paper with similar color and finish on both sides.

Limited Edition A specified and limited quantity of books, often numbered and frequently signed by the author.

Linearization See: Calibration.

103 Line Copy Any copy suitable for reproduction without using a halftone screen.

Line Drawing A drawing containing no grays or middle tones. In general, any drawing that can be reproduced without the use of halftone techniques.

Line Gauge A ruler for measuring in points and picas.

Line Length See: Measure.

Line Up The positioning of printed matter on a press sheet.

Linen Finish Book cloth which has a two-tone effect due to the white threads that show through the color.

Linen Tester See: Glass.

Lining The material which is pasted down on the backbone (spine) of a book to be case bound, after it has been sewn, glued off and rounded. It reinforces the glue and helps hold signatures together.

104 Lining Papers See: End Sheets.

Lining Up Adding the kraft paper, crash, and headbands to a rounded book before applying cases.

Lint Small fuzzy particles in paper.

Lip The allowance for overlap of one-half of the open side edge of a folded section, needed for sewn and saddlestitch binding, for feeding the sections; also called Lap.

Litho An abbreviation for lithograph.

Litho Cover A case bound cover which is printed before cases are made, rather than being decorated by stamping after cases are made.

Lithography A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and non-image area exist on the same plane (plate) and are separated by chemical repulsion.

105 Logo A company trademark; also called Logotype or Colophon.

Long An ink that has good flow on the ink rollers of a printing press.

Long Grain Paper made with the machine direction of fibers in the longest dimension of the sheet.

Long Run A print run in excess of 10,000 copies.

Loose Register Color that fits ‘loosely’; positioning (register) is not critical.

Lossless A compression format in which no data is lost. TIFF, PSD, and EPS are lossless formats.

Lossy A file compression format in which data is lost in order to reduce file size. JPEG is a lossy format.

Loupe See: Glass.

106 Low Bulk Paper A paper with a smooth surface; a ‘thin’ sheet.

Low Key Picture A continuous tone photograph made up of predominantly shadow (black) areas.

Lower Case (lc) Small letters as distinguished from capital letters.

LPI (Lines Per Inch) LPI defines the size of the halftone cell in an electronic image. A 150 lines per inch image has finer dots than a 133 lines per inch. LPI is applied at plate.

LTL (Less than Truck Load) A motor carrier term meaning less than a full truck load.

107

M

M The abbreviation for a quantity of 1000.

M Weight The weight of 1000 sheets of paper cut into its Basis Size.

Machine Coated Paper that is coated on one or both sides on the paper-making machine.

Machine Direction In papermaking, the formation of paper parallel to its forward movement on the paper machine; also called Grain Direction.

Machine Finish (mf) Paper which has been given its smooth finish while on the papermaking machine rather than as a separate manufacturing operation.

Machine Tip Attaching an insert, end sheet, four page signature, or other material to the outside of a signature using a tipping machine; also called Tip-On.

Magenta (M) Process red; one of the four process colors.

109 Mailer A corrugated cardboard carton, frequently tailor-made to contain one volume or a set. This is usually the protective container in which the material is mailed; also called Mailing Carton.

Makeready (1) On an offset press, all work done prior to running such as adjusting of the feeder, side guide, putting a plate on press, and ink in the fountain. (2) Any machine adjustments made for size, bulk, etc., prior to performing the required operation.

Making Order (Paper) The mill minimum order for making a non-standard size paper or cover stock or for making a stock with non-standard specifications.

Manifest A statement listing the particulars of all shipments loaded in a car, truck, ship, etc.

Marginal Heads Headings in the marginal area of a page outside the text page area.

Marginal Notes Material in the marginal area of a page, outside the text area; sometimes handwritten.

Margins The white space around the printed matter on a page.

110 Matte Finish Dull paper finish without gloss or luster.

Matte Print A photographic print having a dull finish.

Measure In composition, the length of a full line of a page or column, usually expressed in picas; also known as Line Length.

Mechanical Binding Individual leaves fastened by means of an independent binding device such as Plastic Comb, Wire-O or Spiral.

Mechanical Ghosting Undesirable images that appear on the printed piece as a result of onpress conditions, such as ink starvation, form layout or a faulty blanket.

Mechanical Pulp Groundwood pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or chips, including bark, as opposed to breaking them down chemically. See also: Groundwood Paper.

Megabyte An electronic unit of measure equal to 1,024 kilobytes (or 1,024k). Megabytes are abbreviated as mb.

111 Metallic Inks Inks which contain metallic powders mixed with the ink base; powders are flakes which deposit in reflective layers.

Meter Postage Prepaid postage printed by a meter on adhesive strips that are then affixed to a package by hand.

Meter Stamp A metered mail imprint of prepaid postage that serves as postage payment, a postmark, and cancellation mark; may be used for all classes of mail for any amount of postage.

Micrometer A calibrated instrument for determining the thickness of paper or the packing of the plate and blanket.

Middle Tone The tonal range between highlights and shadows of a halftone or reproduction.

Mil 0.001 inch; the unit of measure of plastic film. See also: Caliper.

Minimum Charge The lowest charge that can be assessed to transport a shipment.

Moiré Undesirable patterns that occur when halftones are reproduced. Results when screen angles of the originals conflict with the print screen. 112 Moisture Content A measure of the relative humidity that expresses the amount of water in paper.

Monochromatic Composed of tints and shades of a single color.

Monotone Printed with a single color, black or any other color.

Montage A combination of related pictures, parts of pictures, and/or pieces of copy appearing as one.

Mortice Copy An open space in the background so type can be printed in the space; also called Blurb or White Inset.

Mottle A spotty or uneven appearance of printed matter that is most pronounced in solid areas and caused by transparent inks whose film split badly during impression.

Mottled Finish (of paper) Uneven finish characterized by high and low spots or glossy and dull areas on the same sheet.

113

N

Nailhead A description of a paper covered book that, in profile, resembles the head of a nail; a paper covered book that is thicker at the spine.

NAPL (National Association of Printers and Lithographers) A Graphic Arts trade organization.

Narrow Measure A block of copy indented from one or both margins to distinguish it from the surrounding full measure copy.

Natural A paper color such as cream, white or ivory.

Natural Finish Book cloth or paper characterized by a soft, slightly fuzzy appearance due to the finishing process.

Natural Spread See: Center Spread.

Negative Image in which the values of the original are reversed so the dark areas appear light and the light areas appear dark.

115 Net Weight The weight of merchandise without the shipping container.

Neutral pH Paper See: Acid Free Paper.

Newsprint See: Groundwood Paper.

Nick A small tear on the head of a saddle-stitched book that occurs during the trimming operation.

