DOCSLIB.ORG

Mumt of Milom^F PERSIAN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A SURVEY OF PERSIAN PROSE LITERATURE FROM BABUR (AD. 1526) TO AKBAR (A.D. 1605) DISSERl'ATION SU81VHTTE0 IN PARTIAL Hlil.MENT C3F THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGFEE OF Mumt of Milom^f PERSIAN BY MOHD. HACHfM All DEFARTMiNT OF PERSIAN FACULTY OF ARTS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIG ARH (INDIA) 1989 V**; */ DS IL(>8 'T: Jfi, •~ — ~ ^ • —^ DS1668 DEPARTMENT CF PERSIAN ALIGARH IvIUSLiM UNIVERSITY,ALIGARK. This is to certify that this dissertation for M.Phil, degree in Persian of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh has been completed by Mr, Mohd. Hachirn Ali under my supervision. It is original in nature and I have permitted the candidate to submit it for the award of the degree in partial fulfilment of the K.Fhil. reouirements in Persitji. (Mrs, Anwar Rizvi ) Supervisor Reader in Persian A.M.U, Aligarh, A CKNO WL SDGEMSNTS This dissertation is a record of the experience under­ gone by me in trying to understand the nature, development and significance of some Indo-Persian Prose Literature during the Mughal Period, from Babar__to (A,D. 1526) Akbor (A.D. 1605), I consider myself as fortunate in getting the opportunity to have Mrs. Anwar Razvi, Reader,Department of Persian, A,M,U, Aligarh as my research supervisor. I am indebted beyond measure to her for her benevolent gesture and masterly guidence in carrying out this research work. Her practical experience in literature, keen interest in interpreting the empirical findings have been my fortune, 1 am also much grateful to Chairman, Department of Persian, A.M.U. for providing necessary suggestion, in this conection, I am thankful to Mr. Khurshid Alam Mozumder, Shah Wasiullah,/ Khalilur Rahman, Mr. A. Hussain have been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement, without their coope­ ration, I could not have been able to complete this work. I acknowledge my sincere respect to Mr, A, Razvi for for his encouragement while carrying out this study. Last, but not the least my thanks are due to my ^wife Mrs. A, Begum for her keen interest, help, cooperation and encouragement in completing this work. iv I am also grateful to the University Grants Coinmission, New Delhi for financial assistance which helped me a good deal in completing my M.Phil, work. MOHD. HACHIM ALL LIST OF ABBREVIATION 1. Ain-i-Akbari •Allami, Abul Fazl, "Ain-i-Akbari, 2. A.N. •Allami, Abul Fazl, "Akbarnama" 3. A.Rahim Khankhanan, Abdur Rahira, "Tuzuki- Baburi" MS. 4. Arlf Qandahari^ Haji Muhammad 'Arif, "Tarikh -i- Akbari" edited Hazi Muin-uddin Nadvi, S.Azhar Ali Arshi. 5. Badauni Al-Badauni, "Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh," 6. B.N Babur, Zahirudin Muhammad, "waqi-'at-i- Baburi" translated by Mrs, A.S.Beveridge, 7. BarthoId Barthold, V.V,"Pour Studies on the History of Central Asia" 8• Bayat Bayat, Bayazid, " Taz<^kira-i-Humayun wa Akbar" edited by Hidayet Husa4.n. 9• Browne Browne, E.G., •• A Literary History of Persia." 10. Camb.Hist. Holt, P.M. & others, "Cambridge History of Islam Islam", Elliot, H,M. and Dowson William," History of 11. E & D India as told by its own Historians". Gibb & others, " Encyclopaedia of Islam" 12. E.I, (old edition), 13. Ethe Gibb Sc others, "Encyclopaedia of Islam" (old edition) Firishta, Abul Qasim Hindushah, "Tarikh-i- 14. Firishta Firishta". VJ 15. Ghani Ghani, Prof. M.A, "A History of Persian Language and Literature at the Mughal Court," 16. Gibb Gibb, E.J. W "History of Ottoman Poetry." 17. Gulbadan Begum, Gulbadan, "Humayun Nama. " MS. 18. Haig Haig, Lt. Colonel Sir Wblseley, "The Cambridge History of India." 19. Hidayet Khwandamir, Ghiyasuddin Muhammad, " Humayun Nama" edited by Hidayat Husain, 20. H.N Begam, Gulbadan "Humayun Nama" translated into English Mrs. A.S. Be veridge, 21. Ikram Ikram, S.M., "Muslim Civilization in Indial' 22. Jarret "Allami, Abul Pazl, "Ain-i-Akbari" translated by H.S, Jarret. 23. M.S. Nomani, Shibli, "Maqalat-i- Shibli". 24. M.R Nahawandi Abdul Baqi, "Ma'asir-i-Rahimi", edited by Hidayat Husain. 25. Motnin Mohi-ud-Din, Dr. Momin., "The chancellery and Epistolography at the Mughal Court (Babur to Shahjahan)" 26, Muhibb Hasan, Muhibbul, "Babur, Founder of Mughal Empire in India". ' 27, Muslim Saqafat Salik, Abdul Mazi.^_!JMuslim Saqafat Hindustan Mein" Vll 28. Sharma = Sharma, Sri Ram "A Bibliography of Mughal India" 29. N.B.I. = Gibb. A.R, and other "Encyclopadia of Islam" (new edition) "30, NiWtullah = Ni'matullah, Khwaja "Tarikh-i-Khan-i-Jahani" edited by S.N, Imam-ud-Din 31. Nizam-ud-Din= Ahmad, Nizam-ud-Din "Tabaqat-i-Akbari "edited by B.De. 32, Ranking M.T = Al-Badauni, Abdul Qadir "Muntakhab-ut- Tawarikh" translated by S.A.Ranking, 33, Rieu = Rieu, Charles," Catalogue of the Persian u Manuscripts in the British Museum, 34,. Rushbrooke = Williams L,F. Rushbrooke, "An Empire Builder of the Sixteen/century". 