Differences in the Speed of Learning Particular Judo Throwing Techniques
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Sertiæ, H., Milanoviæ, D. and Vuleta, D.: DIFFERENCES IN THE SPEED OF LEARNING ... Kinesiology 34(2002) 2:169-181 DIFFERENCES IN THE SPEED OF LEARNING PARTICULAR JUDO THROWING TECHNIQUES Hrvoje Sertiæ, Dragan Milanoviæ and Dinko Vuleta Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia Original scientific paper UDC 796.853.23 Abstract: UNTERSCHIEDE IN DER The general objective of the research was to de- GESCHWINDIGKEIT DES termine the speed of learning and the quality of ERWERBENS VON BESTIMMTEN performing several judo throwing techniques in the WURFTECHNIKEN IM JUDO one-semester judo course of the Bachelor PE tea- cher education curriculum at the Faculty of Kinesi- ology, University of Zagreb. A sample of 122 male Zusammensetzung: sophomores participated in the study. Their task was Das allgemeine Ziel dieser Forschung war, die to learn and perform 14 typical judo-throwing tech- Geschwindigkeit des Erwerbens und die Qualität der niques, which are also the obligatory component of Durchführung von einigen Wurftechniken im Judo the PE curriculum in Croatian grammar schools. The während des einsemestrigen Judounterrichts an der students learnt and practised two throws in one 90 Fakultät für Kinesiologie, Universität Zagreb, zu minute class. They demonstrated each throwing bestimmen. Die Stichprobe von 122 Studenten, die technique at the end of a 10-minute instruction cycle im 2. Studienjahr waren, nahm an der Forschung and at the end of the class. The quality of the motor teil. Ihre Aufgabe war, 14 typische Wurftechniken, skill expertise (knowledge) was evaluated twice for die auch obligatorische Techniken innerhalb des each particular throw. The statistically significant Sportkurrikulums in kroatischen Gymnasien sind, zu differences between the two grades given for the erwerben und durchzuführen. Die Studenten lernten throw demonstrations occurred in 6 techniques: two und übten zwei Würfe während einer Unterrichts- hand, two hip, one self-sacrificing and one leg stunde, die 90 Minuten dauerte. Sie demonstrierten throwing technique (tai-otoshi, te-guruma, tsuri- jede Wurftechnik am Ende des Instruktionszyklus, goshi, harai-goshi, soto-makikomi and osoto-gari), der 10 Minuten dauerte, und am Ende der Unterrichts- whereas no significant differences were obtained stunde. Die Erwerbsqualität jeder motorischen between the grades for the remaining eight throws. Fertigkeit wurde zweimal für jeden Wurf bewertet. On the basis of the determined varying speeds of Statistisch bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen zwei acquisition (motor learning and mastering) of the Noten, die für die Demonstration von Würfen particular judo throwing techniques that pertain to gegeben wurden, kamen in 6 Techniken vor: in zwei various groups of throws, the authors suggest certain Hand- und in zwei Hüftwurftechniken, in einer modifications in both judo instruction programmes. Opferwurftechnik und in je einer Fuß- und Bein- wurftechnik (tai-otoshi, te-guruma, tsuri-goshi, Key words: judo, throwing technique, motor harai-goshi, soto-makikomi und osoto-gari), learning, acquisition speed, performance wobei keine bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen den Noten für die anderen acht Würfe bestimmt wurden. Aufgrund der determinierten variierenden Erwerbsgeschwindigkeit (motorisches Lernen und Erwerben) von bestimmten Wurftechniken aus verschiedenen Gruppen von Würfen schlugen die Autoren die Modifikationen von beiden Judo- Instruktionsprogrammen vor. Schlüsselwörter: Judo, Wurftechnik, moto- risches Lernen, Erwerbsgeschwindigkeit, Leis- tung 169 Sertiæ, H., Milanoviæ, D. and Vuleta, D.: DIFFERENCES IN THE SPEED OF LEARNING ... Kinesiology 34(2002) 2:169-181 Introduction body composition, then his/her specific guard and Judo is, from a structural analysis point of view, posture, style of combat, way of moving and tech- a combative sport that pertains to the martial arts nical repertoire. Therefore, a judoka must be family of polystructural acyclic sports because in extremely creative on both attack and defence and them acyclic motion patterns prevail. The applica- able to modify his/her dynamic motor stereotypes tion of these movement structures by the two com- in a fraction of a second in order to react appro- petitors engaged in a contest results eventually in the priately and effectively, that is, to score in the ever binary outcome variable, i.e. victory defeat changing, unstable space-time biomechanical situa- (Kule, 1980; Kule, 1990; Mrakoviæ, 1997). tions of a bout. From a functional point of view, kinesiology Because of the high and vast technical com- describes judo as a sport in which the technique is plexity and high demands on the coordination abi- characterised