The American HORTICULTURAL Magazine sum mer 1969 / volume 48 / number 3 Journal of the American Horticultural Society, Inc.

2401 CALVERT STREET, N.W. / WASHINGTO:-.l, D. c. 20008

FOT United Horticulture . . . The particular objects and business of the. Am .eric~n Horticultural Socie~y are to promote and encourage natIOnal znterest zn sCIentIfic research and educatzon in horticulture in all of its branches.

EDITORIAL C01'vIl\I1TTEE DIRECTORS MR. VINCENT K. BAILEY DR. FREDERICK G. MEYER, Acting Chairman ....Washington, D.C. St. Paul, Minnesota MRS. ERNESTA D . BALLARD DR. JOHN L. CREECH ...... New Carrollton, Maryland Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DR. CONRAD B. LINK ...... University Park, Maryland MRS . J ULIAN vV. HILL vVilmington, DelawaTe MR. ELVIN McDoNALD ...... New York, New York DR. JOSEPH E. HOWLAND Columbus, Ohio DR. NEIL W. STUART ...... _...... _... Silver Spring, Maryland MR. EDWARD P. HUME Edwardsville, Illinois DR. FRED B. WID:vroYER ... _.. ... _...... Las Cruces, New Mexico DR. LOUIS B. MARTIN Denver, Colorado MR. WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN ... _.. _...... __ ...Silver Spring, Maryland DR. FREDERICK G. MEYER Washington, D . C. MR. BRIAN O. MULLIGAN OFFICERS Seattle, Washington Presir.1ellt MR. R. HENRY NORWEB, JR. MR. FRED C . GALLE ...... _...... Pine Mountain, Georgia I'v1entor, Ohio MR. JOHN M . PATEK First Vice President Rochester, New York DR. DAVID G . LEACH ...... -= Brookville, Pennsylvania MRS . FRANCIS PATTESON·KNIGHT McLean, Virginia Second Vice President and Treasurer DR. LEON C . SNYDER DR. R. C. ALLEN ...... _...... _...... Mansfield, Ohio St. Paul, Minnesota DR. NEIL W. STUART Secretary Beltsville, Maryland MRS. FRANCIS l'ATrESON·!\.NIGllT ...... McLean, Virginia DR. HAROLD B. TUKEY, SR. Woodland, Michigan Immediate Past President EARL E. VALLOT MR. JOHN H. WALKER ... _._... _...... Washington, D. C . Youngsville, Louisiana DR. FRED B. WIDMOYER Assistant Secretary Las Cruces, New Mexico MRS. ELIZABETH G. EASTIlURN, Executive Director MR. NATHANIEL WHITTIER Washington, D. C . Medfield, Massachusetts DR. DONALD WYMAN Assistant Treasurer Jamaica Plain, MR. GLENN B. EASTBURN, Finance Office ...... Washington, D. C. lV1 assach llsetts

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is the official publication of The American Horticultural Society and is issued during the Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall quarters. The magazine is included as a benefit of membership in The American Horticultural Society, individual membership dues being $15.00 a year. THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers which increase knowledge of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript specifications, please consult the chairman of the Pub· lications Committee. Second class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. Copy· right © 1969 by The American Horticultural Society, Inc. SUMMER • 1969 VOLUME 48 • NUMBER 3

In This Issue

Guest Editorial-FREDERIC HEUTTE 98 B. Y. Morrison Memorial Lecture Emotional, Ethical, and Ecological Responsibilities Toward the Environment-PATRICK HORSBRUGH ...... lOO A New Era in Hybrid Lilies-JAN DE GRAAFF ...... 110 Horticultural Opportunities in Rudbeckia-RoBERT E. PERDUE, JR ...... 119 Excerpt from Peter J. Van Melle ...... 128 Advances in Horticulture-NEIL VV. STUART) EditOT Ornamental Horticulture in Prairie Canada-It\!. A. CUMM ING ...... 129 Pilot Garden of Roxbury/ Dorchester ...... _... 133 Weeds-LORAN L. DANIELSON) Editor ...... 134 Garden Notes lvletasequoia Produces Male Flowers in Williamsburg, Virginia J. T. BALDWIN, JR ...... 137 Rare Orchid on Display at Longwood Gardens-LOIs IIVOODWARD PAUL 138 The Double Bloodroot-H. LINCOLN FOSTER ...... 139 Toyon-Heteromeles arbutifolia-MARJoRIE G . SCHMIDT ...... 140 Book Reviews-CoNRAD B. LINK, Editor ...... 143

Taxonomist) FREDERICK G. MEYER Nlanaging Editor) ELIZABETH G. EASTBURN

FRONT COVER ILLUSTRATION LILY 'Imperial Crimson' and 'Imperial Silver'-two representatives of the new strains of hardy and strong growing lily hybrids developed in the U.S.A. These fine new garden lilies are direct descendants of the famed L. X parkmannii hybrids produced by our American historian, Francis Parkman, exactly one hundred years ago. Because of their hybrid vigor, these new lilies will thrive in many gardens where their ancestors, L. speciosum var. rubrum and L. aum tum could not survive. PROTO BY H ERMAN v. W ALL

BACK COVER ILLUSTRATION Carmine·Rose Hybrid Polyanthus. Pacific Strain of Polyanthus Primroses devel· oped by Frank Reinelt. PHOTO BY V ETTERLE AND R E I NELT Guest Editorial

America Calls For "Educated Muscles"

Who will be tending the world's gardens twenty years from now? Who can better attract our young people into this at­ tractive field than we ourselves? And if we don't do it-who will be caring for your garden and mine in 1989? (See AHS News and Views, Winter 1968-69, p. 4.) The answer to this question starts with my conviction that the rise and fall of horticulture depends literally on its grass roots; that is, that training the young as professional gardeners is absolutely essential. Today we are increasingly aware of the need in the United States for skilled gardeners. The source of supply on which we have so long depended is drying up. We have relied, since the turn of the century, chiefly on individuals who were trained in foreign lands and foreign schools, in Europe and the Orient, where gardens are a tradition and gardening is a way of life. Now, even abroad, this trained personnel is scarce, except for public or commercial ventures. An essential step in revitalizing our supply of gardening artisans is the formation of something like a guild of gardeners to assure the gardening business the same benefits as those of a profession-among others, guaranteed salary and the aura of respect to which those who successfully combine artistry with technical expertise are entitled. But before we can organize the gardening experts we have to create them, and they will be only as good as the means we provide to train them. Many fine horticultural courses are offered in this country, but we need infinitely more. If we in horticulture will take the initiative in publicizing the splendid career possibilities of our profession, many more institutions will find ways to attract young people, via academic courses, into the 'horti­ cultural field. It ,is the aim of the Society'S new educational program to help interested communities include gardening courses in school curricula from kindergarten on up, as has been done so long and so successfully in Cleveland. However, it will take

98 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY many Clevelands to produce a supply of talent great enough to meet the ever increasing demand for mOTe beauty for OUT homes, communities and cities. We must embark nationally on an accredited system of training; we must produce what I like to call "educated muscles" to fill the growing gap between academically trained ·horticulturists and "garden laborers.'( Some of our famous gardens and park systems have their own training programs. But, as in Europe, this does not meet the general requirement for "home consumption". Programs such as those initiated at the Norfolk Botanical Garden (Norfolk, Virginia) and at Sandhills Community College (Southern Pines, North Carolina) represent measurable prog­ ress but they alone cannot solve our basic problem. We must multiply such schools a thousand-fold-and fill them to ca­ pacity. Every city should have a training program. These schools will find that their students will have jobs waiting for them and that many can work up to ,five-figure salaries. Greenskeepers, among others, now earn this much. Every member of the American Horticultural Society should help ferret out and recruit young people who have an ·interest in plants, to encourage them into the kind of training that stretches minds while it strengthens muscles-and equips both mind and muscle to benefit from and to utilize plant life. To enlist the young in this day and age, we must glamorize horticulture. For you and me this should be an easy task, for what other profession do we recogniz·e as having such potential for satisfaction,-t'he satisfaction of being able, through one's own skill, to produce beauty from the world's greatest labora­ tory, the earth itself. Now is the time when every group in horticulture must con­ cern itself with providing educational opportunities across the land to develop competent workers in an uncrowded field ·which offers endless scope for undeveloped talent. Fill this need-and you will help yourself, your neighbor, your com­ munity, your country!

FREDERIC HEUTTE Founder and former di1-ect:or, N01-folk Botanic Garden , R ecipient of many national and intemational aW01-ds in horticultw-e 248 N. Blake Road Norfolk, Vi1·ginia 23505

S MMER 1969 99 B. Y. MORRISON MEMORIAL LECTURE

Emotional, Ethical, and Ecological Responsibilities toward the Environment

PATRICK HORSBRUGH Professor of Architecture, Notre Dame Universi,ty, Notre Dame, Indiana, founder, Graduate Program of Environic Studies

The Second Annual B. Y. Monis01~ 1I1emoriai L ecture was delivered before the GeneTaI Fedemtion of Women's Clubs in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 3, 1969.

Individual Involvement should concentrate its immeasurable My subject is nothing less than the volunteer energies and actions upon the condition of the environment of this disreputable state of the inhabited nation. My commitment is to arouse scene in its determination to encourage American opinion to the most imminent individual involvement in the redemp­ disaster of environic sterility that con­ tion of urban and rural scene, and in the fronts you as a result of the years of protection of wilderness resources. flagrant disregard for the natural factors Indeed, this issue of environic condi­ and forces that retaliate against those tion is, without doubt, the most urgent who trespass upon the delicacy of the subject confronting organized society natural orders. My purpose is to identify everywhere. It is common to all peoples the women of this country with the alike, no matter what may be their stand­ sanctity of stewardship in safeguarding ards of health, education, or aspiration. the environmental standards that are so Upon the condition of the environment vital to wildlife security, and to personal all else depends, and the natural chemis­ and social well-being. try of environic disintegration represents It is very appropriate that this subject the most persistent, potent, all-pervasive of environic condition should be raised force yet encountered in the demise of by the U.S. Department of Agriculture civilizations. Heavy is the hand of natu­ in the name and honor of that brilliant ral retribution. horticulturist, Benjamin Y. Morrison. A I do not intend, however, to respond man of his sensiti~ities must have been to this most welcome invitation by la­ most deeply aware of the desperate need menting the conditions that prevail. I for a better appreciation of the indivisi­ prefer, instead, to raise three positive ble unity and uncompromised quality of issues for your consideration. These is­ the air, the soil, and the water, without sues may quicken the pace of your devo­ which his specimens would not thrive, tion to the policy of individual involve­ and without which humanity itself ment, which you have already set as the would perish. It is timely, too, that the theme of personal action for the current General Federation of "'Tomen's Clubs session.