35- Rypka = Rypka, Jan, "History of Iranian literature 36. Sarkar = Sarkar, J.N,, "Mughal Administration" 37^ Storey = Storey, C.A. "Persian Literature" Vlll 38. T.D. =Abdulla, ••Tarikh-i-Daudi" edited by S.A. Rashid. 35^ T.R =Dughlat, Mirza Haidar, "Tarikh-i-Rashidi" translated by E. Dennison Ross. 40. T.Shahl, Ahmad, Yadgar, "Tarlkh-l-Shahl" edited by Hldayet Husain. 41',, Tuzuk-1-Jahangirl = Jahangir Noor-ud-Din, "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri" translated by Rog^ers. CONTENTS mcE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ill LIST OF ABBREVIATION V INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER -I Establishment of the Mughal Empire in Hindustan CHAPTER-II Cultural and Literary traditions of the periods of Babur and Humayun, 4t CHAPTER-III Persian Prose Literature produced in the reigns of Babur and Humayrin 79 CHAPTER-IV A Critical evaluation of some important Persian prose works written under the Patronage of Akbar. BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 INTRODUGTION With the establishment of the Muslim rule in India, Persian gained the status of the language of the court and the elite. The first Muslim ruler to establish his adminis­ tration and occupy the Punjab and Sind was Mahmud of Ghazni. It was the beginning of the Muslim rule in India. After the fall of the Ghaznavids, the Slave dynaty, the Khaljis, the Tughluqs, the Sayyids and the Lodis established their rule and patronised Persian language and literature. The establi­ shment of the Mughal rule in India (i,e in A,H. 932/A.D,1526) by Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad aabuar opened altogether a new chapter in the medieval Indian history, Persian literature flourished in India under the liberal patronage of the Mughal kings, princes and princesses, nobler and courtiers and reached its zenith. It is unfortunate that the Persian literature which developed in India under the jjatronage of the Medieval mlers could not draw much attention of the Orientalists and the Iranian scholars. It is surpjcising to note that Mughal India surpassed the SafaVvid Persia in the output of Persian literature in its multifacete<3 develops. Western and Iranian scholars almost neglected it ^nd very superficial statements were made about it. It was even neglected in India, It is a matter of great satisfaction that in recent years Indian Scholars have paid due attention to the Indo Persian Studies, The large corpus of Ind«-Persian literature and its variety - 2 - has also now attracted the attention of Western and Iranian scholars and they have devoted their 'Stcholarly efforts in this direction. Still much remains to be done. The aim of the present study is to examine critically the development of Persian Prose literature from the time of Batottr to Akbar (i,e from A,H. 932/A.D 1526 to A,H. 1014/ A,D 1605), As the volume of Persian prose literature produced during this period is very large, only some important and c ^ representative works of this period have been seloted for the purpose of study. It is hoped that this humble effort will help us to some extent in assessing the prose literature of this period. CHAPTER - I Establishment of the Mughal Empire in Hindustan THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN HINDUSTAN Zahir-ud-Din Mohammad Babtur established the Mughal Empire in India in A.D, 1526, He was the founder of this magnificient Empire which lasted for about three hundred years. He claimed his descent from two of the greatest Central Asian.heroes, i.e, Chingiz Khan the Mongol,and Amir Timur, the Barlas Turk. Since a Turk, Babur himself began his career as the kin;^ of Parghana in Turkestan, He was only eleven when he ascended the insecure throne of his father. Ulnar Shaikh Mirza in A.D 149 4, But Babur was not contended with this small principality of his father as it could support only three or four thousand men. Moreover, Parghana was not as rich as Samargand, the magni­ ficient seat of his great ancestor Amir Timur, He now coveted the throne of Samargand which would enable him to accumulate a grand empire and to emulate Timur, He was now fully occupied with the idea of subduing Samarqand and making it his seat of empire even at the stakeof his own life. So he spent the next twenty years of his life in continuous struggles with his cousins. Three times, he occupied the throne of Samarkand, the object of his dreams, but he lost his own kingdom. The rising power of the Uzbeks under Shahi Beg known as Shaibani Khan appeared before him as a mighty force, and the stiruggles with Sultan Ahmad Tambal made him an exile within the country. Finally, after vicissitudes 1. Muhibb, p.20, of exile he settled himself In Kabul, the country of his uncle Ulugh Be$ in 1504, Babur made Kabul the base of his operations with the Uzbeks and also for expeditions to Hindustan.
Recommended publications
  • The Review of Religions, May 1988