Nip (1) A crease-like line at the joint of a case bound book. (2) To squeeze sewn books for about a 2” width along the backbone to give all the books a uniform bulk by reducing the swell caused by the sewing thread.

Nipping The binding operation in which the binding edge of folded sheets are squeezed free of air.

Non-Image Area That portion of the printing plate which does not accept ink; also called Non-Printing Area.

116 Non-Woven A cover material made of materials other than cloth and frequently consisting of fibers bonded under heat and pressure.

North-South Labels Labels supplied in rolls or on accordion folded strips one label wide; labels are arranged vertically, one above the other.

Notch Adhesive Case Bind (NACB) An alternative to Smyth Sewing prior to case binding; text is held with adhesive rather than thread. Sometimes called Perfect Case Bind or Burst Case Bind.

Notch Bind (NB) An adhesive binding similar to Perfect Binding. Pieces of text stock (notches) are removed on the binding edge during folding to allow greater adhesive penetration without trimming the spine; primarily used for adhesive binding of coated paper.

117

O

Object Oriented Art A form of electronic imagery created by a collection of mathematically defined lines and/or curves; also called Vector Art or Vector Image.

Oblong In binding, a book bound on the shorter dimension.

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) The analysis of scanned data to recognize characters so they can be converted into editable text.

Odd Sizes Any nonstandard paper or book size.

Off Color Paper or ink which does not match the sample.

Offprints Additional sheets printed with the initial order that are cut into single pages, assembled as separate articles, and bound by stapling once in the upper left corner.

119 Offset (1) Wet ink transferred from one sheet to another in a load of freshly printed sheets; also called Set-Off. (2) Short for Offset Lithography.

Offset Lithography The most common form of lithographic printing in which the image area and nonimage area exist on the same plate separated by chemical repulsion. To print, ink is ‘offset’ (transferred) from the plate to a rubber blanket and then to the paper.

Offset Paper Paper which is strong enough to resist the tacky inks and considerable moisture encountered in offset printing.

Old Style Numbers In composition, a special design of numbers that are non-base aligned for special effect.

Opacity The property of paper which minimizes show through of the printed image from the opposite of the sheet or the sheet under it.

Opaque The property of paper that makes it less transparent.

Opaque Ink An ink that conceals all color beneath it.

120 Open End Envelope An envelope that opens on a short dimension.

Open Side Envelope An envelope which opens on the long dimension.

Open Type Fonts (OTF) Newest font type developed jointly by Microsoft and Adobe Systems. Open Type Fonts are a single file format that is platform indepenent. Unlike PostScript Type 1 fonts that are limited to 256 characters, OTF uses Unicoding and can contain 65,536 glyphs. See: Pro Fonts.

OPF (One-Piece Folder) A one-piece mailing carton tailor-made to fit a specific book or set of books.

OPI (Open Prepress Interface) The process in which a low resolution FPO is replaced with a high resolution image prior to imaging. OPI comments are undesirable in a PDF workflow.

Optical Center The center of a rectangle as it appears to the eye; usually a point slightly above geometric center, about 2/5 from the top of the rectangle.

Original The artwork, mechanical or other material furnished for printing reproduction; usually refers to photographs or drawings for halftone reproduction. More commonly called Photocopy or Camera-Ready Copy.

121 Orphan The first line of a paragraph when it appears at the bottom of a page. See: Widow.

Out of Register (1) Descriptive of pages on both sides of a sheet that do not back up accurately. (2) Two or more colors not exactly aligned when printed.

Outline Halftone A halftone image which is outlined by removing the dots that surround it; also called Silhouette Halftone.

Outline Letter A letter form drawn in outline with no solid parts.

Outlined Image Letter forms that are defined by an outline and are hollow on the inside.

Outside Margin See: Trim Margin.

Over Pressure Too much pressure causing ink to tend toward plugging letters and halftone dots.

Overinked Describes printing when too much ink has been used resulting in heavy print that tends to blur toward the back of the press sheet.

122 Overprinting Double printing or printing on an area that has been printed; usually refers to printing black type over a halftone or colored background. See: Surprint.

Overrun Copies printed in excess of the specified quantity.

Overset In composition, type set in excess of the space allowed. The type in a line exceeds the stated measure.

Oversewing A method of machine sewing often used in Library Binding in which stitches are made through the section forming a lock stitch with each separate section and independent lock stitches along the back. An oversewn book will not lie open flat.

Overhang Cover A cover larger in size than the pages it encloses.

Oxidation A chemical reaction which hardens the ink vehicle and makes the film of ink reasonably rub-proof.

123

P

Packing Slip See: Bill of Lading/Packing Slip.

Padding (1) Loose sheets stacked, with or without a backing material, to which adhesive is applied to the binding edge—usually with a brush. The adhesive must be flexible and capable of allowing easy removal of a single sheet. (2) Corrugated material used as filler material in bulk cartons or individual mailing cartons.

Page One side of a leaf; may be abbreviated as p. or pg.

Page Composition See: Desktop Publishing.

Page Flex The number of flexes a book page can withstand before loosening from the binding.

Page Makeup The electronic assembly of the elements that comprise a page.

125 Page Proof Proof of type in page form.

Pagination (1) In computerized composition, the process of performing page makeup automatically. (2) To number pages consecutively.

Pallet A wooden platform with stringers wide enough to allow a fork lift to drive into it and lift; used to pack cartons for shipment if specified by the customer.

Panel In decorating of cases, a solid block of color—ink or foil—used as a background for material to be stamped. Separate hit from type even if the foil is the same.

Pantone Goe System An ink color system of 2,058 chromatically arranged colors.

Paper Bound A paper covered book; also called Paperback or Softcover.

Paragraph Indention The amount of space, usually one em, preceding the first word of a paragraph.

Parallel Fold A series of folds with each fold parallel to the other.

126 Parcel Post Used for mailing packages. Regulations include maximum size and weight limitations; minimum weight is 16 ounces. Rates are determined by the weight of the parcel and the approximate distance over which it is to be delivered.

Part Title A right hand page containing the title of a part (section) of a book; usually backed by a blank page.

Patent Register (Mark) The composition symbol ® indicating a product is registered with the U.S. Patent Office.

PDF (Portable Document Format) An application, printer, and platform independent file that has become the print industry standard file format for file submission and prepress workflow.

PE (Printer’s Error) A correction or change required as the result of an error by the compositor or printer; not billable to the customer.

Perfect Binding A binding method which uses flexible adhesive to hold each page in place after folds along the spine have been cut off; also called Adhesive Binding. See also: In-Line Covering.

127 Perfect Case Bind See: Notch Adhesive Case Bind.

Perfecting Press A printing press that prints both sides of the paper in one pass.