100 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY These iss ues concern our Emotional, individual independence to responsible Ethical, and Ecological R es ponsibilities involvement. It is exactly the right word toward the Environment. The words are to convey that state of sensibility and deliberately chosen to emphasize those depth of feeling required for the com­ factors which do not seem to have re­ passionate interpretation of the circum­ ceived proper appreciation, but which stances of which we are part. are fundamental to any understanding No one understands better the value of the constant messages which the natu­ of the emotional responses to the scene ral and artificial environments reflect than Mrs. Lyndon Johnson, who gave upon our ambitions. the first B. Y. Morrison Memorial Lec­ The words are very different in their ture in Portland, Oregon, last year, meaning, and are unlikely to be juxta­ thereby establishing the high position posed in terms other than that of envi­ and purpose of this occasion. She h as ronic crisis. I hope that their careful identified this b asic impulse for beauty selection and inherent implications will with unerring instinct, and has striven stir our most distinguished reactors rep­ with tireless e nergy and conviction to resenting industry and administration, extend the obvious emotional enthusi­ to provocati ve responses, for I have a asm for trees and flowers into a broader special requirement of each of them. appreciation of the landscape as a whole. Emotions No amount of concentration upon de­ Environic condition is essentially an tail can improve street conditions if the emotional subject, and I wish to recog­ lancl-use strategies are deficient. No trivi­ nize the value of this too-much-derided al titivation will redress the environic force which is so immediately res ponsive damage which now threatens the nation to surrounding conditions. Emotional in all its majestic entirety. reactions are aroused by the basic in­ stinct for survival. And since our expec­ Ethics tations of personal and social survival It is clear tha t emotional forces need are now so endangered by the environic to b e tempered by ethical standards, and consequences of human behavior, I do we are in desperate need of rev ised not hesitate to begin with this sensitive concepts of personal and social behavior sub;ect of human emotion in general, toward the land and landsca pe. In br ief, and of feminine emotion in particular. we must realize that henceforward we for I regard emotion as the most vital can no longer plan the landscape for extrasensory perce ption with which we selfish human convenience alone. We are endowed. now bear the responsibility for the con­ It is time, also, that we respected the tinuity of all other species, and have the instinctive disquiet that is shown by cer­ discriminatory power of protection, cul­ tain of the more earnest "retreatnik" tivation, or destruction of everything philosophers and rallied those distracted that attracts our attention. vVe can meas­ emotional energies which defy legal de­ ure the chances of our own survival by scri ption, psych ological category, or so­ the ecological responses that arise from cial standard. It is th is same em otional our choice of land llses, and the morality res ponse which is so mys teriously of our motives represen ts a logical ex­ aroused by the indefinable "presence" of tension of man_to-man behavior and beauty, and so depressed by the "ab­ touches all that is within our reach. sence" of beauty. Your theme of "Individual Involve­ We should no longer be embarrassed ment" has never been more relevant. I to refer to the emotions when discussing "vish to emphasize, however, that your ba ic social forces, environic prospects, program of actions must project further and personal aspirations. The term em­ than the human associations which are braces, also, moods and motivations rang­ implied, and undertake the responsibi li­ ing from patriotism and social service ties toward the e nvironment to ensure to ju tifiable pride in achievement, from that improved human harmony with

SUMMER 1969 101 those natural forces for which Mrs. and conditions, it is impossible to deter­ Johnson has pleaded so eloquently. Such mine the degree of crisis that exists or involvement is essentially a matter of the interrelationships between the fac­ ethical evaluation governing the human tors. It is also impossible to appreciate conduct and the determination of right the interplay of forces past and pre­ and wrong in human relationships with vailing, or to anticipate the likely natu­ the biospheric elements no less than ral retributions of the future. with other humans. Education Ecology Any such review implies search, re­ The concept of environic totality is search, and instruction involving all obvious enough, but it needs reem­ ages, of every society-conscientiously, phasis, for in our sophisticated legal consistently, continuously. conformities, we are bound by the insist­ In asking for your assistance in estab­ ence upon the division of lands, the lishing the priority of environic studies limitation of administrations, and the in educational curricula throughout the sanctity of ownerships. All of these are nation, may I declare that of all the divisive in territorial effect and fatal to subjects of human significance offered by the speedy redemption of sullen skies, of the educational institutions of these rancid rivers, and of refuse-laden streets, United States, none is of greater impor­ those faith-destroying features of our tance than that of environic sensitivity. principal social achievements, our cities. Our capacity to accommodate the hu­ man races-in all their oppressive num­ Possible Programs of Action bers and diverse demands-with the least It is my privilege to suggest to your disruption of the ever-moving ecological General Federation of forward faith systems of thrust and adjustments is be­ three interrelated but distinct program ~. coming evermore difficult to attain. of simultaneous action. You may care to Yet there is no subject that receives foster them if they should prove sound less academic or public attention in pro­ in the opinion of our experienced re­ portion to its seriousness than that of actors here assembled, and if they should environic quality and conditions. In this fiw1 favor with your membership. persistent ignorance of environic cir­ The first program recognizes the im­ cumstances lies the prime cause, I sug­ pOl-tance of priorities and is educational. gest, of the demise of every society of The second establishes the scale of the which we possess record. This includes operations as being international. The the ancient cultures of the valleys of third concerns the public acceptance of iVIesopotamia, the Indus, the Mississippi, environic responsibility and is organiza­ the Nile, or the Yangtze Kiang onwards tional. -until it is now our turn to be con­ Each proposal represents an individu­ fronted with the consequences of inher­ al challenge to personal involvement. ited and present transgTession upon the Each proposal is singularly suited to th e biosystems. competence of women. Each undertak­ I plead, therefore, that this Feder­ ing offers special opportunities for lead­ ation might respond to President Nix­ ership by the women of this nation in on's appeal for the voluntary enlistment revising the ethical standards of behav­ of citizens to combat poverty by seeking ior toward the natural and man-made an Executive Order for the creation of a enviria. National Environic Commission. This I submit to you, therefore, that the Commission should ensure that the sub­ prime objective in environic compre­ ject of Environics be introduced imme­ hension is that of systematic inventory diately at every level of instruction and assessment of conditions as they are, ~hroughout the educational systems, measured within the context of recorded public and private, collectively, starting history. ''''ithout a review of resources with infants of kindergarten, including

102 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY institutions of advanced studies, and in­ now essential to the educational ad­ volving existing organi zations for adult vancement of the city inhabitant whose education. Poverty is the human price of circumstances are now so artificial that environic misadventure and is indivisi­ the terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric ble from it. A fres h intellectual objec­ realms need to be shown and interpreted tive-cultural, ethica l, and natural-is as a special social obligation. ' '''e make a needed if we are to achi eve allY rev ision profound error by concentration upon of standards of human behavior towards urban affairs in the attempt to gra pple the environment, for the benefit of ur­ with the crisis of the co nvulsive cit y, Florida. Such facilities are ganizations ranging from the original British Boy Scouts and Girl Guides to lS ponsored by th e Curriculum Office of the Camp Fire Girls, 4-H Clubs, and the StaLe SuperintendenL of Public Instrnction, In ­ diana. April 1969. p ~:'c Corps. It is witbin these groups

Ui\IMER 1969 103 that initiative is fostered. I believe you undefined and the imperative laws for would wish to inspire these enthusiastic the protection of environic quality are resources anew in response to the envi­ denied. Ambassador Astrom, in his con­ ·ronic emergency. cern for the maintenance of the n atural An immediate opportunity now pre­ conditions of the biosphere, requests sel1ts itself for action to be taken in that the U.N. should "consider the ad­ -the service of the United Nations. visability of a Universal Declaration on L ~s t December, the General Assembly the Protection and Betterment of the adopted a resolution proposed by Am­ Human Environment." b assador Sverker Astrom, the Swedish 'Here, then, is an especial but passing P ermanent R epresentative, calling for a opportunity for the youth of the nation U.N. Conference on "The Problems of to express their instructive ideas and Human Environment"2 to be held in observations in a national precursor con­ 1972. I believe that this Federation ference. This should cover the entire should consider the wisdom of encourag­ range of conditions and intentions re­ ing the promotion in 1971 of something specting human enviria, 'wildlife h abitat, in the nature of an "Arising Generation and the conservation of spiritual and Commitment Conference" to precede material resources. This should enable the U.N. event. us to better appreciate the competitive The procedures of the United Nations frictions that destroy such amenities and are not unknown to the students of to reexamine the relative values between today. The galvanizing effect of a stu­ necessity and desire in the limitations of dent assembly on environic responsibili­ context. ties preceding a major international In partiClilar, a Student International gathering can be imagined. Environic Assembly should expose and Ambassador Astrom has recommend­ explore the ethical issues arising from ed 20 carefully reasoned issues for the the human "right" to enjoy environic attention of the U.S. delegates, all 0 f qualities, to be held in balance with whi ch touch directly upon student se nsi­ ecological " rights" protecting those tivities. It is essential, I believe, that the qualities from human imposition. The imaginative sweep of these proposals Assembly should review the morality of should reach beyond those already com­ "waste," the social mores that "wastage" mitted to such concepts and become the seems to produce, and the legal limita­ cause of student expression also. Indeed, tions of waste dissemination. A gener­ it should be realized that the value of all ation bred in affiuence should produce the tenets of social conduct which we differing standards of value and fresh have inherited on the ethics of man-to­ concepts of near closed-cycle systems of man behavior and of man-to-society ac­ was te re-uses to replace the wayward cord now depends entirely upon the practices of supposed disposal. condition of the environment forming Can you imagine any ethical issue the context of the association. more urgent and more likely to draw If the environment is sour, so too are together the diverging social aims that the human responses; if wastage bmdens now separate the age-expanding popula­ the economy, the social objectives are tions-the Flowerfolk, the Hipnomads, obscured; if the ecology is laid waste, the Ghettocrats, and others who are gen­ organized society perishes. Upon health­ uinely rebellious against the practices ful environic condition all e l ~e depends. which have systematically spread scenic The Tablets of Moses, the Declaration devastation throughout city, suburb, and of Independence, and the Universal Dec­ country alike? Can there be any subject laration of Human Rights have no val­ more likely to establish a common cause ue whatsoever so long as the ethics of between the gap-riven generations and Ihan- to- environment behavior remain the historical protection societies such as the National Trust, or the conservation 2Age nda item 91 , November 6, 1968. R esolu· . tion Adopted by the General Assembly, Decem­ councils such as the Sierra Club or the ber 6, 1968. National Audubon Society? Can there

