16 AMJ March 2020 AMJ. 2020;7(1):16–9

Lipid Level of at Cibeusi Elementary School in Jatinangor Subdistrict, ,

Siti Nur Fatimah,1 Indri Nurul Hayyi,2 Adria Adnan3 1Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, 2Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, 3Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran

Abstract

Background: School-aged children have quite high energy consumption demand because they are growing and physically active. In Indonesia, school-aged children frequently consume their additional foods/snacks from street food vendors around their schools. This study aimed to reveal the lipid level of street food in Elementary Schools, in Jatinangor Subdistrict, West Java, Indonesia. Methods: This study was an observational descriptive study. Elementary Schools in Jatinangor Subdistrict were selected using a random sampling method. Four frequent street foods were fried (in Indonesian: goreng (basreng)), (bakso ), crepes, and egg roll were then taken, and lipid level was measured twice using Soxhlet extraction method. Results:

gram lipid. Fried meatball contained 22.10% (±0.23%) or 2.78 gram lipid, batagor 30.091% (±4.14%) Conclusions:or 12.49 gram lipid, crepes 7.14% (± 0.12%) or 0.66 gram lipid, and egg roll 13.66% (±1.63%) or 1.28 minimize the intake of batagor as a between-meal snack for a balanced nutrient intake control. Only the batagor fulfilled the lipid demand in one snack time. It is recommended to Keywords: Lipid level, Soxhlet extraction, street food

Introduction Children have different nutrition necessities based on age and gender. Seven to nine years School-aged children have quite high energy old children need 45 gram protein and 1800 consumption demand as well as their need kcal energy per day. Ten to twelve years old children need 50 gram protein and 2050 kcal for food because they are growing and active 6 physically.1,2 Children tend to eat small amounts energy per day. The emphasized snacks are of food frequently throughout the day because foods which contain 300 kcal energy and 5 the stomach capacity is small. To overcome 7,8 the high total calorie requirements, they protein for everyone in a day. should have more meal servings, therefore, gramAdditional protein orfood provide or 10–̶snack 20% consumption energy and additional food or snacks are considered daily energy, protein, and fat requirements, necessary. Additional food or snacks provide 9 additional energy in 2 hours after a meal, so wouldrespectively. meet 23%,Those 21.7%, are considered and 30% ofhigher total than the total daily requirements themselves, requirements. It is good to give the school- especially in fat consumption. In Indonesia, it is common that school-aged children frequently theiraged bodychildren can additionalremain fulfilling food or the snacks nutritional twice a day between the main meal, in mid-morning consume additional food or snacks from street and mid-afternoon.3,4 Street foods are ready- food vendors around their schools. This study to-eat food and beverages prepared and/or aimed to reveal the lipid level of street food in sold by vendors and hawkers especially in the an Elementary School, Jatinangor Subdistrict, streets or other similar public places.5 Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia.

Correspondence: Siti Nur Fatimah, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya -Sumedang Km.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v7n1.1684 Althea Medical Journal. 2020;7(1) Siti Nur Fatimah et al.: Lipid Level of Street Food at Cibeusi Elementary School in Jatinangor Subdistrict 17

Methods sample’s lipid component and thus produced a better extraction result. The longer the This descriptive observational study was duration of extraction, the more soluted lipid conducted by taking some samples of street the Soxhlet extraction could produce, so there food from elementary school in the Jatinangor was nearly no residual sample to be found. subdistrict, Sumedang Regency, West Java This process of extraction must be performed Province, Indonesia in September 2013. at a suitable temperature that was compatible The school was selected by using a random with the solvent evaporating point.10 sampling method. A preliminary survey was After conducting Soxhlet extraction, lipid implemented by using an interview approach level of the foods was calculated by using this to reveal the most commonly consumed type formula: of foods in that school. Wc–Wa Of each sample, the lipid level was Wb measured in duplo directly by the soxhlet % lipid= x 100 extraction method. Lipid was extracted from Note: Wc=pre-distilled flask weight, Wa=distilled temperature that was suitable with the boiling Resultsflask weight, Wb=sample weight anpoint organic of the solvent, solvent diethyl used. eter,In brief, by refluxing the chosen at a Before the study started, a survey was established to explore the most commonly snackcontained had the been sample dried was and inserted refined, into before the consumed type of food. From fourteen that encasedSoxhlet equipment.with filter paper. On top The of filter it, condenserpaper that had been installed and on the bottom of it, a foods were listed as the most consumed type of werefood, including available fried and sold in the (in Indonesian: school, five bakso goreng (basreng), batagor (bakso flask was placed, which contained solvent. tahu goreng), crepes, egg roll, and . Reflux was then conducted for five hours until Only basreng, batagor, crepes and egg roll thedissolve solvent fat descendedin the sample. back Furthermore, into a flask. During the fat were further included in this study since the reflux, the solvent would evaporate and sandwich vendor did not appear during the the fat of extraction result was heated in the sampling. wouldoven at enter 1500 intoC, until a flask. its weight The flask was containing constant. Of the four types of street food that were the most frequently eaten by the school children weighted. in elementary school in Jatinangor subdistrict, AfterSome the flaskfactors was such cooled, as particlethe fat weight size, typewas batagor had the highest lipid level compared of solvent, duration of extraction, and to other street food which was 30.091 percent Soxhlet method analysis result. The smaller temperatureparticle size resultedof extraction in greater could influencetotal particle the Discussion(±4.14%) or 12.49 gram lipid (Table 1). surface that exposed to the solvent, the faster Soxhlet extraction is a lipid-level measurement occur. The Lipophylic solvent was the best type for solid material, including a solid food andof solvent more efficientbecause theof its extraction compatibility process with could the sample that uses lipid soluting phenomenon