by both the open and closed kinetic lities of an athlete, he/she is not able to master and chains of motion structures. A variety of perfected perfect equally all the technical elements of judo. technical elements, manifested as acyclic motions Therefore, top-quality competitors usually perfect with extremely complex structures, may bring the only certain technical elements that are in concor- desirable outcome (victory) only if a judoka app- dance with their morphological and conative cha- lies them in time (proper timing) and in the most racteristics and motor capabilities, that is, the ones effective way from the aspects of energy consum- they will predictably, with the highest probability, ption and psychological balance. Because of the need and score with them in a combat (tokui-waza relationship of opposition, which reigns in a judo or, so-called, pet techniques or specialities). bout, it is a dynamic, continuously changing envi- Judo throws are generally divided into leg, hip ronment. The chains of combat situations, ranging and hand throws, and the self-sacrificing throwing in nature from the unknown to the familiar ones to technique. Legs have a predominant role in the leg an individual contestant, and from the uncontrol- throws; whereas the hip throws regard throws in lable to the controllable, imposes high demands on which tori (a person performing a technique) athletes: the technical-tactical stereotypes they attacks the ukes hip (his/her partner; a person apply in a combat must be perfected to the receiving a technique). In both groups of throws the maximum and judokas must be able not only to arms play a role of the chief initiators of an action; reorganize these motor programmes quickly, but they exert force and apply it on the opponent to also to create new defensive, offensive, or counter- break his/her balance (kuzushi), to initialise his/her attacking programmes of action instantly. From the body to move, or to fix the upper part of the rivals theory of a fighting/rivalry point of view, one may body. In the hand throwing techniques, however, open a discussion here over the separation of cate- besides the already described actions of unbalan- gories defensive and counter-attacking actions, but cing and fixing the opponent in position, arms it would be beyond the scope of this paper. The perform the main actions that prepare the closing authors wanted to emphasize here that counter- phase of a throw - kake. The self-sacrificing tech- attack is a particular case of defence which need niques are those in which tori, by sacrificing his/her not be applied each and every time when a judoka own balance, makes an attempt to throw the defends himself/herself. opponent, primarily by means of his/her own body A vast variety of linked technical and tactical weight. elements characterises judo the positions, con- The quality of a judo technique performance is tacts, movements, breakfalls, throws, leverages, evaluated subjectively, through the observation grappling techniques, pinnings, holds, breaking-free method executed by expert judges. For the sake of techniques and their innumerable variations are the kinesiometry principles it should be emphasized implemented quickly and fluently by the two adver- here that this method is not quite an unbiased one sary fighters in various directions of the sagittal, and that it has a considerable potential for an frontal and horizontal planes. This technical abun- assessment error. Because of the perception error dance grows with each change of a rival. Namely, the correctness of a motor task performance may a judoka must partially adjust his/her dynamic motor not always be satisfactorily and objectively estima- stereotypes in advance (tactics) to encounter ted. The authors had this feature of the applied effectively the opponents specific physique and research method in mind while designing and style of fight if he/she wishes to impose and maintain conducting the study. his/her own superiority and technical efficiency The aforementioned is particularly truthful for even under the transformed conditions. The factors the performance assessment in the early stages of that cause changes of a combat environment can be judo instruction and should be regarded in teaching defined as the rivals features: body weight and evaluation. It is very important for a judo instructor, 170 Sertiæ, H., Milanoviæ, D. and Vuleta, D.: DIFFERENCES IN THE SPEED OF LEARNING ... Kinesiology 34(2002) 2:169-181 or any other designer of a judo training, to know groups of the hand, hip, leg, and self-sacrificing which throws and their elements are simple and throws. These techniques seemed to be statistically easy to learn, and which are more complex, there- the most effective (and most frequently applied) fore more difficult and demanding from the aspect combat techniques during