104 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY be any circumstance more imperative issues, determine the priOrItIes, pro­ tha.n that of environic condition, upon pound the policies, and reestablish eth­ whIch youth and age, instinct and ex­ ical convictions governing human re­ perience, inspiration and administration ~PO?s~~ to enviria of every kind of their should join in the name of social sur­ 111dlvlslble totality. vival? For that is the simple warning t~lat confronts us during our remaining Enviriculture lIfespan. We are already in "the red." As the Department of Agriculture is the. official instrument of government The Glassboro Recommendation whIch f?ste:s the farming economy and For those who hanker for historic ~he cultIvatIOn of crops and livestock, it precedents, the idea of an international IS the obvious agency to inspire and event devoted to the conditions of the promote the concept of environmental environment may be attributed to Pres­ c~llt.iva~ion also. Since agricultural spe­ ident Johnson. In his emphatic com­ CIalIzatIOns depend entirely upon the mencement address given at Glassboro state of the environment, there is an State College last summer,3 he proposed obvious argument which recognizes the advantages of cultivating the scene, no ".: . that th~ U r:ited States scientists join with the SCIentIsts of the Soviet Union less. than the crop, depending upon regIOnal characteristics-urban rural and other nations to form an interna­ wilderness-under a of tional council on the human environ­ a?~ progra~ En~ VlrICulture. ment." You will recall that this proposal The prospects of enviriculture will was made one year after the high-tension depend upon the creation of an inde­ meeting with Chairman of the Council pendent lobby whose purpose would be of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Aleksei ~o. define, defend, and promote the qual­ K?sygin: W~ile .scientists may exchange ItIes and health of the environment in wIth SCIentIsts 111 amicable terms, the all its natural diversity and man-m'ade ?eed is for peoples also to exchange variations. A healthy environment is the Ideas about these urgencies, and no one fundamental basis of any system of social will deny the advantao'es of beginninO' b b development, wildlife security, and eco­ that exchange at the earliest possible logical continuity-as an indivisible to­ age. tality. Ir: .recognition of these passing oppor­ The renowned horticulturist, Benja­ tum tIes, the General Federation might min Y. Morrison, in whose honor this care to challenge the present mood, mo­ series of memorial lectures was estab­ tivation, and merit of the youth of this lished by the Agricultural Research Serv­ Nation, and to galvanize those of pur­ ice of the Department of Agriculture, poseful disposition to organize them­ may have developed similar opinions on selves for expression on the environic what might be done. His special talents state of the country. By such action, and devotion to the introduction of ex­ others may witness the resolve of this otic plants and to the hybridization of generation in their response to the U.N. herbaceous and ornamental shrubs must initiative, and for the effective educa­ have made him acutely aware of the tional uses of Telstar. advancing environic crisis. Those who . I~ would seem that your junior and work with the microscopic detail of JU?IOrette organizations are eminently plant pathology, such as the eradication SUIted for the encouragement of such a of :-vheat rust fron: the barberry-growing proposition and could receive assistance regIOns, upon whIch Mr. Morrison was from your Public Relations and Interna­ engaged, must perceive the early siO'ns of tional Affairs Departments. Such a pre­ environic disorders and raise the signals liminary event should serve to assess the o E social danger. These advance alarms were marvel­ ·"Return to Glassboro," address given at the co mmencement exercises, Glassboro State Col­ ously expressed in the '20's and '30's by lege, New Jersey, June 4, 1968. that most penetrating political cartoon-

SUMMER 1969 105 ist J. N. "Ding" Darling of The Des "stand ready to serve and to help, eager Moines R egister. His brilliant drawings to know what they can do and how they clearly foretell the consequences of the can do it." Their labor is intended to persistent befoulment of his own time, assist the work of his proposed cabinet­ so persistently continued. level Environmental Quality Council. The President has shown the immediacy A National Institute of Enviriculture of the political need. The opportunity Of talk and argument there has been for women is obvious. The request is enough. vVe are aware of the dangers. awaiting your response. We have some technological skills. But Those who are concerned with the we still do not possess the necessary renowned National Trust for Historic organized momentum of decisive action. Preservation in defense of the architec­ It is necessary to form an independent tural heritage know that this organiza­ nonpartisan association in order to prop­ tion would be of great relevance in agate the concepts of enviriculture. It developing an Association of compara­ is necessary to encourage the 150 various ble purpose-one that is addressed not conservation societies of the nation and only to historic features of the nation to influence the departments of govern­ but also to the environic prospect as a ment-federal, state, and municipal­ whole. Further evidence of the need for through a system of watchful authority such an organization may be found with in the effective fulfillment of their duties The Civic Trust in Great Britain, of territorial stewardship. founded in 1957 by the Rt. Hon. I want you to consider, therefore, the Duncan Sandys, at the behest of Sir advantages of a National Association of Winston Churchill, whose painter's eye Enviriculture, an independent, dues­ was well aware of the destruction of paying organization open to all, nonpro­ beauty of every kind. fessionals and professionals alike, who An entirely new ethic is required are concerned with this vital need to upon which to raise a civic sensibility "cultivate" the national scene. Such an toward the elements of the scene­ association is not intended to duplicate human, animal, and ecological-and to the work of those groups now fighting so establish a social value rather than a valiantly in the defense of particular financial "price" upon the seemingly features of the national treasury of natu­ priceless. It is unlikely that such stand­ ral and man-made beauty; rather, it ards can be expected from government would supplement their endeavors by agencies whose efforts are entirely de­ insisting upon lasting ethical values in­ voted to the day-to-day tasks in the ad­ stead of those of transitory political and ministration of inherited laws that they financial gain. have been elected or appointed to Surely the ultimate in ugliness has maintain. been achieved in the North American city, and for a moment this cult of the The Supreme Opportunity for hideous has proved to be very profitable. the Leadership of Women But such vulgar triumphs are now seen to be a dubious achievement and the You will have caught, by now, the continuing investment in the ugly must direction of my argument-that the cease. There must be some proof against women of these United States now face the successes of environic outrage. Some the supreme opportunity of the gener­ organized force of voluntary labor is still ation-that individually and collectively required to champion the causes of envi­ they possess the necessary variety of ex­ ronic seemliness, especially in the ne­ perience, talent, and capacity to provide glected smaller communities of the na­ the drive and inspiration to create a tion. National Association of Enviriculture. President Nixon has recently ap­ A perusal of the lists of activities of pealed for the recruitment of millions of the General Federation of ''''omen's volunteer citizens who, it is claimed, Clubs convinces me of this. This vast

106 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY organization, united in its diversity­ Moreover, the placid nature of those with its many overseas associates, its who plead the cause of envirology is Junior Clubs, and its Juniorette Clubs­ temperamentally unsuited to the clash represents a force of forward faith that is of arms that arises from the conflicting probably without parallel, and preemi­ demands of industry and other vital nently suitable to proclaim a crusade of land uses. At this moment of militancy, cultural, ethical, and natural apprecia­ there is no alternative-other than that tion. Your Charter of 1891 expressly calls of collective pressure-to insisting upon for the promotion of education, moral respect for environic values. A special values, civics, and public welfare, the attempt should be made to identify the very ingredients which I describe as "en­ opinion of women with such conditions viriculture." and policies, because this is basic to their While I stress the basic thrust of emo­ home-building instinct and responsibil­ tion, I want to be no less emphatic ity. about the practical capabilities of wom­ You may care to be reminded of the en. I refer specifically to some of your influence of women upon living condi­ joint programs with several of the fore­ tions during the pioneering days-a peri­ most industrial and commercial interests od recorded so eloquently by Professor of national and international signifi­ Dee Brown in his book, "The Gentle cance. For example, Shell Oil, Reader's Tamers," a fascinating revelation of Digest, Sears-Roebuck, and Citgo are feminine courage and stalwartness.4 each able to assist in any enviricultural It was the women, it seems, who re­ works you care to undertake. sponded most heroically to the hostile It has been my privilege to be con­ landscape of those days. I believe that it cerned with the promotion of several will be the women again who will re­ environmental protection and education spond most vigorously to the now venge­ programs where women have provided ful hostility of the envirium that has the original inspiration. They have been provoked by our wayward material fought sluggish authority, outwitted real­ competitiveness. The unrecorded costs estate investors, raised funds, scrapped of such materialism should be remem­ with lawyers, suffered from savage ene­ bered. 'iJ\Thile it has made this nation mies, and yet maintained momentum momentarily the envy of others, raised until success was achieved. Permit me to standards of life temporarily beyond mention just one such campaign, that general expectation, and brought transi­ which created the Texas System of Natu­ tory benefits, we cannot deny the loss of ral Laboratories, Inc., in which 22 of envirial health, the sacrifice of esthetic Texas' leading educational institutions seemliness, and the evaporation of spirit­ have now joined. This consortium of in­ ual conviction. stitutions now benefits from the excep­ Your basic pioneering and home­ tional ecological qualities of a tract of building instincts are the most powerful land near Austin, whose treasury of life motivating forcp. available with which to and information was almost lost forever. o'alvanize this nation in to further action This self-sacrificing cam paign was the fur the tremendous environic house­ original and sole work of one woman, cleaning that must proceed at once. I whose practical vision and sound sense believe that a women-sponsored, non­ have set a standard to which other wom­ partisan, independent National ~ssocia­ en have rallied to ensure speedy success. tion of Enviriculture can prOVide the As a result of similar personal experi­ poli tical, fi nancial, and social leverage ences in Texas, Nebraska, Illinois, and necessary to compete with the careless Ohio, I am convinced that a nationwide causes contendinO" for the "right" to use crusadinO" orO"anization is required. It is t> t"l the N ation's res~llrces for this sectional np.eded to supplement local campaigns and selfish benefit. to stimulate local initiative to further action, under the practical enthusiasm ' Professor Dee Brown, "The Gentle Tamers," of "woman power." Why not? Putnam's New York, 1958.