Table 1 Lipid Level of Street Food at Cibeusi Elementary School Sample Weight per Lipid Weight per Sample Weight Lipid Level Street food portion Portion (gram) (%) (gram) (gram) Basreng 2.96 22.10 37.35 2.78 Batagor 2.65 30.91 107.25 12.49 Crepes 2.81 7.14 25.95 0.66 Egg roll 2.87 13.66 26.90 1.28 Average 18.89 49.36 4.30 Note: Fried meatball or bakso goreng (basreng); batagor (bakso tahu goreng). The Lipid level was average of duplo measurement

Althea Medical Journal. 2020;7(1) 18 AMJ March 2020

by evaporating solvent. There are some solvent for Soxhlet extraction that can be used, human skin fat may also interfere with the for example, hexane and diethyl ether. Our mashedresult of lipid and uncleanlevel measurement. flask contaminated by study has used hexane as a solvent because of This study concluded that the lipid level in 10 The Duplo process, in which lipid level in one snack time. Education for the students itsmeasurement non-flammable was property performed and cheapness.twice, was aneeds portion to be of givenbatagor on fulfilled how to theselect lipid safe demand street conducted in each of the samples. The foods. Furthermore, healthy canteens at measurement had two different results. As school need to be considered to provide more had been explained before, there were some healthy food. factors such as particle size, type of solvent, duration of extraction, and temperature of Acknowledgment analysis result.10 We are grateful to elementary school in Cibeusi extractionThis study that revealedcould influence that batagor Soxhlet hadmethod the Elementary School for collaboration in this study. highesttwo foods result differed with 30.91% in their average ingredients and crepes and References hadprocessing. the lowest One portion one, 7.14% of basreng average. contained These 2.78 grams of lipid, batagor contained 12.49 1. Kusmandayu T, Muniroh L. Relationship gram of lipid, crepes contained 0.66 grams of between the level of knowledge and lipid, and egg roll contained 1.28 grams of lipid. street food consumption patterns with The results can be compared to The Guidance nutritional status of children. International on Additional Food for School-Aged Children Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Serving in 2012 (in Indonesian: Pedoman Environmental Engineering. 2012;39:30– Penyediaan Makanan Tambahan Anak Sekolah 4. 2012), which suggested that each child should 2. Hariyadi D, Damanik MR, Ekayanti I. consume additional food or snacks containing Analisis hubungan penerapan pesan gizi 300 kcal of energy and 5 grams of protein seimbang keluarga dan perilaku keluarga distributed in two snack times. Lipid and sadar gizi dengan status gizi balita di Carbohydrate should contain 75 kcal and 180 provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Gizi dan kcal of energy every day. In one snack time, the Pangan. 2010;5(1):61–8. snack should contain 37.5 kcal of energy from 11 3. Soetrisno US, Almasyhuri, Karyadi L. lipid or equals to 4.16 grams of lipid. Pengaruh makanan tambahan glikemik Daily lipid dietary consumption should not tinggi terhadap peningkatan konsentrasi comprise over 25 percent of total daily energy 12 belajar siswa sekolah dasar. Penel Gizi needs. Excessive lipid consumption can lead Makan. 2005;28(2):83–91. to obesity and increase the risk of vascular and 4. Loubna B, Nacer AA. Food and nutrition education; elaboration of a guide for daily lipid consumption can also give rise to children of 6 to 12 years. Int J Nutr Metab. hearthealth disease problems, in the for future. example, However, failure insufficient to thrive, 2012;4(1):1–10. vitamin and mineral absorption disorder, and 5. Khairuzzaman M, Chowdhury FM, Zaman immune disorder.13,14 A study conducted in on th th S, Al Mamun A, Bari ML. Food safety 4 and 5 graders elementary school in Bogor challenges towards safe, healthy, and has revealed that additional food or snack nutritious street foods in Bangladesh. Int J consumption in school-aged children exceeded 9 Food Sci. 2014;2014:483519. daily nutritional needs. This study has shown 6. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesahtan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1593/Menkes/SK/ that about 23% of energy needs 21.7% of total XI/2005 tentang Angka Kecukupan Gizi proteinor/snacks need, alone. and 30% of total fat need have to yang dianjurkan bagi orang Indonesia. be Somefulfilled factors by consuming would thebe additionalconsidered food as : Kementerian Kesehatan Republik limitations of this study. The Soxhlet extractor Indonesia; 2005. apparatus used in this study could not interpret 7. Temple JL, Bulkley AM, Badawy RL, Krause N, McCann S, Epstein LH. Differential it has measured processed food instead of effects of daily snack food intake on thepure sensitivity lipid solution. and specificity Human valueserror such because as the reinforcing value of food in obese non-homogenous sample because unevenly and nonobese women. Am J Clin Nutr.

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