    The Review of Religions, May 1988

    THE REVIEW of RELIGIONS VOL LXXXIII NO. 5 MAY 1988 IN THIS ISSUE EDITORIAL GUIDE POSTS • SOURCES OF SIRAT • PRESS RELEASE • PERSECUTION IN PAKISTAN • ISLAM AND RUSSIA • BLISS OF KHILAFAT > EIGHTY YEARS AGO MASJID AL-AQSA THE AHMADIYYA MOVEMENT The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded in 1889 by Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the expected world reformer and the Promissed Messiah whose advent had been foretold by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him). The Movement is an embodiment of true and real Islam. It seeks to unite mankind with its Creator and to establish peace throughout the world. The present head of the Movement is Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad. The Ahm-adiyya Movement has its headquarters at Rabwah, Pakistan, and is actively engaged in missionary work. EDITOR: BASHIR AHMAD ORCHARD ASSISTANT EDITOR: NAEEM OSMAN MEMON MANAGING EDITOR: AMATUL M. CHAUDHARY EDITORIAL BOARD B. A. RAFIQ (Chairman) A. M. RASHED M. A. SAQI The REVIEW of RELIGIONS A monthly magazine devoted to the dissemination of the teachings of Islam, the discussion of Islamic affairs and religion in general. \f The Review of Religions is an organ of the Ahmadiyya CONTENTS Page Movement which represents the pure and true Islam. It is open to all for discussing 1. Editorial 2 problems connected with the religious and spiritual 2. Guide Posts 3 growth of man, but it does (Bashir Ahmad Orchard) not accept responsibility for views expressed by 3. Sources of Sirat contributors. (Hazrat Mirza Bashir Ahmad) 4. Press Release 15 All correspondence should (Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry)' be forwarded directly to: 5. Persecution in Pakistan 16 The Editor, (Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry) The London Mosque, 16 Gressenhall Road, 6.
  • Invest in Dallas - Fort Worth Area Grab the Property Before It Is out in the Market Text: 219-588-1538

    Invest in Dallas - Fort Worth Area Grab the Property Before It Is out in the Market Text: 219-588-1538