Perforate To make slits in the paper during folding, at the fold, to prevent wrinkles and to allow air to escape. Books that perfect bind are perforated on the spine fold to aid in binding.

Perforation A series of small slits produced on a folder in the printed sheet parallel to the fold at the bind edge that permits the paper to be separated easily at these slits (perforations); also called Commercial Perforation.

Permanence The degree to which a paper will resist changes in its properties and characteristics over a period of time.

Permit Mailing A method of paying for the movement of mail at rates which are dependent upon the specific permit such as Second Class, Third Class, Nonprofit Second Class, etc.

128 pH The acidity or alkalinity of a solution (fountain solution, ink) or material (paper). The scale is 0–14 with 7.0 being the neutral point. A rating lower than 7 indicates an acid nature; over 7 alkaline. In paper, neutral pH increases longevity so it will neither be corroded by excess acid nor become brittle because of excess alkalinity.

Photoshop® A graphics software program manufactured by Adobe Systems. Part of the Creative Suite®.

Pica A printer’s unit of measurement used primarily in composition. One pica equals approximately ¹/₆".

Pick Resistance The surface strength of paper.

Picking The lifting of small clumps of fibers from the paper’s surface during printing. It occurs when the pulling force (tack) of ink is greater than the surface strength of paper.

Pickup (1) The act of calling for freight by truck, at the consignor’s shipping platform. (2) Rework order to make up a shortage rather than to correct an error. (3) When files or film negatives are revised for another printing.

129 PICT A low resolution, bitmapped image format generally used for viewing priveleges on a computer monitior only; rarely is the quality suitable for print.

Pigment The fine solid particles used to give color, body or opacity to printing inks.

Piling (1) In printing, the building up or caking of ink pigment on rollers, plate or blanket; will not transfer readily. (2) The accumulation of paper coating on the blanket of an offset press.

Pin Register Accurately positioned holes and special pins on plates and presses to insure proper register or fit of colors.

Pinhole (1) A small, unwanted, transparent area in the developed emulsion of a plate; usually due to dust or other defects on the copy, copyboard glass or on the film. (2) In paper, small imperfections caused by foreign matter on its surface during papermaking.

Pinholing A condition caused by failure of ink to cover the surface completely, leaving small holes in the printed area.

130 Pixel A single dot of light on a video monitor.

Planographic Printing A process of printing from a flat or plane surface, such as is done in Lithography.

Plastic Comb Binding A type of mechanical binding using a piece of rigid vinyl plastic sheeting die cut in the shape of a comb or rake and rolled to make a cylinder of any thickness. The book is punched with slots along the binding edge, through which this comb is inserted.

Plastic Film The plastic material used on shrink wrap equipment for wrapping packages. It shrinks to fit the contents when it passes through a heat tunnel.

Plastic Shrink Wrap See: Shrink Wrap.

Plate (1) Brief for printing plate; a thin sheet of metal that carries the printing image, the surface of which is treated so only that image is ink-receptive. (2) An illustration printed separately from the text and inserted by tipping.

Plate Finish A smooth, hard finish of paper.

131 Platesetter A device used to output files directly to plate.

Plugged A printing condition characterized by the loss of dot reproduction; no dots are visible.

Plugging See: Filling In.

PMS (Pantone Matching System) An ink color system widely used in the graphic arts. There are approximately 500 basic colors for both coated and uncoated papers.

Pocket (1) A station on the gathering line. (2) Paper, cloth, vinyl or other material made into a pocket, with or without gussets, affixed inside the front or back cover of a book.

POD (1) (Proof of Delivery) Any document which travels with a shipment and is signed by the consignee on receipt of shipment. (2) See: Print on Demand.

Point (1) A printer’s unit of measurement, used principally for designating type sizes. There are 12 points to a pica; approximately 72 points to an inch. (2) A papermaker’s unit of measure equal to .001 of an inch, used as the measure for binder boards.

132 Poor Trapping The condition in wet printing when less ink transfers to previously printed ink than to unprinted paper; also called Undertrapping.

Porosity The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, gas or liquid. Determined by the compactness of its fibers.

Portrait A page which has greater height than width.

Posterization An obvious stairstepping in a halftone image or vignette when there are not enough gray levels.

PostScript A standard language that computers can use for communicating visual information. It describes pages to any output device with a PostScript interpreter.

Powdering See: Chalking.

PPD File (PostScript Printer Description File) A file that contains information on screen angle, resolution, page size, and device-specific information for a file to be printed on a PostScript device.

133 PPI (1) Pages-per-inch—the number of pages contained in a one inch stack of paper. (2) Pixels-per-inch—the number of pixels in one square inch.

Preface Part of the preliminary matter in a book; it usually explains the purpose of the book or acts as a general introduction.

Preliminaries (Prelims) Introductory pages which precede the text of a book. Prelims include title page, copyright, preface, contents, and other non-text pages for identification or explanation; also called Front Matter.

Prep See: Prepress.

Prepaid A shipment for which freight charges are paid by the consignor.

Prepress All manufacturing operations prior to press; also called Prep.

Press Layout See: Imposition.

Press Proof Actual press sheets to show image, tone value, and color. A few sheets are run and approval is received from the customer prior to printing the job.

134 Press Sheet The full size sheet of paper selected for a job to be printed on a sheet fed press.

Pressure Sensitive Labels Labels with an adhesive coating, protected by a backing sheet until used, that will stick without moistening.

Primary Letter A lower case letter which has no ascenders or descenders, such as e, m, n, o, and c.

Print Block The area on the page occupied by print matter; also called Print Box, Type Surface or Image Area.

Print on Demand (POD) Books are produced digitally one at a time.

Printability The characteristic of a paper that allows good performance on the press and yields printed material of high quality.

Printed Case Hard cover book where the design prints directly on the case stock.

135 Printer Font A high-resolution outline version of a screen font; necessary for imagesetting.

Printer’s Error See: PE.

Priority Mail Air Mail parcels exceeding 12 oz.

Pro Fonts An Adobe Open Type Font that contains all the faces of a type family. See: Open Type Fonts.

Pro Number A number assigned by a carrier to its freight bill; this number is essential for tracing a shipment.

Process Color Printing See: Color Process Printing.

Process Colors (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black; CMYK) These colors are used in various strengths and combinations to produce thousands of colors with a minimum of platemaking and presswork.

Process Inks Transparent inks manufactured for use in four color process printing.

136 Profile A file that contains information about a device so color can be converted and output or displayed accurately.

Profiling Creating a profile by measuring the current state of a device such as a proofer; also called Characterization.

Proofs Trial digital files or prints from plates.

Proofreader One who reads proof and marks errors for correction.

Proofreader’s Marks The standardized symbols used by copy editors and proofreaders in the correction of proof.

Protect Shipment An expedited shipment.