SUMMER 1969 107 It would seem from your fine record Summary that such actions are not new to this In summary, I suggest that since the Federation. In the last two years, you General Federation of '''Tomen's Clubs have adopted resolutions pleading for exerts an influence abroad, it is essential air and water pollution controls. Your that you should be able to meet the recent appeal for water pollution con­ mounting foreign criticism of American trols had its origin in action taken by motives with convincing evidence of your predecessors as long ago as 1900, what you intend to achieve here at home while your latest resolutions on highway by the means of consistent, purposeful development and beautification arose programs of individual involvement. from forethought expressed in 1954 and The acceptance of the challenges of 1957. Indeed, you are to be congratu­ the Emotional, Ethical, and Ecological lated upon your early environic aware­ Responsibilities toward the Environ­ ness, and it is upon this sound evidence ment-to which women's sensitivities are of instinctive action that I challenge the known to respond with sympathy- can women of this nation, through the Gen­ provide you with such evidence. It is one eral Federation of Women's Clubs, to of the conundra of human history that quicken their pace in the protection of the domestic order for which the women the elements in which you expect to are responsible in the home has been survive. allowed to expand no farther than the The Secretary of Agriculture, Clifford seemliness of the surrounding yard. M. Hardin, has just given expression to While the male instinct may concentrate President Nixon's agricultural economy upon invention and construction, the program of "opportunity and abu.n­ female instinct is devoted to the mainte­ dance" requiring "an honest and explIc­ nance of standards, and at this moment it recognition of the importance of a it seems to me that the prowess of the sound agriculture to our national well­ one has outstripped the powers of the being. ..."5 What opportunity can there other. I have no hesitation, therefore, in be for "abundance," while the necessary addressing you upon the physical state enviricultural stability is forfeited to of the nation, and in suggesting actions other demands of incidental commercial which I believe to be necessary for the advantage, recreational whoopee, and redemption of the environic health of even bad farming practices, such as the this land-once so beautiful-stretching careless use of pesticides? subdivided, from sea to murky sea. "'il\Thile so much attention is being de­ You will permit me the special privi­ voted to urban affairs, I am grateful for lege of reminding you that in only 7 this chance to stress the importance of years' time, you will be inviting the rural context. Urban vitality depends world to rejoice with you in celebrat­ upon agricultural ecosystems and indus­ ing the bicentennial of nationhood. It trial land-use economies that develop is imperative that your visitors of 1976 and conform to a near closed-cycle not observe that the tyranny of a remote routine of self-digesting "waste" in the political power has only been replaced continued processing of materials, and by the tyranny of an immediate econom­ upon ready access to the spiritual re­ ic system that has submerged both peo­ freshment which the natural landscape ple and territory in an environmental provides. agony that is laying waste the most mag­ In the interests of social stability, city nificently varied landscape ever to be and country must now be seen as com­ governed by one system of freely uniting plementary in this "one Nation, under states. God, indivisible . . .. " When architect Thomas Jefferson re­ vised John Locke's phrase of "life, liber­ 5Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin, ty and property"6 to read "life, liberty, "Secretary's Goal-An Agriculture Keyed to Opportunity and Abundance," Hot Springs, ·John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, Arkansas, March 18, 1969. 1690.

108 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY and the pursuit of happiness,"7 he was There is a nsmg tide of 0pIl1lOn in aware, in his determination to describe Congress devoted to the causes of envi­ those certain unalienable "rights," of ronic protection, seemliness, and territo­ the immensity of this continent and its rial redemption, led by Senators Nelson, emotional challenge to movement, scenic Bayh, Jackson, Tydings, McGovern, enjoyment, and the spiritual fortifica­ Williams, Yarborough, and others who tion that such splendour inspires. He deserve your support in their work upon was rejecting the prohibitive prospects which sound urban rejuvenation must of "property." No matter who owns depend. what, and under what laws property I would like to see an extension of may be held and how it may be used, The Morrill Act of 1862-that most out­ there is always the overwhelming re­ standingly successful educational and ag­ sponsibility of boundary-defying envi­ ricultural program ever to have been ronic condition. accomplished by a democratic system of Landscape architect Benjamin Y. federal and state governments, which Morrison must have been acutely aware has contributed more than any other of the significance of environic influence enactment to the educational, scientific, on his many horticultural experiments and cultural preeminence of these during his 28 years' service with the United States-whereby the study of ag­ Department of Agriculture as Senior riculture is supplemented by a compre­ Horticulturist and Director of Plant In­ hension of enviriculture. troduction, and later as first Director of I now look forward to the responses the National Arboretum in ·Washington. from your membership regarding my People, like plants, will thrive only with­ recommendations concerning Individual in a narrow margin of tolerance, and Involvement in the Emotional, Ethical, you should not be deceived by those who and Ecological Responsibilities toward would persuade you that people are the the Environment: most adaptable of creatures. 'While great 1. The development of instructional feats of individual endurance confirm programs in Environics, the study of the possibility of human hardiness, the biospheric condition and hygiene, at all evidence of social demise from environic grade schools, institutes of advanced change is too great to be ignored. learning and for adult educational sys­ It is clearly time that those unalien­ tems. able righ ts of the Declaration of Inde­ 2. The promotion of a student-run pendence be confirmed, as Ambassador International Conference on Environics Astrom proposes, by a Universal Decla­ in the U.S. in 1971, to encourage the ration on the Protection and Betterment United Nations Conference on the Prob­ of Human Environment to ensure that lems of Human Environment proposed future conditions will indeed permit the by the Swedish Representative. "pursuit of happiness." 3. The creation of a National Associa­ Through the courtesy of the Depart­ tion on Enviriculture for the promotion ment of Agriculture, I am privileged to of environic comprehension by the peo­ address this 78th Annual Convention of ple, and the encouragement of Congress, the General Federation of "\N omen's State Legislatures, Municipal Councils Clubs as a foreigner, a subject of my and all other organizations in their de­ Sovereign Lady, Elizabeth II, and to termination for environmental under­ speak to you upon issues that are of standing and harmony. supreme national importance. Notwith­ "The dogmas of the quiet past are standing this possible impertinence, I inadequate to the stormy present. The plead with you to concentrate your ener­ occasion is piled high with difficulty, gies upon the priority of environic con­ and we must rise with the occasion. As dition which controls all other natural our case is new so we must think anew and human circumstances. and act anew. We must disenthrall our­ 'Thomas ] eITcrson, Declaration of Independ· selves, and then we shall save our coun­ ence, 1776. try."

SUMMER 1969 109 A New Era in Hybrid Lilies

JAN DE GRAAFF

The hybrid lilies in our ga,rdens and greenhouses are, relatively speaking, new plants. To speak of a new era in these hybrid lilies, .then, is to adrruit that we are approaching, and maybe passing, another milestone. Let me dwell briefly on a few significant aspects of these new lilies. To begin with, progress is being made in many places by many people; the work of earlier hybridizers provides us with the means of overcoming obstacles. All the hybridizer today can hope to be is the catalyst through whose fingers flow many small streams, from many sources, to be channeled by him into a major breakthrough. There a.re other factors which have strongly contributed to the birth of this new era, but have nothing to do with lilies, and apply only indirectly to hor­ ticulture. They are the developments of modern science and technique, for in­ stance, the advent of plastics in all their different forms and applications. Plastic liners en

110 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the new era ,in lily hybrids. I know of no knew that my work would be to no ayaH other crop where such -innovations have if these new lilies could not be made been brought to bear with such effect in freely available to the gardeners of the so short a time. For remember, the new world. era in hybrid lilies is not a hobby for a I have tried to make them available at few advanced amateur gardeners. This low prices but what is a low price in new era 1S different because its products horticulture? It is my conviction that all are by now available in enormous quan­ horticultural 'Products are under-priced. tities. When I first embarked on my The prices are too low to pay our work­ program to improve the garden lily I ers wages comparable to those in other saw the necessity for this development. I industries. They are too low to allow

PHOTO BY H ERMAN V. WALL L. hansonii. A most attractive, early­ flowering garden lily from Japan. It crosses readily with L. martagon and its variants; it is the parent of the pop­ ular Backhouse hybrid strain and cuI· tivars. In recent years, working with fourth and fifth generation crosses be­ tween the best of these hybrids, a new PHOTO BY H ERMAN v. WALL strain has been developed which large­ A typical plant of the new Paisley ly eliminates some of the faults (re­ Strain lilies - the result of repeated sistance to new condition; difficult to crossing and selection of L. martagon­ transplant; bad scent) of the earlier, hansonii hybrids. Not only are these so-called Backhouse hybrids. The new lilies of very fine color, they also have ones which are marketed as Paisley enormous hybrid vigor and can thus Strain have far more vigor and great be transplanted and be expected to beauty. Named cultivars are now avail­ flower the first year after such treat­ able in entirely new colors, such as ment. This could never be done with pink, white, yellow, and purple. the older Backhouse hybrids.

SUMMER 1969 III L. cernuum. A lovely little lily from L. speciosum 'Red Champion'. A clone Korea and Manchuria. This is one of of unusual hardiness, vigor and dis­ the parents of the now popular Harle­ ease resistance. This is a greenhouse quin Strain and it has imparted to this plant par excellence - free-flowering, strain some of the lovely new pastel early, and of good habit. 'Red Cham­ colors, so much wanted in the Mid­ pion' has been used by us in many Century and other Asiatic strains of crosses, involving also L. auratum, L. garden lilies. L. cernuum, as received rubellum, and L. japonicum. from collectors abroad, was a very in­ PHOT O BY H ERMAN V. VV ALL significant and rather dull plant. When raised in Oregon from seed and in substantial quantities, it became ap­ parent that very fine clear-colored types, varying from white to deep pur­ ple, were available in the true species and that also vigor coulcl be attained without the introduction of other spe­ cies in their production. PHOTO BY H ERMAN V. "VALL (Left) L. martagon 'Album'. An albino form of the dull purple-colored L. marta· gon. It has been raised in "captivity" since the 16th century and we believe that in the process of continuous pro­ duction from seed some of the weak­ ness has been eliminated. Yet, when we started out to raise new martaO"on­ hansonii hybrids and found ameong them some pure white-flowered plants, we noticed that they had far greater substance and reproduced more read­ ily than the old L. martagon 'Album'. Our best new white seedling has been called 'Achievement'. P HOTO BY HERMAN v. WALL

11 2 AMERICAN H ORTICU LTURAL SOCIETY PHOTO BY H ERMAN v. W ALL

PHOT O BY H ERMAN v. ,I\' ALL L. longifloruIn val'. alexandrae. A pure L. X 'Buttercup'. A cultivar resulting white trumpet lily species from the from a cross between L. parryi and L. Ryukyu (Liukiu) Archipelago which X 'Shuksan'. 'Buttercup' has the may have a great future, first of all, sweet scent and the lovely yellow col­ in itself as a delightful, sweet-scented oring from the L. parryi parent and the enormous hybrid vigor that is also pot and garden plant and, secondly, apparent in L. X 'Shuksan'. 'Butter­ since it will cross readily with the L. cup' is a fine garden lily and also a japonicuInorubelluIn complex and can striking new color in the Bellingham thus be introduced into the L. aurat­ hybrid group, a fine cut flower that lasts until the very last bud has uIn-speciosuIn- japonicuIn-ru b ellu In opened. group.