    SEPTEMBER 2019 PAGE 1 Globally Recognized Editor-in-Chief: Azeem A. Quadeer, M.S., P.E. SEPTEMBER 2019 Vol 10, Issue 9 Federal agents can search your phone at the US border, even if you’re a US citizen Customs officers are legally allowed to before such an invasive search. search travelers’ personal electronics with- out a warrant — whether they’re visitors Travelers can refuse access to their devic- or American citizens. es, but customs officers are not obligated to allow someone into the country. A Harvard student said he was recently denied entry to the US after officers ques- For now, lawyers recom- tioned him about his religion and then mend that travelers carry searched his phone and laptop and burner phones, en- Elyas Mohammed State Executive Com- found that his friends had written crypt their devices, resident of Lebanon, when he tried to mittee Member at North Carolina Demo- anti-American social-media or simply not enter the US to start his first semester at cratic Party with Presidential hopeful Beto posts. bring electron- Harvard. O’Rourke ics at all. Rights groups have When Ajjawi told The Harvard Crimson that sued the US INSIDE you’re customs officers at Boston’s Logan Inter- government en- national Airport demanded he unlock over the his phone and laptop and then spent five prac- hours searching the devices. tice, He said the officers asked him about his ter- ISNA Convention 2019 P-2 religion and about political, anti-Ameri- ing the can posts his friends had made on social Visa availability Dates P-8 United media.
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89q3t1s0 Author Balachandran, Jyoti Gulati Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement, and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jyoti Gulati Balachandran 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement, and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat by Jyoti Gulati Balachandran Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Chair This dissertation examines the processes through which a regional community of learned Muslim men – religious scholars, teachers, spiritual masters and others involved in the transmission of religious knowledge – emerged in the central plains of eastern Gujarat in the fifteenth century, a period marked by the formation and expansion of the Gujarat sultanate (c. 1407-1572). Many members of this community shared a history of migration into Gujarat from the southern Arabian Peninsula, north Africa, Iran, Central Asia and the neighboring territories of the Indian subcontinent. I analyze two key aspects related to the making of a community of ii learned Muslim men in the fifteenth century - the production of a variety of texts in Persian and Arabic by learned Muslims and the construction of tomb shrines sponsored by the sultans of Gujarat.
  • South Zone Drawing Section -- Date: 10-10-2018

    South Zone Drawing Section -- Date: 10-10-2018

    TO AHMEDABAD TO TO GODHARA NATIONAL HIGHWAY NO. 8 DUMAL TO AHMEDABAD TO GUJARAT FARTILIZER TO SAVLI NORTH DUMAD CHOWKDI CHHANI VEMALI SARDAR CHOK. NATIONALDENA HIGHWAY NO. 8 "A" TO GODHARA START POINT OF RUT-5 REFINERY TOWNSHIP RAMAKAKA GOLDAN CHOWKDI DEARI N A R M A D A C A N A L PRAMUKH SQ. RAJESHWAR HARMONY AMBIKA SOC. SUNDER VAN MOTNATH MAHADEV NAVRACHNA SOC. RAJESHWAR GOLD AKAS GANGA AKAS START POINT:-RUT-6 VEGETABLE & GRAIN MARKET N.T.S Trimurti KARODIYA AVANTISOC. HARANI 10 HANUMAN NARMADA KAILAS MAHADEV. TEMP. TALAV VASAHAT CHANAKYA SAMA UNDERA Abhilasha Sainik sport 24.0 M. JALARAM TEMPLE MOTIBHAI chhatralay complex E.M.E CIRCLE HIGH WAY BY PASS 100.0 M. METRO ROAD 24.0M. Transportnagar 24.0 M. 18.0 M. NAVARACHNA NANUBHAI TOWER SCHOOL 30.0 M. 12 MAHESANA Panchavati DARJIPURA ROAD 24.0 M. CIRCLE Mehsana nagar MANGAL PANDEY RD. D-CABIN SAYAJIPURA AIRPORT TOWN HALL TO AJWA Delux KANHA RESI 18.0 M. 7 MUKHI NGR.TRAN RASTA MANEKPARK AJWA O.H.TANK CROSS RD. Amitnagar Soc. KALPANA NEW V.I.P. ROAD CANTONMENT V.I.P. ROAD SOCIETY 40.0 M. GORWA 40.0 M. S.R.Petrol Pump LAXMI STUDIO NIZAMPURA HANUMAN START POINT:-RUT-1 Ghelani Petrol Pump TEMP. LAXMIPURA KHODIYARNAGAR 18.0 M. "T" "C" VUDA END POINT:-RUT-6 WARD NO:2 20.0M. BHAVAN 36.0 M. 20.0 M. 30.0 M. 14 HARANI ROAD WARD:7 OFFICE 9 Nagar Anand END POINT OF RUT-5 SANGAM END POINT:-RUT-1 C.K PRAJAPATI SCHOOL Fateganj Circle 36.0 CROSS RD.
  • Khwaja Sira: Culture, Identity Politics, and "Transgender" Activism in Pakistan