Publisher One who makes a business of publishing and marketing newspapers, periodicals, books, music, plays, etc.

137 Pull Test A test performed on perfect bound books to determine the amount of pull pressure required to remove a page from the binding; used to verify that pages are securely bound.

Pulp The fibrous material which has been mixed, beaten, and diluted and to which chemicals and fillers may be added in preparation for the papermaking process.

Punch See: Drilling.

Pyroxlin Plastic material (cellulose nitrate) used for impregnating or coating book cloth and some paper.

138 Q

Quad Center Direction to set copy centered in the type measure, with all exceess space equally placed on each side.

Quad Left Direction to set copy to the left margin of the type measure; also called Flush Left.

Quad Right Direction to set copy to the right margin of the type measure; also called Flush Right.

Quality A measure of the degree of perfection of all phases of printing reproduction.

Quality Control In printing, the process of taking random samples during the run to check the consistency of quality.

Quality Standards Standards for various production centers with specified acceptable variations and inspection routines.

139 QuarkXPress® A page layout software manufactured by Quark.

Quarter Binding A style of case binding in which the backbone of the case is cloth or leather and the sides are paper or cloth. See: Three-Piece-Case.

Quarterly A publication issued four times a year, usually every three months.

Query A marginal note in copy or on proofs to the author or editor from the compositor to call attention to some matter in question.

140 R

Ragged Left In composition, type that is justified to the right margin, unjustified on the left.

Ragged Right In composition, type that is justified to the left margin, unjustified on the right; also called Unjustified.

Raster Image An image that is a grid of dots. Raster images are resolution dependent and cannot be resized without an apparent loss of quality.

Ream 500 sheets of paper, regardless of size.

Rebind To bind again a book previously bound; usually used in reference to a book taken apart for use as scanning copy that must then be assembled in the original order and recovered using the original case.

Reconsignment A shipping term for the act of changing Bill of Lading provisions as to consignee.

141 Recto A right-hand page of a book; usually odd numbered.

Recycled Paper Paper made from old paper pulp; used paper is cooked in chemicals and reduced back to pulp after it is de-inked.

Redact See: Edit.

Reflective Copy Any image viewed by means of light reflected off its surface.

Reflection Densitometer A device used to measure and control color proofs and sheets printed with color bars. Ink strength, dot gain, and ink trapping are measured on printed sheets.

Register (1) Accurate alignment of plates, film or color separations one over the other, in order to produce a single image effect. (2) In photo- reproduction and color printing, fitting two or more printing images on the same paper in exact alignment with each other.

Register Marks Marks printed along the margins of a press sheet used as a guide for correct alignment, backing, and color register in printing; also called Guide Marks.

142 Registration Printed material in which two or more colors are in specific alignment with each other.

Reinforced End sheets A strip of muslin tape applied around the fold of the first and last signatures of a book and their respective end sheets to reinforce the paper and add strength to the binding; sometimes called Guarded Signatures. See also: Wrap Reinforced End Sheets.

Relative Humidity (RH) The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere, expressed as a percentage of the maximum that could be present at the same temperature.

Relative Units In photocomposition, the unit system used for letter width and spacing material that, in physical size, is relative to the type size being used. An em space contains 18 relative units. If the type size is 18 point, each unit will be 1 point. If the type size is 9 point, there are still 18 units in each em space but they are each only ½ point in width.

Reply Card See: Return Card.

Reprint To print again, from archived files or standing negatives, with or without corrections; also called Rerun.

143 Reprints Articles for which files are reimposed so the articles are produced in booklet form. The quantities for a number of different booklets on an order do not have to be the same. See also: Offprints.

Rerun See: Reprint.

Rescreen Scanning a previously screened and printed halftone. These are typically subject to moiré patterns.

Residential Delivery Delivery by a carrier to a home address. There is an additional charge for this service.

Resiliency The property of paper which causes it to resist deformation and to wholly or partially return to its original dimension from any distortion resulting from an outside applied stress.

Resolution On printed media, it is the number of dots per inch; on a video monitor, it is the number of pixels per unit of measurement.

Retarders Chemicals that slow the setting time of ink.

144 Return Card A response device included in a mailing piece for reader’s convenience in replying to an offer; also called Reply Card.

Reverse Type appearing in white on a black or color background, or in a dark area of a photograph; also called Dropout, Dropout Type or Knock Out.

Revised Edition A new edition of a previously published book containing updated or supplementary material.

Revised Proof Any proof required after an earlier proof has been read and corrections made.

Rework Correction of a printer error or shortage.

RGB (Red, Green, Blue) The additive primary colors which are used in video monitors as opposed to the subtractive primary colors (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black) that are used in four color printing.

Right-Angle Fold In binding, a term used for two or more folds each at right (90 degree) angles to the preceding fold.

145 RIP (Raster Image Processor) Software that converts or rasterizes digital information into the dot pattern that will image on plate.

River A streak of white space in printed matter, resulting when the spaces between words in several lines happen to occur almost one below the other.

Roll Curl The cross-grain curl which results from paper being wrapped around a roll; also called Wrap Curl.

Roller Stripping (1) A lithographic term denoting that ink does not stick to metal ink rollers on the press. (2) Removing excess ink from rollers by feeding a heavy paper on the roller.

Roll-Out To ink an area with a hand roller in order to test or sample its color or other characteristics.

Roll-Up Applying ink to the plate, after it has been mounted on the press and the protective plate coating has been removed.

Roman Numerals Numerals made up using letter combinations such as iv for the Arabic numeral 4; often used for numbering preliminary pages in a book.

146 Roman Type A regular type face as opposed to the italic or bold version of the same type face.

Rounding and Backing In case binding, the process of rounding gives books a convex spine and a concave fore edge. The process of backing makes the spine wider than the rest thus providing a shoulder against which the boards of the front and back covers fit (i.e., the crease or joint).

RSC (Regular Slotted Container) A corrugated container with closing flaps on the top and bottom.

Rub-Off (1) Ink on printed sheets, after sufficient drying, that smears or comes off on the fingers when handled. (2) Ink which comes off the cover during shipment and transfers to other covers or to the shipping carton or mailer; also called Scuffing.

Rub-Proof An ink that has reached maximum dryness and does not mar with normal abrasion.

Rules Vertical or horizontal lines on a page.

Run The total number of copies ordered (length of run).

147 Runability The characteristic of paper in terms of how well it performs on press.

Run-Around A description of type set to fit around a picture or other element of the page.

Run-In Head A heading that is part of the first line of text it refers to.

Running Foot Same as Running Head, except placement is at the bottom (foot) of the page.

Running Head A headline or title for the quick reference of the reader that is repeated at the top of each page. Most Running Heads include the page number (folio).