PHOTO BY H ERMAN v. WALL (Right) L. X 'Enchantment'. The first and the most popular of the so-called Mid-Cen­ tury hybrids. This fine new lily, of vibrant, blaz­ ing orange-red coloring, flowered for the first time in 1944 and is thus now exactly twenty-five years old. It has r eceived th e coveted First Class Certifi­ cates of the R.H.S. and the North Am erican Lily So­ ciety.

SUM 'fER ]969 113 sufficient research work. They are far too As could be expected after this suc­ low ·to offset the production risks, .to cess, I wanted to know what else might permit a sound promotional program, or be done with these lilies in the way of to enable us to have an apprentice sys­ variations and improvements in color tem. and form. So, with the express desire to But to get on with my real subject. In get lilac, white and pink, of the general Oregon, in the meadows on the lower shape and type of the Mid-Centuries, we slopes of Mount Hood, at about a proceeded. We were greatly helped by l200-foot altitude, we grow \Some of our the work of a man in S aska~chewa n, finest li.Jies. We have a virgin soil, ample Professor C. F. Patterson, who crossed a moisture, cool nights and hot summer little lilac-colored, nodding lily, L. cer­ days, and generally, the very exposure nuum from Korea, with lilies of a totally and drainage .the lilies like. If you put different type. Besides new colors and lilies in the sun, give them perfect forms he introduced great hardiness and drainage and remember that they like enormous vigor in his seedlings. With moisture but are not water lilies, you that as example, I felt that .the key to will have success with them. the new colors we sought might be in The fascinating part of our work is this L. cernuum. We tried it and in the with the different species-what I could first generation found our fondest hopes call building blocks. By combining two realized. The second generation of seed­ different ones and drawing on the char­ lings brought us even nearer to our goal acteristics of both we can raise 'hybrids and demonstrated that we were ap­ that have not only more vigor but also proaching what we wanted. new colors and forms and seasons of In ·this work I must constantly remem­ flowering. By adding other species to ber that this all must payoff, that the these earlier hybrids we can complicate results of this work must please the the results; we already have some that average gardener. One could raise love­ have eight distinctly different species in ly dwarf lilies or some with delightful their parentage. At this point the new scent or unusual colors-but what does era in lily hybrids begins. the public want? Strong-growing large plants? white, red, pink fiowe-rs? fewer Early Hybrids yellow and orange or lilac and purple? The older lilies, like ·the L. X hollan­ If the examples of what we have dicum or the L. X elegans or the lovely achieved do not demonstrate a new era, Bellingham group, are relatively simple they at least show the road that leads to hybrid plants. In the new era the hy­ it. brids are more complex, with not only The story of our work with lilies new combinations of characteristics but based on the native VIlest Coast species is also some entirely new, unexpected simple but interesting. Dr. David traits. Griffiths, who worked with these lilies I mentioned the L. X hollandicum from 1918 to 1934, received some seed hybrids, which were based on crosses from the famous old California plants­ made first in Japan and later in Hol­ man, Carl Purdy of Ukiah. Carl had land. The ancestors are L. bulbiferum received the seed from a Los Angeles or L. bulbiferum var. CTOceum and L. amateur. Griffiths raised the plants in mactLla tum (elegans). 'i1\T e crossed them Bellingham and named about a dozen of with a hybrid raised in New York-a them. rather ugly but strong-growing lily Then the Bellingham station closed called 'Umbtig' (L. umbellatum X L. down and when I started to work, those tigrinum) and the result was a group I plants had been dispersed and I had then named our Mid-Century Hybrids, great trouble locating any of them. now grown in many parts of the world. When I fin ally did I grew them in Twenty years ago they were a great step quantity and discovered that there was forward. only one worth perpetuating-only one, (Right) A typical flower of the popular Jam­ boree strain, the result of crossing L . auratum X L. speciosum, using select­ ed plants of each species and then again selecting the resulting hybrids. The recurved form indicates the affin­ ity to L. speciosum; the size and width of the petals is derived from L. aurat­ um characteristics and the hardiness and vigor is, of course, directly the re­ sults of the good qualities inherent in both parent species.

P HOTO BY H ERMAN V. W A LL

(Below) L. taliense. The pure white, except for its deep maroon-purple spots, is the counterpart of the lovely L. lankon­ gense. In Oregon this has been an easy lily to raise from seed and it seems to multiply readily through divisions from the main bulb. Attempts to raise hybrids from this and similar species have, as yet, been unsuccessful but we are still trying. PHOTO BY H ERMAN V. W ALL

PHOTO BY H ERMAN V. W ALL L. nobilissimum. A still rather rare species from the Ryukyu (Liukiu) Archipelago, it can be called an up­ right-flowering Easter lily. It is, ap­ parently, fully hardy and with its at­ tractive foliage of sturdy, small, al­ most oval leaves, the plant is most at­ tractive even when not in flower. This nlay well have a future as a C01umer­ cial pot plant, although we must work out production sch edules and find how to grow it to b est advantage.

SUMMER 1969 115 that is, which we might put on the to destroy all that gives no definite market with a reasonable expectation promise, however pretty it may be. that it could pay its way. I did more For I contend that it is not enough to work wi th these fine lilies, added one of raise a new, pretty plant. It must also be may own-'Buttercup' Bellingham hy­ prolific and disease-resistant or disease­ brid) -and finally succeeded in selling tolerant. It must stand a variety of cli­ them at a price commensurate with pro­ mates and conditions. It must have duction ,costs; after this I decided to bulbs that look attractive and ,that are extend the range of the Bellingham hy­ robust enough to withstand heavy han­ brids. dling, packing, shipping, and planting by Again, as in the new Mid-Century inexperienced gardeners. There are ob­ Hybrids, where Professor Patterson viously innumerable demanding condi­ showed us the way, we had the guidance tions to which a lily is subject which of several outstanding hybridizers: Jim have nothing to do w,ith esthetics. Pretty Farrar in Sebastopol and Boyd Kline in it may be, but if the bulb cannot tolerate Medford, Oregon; the late Eric Mayell being squeezed by a lady determined to of Monterey-all had done 'some work pick the toughest out of a batch of bulbs with various West Coast native species. at the supermarket, we might as well The initial successes of these men discard it at the beginning-especially showed clearly that far greater varia­ since marketing a new ,cultivar is a costly tions of color, ,form, season and scents affair from start to finish. were possible. I decided on two ap­ proaches. We wanted clear, clean, yel­ Recent Progress low and 'sweet-scented hybrids and there­ The answer, I am sure, is in ralSlng fore planned to use L. parryi from reconstituted Fl hybrids like the new California. We also wanted new colors petunias, marigolds, zinnias and vegeta­ such as pink, white and lilac, and new bles now being ,grown. For the past forms. For this we used L. kelloggii­ twenty years I have been wOTking in this and we achieved success. These "new direction and we are gradually ap­ era" lilies are not only lovely but multi­ proaching our ideah. ply well, grow easily and with great We now know some of our lilies so vigor. We shall soon have them by the well that we can cross certain indiyidu­ thousands for all the gardens of our als and get only reds or whites or white country. with a golden stripe. We can raise them Now for an entirely different type of so that they have rec:urved petals or lily-one that comes from Japan. Again come flat like huge saucers. T,hen we go I will mention some of the earlier work­ beyond elementary colors and types and ers who showed us the way and gave us mix in a little from the lovely dwarf the assurance that we could succeed. pink L. Tttbellum and the taller pink Our American historian, Francis L. japonicumand get hybrids ,that have Parkman, in 1862 in his garden near some elements from tbese fOUT different Boston, made the first crosses between species. When I was getting well along L. speciosum and L. aura/um. The re­ with these lilies from Japanese gTowers, sult was the handsome L. X parkmannii. I received some new species with a pure This lily was lost but in Australia other w hi te trumpet, rela ted to the Easter lily people, inspired by Parkman's success, but distinctly different, and another one raised similar lilies more spectacular and with upright white flowers like tulips. exotic than any others to date. '''Then we These were of the species L. alexandme set out to surpass these fine Australian and L. nobilissimum. These species, not hybrids we met a real chaIIenge. Lily newly discovered but re-introduced, can hybridizing requires patient searching be crossed again wlith the four-way pink, for building ma.terial and for the meth­ and we thus are a t the threshold of a ods and the paths to follow. Then when totally new era in hybrid lilies. results begin ,to show, couragt is required There are other charming combina-

116 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (Right) L. szovitsianum. This shows th e great variety that occurs in true intraspecific seedlings of this lily. Possibly our material, col­ lected for us in the Soviet Union, is already of hybrid origin and it is possible that L. kesselringi­ anum and L. monadelphum have been grown in some Russian nursery near this lily and that chance hybridization has taken place. However, from large quan­ tities of seed sent to us from the U.S.S.R., we raise lilies that are as divergent as these samples show. From them, through selec­ tion and intercrossing of the best types, we have raised a uni­ form strain. PHOTO BY H E R MAN V. ' '''ALL

(Left) L. papilliferum. The unique deep pur­ ple-brown coloring of this attractive little rock-garden lily has made it of interest to the hybridizer. To date, however, no hybrids from it have been reported. A native of northwestern Yunnan, China, on dry cliffs and stony pastures, ca. 10,000 ft. alt.