    Khwaja Sira: Culture, Identity Politics, and "Transgender" Activism in Pakistan

    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE June 2014 Khwaja Sira: Culture, Identity Politics, and "Transgender" Activism in Pakistan Faris Ahmed Khan Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Khan, Faris Ahmed, "Khwaja Sira: Culture, Identity Politics, and "Transgender" Activism in Pakistan" (2014). Dissertations - ALL. 56. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/56 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract In 2009, the Pakistani Supreme Court began granting rights to gender ambiguous people who are locally known as khwaja siras. The Court organized this population into taxonomic groups and ordered the government to ‘mainstream’ them. These actions were based on certain cultural assumptions and occurred amid uncertainties about who khwaja siras really were. Meanwhile, khwaja siras began to mobilize in an effort to control their public image. Based on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork on the identity politics of khwaja siras in Karachi, this dissertation seeks to understand the ways in which gender ambiguous people constructed, negotiated and represented themselves both within their social networks and in the wider society, as well as the factors underpinning their public portrayals. I conceive khwaja sira politics as a ‘game’, that is, as the art of manipulation and concealment. I argue that the games of secrecy and deception in which this minority population engaged were responses to the stigma they experienced in everyday life.
  • Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher

    Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher

    Notes 1 World History and Central Asia - Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher, 'A Bibliography ofthe Publications ofJoseph Fletcher', Haruardfoumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 46, no. 2,June 1986, pp . 7-10. 2. Robert Delort, Le Commerce desFourrures en Occident aLa fin du Moyen Age, 2 Vols., Ecole Francaise de Rome, Rome, 1978. 3. Sylvain Bensidoun, Samarcandeet La valliedu Zerafshan, Anthropos, Paris, 1979. 4. Arminius Vambery, Sketches oj Central Asia, Allen, London, 1868. 5. Eden Naby, 'The Uzbeks in Afghanistan', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 3, no. 1, 1984, pp. 1-21. 6. Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs, Hoover, Stanford, California, 1987. 7. Joseph Fletcher, 'Ch'ing Inner Asia c.1800', in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978, pp. 33-106, especially pp. 62-9. 8. L. N. Gumilev, Searches Jor an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend oj the Kingdom oj PresterJohn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. 9. Sechin Jagchid, Paul Hyer, Mongolia's Culture and Society, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1979; Elizabeth E. Bacon, Central Asians under Russian Rule, Cornell, Ithaca, New York, 1966. 10. John Masson Smith, 'Mongol and Nomadic Taxation', Haroard joumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 30, 1970, pp. 46-85. II. Joseph Fletcher, 'Blood Tanistry: Authority and Succession in the Ottoman, Indian Muslim and later Chinese Empires', The Conference for the Theory ofDemocracy and Popular Participation, Bellagio , 1978. 12. Ludwig W. Adamec (ed .) , Historical and Political Gazetteer ojAJghanistan, Vol. 3, Herat and Northwestern AJghanistan, Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1975. 13. Firdausi, Thelipicofthe Kings, Shah-Nama, Reuben Levy (trns.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1965.
  • Socio-Political Condition of Gujarat Daring the Fifteenth Century