148 S

Saddlestitch (SS) A binding method which inserts sections into sections and fastens them with wire (stitches) through the center fold of the sheets. The limiting factor of this type of binding is bulk (thickness); also called Saddlewire.

Same Size (S/S) An instruction to indicate that copy is not to be enlarged or reduced.

Sample Case A stamped case for customer approval sent prior to stamping the balance of cases.

Sample Page Sample of a book’s intended design.

Sample Stamped Cloth A sample of the cloth for a given order stamped with the specified foil that is done prior to making cases.

Sans Serif A style of type face distinguished by the absence of serifs or ticks on the ends of strokes.

149 Saturation A measure of the amount of gray in a color. The higher the gray content, the lower the saturation.

Sawtooth Edge An effect which occurs when the edges of a halftone cross the screen line at a certain angle. Typically found in low resolution images.

Scaling Determining the size that an image should be reduced or enlarged to fit a specific area without changing the ratio of the dimensions; also called Sizing.

Scanner An electronic input device that converts the original medium (a photograph, a drawing, etc.) into a digitized image or file. Used in making color separations and single color files. Files can then be manipulated electronically to accommodate size, color correction, cropping or whatever artistic modifications are warranted.

Score A crease in a heavyweight paper or cover stock to facilitate folding and prevent cracking.

Scoring (1) Underlining of a word or words. When all words in a copy block are underlined with a continuous rule, it is called Solid Scoring. If each individual word is underscored, it is known as Broken Soring. (2) Creasing paper or cover stock with a blunt blade along the line of the fold to prevent cracking and to facilitate folding.

150 Screen A network of crisscrossed lines that break up a continuous tone image into patterns of dots that can be printed either black or white to represent gradations of gray.

Screen Angles In color reproduction, angles at which a halftone screen is placed in order to prevent formation of interference patterns (Moire) in the completed reproduction.

Screen Font A low-resolution bitmapped representation of the font used for viewing privileges on a computer monitor, not for printing.

Screen Range The density difference between the highlight and shadow areas of copy that a halftone screen can reproduce.

Screen Ruling The number of lines or dots per inch in a halftone screen.

Screened Print A print made from continuous tone copy that was screened during scanning; also called Prescreen.

Script (1) A type style which resembles handwriting. (2) A coded software instruction written to perform a specific task.

151 Scuffing See: Rub-Off.

Scum A film of ink printing in the nonimage area of the plate; also called Toning.

Second Color Any printing color other than the first which is usually black.

Second-Class Mail Mail that includes newspapers, journals and magazines issued at least four times a year; requires a second-class permit issued by the Post Office.

Section A group of 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 64 pages folded as a unit; also called Signature.

Self-Cover A cover of the same paper as the text pages.

Semi-Concealed Cover A cover for mechanical binding that is a single piece scored and slotted or punched for combining with the mecanical binding device forming a closed backbone on bound units.

152 Sensitivity Guide A continuous tone gray scale with numbered steps used to control exposures in process photography and platemaking; also called Gray Scale.

Serif The short cross-lines at the ends of strokes in many letters in some typefaces. See also: Sans Serif.

Set A series of volumes in sequence, as in a six volume set.

Set-In See: Strip-In.

Set-Off Undesirable transfer of wet ink from one sheet to another; also called Offset.

Set Solid Type composed without leading between the lines, where the leading used equals the type size.

Sew and Glue (S&G) Covering sewn signatures with a paper cover that is applied on hot adhesive; also called Dropping-On Covering.

153 Shadow The darkest parts in a photograph, represented in a halftone by the largest dots.

Sharpen To decrease in color strength, as when halftone dots become smaller; opposite of Thicken or Dot Spread.

Sharpness A photographic description of perfectly defined detail in an image.

Shave To cut a slight trim from bound books or paper.

Sheet-Fed Press A printing press that prints on individual sheets of paper as opposed to paper on a continuous roll that is used on a web press.

Sheets Paper cut into basic sizes for printing.

Sheetwise Layout Different pages printed on each side of a sheet; used when the number of pages printed is sufficient to fill both sides of the sheet using the same grippers and side guide.

Shelfback See: Spine.

154 Shilling Fraction In composition, a small slash fraction (½) versus a built up fraction.

Shingle To vary the gutter margin according to the position of the page in the signature and the paper bulk. Used on larger signatures and saddle stitched books where signatures are inserted one into another.

Shipper’s Export Declaration A form required by the US Treasury Department on all export shipments, listing full particulars of the shipment and given to the carrier for use in clearing a shipment through Customs.

Shipper’s Load and Count A clause that carriers stamp on Bills of Lading specifiying the carrier did not take an actual count of cartons when accepting the shipment.

Short Grain Paper Paper made with the machine direction of the majority of fibers in the shortest sheet dimension.

Short Ink An ink that is buttery and does not flow freely.

Short Run A press run from 100 to 2000 copies.

155 Show Through (1) The transparency enhanced in printed sheets by the oily substances contained in ink; the ability to see the printing from the back of a sheet because the ink is too oily, too opaque, or the paper too transparent. (2) Printing that is visible from the back side of a sheet or the next sheet under normal lighting conditions.

Shrink Wrap A clear plastic covering heat-shrunk to fit tightly which is used to avoid damaging books during shipment; also called Plastic Wrap, Plastic Shrink Wrap or Shrink Packaging.

Sidehead In composition, a caption, heading or title that appears at the side of a page or column.

Signature A printed sheet after it has been folded. See: Section.

Silhouette Haltone A halftone with all the screen background removed; also called Outline Halftone.

Single-Color Press A printing press capable of printing only one color at a time.

Sinkage White space left at the top of a page, in addition to the top margin, most often at the beginning of a chapter.

156 Sinkage Page See: Drop Page.

Sizing (1) The addition of substances to paper that give it water resistance, abrasion resistance, and surface bonding strength. (2) See: Scaling.

Skid (1) A wood platform support used to ship materials, usually in cartons that have been stretch-wrapped to the skid. (2) A quantity of sheeted paper, weighing about 3000 lbs., skid packed.

Slime Spots Undesirable spots in a paper’s surface, caused by the growth of micro- organisms at the wet end of the papermaking machine.

Slip Case A decorated slide box in which a finished book or set of volumes are inserted so that the spine(s) remain(s) visible; also called Fiber Case.

Slip-Sheeting (1) Placing blank pieces of paper between folded sections prior to trimming four sides, to separate completed books. (2) Inserting blank paper between printed sheets as they come off press, to avoid wet ink transferring; also called Interleaving.

Slit Pocket A thin cardboard is added to front or back inside case before cases are made. Books are cased in and then the end sheet is slit open by hand on the edge of the thin board.