PHOT O nY H ERMAN v. WALL

(Right) L. nepalense. An easily raised species, which, when mature, will pro­ duce as many as five flowers on a four foot stem. Attempts to cross this lovely, sweet-scented lily with others have failed to date, but it re­ mains a challenge to all hybridizers. A lovely plant for a semi-shaded 10 ca ti on. E,xceptionally pretty when grown, as we have done it h ere, with some of the n ew hardy hybrid ferns. PHOTO BY HERMAN V. WALL

SUMMER 1969 117 tions of species, for example, the Back­ great resistance to pests and diseases. house Hybrids, named after t he famous They come in many colors and various 1\IIrs. R . O. Backhouse who :raised .the forms. There is considerable variation in first good commercial pink daffodils. She stem length, in flowering season and in grew these lilies around 1890. and. tl:ere habit of growth. L. hemyi has, of course, has been little further work wIth sImIlar a uniform orange color and apparently hybrids since. They are the result of no 'color-restricting factor. The trumpet crosses between the exquisite European L. lilies have a narrow or broad stripe of maTtagon' vaT. album and the Japanese deep maroon limited to the ,outside of L. hansonii. They especially interested each petal. 'When we cross them with L. me, for not only are they unusually henTyiJ the absence of a color-restricting beautiful in woodland seaings, but they factor allows the maroon to suffuse the have a built-in defense against diseases entire flower and we get lovely plum­ and pests. They have a strange, :rather purple and almost fuchsia-red. We also bad scent, and rodents and deer do not get !intensified orange, every possible col­ bother them. The smell also seems to or ,combination among yellow, pink, and keep aphids away and thus they have orange, and every variation in form, hardly any virus problems. I have from the strongly recurved to almost worked with the L. maTtagon hybrids flat, as well as true bowl-shaped and for some thirty years and have at last trumpet flowers. named half a dozen cultivars which are Altogether, ,these Aurelians have been particularly attractive. The new varieties a real breakthrough in lily breeding. are a pure white, a lovely yellow, and The possi'bilities inherent in these hy­ ivory and pink, a deep purple, and a brids are hy no means 'exhausted. By golden-orange. All of them are maroon­ introducing other trumpet species, such spotted. as L. sulphuTeumJ we again get a totally The last group I will mention in­ different color scheme and a new shape. cludes the marvelous Chinese trumpet The use of L. saTgentiaeJ another lilies. The best known of these is L. Chinese trumpet species, produces de­ TegaleJ discovered in 1903 by E. H. Wil­ lightful green shades and beautiful son. It was not recognized as a new bowl-shaped flowers. But even more ex­ species until 1912, and was not grown citing is the fact that L. henryi can be commercially until the early twenties. crossed with L. speciosum to produce Other Chinese trumpet hlies found and plants intermediate between the Orien­ later identified were the striking L. leu­ tal and the Aurelian strains. 'Blacck canthum vaT. centi1olium, in 1914. Par­ Beauty' illustrates this cross, with its ticularly fine specimens were sent to this unusual vigor and high bud count; country by an American missionary and though the flowe:r is small, it has a distributed by Dr. Griffiths after 1934. future as a garden and greenhouse From these trumpet lilies I raised a plant. group of hybrids, the Olympic Hybrids. In New Zealand, crosses have been In later years I narrowed down the seed made between the pure white L. aUTa­ and pollen parents to only two cu1tivars tum vaT. viTginale and L. henryiJ which and we now raise the Olympics as a opens up other avenues to explore. So uniform Fl strain. we can say that ahhough we are in a Since July 1900 it has been known New Era in Lily Hybrids, this is really that these or similar trumpet lilies can just a turn in the .road toward still better be crossed with L. henTyi. This cross was lilies. We know a great deal more than first made in 1897 at the Royal Botanic we did even ten years ago about culture Gardens in Kew and later by a French and production, storing and shipping, postman, Monsieur Debracs of Orleans. and about the potentials of the various The resulting hybrids, the Aurelians, so species. The next few years should hring named after the Latin name for Or­ us many exciting new combinations of leans, AUTelia, have unusual vigor and colors, forms, scents, and seasons.

118 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Horticultural Opportunities in Rudbeckia

ROBERT E. PERDUE, JR .

Rudbeckia deserves the attention of occurs in the West. The species are the plant breeder. Aside from a single long-lived perennials except for one an­ species, R . hiTta, little or nothing has nual and one species that may behave in been done to improve members of the nature as an annual or short-lived per­ genus. All of the species occur largely, if ennial. not exclusively, within the continental The two subgeneric groups are well limits of the United States and breeding differentiated cytologically. They are material is readily available. Many of distinguished by different chromosome the species are sufficiently attractive in numbers and distinct differences in chro­ nature to have encouraged their use to a mosome morphology. The laciniata limited degree as ornamentals. group has a haploid chromosome num­ The species of Rudbeckia fall into ber of 18. Polyploidy is known in one two very natural groups or subgenera, species. Half of the chromosomes are the laciniata group and the hiTta group. short and medianly constricted. The The sub-genera are readily distinguished other half are comparatively long and by an array of technical characters that sub-medianly to sub-terminally constrict­ need not be considered here. Species of ed. The hirta group has a haploid chro­ the R. laciniata group are mostly large mosome number of 19. Polyploidy is plants with very coarse stems, pale green known to occur in two species. Species of leaves, and inflorescences with pale­ this group have chromosomes of medi­ yellow rays and large yellowish or um length as well as those that are brownish-green disks. Plants of this distinctly short and those that are dis­ group grow naturally in the mountains tinctly long. They are medianly or of the western United States and in the submedianly constricted; none are sub­ area east of the Great Plains. All are terminally constricted as in the laciniata perennials. group. Species of the R. hiTta groups are, in Cytological differentiation in Rud­ comparison, plants of small to medium beckia suggests that it will be difficult, if stature with less-coarse stems, deeper not impossible, to 11 ybridize species of green leaves, inflorescences of deep yel­ the two sub-generic groups. low to reddish brown rays and smaller dark reddish purple disks that superfi­ Laciniata Group cially may appear brown or almost The laciniata group includes six spe­ black. Plants of this group are native cies. Two are monotypic (wi thout de­ largely to the area east of the Great scribed variants); the other four species Plains. A single species, R. hirta, also include 13 taxonomic varieties, many of which have been regarded as distinct Botanist, Crops Research Division, Agricul­ tural Research Service, U. S. Department of species. In general this group is mor­ Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. phologically quite homogeneous; most

SUMMER 1969 119 of the species appear to be closely Rudbechia occidentalis is a coarse related. On the other hand, the species plant to abou t 6 feet tall, with large do not intergrade morphologically. ovate leaves. The most widespread of There is very little overlap in their three taxonomic varieties occurs from geographic distribution. central Utah north and northwest to Natural hybridization in the laciniata Montana and eastern vVashington, then gTOUp is rare. However, one variety ap­ south to northern California. A second pears to have originated from interspe­ variety occurs in central ' l\Tashington cific hybridization and this variety ap­ and a third in west-central Colorado. pears to have back-crossed to one of the Although the plant has attractive foli­ parent species. The lack of hybridization age, without rays it has little direct orna­ in nature between species ot this group mental value. It does, however, have a is probably due more to discontinuity in single attribute that will make it of geogTaphic distribution than to geneti­ value in the improvement of other spe­ cies. Rllclbeckia occiclentalis has a deep cal isolation. reddish brown disk that, on casual obser­ The presumed hybrid involves two of vation, appears almost black in contrast the most strikingly different species in with other species-especially R. lacinia­ the laciniata gTOUp. This, and morpho­ ta-with greenish or brownish disks. It is logical patterns in the group, suggest most likely that this character can be that any of the species can be hybridized transferred to other species, especially to with all or most of the other species. R. laciniala. Ihdeed, it appears that this Favorable ornamental properties can has occurred in nature. An apparent probably be transferred from one species hybrid between R. occiclentalis and R. to another with relative ease. laciniata is documented from west­ central Colorado. The apparent hybrid most closely resembles R. laciniala but Species in laciniata group has the deep reddish brown disks of R. The laciniata group includes R. cali­ occiclentalis. It was growing among fornica and R. occiclentalis of the plants typical of R. occiclentalis and western states, R. maxima ot eastern those typical of R. laciniata. Such a Texas and adjacent states, R . niticla of well-colored disk set upon a background the Gulf coast and R . mohri of Georgia of large yellow rays wi ll prove an asset to and western Florida. The most attrac­ any Ruclbechia. tive plants in this group are R. californi­ ca, R. laciniata, R. maxima, and R. niticla. Ruclbeckia occiclenla lis is rayless R. laciniata and rather unattractive. R. mohri is an Ruclheckia laciniata is the only species unattractive plant with small inflores­ of this group that has been cultivated to cences and narrow grass-like leaves. any extent, at least within the United Species of the laciniata group occupy States. It is best known as golden glow, mesic to very moist environments, often R . laciniata 'Hortensia', a large coarse seeps or creek banks. They occur in a plant with "double flowers" in which all broad range of climate from warm to or most of the disk florets are replaced very cold, from such extreme areas as by rays. As an ornamental, R. laciniata middle peninsular Florida to elevations suffers especially from its awkward, over­ of 9000 feet or more in the Rocky powering size and weak stems. Mountains. While they prefer abundant Ruclbeckia laciniata is the most varia­ soil moisture and a relatively loose light ble species in the genus. Plants may be soil that permits the development of an large and coarse with stems up to 9 feel extensive root system, they can thrive in tall, or small and slender with stems 3 areas of low atmospheric humidity. Hor­ feet or less. Rays vary in length from ticulturally desirable strains can proba­ %-2V4 inches, disks in length from bly be bred that are suited to almost any V4- IY2 inches. The range of varIation in climatic area of the United States. size of rays and disks produces plants

120 A M ERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY that are extremely conspicuous in flower variable in this character and display a and also those that go almost unnoticed. range of variation, including extremes The leaves are characteristically pin­ of the species. Plants with the most nately divided but the degree to which completely divided leaves are especially they are divided varies from those that abundant on the Atlantic Coastal Plain are merely lobed to those tha tare highly in Virginia and North Carolina. divided, with very narrow ultimate seg­ Western plants us~ally produce a few ments. inflorescences with large rays and disks. Rudbechia laciniata is widely dis­ Eastern plants are highly variable but tributed in eastern North America, from commonl y produce many inflorescences southern Canada south to Florida and with considerably smaller rays and disks. Arkansas and west to eastern North Da­ The great degTee of variability in R. kota and eastern Oklahoma. It is also laciniala is due to a complex evolution­ common in the mountains of the west ary history that has led to the develop- ' from Arizona and New Mexico north­ ment of polyploid and apomictic races. east to the Black Hills of South Dakota, Patterns in morphological variation, in­ then westward to western Montana. formation on cytology and embryology, Most plants in the eastern United and the geographic distribution of ap­ parent pollen sterility, suggest that the States have very slender stems while western representatives alld those of the those of the west characteristically have southeastern states are largely diploid very stout stems. Inflorescences of east­ and sexual while those of the north­ ern plants are commonly supported by eastern states are commonly polyploid peduncles 1/ 16 inch or less in diameter, and apomictic. The northeastern popu­ while those of the west are typically lations are highly complex and variable, supported by peduncles Vs inch in diam­ and probably are the direct result of eter. Plants with stout stems occur to a hybridiza tion between three well-defined limited degree in the northern states and morphological extremes of the species. lower Canada, with decreasing frequen­ cy east to the Atlantic. One can be Much can be done to improve R. almost certain that the weak-stemmed R. laciniata as it is now known in Ameri­ laciniata, as it is known in American can horticulture. The most important gardens, originated in an eastern popu· qualities toward which breeding should lation of this species. be guided are shorter stature, stronger stems, and larger, more attractive flow­ While most plants of R . laciniata are ers. In my opinion, the breeder, with the large and coarse, plants of smaller wealth of variability available, could de­ stature are locally available. The smaller vote his attention to the development of stature of these plants appears to be a two distinct types: (1) a short stout­ genetical factor rather than a decrease stemmed plant with large doubled in vigor due to site or other factors. On inflorescences, and (2) a short stout­ the average, the· western plants are but stemmed plant with deeply colored disks one-half to two-thirds the size of those of set upon a background of a single circle the East. Plants of small stature, about 3 of large showy rays. Either type could be feet tall, grow in the Sante Fe area of endowed with a choice of leaf types from New Mexico. These bear the stout stems a wide range. The two extreme leaf typical of western plants. Other short­ forms are the most attracti ve. statured varieties occur in the Appa­ lachians from Virginia to Georgia and R. maxima on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain, especially in eastern Virginia and North Rudbeckia maxima occurs largely in Carolina. These bear the slender stems southeastern Oklahoma and northeast­ typical of eastern races. ern Texas. It is restricted to areas of The leaves of the we tern plants are sandy or somewhat heavier loam, and characteristica lly very coarsely divickd. is never pre ent on the heavy clays of Those of the ea tern plan tare hi o'hl Y that region. This is a very coarse plant

