Discussion Paper No.0303 キジルクムの自然、歴史、文化遺産

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Discussion Paper No.0303 キジルクムの自然、歴史、文化遺産 Discussion Paper No.0303 キジルクムの自然、歴史、文化遺産 淵ノ上英樹1,塚谷恒雄2,三橋勇3,ボリス・シャラトニン4 2003年7月 京都大学経済研究所 本報告は、科学研究費補助金 (基盤研究 (A) (2) ) 「中央アジア砂 漠資源の開発保全とアフガニスタン北部農業の創設 (課題番号: 15252002) 」の研究成果の一部である。 著者の一人、ボリス・シャラトニンは 2001 年 2 月幽明界を異にし た。本報告はキジルクムを愛し続けた研究者シャラトニンへの追悼の書 でもある。 1 京都大学大学院経済学研究科組織経営分析専攻, [email protected] 2 京都大学経済研究所, [email protected] 3 宮城大学大学院事業構想学部, [email protected] 4 Navoi Regional Committee of Nature Guards, Uzbekistan 2 はじめに 中央アジアでもウズベキスタン周辺は自然の神秘に満ちている。たとえばフェル ガナ盆地は、気象的には低降水量とシルダリアの清流が「西方浄土」とも言うべき 自然豊かな地を作っている。しかしその一方でこの地形自体、隕石落下によるので はないかとの疑問も浮かばせる。果たして周辺山岳地は金属にあふれ、盆地内は石 油に満ちている。ザラフシャン砂漠も今は砂に覆われているが、かつては文明の宝 庫であり、幾多の戦いの部隊となった。現在も砂漠は金やウランなどの鉱脈に満ち ている。 本稿はウズベキスタン共和国、キジルクム砂漠とザラフシャン流域を対象にした、 自然や文化の紹介書である。その企画は、本著者の一人、シャラトニンが存命中に 意図され、ウズベク語、ロシア語からの翻訳、詳細な真偽のチェック、地名のチェ ックを経てできたものである。地名については原則として、初めて出る地名には英 文での表記を加え、その後はカタカナ表記とした。 シャラトニンは1921年生まれで第2次世界大戦後、ウズベク国立大学歴史学 部を卒業し、カルミナとナボイで教師を勤め、その後タシケント工科大学ナボイ支 部に奉じた。1960年から執筆活動に入った。 ウズベキスタン科学アカデミーのムヒディン・フジャナザロフ博士はサンクトペ テル大学考古学教室修了の俊英で、最近は欧州とアメリカの考古学者とともにサル ミッシュ発掘を手がけている。 写真の中でTakagiとは東京農工大・高木隆司教授をあらわす。 3 第1部 キジルクムの自然、歴史、文化遺産.......................................................6 要旨 ........................................................................................................................6 第1節 イントロダクション..................................................................................7 第2節 キジルクムの特性....................................................................................10 2.1 灼熱の大地・キジルクム ....................................................................11 2.2 ブカンタウ山の驚異............................................................................12 2.3 恐竜と砂漠の鮫....................................................................................15 第3節 キジルクムの都市....................................................................................16 3.1 オアシス都市・ナボイ ........................................................................20 3.2 ザラフシャン .......................................................................................22 3.3 シンタブサイ .......................................................................................22 3.4 ヌラタ...................................................................................................24 第4節 キジルクムの観光と特産品 ....................................................................28 4.1 ガズガンの大理石................................................................................28 4.2 モスク...................................................................................................31 4.3 ウイキョウ ...........................................................................................33 4.4 泉とデバラン石....................................................................................35 4.5 ズリカーナイの観光............................................................................38 第5節 キジルクムの動物....................................................................................39 結 論 ......................................................................................................................42 第2部 ザラフシャン川流域の自然、歴史、文化遺産......................................43 要 旨 ..................................................................................................................43 第1節 イントロダクション................................................................................44 図1.ザラフシャン川流域の概略図第2節 ザラフシャン川 ..........................44 第2節 ザラフシャン川 .......................................................................................45 第3節 ザラフシャン川流域の自然と歴史.........................................................48 3.1 カルマナの歴史と文化 ........................................................................50 3.2 カラウンガの石のジャングル.............................................................51 3.3 マリクチュルの金門............................................................................53 3.4 グンジャク洞窟の伝説 ........................................................................55 4 3.5 悲しみの石・オニックス ....................................................................57 3.6 キズビビ山 ...........................................................................................58 3.7 デガロン・モスク................................................................................61 3.8 ジノティ ...............................................................................................62 第4節 ザラフシャン川流域の偉人 ....................................................................63 4.1 アリシェール・ナボイの哲学.............................................................63 4.2 チムールの隠れ家................................................................................66 第5節 ナボイ地域の都市....................................................................................68 5.1 古代の石工の街・サンブル ................................................................68 5.2 