157 Slitting Cutting printed sheets into two or more sections by means of cutting wheels on a folder.

Slur Blurred or dragged printing detail due to press conditions.

Small Caps (sc) An alphabet of small capital letters available in most type faces, approximately the size of the lower case letters; usually used in combination with larger capital letters.

Smash To apply clamping pressure to folded signatures or sewn books, to remove excess air, and to make signatures or books more compact for binding. See also: Nip.

Smashed or Weak Blanket A small area in the press blanket that is no longer firm; usually results in a small area of light printing in the center of a well printed area.

Smearing A press condition in which the impression is slurred and unclear because too much ink was used or sheets were handled or rubbed before the ink was dry.

Smoothness The flatness of a sheet of paper. Generally determines the crispness of the image printed on it.

158 SMP (Sealed Mailing Packet) Customized packet used for individual book mailing. A machine inserts the book into corro, kraft, poly, and/or kraft/poly material, seals, imprints customer and postal indicias, and applies Cheshire labels.

Smyth Sewing Securing signatures together with thread linked by stitching on the back of the fold and through the center fold of each signature, permitting the book to open flat.

Soft Dot Halation or fringe around the edge of a dot that is excessive and almost equals the area of the dot itself.

Soft Cover See: Paper Bound.

Soft-Proofing Proofing on a monitor by displaying a simulation of what will print.

Software Computer programs developed specific to user needs or wants (word processing, desktop publishing, spread sheets, games, etc.).

Solid (1) An area completely covered with ink. (2) The use of 100% of a given color.

159 Solid Leading In composition, type set so the space from baseline to baseline is to be the same as the point size specified for the typeface used. Expressed, for example, 8/8. See also: Set Solid.

Special Delivery An item of mail delivered as soon as practicable after it arrives at the addressee’s Post Office. It virtually assures delivery on the day received at the Post Office but generally does not speed up the transportation time to that point from the originating point. A fee is assessed in addition to the regular postage.

Special Handling Intended for preferential handling in dispatch and transportation of third- and fourth-class mail. A special fee is assessed for each piece in addition to the regular postage.

Specular Highlight No dots present in the lightest areas of a halftone.

Spine The back of a bound book conecting the two covers; also called Backbone or Shelfback.

Spiral Binding A binding in which wires in spiral form are inserted through holes punched along the binding side.

160 Split Bind An order with two or more bind types, such as perfect and case; also called Split Run or Simultaneous Edition.

Spot Coating Coating applied to a portion of the sheet as opposed to an overall application.

Spray Powder A powder used at press to prevent setoff (offset) of wet ink; also called Anti-Offset Spray.

Spread The facing pages of an open book.

Square Back See: Flat Back.

Stamping Transferring an impression from a die by the application of heat and pressure; commonly used to decorate cases. Usually done with the addition of a foil that is transferred from a carrier membrane to a case.

Stamping Die See: Die.

Stapling Binding a book or loose sheets with one or more wire staples.

161 Star Target See: GATF Star Target.

Starch-Filled Book cloth with the filler material of starch; it is subject to marking and tears easily. It is the least expensive grade of cloth.

Stencil Carton marking applied directly to a carton by an ink transfer process.

Step and Repeat In page layout software, multiple placement of the same image by stepping it in position according to a predetermined layout.

Stet A proofreader’s term, written in the margin, signifying that copy marked for corrections should remain as it was; ‘leave as is.’

Stochastic Screening An alternative to conventional screening that separates an image into very fine, randomly placed microdots rather than a grid of geometrically aligned halftone cells.

Stock Paper or other material to be printed.

Straight Edge A tool for drawing or establishing a straight line.

162 Straight Matter Composition work that does not contain display lines, math, tabular or other complicated matter.

Strike-Through The penetration of ink through paper so that it is visible on the reverse side.

Stripping The condition under which steel press rollers fail to take up ink and are instead wet by the fountain solution.

Style Sheet A list of page format specifications including typographic and layout specifications. In desktop publishing, a style sheet can be stored, retrieved, and applied to elements of the page displayed on the screen.

Subhead A secondary heading or title, usually set in smaller or less prominent type than a main heading set in smaller or less prominent type than a main heading in the text of typeset copy.

Subscript See: Inferior Character.

Substance The commonly used designation given to a sheet of paper, derived from the weight of one ream in the standard size for that paper grade.

163 Substance Weight See: Basis Weight.

Subtractive Primary Colors (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) As opposed to Additive Primary Colors, Subtractive Colors are not transmissive, they are reflective on paper and printed media. When used together with varying degrees of coverage and variation, they have the ability of creating billions of other colors.

Super A strip of gauze glued to the backbone during lining-up so the cloth extends on both sides of the backbone to hold sewn signatures in the case; also called Crash.

Supercalender In paper-making, a calender stack, separate from the paper-making machine, with alternate metal and resilient rolls, used to produce a high finish on paper.

Superior Figures Letters or numbers in a raised position, usually in a smaller size; also known as Superscripts.

Surface Sized Paper that has been sized by applying a film of sizing agent to the surface of the dried or partially dried sheet, usually to increase its resistance to ink vehicle penetration.

164 Surface Texture The relative roughness, smoothness or unevenness of the paper surface.

Surprint An additional printing over the design areas of previously printed matter; also called Overprint.

Swatch See: Color Swatch.

Swatchbook A sample book which contains samples of available colors of materials such as ink, cloth or paper.

Swell The exact thickness at the binding edge of a book.

SWOP Abbreviation for the Specifications for Web Offset Publications developed in the U.S. as a standard for magazine production and used to ensure consistency of color printing.

165

T

Tab (1) A tag on a skid of printed sheets as a marker for a given number of sheets. Skids are tabbed when the binding is of more than one kind and not all sheets are to be folded. (2) In composition, the point marking the beginning of a column in Tabular Material.

Table See: Tabular Material.

Tabular Material Any copy or composition information in a columnar format where the information in the first column refers to the copy in the succeeding columns across the page.

T.A.C. (Total Area Coverage) The total amount of ink in a given area. See: Total Ink Limit

Tack Pulling power of ink or glue against another surface.

Tail The bottom of a page, section or book.

167 Tail Margin See: Foot Margin.

Tapes Strips of cloth or tape pasted or sewn to the backbone of a book to add strength to the binding. See also: Reinforced End Sheets.

Tare Weight The weight of packing material (cartons, skids, pallets, etc.).

Target See: Register Marks.

Tear A measurement of the resistance of pulp fibers to a tearing force.

Tear & Tip Page taken from bound book and new page hand tipped in its place.

Tear Sheet (1) Any page torn from a book, with corrections or changes marked on it. (2) A sample of finished advertising.

Tear Strength The resistance of paper to tearing.