SUMMER 1969 121 R. nitida R udb echia nitida is closely related to R. maxima. It occurs in southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana, well separated from R. maxima, and in Geor­ gia and Florida. This is a very attractive plant with stout stems I Y2-4 feet tall. It produces an abundance of coriaceolls, broadly elliptical or spatulate leaves. The stem is simple or sparingly branched, terminated by one to four, occasionally more, inflorescences with reddish brown disks %-1% inches high, and yellow rays %-11;2 inches long. This species, especially in southeastern Texas, produces very luxuriant clusters of basal leaves that are fresh and green and attractive even in the absence of flowers. These dense clumps of leaves are made up of many individual rosettes that will give rise to future flowering stems. In a large clump of leaves, only a few PHOTO BY AUrHOR of the basal rosettes produce flowering Rudbeckia maxima. Native of south­ stems in a single season. eastern Oklahoma and northeastern The western populations of R . nitida Texas. are considerably more attractive than those of the east. 'Western plants have broader leaves and considerably larger with simple or sparingly branched stems inflorescences. 6-12 feet tall. It has large g'laucous, Considerable improvement can be elliptical or fiddle-shaped leaves that are gained in this species by selecting for rather unattractive. Its principal at­ large inflorescences, many inflorescences tribute is a massive inflorescence, a light per stem, and somewhat shorter stems. reddish brown disk 1 1;2-3~ inches high The deeply colored disk of R . acciden­ set upon a background of yellow rays talis can probably be transferred to this 1 ~ -2 ~ inches long and up to about 1 species to advantage even though the inch broad. In every respect this is the disks of R . nitida are not so lacking in largest Rudueckia, and its inflorescence color as to be unattractive. is one of the more attractive. The large Rudbeckia califarnica grows in the inflorescence will be a valuable charac­ Sierra Nevada of California and in the ter if it can be transferred to other Klamath Mountains of northern Califor­ species without being accompanied by nia and southwestern Oregon. I have comparable overall plant size. not seen this species in the field and This plant usually bears a single head, have been unable to maintain it to best but stems with two heads are fairly com­ advantage in either greenhouse or gar­ mon. In such instances a side branch, den in the East. It has a stout stem of curving gently outward and upward, ex­ medium stature and bears inflorescences tends from the main stem %-4 inches of pale greenish brown disks up to 21;2 below the terminal head and terminates inches high, with rays up to 21;2 inches in a small head that rises above the long. From herbarium material it ap­ terminal head. This character is a dis­ pears that the leaves may not be particu­ tinct liability, for the small head on the larly attractive. In general, the useful branch stem detracts from the balance of characters present in this species are the terminal inflorescence. more easily found elsewhere.

122 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Hirta Group The hil-ta group includes nine species. Five are mono typic; the other four in­ clude 18 taxonomic varieties. In contrast to the laciniata group, this assemblage is morphologically quite diverse. While the morphological and cytological char­ acteristics of all the species place them without question in a single subgeneric group within Rudbeckia, most of the species do not appear to be closely related to one another. There are fi ve independent species or groups of species. Four of the species Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta). form a natural assemblage because they Close-up of flower head; ray flowers are more closely related to one another orange,yellow, 2 in. long, darker at than they are to any other species of the base; head purple-brown, %, in. hirta group. These are R. grandiflora, across. R. subtomentosa, R. heliopsidis, and R. mollis. These four species are geograph­ ically isolated from one another. A sec­ Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta). ond natural group is R. fulgida and R. Plant in field at Beltsville, Maryland. missouriensis. The remaining three spe­ PHOTOS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cies, R. hirta, R. triloba, and-R. grami- ­ nifolia are not closely related nor do they appear closely related to any of the other six species. There is no morpholog­ ical intergradation between any of the species. In the hirta group, discontinuity in geographic distribution is the exception rather than the rule. Six of the species occupy restricted or relatively restricted geographic areas. The remaining three species are wide spread and occupy areas that overlap most of the species in the group. It is not unusual to find two or three species in the same vicinity. In­ deed, they commonly grow side by side. There is no evidence of natural hy­ bridization between any species of the hirta group even though the plants com­ monly occur together in the same habi­ tat and overlap in flowering period as well. The lack of hybridization between species in this group is probably due largely to genetical isolation. Morpho­ logical patterns in the group suggest that, as a rule, it will be difficult if not impossible, to accomplish interspecific hybridization. Any breeding effort di­ rected toward the improvement of spe­ cie of the hi1-ta group must depend largely on hybridization of diverse ele-

SUM~[ER 1969 123 ments wi thin the individual species. Michigan and Iowa, south to Georgia T he species that wi ll prove of greates t and Texas. interes t to the horticulturist are R . tTi­ The common widespread variety of R . loba, R. fulgida, R . missouriensis, and, triloba is highly variable. There are two to a lesser degree, R. grandiflom and R. extreme morphological forms between subtomentosa. R udbeckia heliopsidis is which intergradation is complete. One a rare species of slender stature with form is especially abundant in the south­ sparsely leaved stems, and small inflores­ ern states; it is also common in the cences that are better developed in its North. This southern form is a compara­ close relatives. R udbeckia mollis, with tively slender plant, commonly 3-4 feet nea rly prostrate rosettes and small stem tall with small disks and pale yellow leaves of uniform length, has a fairly rays. This form most commonly displays large inflorescence but otherwise little to relatively pale green stems and leaves. It recommend it. Rudbeckia gmminifolia appears to behave in nature, at least in is an ecological companion of R . mohTi many cases, as an annual or biennial. As of the laciniata group, and like it, has the plants come into flower the basal narrow grass-like leaves. Although it is and lower stem leaves dry up. In late almost totally without eye appeal, R. flower there is rarely any evidence of gmminifolia is unique in that it is the new basal growth. However, in the gar­ only R udbeckia in nature with totally den under favorable conditions, plants reddish brown rays. Unfortunately, it is fairly similar to this extreme form have the most extreme morphologically of the been perennial. This plant is very weedy hil'ta grou p and it is very unlikely tha tit and highly competitive with other can be hybridized with any other spe­ weedy species. Where the plant is cies. The remaining species, R. hil·ta, present, along roads, along ditch banks, has been subjected to intensive breeding in old fields it is normally very abun­ and selection culminating in many culti­ dant. vars and the well-known "Gloriosa Dai­ The second form of R. triloba is rare sy." Although additional cultivars can in the south but fairly common in the undoubtedly be achieved, greater re­ north, especially eastward from Michi· wards will be attained with other species gan and Indiana. It is a comparatively that so far have not received the atten­ short plant with stout stems I-lY2 feet tion of the breeder. tall. This form has large disks and dark orange-yellow rays. Stems and foliage are normally dark green. The plant behaves Rudbeckia Triloba as a perennial. As it comes into flower a In my opinion the species with the few of the lower stem leaves may wither greatest potential as an ornamental, but but the basal leaves remain fresh and rarely seen in gardens, is R. tl'i loba. As gTCen and during most of the growing commonly seen in nature R . triloba has season form a dense cluster at the base little to recommend it. This species oc­ of the stem. This form is perhaps a weed curs in the wild as thr e.~ very distinct but certainly less weedy than that previ­ b?tanical varieties. One is unimpressive ously described. It does not appear to WIth small inflorescences and highly di­ be highly competitive and usually occurs vided leaves. It comes from a small area as a few scattered but well developed in. wester~ Florida and a single moun­ plants. I have grown plants fairly typical tam top m North Carolina. A second of these two extremes and their garden variety, with. leaves 3-lobed or merely appearance parallels their performance toothed and mflorescences laro'e for this in nature. In the garden the short plant . b speCIes, h as been recorded from only two with larger inflorescences behaves as a to three adjacent high mountains along strong perennial, remaining year after the North Carolina-Tennessee border. year with a dense cluster of basal leaves. The third variety is more or less in­ The taller plant with small inflorescences termediate between the first two. It is tends to behave in the garden as a short­ widely distributed from Massachusetts to lived perennial. It readily escaped from