カルマナ ...............................................................................................70 5.3 ナボイからペンジケントへ ................................................................72 5.4 キジルテパ ...........................................................................................76 5.5 リャンガー ...........................................................................................79 結 論 ..................................................................................................................83 第3部 サルミッシュ峡谷の自然、歴史、文化遺産 .........................................84 要 旨 ..................................................................................................................84 第1節 イントロダクション..................................................................................85 第2節 サルミッシュ峡谷の岩絵 ..........................................................................88 2.1 魔法の岩 ...............................................................................................88 2.2 サルミッシュ記載岩石学 ....................................................................90 「荘厳な旅立ち」 ...............................................................................................91 「水場での出来事」 ...........................................................................................92 「王冠を戴く侵略者」 .......................................................................................94 「絨毯工房」.......................................................................................................94 「不思議なキャラバン」....................................................................................95 「忘れ去られた伝説」 .......................................................................................96 「宇宙服に身を包んだ巨頭人」 ........................................................................97 「天国の馬」.......................................................................................................98 「黒い岩の天地」 ...............................................................................................99 第3節 岩絵の起源 .............................................................................................101 第4節 ヘロドトスの歴史描写..........................................................................105 5 4.1 サク-マサゲト人..............................................................................105 4.2 狼の化身、ネフル人..........................................................................106 4.3 太陽の馬 .............................................................................................107 第5節 サルミッシュ峡谷近郊の自然、歴史、文化遺産................................108 5.1 鉱物資源 .............................................................................................108 5.2 クルガン .............................................................................................111 5.3 カタルタット花崗岩での発見...........................................................114 5.4 アリシェク川岸..................................................................................118 第6節 結論.........................................................................................................119 謝 辞 ................................................................................................................120 参考文献 ............................................................................................................120 6 第1部 キジルクムの自然、歴史、文化遺産 Suburbs of Uchquduk City, Kyzylkum 要旨 第1部では、キジルクムの自然、そしてその自然を人類が利用してきた歴史を述 べる。またそうした事柄を現代に伝える文化遺産について紹介する。砂漠、ステッ プという独特の自然に対応すべく、動植物は様々な進化を遂げた。石器時代より、 この地に住む人類は、そうした動植物を食料とした。シリコンやトルコ石などの鉱 物を用いた道具や装飾品を使って生活を営んでいた。この地は青銅器時代以降、シ ルクロード東西貿易の拠点として栄えた。イスラム文化の影響も受けながら、モス クなど優れた建築物が建造された。その豊かさ故に、マケドニアのアレキサンダー、 モンゴルのチンギスハーンなどに侵略を受けた。多くの文化遺産が破壊された。更 に近代に入り、旧ソビエト連邦のモノカルチャー政策が始まった。サルミッシュ峡 谷のペトログラフィーは危機に瀕している。 7 第1節 イントロダクション ウズベキスタン共和国の独立初期、ナボイ(Navoi)は内外から注目を浴びた。国土 のおよそ4分の1を占めるこの地域は、特に経済的な観点から知られている。鉱物 資源は、ウチクダック(Uchquduk)とザラフシャン(Zarafshan)に集中する。莫大な埋 蔵量を誇る金鉱山には、世界の鉱業関連企業が注目している。 Opencut Miningin Zarafshan, 2002 by Tsukatani 灼熱の砂漠には、ザラフシャン、ウチクダック、ザファラバード(Zafarabad)、ヌ ラバード(Nurabad)が現れる。そしてそれを高度産業の中心都市ナボイがまとめてい る。そこではウズベキスタン最大の製造業および技術基盤の整備が行われている。 ナボイ地域の心臓部ともいえるナボイGRES (National Power Station of Region)とナボ イアゾット(Navoiazot)は、機械工場、組立工場、セメント工場、電気化学工場など を所有している。 ナボイ地域の最も重要な区画は、NMMC(Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Complex) という企業が占有している。この企業は、巨大な金鉱山とウラン鉱脈を保有する。 ウズベキスタンの宝としてナボイは質の高い金を供給している。この金によりウズ 8 ベキスタンの独立性が維持され、社会は安定し、福祉向上が図られている。 この地域の自然の特徴は、独特の地形と多くの歴史的・文化的遺産が存在するこ とである。しかしその多くは、まだ未知の領域にある。本稿では、キジルクム (Kyzylkum)とナボイ地域の自然、歴史、文化遺産を紹介する。 ウズベキスタン国内におけるナボイの位置付けも、ユニークである。地理的には ウズベキスタンの中央部に位置し、その大部分はキジルクムである。キジルクム全 体の大きさはウズベキスタンのそれに匹敵する。地理的な位置と、キジルクムが周 辺に与える影響はユニークである。キジルクムは乾燥地帯であり、灼熱の干ばつ地 域として特徴付けられる。そして多くの独特な地形が存在する。例えば、キジルク ム の 巨 大 な 熱 砂漠や古代の湖底跡、カラカティン(Karakatin) 谷 、 ミ ン ブ ラ ク (Mingbulak)谷、モラリン(Mollalin)谷は、それぞれ長さ100キロメートルを越す。 これら全てがウズベキスタンの自然史における古代のモニュメントである。我々は、 その砂の力とヤマンクム(Yamankum:
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