168 Tensile Strength A measure of the force required to break a sheet of paper under standard testing conditions.

TEX Page layout software, known especially for its ability to handle math.

Text Straight type matter of body copy as distinguished from headlines and subheads.

Text Paper High quality papers made in white and colors with a variety of finishes; used for books, booklets, etc.

Textbook In book publishing, textbook applies to any book that is to be sold through schools and used for educational purposes.

Texture The feel or appearance of paper or cloth.

Thickness (of Paper) See: Caliper.

169 Third-Class Mail Mail that consists of circulars, booklets, catalogs, and other printed material. Limited in weight to less than 16 ounces. A permit is required. Currently standard mail.

Three-Color Process A method of reproducing color artwork that is similar to the four-color process, except the black plate is omitted.

Three-Knife Trimmer A trimming machine whith three knives, two parallel and one right angle, that trims three sides at once; can be fed by hand or automatically.

Three-Piece Case A case made with three separate pieces of material, usually one kind of material for the spine and a portion of the front and back of the case and a different material used for the balance of the front and back of the case (front and back may be stamped or printed). There is a slight overlap where the pieces meet. Also called Quarter Binding.

Through Rate A shipping rate that applies from point of origin to destination.

Thumb Edge The outside edge of a book, directly opposite the binding edge.

Thumb Margin See: Trim Margin.

170 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A file format used to represent black -and-white, grayscale, or color bitmapped images, particularly those produced by scanners.

Tight Back In case binding, is produced by gluing the spine of the case to the spine of the book block.

Tight Edges A form of paper curling caused when the surrounding atmosphere has a relative humidity lower than the pile of paper allowing exposed edges to dry out and shrink.

Tight Register See: Hairline Register.

Tint A reduced screen value of a color. Objects behind will not show through as with transparency.

Tint Block A panel of color on which type or an illustration may be tinted.

Tinting An over-all color tint on the press sheet in the non-image area of the sheet caused by ink pigment dissolving in the dampening solution.

171 Tinting Strength Coloring power of ink; the amount it can be reduced or diluted with white ink to produce a tint of a given strength.

Tints Various even tone areas (strengths) of ink coverage.

Tip-In Any separate page (or pages) pasted in a book such as foldouts, frontispiece, etc.; pasted by hand or machine before or after binding.

Tip-On To attach end sheets or other material to the outside of folded sections by machine application of a thin strip of adhesive.

Tipping In The hand operation of pasting into a book a separate leaf, an illustration, foldout or other material.

Tipping Machine A machine used to tip end sheets or other material to the outside of signatures.

Title The name of a book or other printed matter.

Title Page A page in a book’s frontmatter, usually a right-hand page, stating the title, author, and publisher.

172 TL (Truck Load) A motor carrier term meaning a full truck load, weighing 20,000 lbs. or more.

Tolerance The acceptable amount of variance from stated specifications.

Tone (1) The shade, hue or degree of a color. (2) Short for Screentone.

Toning See: Scum.

Tooth A slightly rough paper surface that is readily ink receptive.

Top Margin See: Head Margin.

Top Staining A stain or dye added to the top trimmed edge of a case bound book. See: Edge Staining.

Total Ink Limit A limit on the maximum amount of ink allowed in four color printing. 100% of four inks would be 400% coverage—more than any paper can hold. SBI limits ink coverage to 280%. See: T.A.C.

173 Trace The act of locating a shipment that has not arrived at its destination.

Trade Customs Standard practices in the graphic arts field, affecting every phase of work.

Trade Edition An edition of a book intended for sale through bookstores to the general public.

Transmission Densitometer A photoelectric instrument used to control the photographic process by the use of gray scales and measurment of the graded steps in them before and after photography; controlled by varying exposure and development; the densitometer and gray scales help measure results.

Transparency An effect in a digital file whereby color or an object appears transparent and an object beneath shows through.

Transparent See: Show Through.

Transparent Inks Printing inks that do do not conceal the color beneath. Process inks are transparent so they will blend to form other colors.

174 Transpose To exchange the position of a letter, word or line with another letter, word or line.

Trap An area of overlapping ink where two different colors of ink meet. It is used to prevent an unwanted white edge between the colors.

Trapping The ability of an already printed ink film to accept a succeeding or overprinted ink film.

Trim To cut away the folded or uneven edges to form a smooth, even edge and permit all pages to open.

Trim 4 Sides (T4) Loose leaf pages resulting when pages are imposed, printed, gathered, and all sides trimmed off.

Trim Margin The margin of the open side, away from the bind; also called Thumb, Fore Edge, Face or Outside Margin.

Trim Marks Marks placed on original copy to indicate trim size; also called Corner Marks.

175 Trim Size The final size of a book after binding and trimming.

Tritone An image reproduced using three colors.

TrueType A font type in which both screen and printer fonts are built into the same file.

Trumatch A four color matching system that uses the qualities of Hue, Saturation, and Brightness (HSB) to describe process color.

Tuck Envelope An envelope with no adhesive application on the flap; the contents are retained in the envelope by tucking the flap into the envelope body.

Turn Around The amount of time added to a schedule for customer approval of proof or printed material.

Turn-In The portion of material used in case making that comes over the edges of the boards onto the inside of the boards, thus covering the board edges and completing the case, usually ⅝”.

176 Two-Piece Case A case made with two different materials applied to the binder boards separately. A standard case is made with a single piece of material. A second material is added over the first, covering the complete spine and partially wrapping around the front and back of the case.

Two-Piece Cover A cover for mechanical binding consisting of separate front and back covers.

Two-Sidedness The property of paper which denotes a difference in appearance and printability between the top (felt) and bottom (wire) sides.

Two-Up Two identical printing subjects on a plate or sheet; usually made by preparing the flat so that it can be exposed successively in the two required locations.

Two-Up Binding Printing and binding in such a way that two books are bound as one and then cut apart to become separate books.

Type Face A style or design of type encompassing shape, weight, and proportions that make it distinct from other type faces.

Type Family A group of typefaces that are similar in style and usually differing in standard characteristics (Roman, Italic, Bold, Old Style, etc.).

177 Type Font A complete assortment of any one size and style of type containing all the characters for setting ordinary composition.

Type Gauge A printer’s tool calibrated in points and picas used to measure the various settings of composition.

Type Surface The specified area on a page that can contain printed matter; also called Image Area, Print Box, and Print Block.

Typesetting See: Composition.

Typo Short for typographical error.

178 U

Unbleached Paper not treated by bleaching that has a light brown hue.

Uncoated Paper Paper on which the printing surface consists of the paper stock itself that may or may not be surface sized.

Uncut Pages Pages that have not been fully trimmed and thus will not open completely.