    Socio-Political Condition of Gujarat Daring the Fifteenth Century

    Socio-Political Condition of Gujarat Daring the Fifteenth Century Thesis submitted for the dc^ee fif DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY By AJAZ BANG Under the supervision of PROF. IQTIDAR ALAM KHAN Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarb- 1983 T388S 3 0 JAH 1392 ?'0A/ CHE':l!r,D-2002 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY TELEPHONE SS46 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that the thesis entitled 'Soci•-Political Condition Ml VB Wtmmimt of Gujarat / during the fifteenth Century' is an original research work carried out by Aijaz Bano under my Supervision, I permit its submission for the award of the Degree of the Doctor of Philosophy.. /-'/'-ji^'-^- (Proi . Jrqiaao;r: Al«fAXamn Khan) tc ?;- . '^^•^\ Contents Chapters Page No. I Introduction 1-13 II The Population of Gujarat Dxiring the Sixteenth Century 14 - 22 III Gujarat's External Trade 1407-1572 23 - 46 IV The Trading Cotnmxinities and their Role in the Sultanate of Gujarat 47 - 75 V The Zamindars in the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1407-1572 76 - 91 VI Composition of the Nobility Under the Sultans of Gujarat 92 - 111 VII Institutional Featvires of the Gujarati Nobility 112 - 134 VIII Conclusion 135 - 140 IX Appendix 141 - 225 X Bibliography 226 - 238 The abljreviations used in the foot notes are f ollov.'ing;- Ain Ain-i-Akbarl JiFiG Arabic History of Gujarat ARIE Annual Reports of Indian Epigraphy SIAPS Epiqraphia Indica •r'g-acic and Persian Supplement EIM Epigraphia Indo i^oslemica FS Futuh-^ffi^Salatin lESHR The Indian Economy and Social History Review JRAS Journal of Asiatic Society ot Bengal MA Mi'rat-i-Ahmadi MS Mirat~i-Sikandari hlRG Merchants and Rulers in Giijarat MF Microfilm.
  • The Great Mughal Empire (1526-1707)

    The Great Mughal Empire (1526-1707)

    THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPIRE (152 6-1707) THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPERORS EMPEROR REIGN START REIGN END BABUR 1526 1530 HUMAYUN 1530 1556 AKBAR 1556 1605 JAHANGIR 1605 1627 SHAH JAHAN 1627 1658 AURANGZEB 1658 1707 BABUR Birth name:Zāhir ud-Dīn Maham Begum Mohammad Masumeh Begum Family name:Timurid Nargul Agacheh Title:Emperor of Mughal Sayyida Afaq Empire Zainab Sultan Begum Birth:February 14, 1483 Death:December 26, 1530 Children: Succeeded by:Humayun Humayun, son Marriage: Kamran Mirza, son Ayisheh Sultan Begum Askari Mirza, son Bibi Mubarika Yusufzay Hindal Mirza, son Dildar Begum Gulbadan Begum, daughter Gulnar Agacheh Fakhr-un-nisa, daughter Gulrukh Begum HUMANYUN Birth name: Nasiruddin Children: Akbar, son Humayun Muhammad Hakim, son Family name: Timurid Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Birth: March 6, 1508 Place of birth: Kabul, Afghanistan Death: February 22, 1556 Succeeded by: Akbar Marriage: Hamida Banu Begum AKBAR Birth name: Jalaluddin Ruqayya Sultan Begum Muhammad Akbar Sakina Banu Begum Family name: Timurid Salima Sultan Begum Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Children: Jahangir, son Shah Murad, son Birth: October 15, 1542 Danyal, son Place of birth: Umarkot, Shahzada Khanim, Sindh daughter Death: October 27, 1605 Shakarunnisa Begum, Succeeded by: Jahangir daughter Marriage: Jodhabai (?) or Aram Banu Begum, Jodhi Bibi daughter Mariam-uz-Zamani Ximini Begum, daughter JAHANGIR Birth name: Nuruddin Children: Nisar Begum, Jahangir daughter Family name: Timurid Khurasw, son Title: Emperor
  • UZB-KYR Along the Silk Road to Kashgar

    UZB-KYR Along the Silk Road to Kashgar

    The fascinating trip along two Asian Republics – Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and also along Chinese Xinjiang to Kashgar is waiting for you. The ancient cities of the East: Samarkand, Bukhara, Osh, and also picturesque Fergana Valley, high mountainous Alay Valley, hot deserts and eternally snowed Pamir summits will appear in their entire splendor in the face of you. You will travel along that real ancient road, where numerous caravans ran along the Great Silk several ages ago. Also you will visit exotic Sunday Bazaar in Kashgar, from where you will undoubtedly take a lot of unforgettable impressions. The itinerary: Tashkent – Samarkand – Sarmysh – Nurata – “Aydar” Yurt Camp – Aydarkul lake – Bukhara – Tashkent – Kokand – Margilan – Fergana – Osh – Kashgar – Naryn – Issyk-Kul lake – Bishkek – Tashkent Duration: 15 days Number of tourists in group: minimum - 4, maximum - 16 Language: English / Russian PROGRAM OF THE TOUR Day 1 Arrival in Tashkent. Rest. Day 2 Transfer to Samarkand (300 km, ~ 5 hrs). Excursion: Registan square - the "heart" of Samarkand - ensemble of 3 majestic madrassahs (XIV-XVI c.c.) – Sherdor, Ulugbek and Tillya Qory, Bibi-Khanum the gigantic cathedral Mosque (XV c.), Gur-Emir Mausoleum of Timur (Tamerlan), his sons and grandson Ulugbek (XV c.), Tamerlan’s grandson Ulugbek’s the well-known ruler and astronomer-scientist observatory (1420 y.) - the remains of an immense (30 m. tall) astrolabe for observing stars position, Shakhi-Zinda – “The Living King” (XI-XVIII c.c.) Necropolis ofSamarkand rulers and noblemen, consisting of set of superb decorated mausoleums, exotic Siab bazaar. Day 3 Transfer to Aydar yurt camp in Kyzyl-Kum Desert (300 km, ~ 6 hrs).
  • Sunni Muslim Religiosity in the UK Muslim Diaspora: Mosques in Leeds Compared

    Sunni Muslim Religiosity in the UK Muslim Diaspora: Mosques in Leeds Compared

    Sunni Muslim Religiosity in the UK Muslim Diaspora: Mosques in Leeds compared Aydın Bayram Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds The School of Philosophy, Religion and the History of Science January 2013 1 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Aydın Bayram to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2013 The University of Leeds and Aydın Bayram 2 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank the Ministry of Education in Turkey for providing me with this opportunity to do postgraduate research abroad and for funding both tuition fees and life expenses during my stay in Britain. For reasons of anonymity, I refrain from mentioning the names of my informants. However, the friendly response of all the imams and fellow Muslims who hosted me in the selected mosques (Leeds Islamic Centre, Leeds Grand Mosque, Leeds Iqra Centre, and Leeds Makkah Masjid) needs to be acknowledged with thanks here.
  • Bhakti Movement

    Bhakti Movement

    TELLINGS AND TEXTS Tellings and Texts Music, Literature and Performance in North India Edited by Francesca Orsini and Katherine Butler Schofield http://www.openbookpublishers.com © Francesca Orsini and Katherine Butler Schofield. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapters’ authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Orsini, Francesca and Butler Schofield, Katherine (eds.), Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0062 Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781783741021#copyright All external links were active on 22/09/2015 and archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine: https://archive.org/web/ Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at http:// www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781783741021#resources ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-102-1 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-103-8 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-104-5 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-105-2 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 9978-1-78374-106-9 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0062 King’s College London has generously contributed to the publication of this volume.
  • Water Symbols and Architecture in Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India

    Water Symbols and Architecture in Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India

    Water Symbols and Architecture in Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India Amita Sinha Professor of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Summary The paper describes displacements of historic communities, abandonment of forts, and reclamation of sacred sites in the case study of the cultural landscape of Champaner-Pavagadh in Gujarat, India. The place dereliction resulted in a loss of traditional knowledge of water management, crucial to the survival of communities. Water symbols and architecture of its Hindu and Islamic building periods are interpreted to rediscover the lost ‘water-intelligence’. The paper argues that water is the unifying element in reading the bifurcated site—Hindu pilgrim site on Pavagadh Hill and Islamic Champaner city at its foot--and advocates conservation of historic waterworks so that they can be a frame for sensory experience of visitors. Case Study Champaner-Pavagadh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Gujarat, is an interesting and unusual case study in how religion, culture, terrain, and climate interact in creating water systems that sustained large communities for 800 years between the 8th and 16th centuries. Champaner was the capital of Gujarat and as such its rich architectural legacy forms an important chapter in the architectural and urban history of India. As the last of settlements at the site, with the previous ones on Pavagadh Hill, its extant fortifications and water management systems are a marvel of engineering of the medieval era. The first Hindu settlement on the hill dates back to 8th c. and by 1484 CE it had been captured by the Muslim Sultan Mehmud Beghada who built his new city Champaner at its foot.