Under Color Removal (UCR) The process by which equal shades of cyan, magenta, and yellow are removed and replaced with black, thereby reducing ink plugging and usage and improving quality.

Under Pressure If a plate is under too much pressure, it will result in broken letters.

Underinked Not enough ink used resulting in light printing.

179 Underrun A shortage in the number of copies completed; a quantity less than the amount ordered.

Undertone The hue or color of a thick film of ink.

Undertrapping See: Poor Trapping.

Undertrimmed Trimmed to a size smaller than the specified trim size.

Unicode A computer industry standard that allows computers to consistently represent and manipulate text in most of the world’s writing systems.

Unit Perfecting Press See: Blanket-to-Blanket Press.

Unjustified Type set with lines of unequal length. These lines will usually be aligned on the left; also called Ragged Right.

Unsharp Masking Digital image manipulation filter used to sharpen a halftone.

180 Untrimmed Paper Paper cut into sheets with rotary cutters that may not be sufficiently square for presswork; squared with a guillotine cutter; also called Machine Trimmed.

Up In printing, two-up, three-up etc., refers to imposition of material to be printed on a larger size sheet to take advantage of full press capacity; also referred to as _-Out (Example: Two-Out or Two-Up.)

Upper and Lower Case (U & LC) Setting type with only the first letter of the sentence capitalized and the balance of the words (except proper nouns) in lower case letters.

Upper Case (UC) The capital letters in any font.

Upright In bookbinding, a book bound on its long dimension as opposed to oblong binding on the short dimension.

UV Coating A liquid protective coating on covers or dust jackets which is dried by means of UV (Ultra-Violet) lights.

181

V

Varnish A thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet for protection or appearance; generally cheaper than lamination but with less gloss and providing less protection.

Vector Graphics Object-oriented graphics in which an image is stored as a series of numbers defining size, position, and shape. Such objects must be ‘rasterized’ prior to imaging. Vector Graphics are not resolution dependent. They may be resized without any loss of quality.

Vehicle In printing inks, the fluid component, varnish or oil that acts as a carrier for the pigment.

Vellum Finish (1) In paper, a toothy finish that is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration. (2) A smooth finish, solid color book cloth.

Verso A left-hand page of a book; usually even numbered.

183 Vignette An illustration in which the background fades gradually away until it blends into the unprinted paper.

Virus A small program, commonly embedded in another program, that infects programs or documents and causes them to malfunction. It is often designed to destroy data and infect other programs, drives, and disks.

Viscosity In printing inks and glues, a broad term encompassing the properties of tack and flow.

184 W

Walk-Off Deterioration of part of the image area on a plate during printing.

Warping A defect of binder boards where the edges of the sheet have expanded more than the center producing wavy edges or a curl around an axis diagonal to the length of the sheet.

Wash Drawing A brushwork drawing which contains gray tones as well as black and white.

Washup The process of cleaning the printing press between ink changes.

Waste Allowance The printer’s normal allowance of additional paper or other materials for makereadies and other uses so the final count of completed books will be at or close to the ordered quantity.

Water in Ink A press condition of too much water which breaks down ink.

185 Water Resistance The time required for water to penetrate from one surface of the paper to the other.

Watermark In papermaking, a name or design impressed on paper by the raised pattern of the dandy roll during manufacture. This mark is faintly visible when the paper is held to light.

Waterproof Paper Paper that is coated then top-surfaced with casein or gum to make it waterproof.

Wavy Edges A warping effect in paper that is the result of the edges of the sheet having picked up some moisture under conditions of high humidity then expanded. Can produce wrinkles from the center of the sheet to the back edges. The image gets progressively wider toward the tail of the sheet.

Waybill A transportation line record issued for each shipment showing all details. Copies are sent to all interested parties.

Web A continuous roll of paper; used in web printing.

Web Press (T-48) A press that prints webs (rolls) of paper on both sides and incorporates an in-line folder delivering folded signatures.

186 Weight (of paper) See: Basis Weight.

Weight Tolerance The acceptable degree of variation in paper’s shipped weight; usually within 5% of the paper’s nominal weight.

Wet Printing Any process of printing where wet ink is printed on top of wet ink.

White Inset See: Mortice Copy.

Wide Hinge 5/16" cut off of the bind side edge of the case board before cases are made to give a wider backspace area for disk, supplement, etc., to fit after book is bound.

Widow A single word or syllable standing alone as the last line of a papragraph. The last line of a paragraph appearing at the top of a page.

Wind To separate printed sheets so they will be ventilated by air; also called Airing.

187 Wire Side In papermaking, the side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from Felt Side. It contains less size and filler and fewer short fibers so it has a more pronounced grain than the Felt Side.

Wire-O-Binding A continuous double series of wire loops running through punched slots along the bind side of a book.

With the Grain Parallel to the direction in which the majority of the paper fibers lie.

Wordspacing The placing of additional space between each word; sometimes used to fill out lines for justification.

Work and Flop (W & F) A printing layout for printing both the front and back of a sheet from a single plate. After the first run through the press, the printed pile of sheets is turned over from the gripper edge to back; the side guide remains the same and the gripper edge changes; same plate is used for both sides of the press sheet; also called Work & Tumble.

Work and Turn (W & T) A common printing arrangement for printing the front and back of a sheet from a single plate. After the first side is printed the sheet is turned over from left to right to print the second side; same gripper edge is used; the side guide changes; the same plate is used.

Wove Paper Paper that shows no pattern of the sort that distinguishes Laid Paper. 188 Wrap (1) To place jackets on finished books. (2) A folded section such as four pages into which another folded section is hand inserted; the outside section wraps around the inside section. (3) To package in kraft paper or plastic film (for shrink wrapping).

Wrap Curl Paper curl that occurs when paper is sheeted too close to the core of the roll; can also be caused when the mill winds heavy paper too tightly on the cores. Always occurs across the grain and to the side (wire or felt) that was wound on the roll prior to sheeting; may show at intervals in the pile of sheets; should only affect a small amount of paper.

Wrap Reinforced End Sheet An oversized end sheet which wraps around the signature; can only be stock matching the text and unprinted (i.e. not colored end sheet stock) since it is visible.

Wrinkles (1) Creases in paper occuring during printing or folding. (2) In inks, an uneven surface formed during drying.

Wrong Font (wf) A proofreader marking which indicates the wrong type face was used to set a character, word, line or block of type.

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) The ability of the computer monitor to accurately display on the screen the image or type as it will be reproduced by the printer or imagesetter.

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Y

Yellow (Y) Process Yellow. One of the four process colors.

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Z

Zip Code Sorting Presorting mail other than first class into zip code sequence prior to delivery to the Post Office. The extent of the sorting is dependent upon the class of mail and other postal regulations.