124 AMERI CAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the garden and for several years persisted graphs, a possibility that makes its trip­ nearby. From these garden plants it is loidy more logical. evident that these two forms are basical­ If hybridization can be accomplished ly different and that they are not differ­ between different representatives of this ent expressions of a single genetical type interesting form it may be possible to in response to different environments. improve the plant somewhat by selec­ Some wild specimens of the northern tion for increased flower size and deeper form of R. tTiloba are sufficiently attrac­ flower coloration. However, I feel that tive to encourage their use in the gar­ nature has largely achieved what might den. The flowering stems are short and be expected from this plant and that we need only select the best th at nature has in good balance with the size of the basal clumps of leaves. Inflorescences are to offer. The multitude of intergrades between the northern and southern fairly abundant with deep reddish forms display a wide array of plant hab­ brown disks up to about % inch broad it. Some of these of medium height that surrounded by 8 well-colored rays up to branch freely and are highly floriferous about % inch long, providing an in­ would be extremely attractive if en­ florescence nearly 2 inches in diameter. dowed with the larger colorful inflores­ A special search in nature may well lead cences of the northern form. The basal to plants with somewhat larger inflores­ half of the rays of R . tTiloba is common­ cences. ly more darkly colored than the terminal It is difficult to predict the degree to h alf. It may be possible to improve this which this interesting northern form of species by selecting for plants with rays R . tTiloba is adaptable to intensive having an expanded area of the deeper breeding. Three plants grown from seed coloration or with rays that are deeply from two separate localities in Ten­ colored throughout. nessee are diploid with 38 chromosomes. Both of these plants are very typical of High-mountain Variety the southern form. Seven plants grown The high-mountain relic variety of R. from seed from four localities in Indi­ tl·iloba has, in my opinion, the greatest ana, Ohio, and Massachusetts proved to ornamental potential of all the rud­ be triploid with 57 chromosomes. All of beckias. There are very few specimens of these plants are fairly typical of the this in American herbaria, too few to northern form. If, as these data suggest, provide an independent assessment of the northern form is triploid, it must be the ornamental potential of this plant. assumed that this form reproduces apo­ However, given a close familiarit.y with mictically and it seems that it would be related elements of the species it is not impossible to hybridize different individ­ difficult to picture the appearance of this uals. On the other hand, this northern plant in the garden. Some plants of this form is sufficiently variable to suggest variety bear the typical trilobed leaves of that all of its representatives cannot be its relatives, but others have leaves m ~ r e­ of a single strain; if apomixis is involved ly toothed. Although John Kunkel in the reproduction of all of the rep· Small's Manual of the Sotltheastem Flo­ resentatives then a fairly large number Ta indicates that the plant ranges from of strains must h ave arisen independent­ I % -4 % feet in height, herbarium speci­ ly of each other. It may be a coincidence mens indicate a height range of 16-36 that only triploid populations were sam­ inches. Basal leaves appear abundant pled for cytological study and that an and the stems are very leafy. The rays addi tiona I search will yield di ploid sex­ range up to 1y,; -1 % inches in length ually reproducing populations better and surround a hemispherical to some­ suited to a breeding effort. It is also what globose, clarkly colored disk up to possible that this attractive form of R. about % inch broad. In some of the I?'iloba origi na ted from hyhridization in­ li vin bcr plants the diameter of the inno- volving the high mountain variety of R . rescence must have reached 312 in ches. t-riloba, to be discussed in later para- T hi plant in the garden probahly would

SUMMER 1969 125 be very similar in general appearance that one mountain just east of Roan to the northern form of the widespread Mountain has been referred to as Elk variety of R. triloba, differing primarily Mountain. in a lesser tendency toward lobing of the Rare plants are occasionally redis­ leaves and the much larger inflorescences. covered in the mountains of western The high mountain variety of R. l1'i­ North Carolina and adjacent Tennessee loba was first collected on Little Roan and possibly this will be the case with Mountain, North Carolina, July 19, the high mountain variety of R. triloba;. 1880. A second collection was made on The potential value of this plant is Roan Mountain, North Carolina, on sufficient to justify some effort toward its August 1 of the same year. The plant rediscovery. There is probably little to was collected on "rocky slopes of Elk­ be gained by searching Roan Mountain horn Mt., 6 mi. e. from Roan Mt., alt. but it would be well worth while to 6100 ft." in September 1884. Three addi­ explore the upper reaches of other tional collections were made from these mountains in the area, especially those same three mountain tops, the last in that are likely to have been overlooked 1885. by collectors. This plant has apparently not been collected for more than 75 years. It R. /ulgida probably no longer exists on Roan Rudbeckia fulgida is a highly variable Mountain. I have been unable to find it species of wide distribution in the during two brief visits to this locality, eastern United States, extending from and a local collector who has explored southern New England west to Illinois Roan Mountain extensively for many and south to Texas and Florida. It in­ years has never seen the plant. This is cludes 8 taxonomic varieties. Seven of such a striking plant that it is unlikely to these have well-defined or reasonably be ignored by any collector when en­ well-defined geographic ranges; the countered. With the paucity of collec­ eighth overlaps all of the others. Of the tions that have been made and the ab­ four varieties for which chromosome sence of collections during the past 75 counts were made, only a single variety years, there seems little doubt that it is was exclusively diploid, and this is the extremely rare, if indeed it still exists. only variety that approaches complete It is impossible to determine the geo­ geographic isolation from all the others. graphic location of the other sites from Rudbeckia fulgida is a stoloniferous which this plant was collected. The perennial with leafy tufts terminating Board of Geographic Names of the U.S. the very slender horizontal stolons. Rela­ Geological Survey has no record of ei­ tively few leaves appear at the base of a ther "Elkhorn Mt." or "Little Roan flowering stem, a characteristic that de­ Mt." The name "Little Roan Mt." may tracts from the overall appearance of have been applied to a ridge of Roan this species, in comparison with others Mountain or to a smaller nearby moun­ of this genus. Stems range from short tain. According to the collector's nota­ and slender to tall and stout; some bear tion, "Elkhorn Mt." lies 6 miles east of a single inflorescence, others many. The Roan Mountain and his collection was rays are deep yellow, often with an or­ recorded from an altitude of 6100 feet. ange base, from 7/ 16-1 Y2 inches long. According to topographic maps of the Disks are deep reddish brown, almost area there are no mountains east of black, when fully mature, and Y2-% inch Roan that reach this altitude. This col­ broad. This species most commonly lection probably came from one of the grows in mesic to wet areas. higher mountains to the north or south Aside from the large, well-colored of Roan or from a lower mountain to the inflorescence present in some varieties, east. I have questioned many local res­ this species is generally rather coarse idents of the Roan Mountain area and and has little to recommend it. Howev­ none have heard of Elkhorn Mountain. er, there is a wealth of variability in One local resident, however, mentioned habit and leaf form in the species and its

126 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY strongly stoloniferous habit makes it use­ Texas. Its area of distribution is com­ ful for some informal situations. In any pletely overlapped by a single variety of effort to improve this species attention R. tulgida, partly overlapped by a sec­ should focus on plants in the general ond, but there is no indication that these area of Indiana and Ohio to eastern have hybridized in nature. Rudbeckia Tennessee and northern Alabama. The missouriensis usually grows in dry areas, full variability of interest to the horti­ commonly on limestone. culturist is available within that area. The five varieties that occur and inter­ R. grandiflora grade completely within this fairly lim­ Rudbeckia grandiflora is a coarse ited area include those with the larger plant with an unbranched, stiff, erect, inflorescences. stem 2-3 feet tall. A stem usually bears a single, long-peduncled inflorescence with R. missouriensis drooping or strongly reflexed yellow Rudbeckia missow'iensis is closely rays up to 2% inches long, and a related to R. fulgida and is probably the reddish brown disk up to I 3/16 inches only species capable of being hybridized broad. The larger inflorescences are very with it. Rudbeckia missouriensis, unlike showy. Plants develop from a horizon­ R. fulgida, is never stoloniferous; the tal, branching underground rootstock. basal leafy tufts originate at the base of Rosettes of a few ovate to broadly the stem. This species is rather coarse, lanceolate leaves occur at the base of the with freely branching stems up to about flowering stem and at intervals over the 30 inches tall. The branches of the stem nearby soil surface. The esthetic appeal are sharply ascending and terminated by of this species suffers from the relatively fulgida-like inflorescences with rays up small amount of basal foliage but the to I inch long and disks up to Yz inch striking inflorescence with unusually broad. Rudbeckia missouriensis occurs broad disks and long reflexed rays, borne from east-central Missouri to eastern singl y on stiffly erect stems, gives this

l'Jl o ro BY AUTHOR R. graruliflora. Native of eastern Texas, to central Arkan as and Louisiana.

UMlVlER 1969 127 species an unusually majestic aspect especially if selections of consistently which should make ita val uable addi­ lower stature can be developed. tion to any garden. Rudbeckia grandiflo­ TO is distributed from central Arkansas References to Louisiana and eastern Texas. Perdue, R . E. Jr. 1956. Taxonomical and cy­ tological studies in Rudbeckia and related R. subtomentosa genera of the Compositae. Ph.D. Thesis. De­ Rudbeckia subtomentosa produces an partment of Biology, Harvard University, Camb~idge, Massachusetts. abundance of stout or slender stems, ----. A new variety of Rudbecliia ca li· 102 -4 feet tall, from a stout woody jomica. 1957. Rhodom 59:289-290. rhizome. Stems usually branch above ----. Synopsis of Rudbeckia Subgenus and terminate in as m any as 20 inflores­ Rudbeckia. 1957. Rhodm'a 59:293·299. cences with yellow rays up to 2 inches ----. The somatic chromosomes of Rud· beckia an d related genera of the Compositae. long and brownish disks up to 02 inch 1959 . Contrib. Cmy H e·rb. No. 185, pp. 129- wide. The inflorescences are similar to 162. those of R. gmndiflom and the rays are ----. A new variety of Rudbeckia julgido. not reflexed. Basal foliage is relatively 196 1. Rhodora 63:119-120. ----. Two new varieties and a new com­ meager but the stems are well-clothed bination in Rudbechia. 1962. Rhodom 64:328· with ovate 3-lobed leaves. In shape the 329. leaves closely resemble those of R . tri­ ----. Chromosome number in relation to loba, but the two species are not closely the morphological characteristics and geo­ related. The m ass of large colorful graphical distribution of Rudbeckia t7'iloba L. R esearch Problems in Biology. 1965 . Series inflorescences and the leafy stems should 3. pp. 126-130. American Institute of B.iologi­ encourage wider planting of this species, cal Sciences.

Excerpt from Peter J. Van Melle

On Shrubs Introduced by Ernest H. Wilson (1948) Who is to say which are " the best" ? Are not the best those that hold out to each gardener the greatest enjoyment, interest and usefulness? And are we not gardeners, a diverse assortment of creatures- some stirred the most readily by the sheer beauty of plants, some by their challenge to our skills, others by their amenability to our intentions with them? A dozen fine shrubs to remind us of a great plantsman and explorer; of the era in horticulture that produced him; men like Veitch and Sargent; men moved by an intensely human, pro­ found, and simple delight in the diversity of plants in this world, which is the life-blood of horticulture. May that blood run red again, one of these days, as it did then. B erberis gagnejJainii Kolkwitzia amabilis BeTbeTis vana Malus hupehenis (theifem) B e1' beTis venuculosa Neillia sinensis Cotoneaster diva1"icata RhododendTon micmnthum CotoneasteT mcemifloTO Sorba?"ia a?"bOTea var. soongoTica SjJimea. tTichocaTpa ColoneasleT salicifolia val'. f1o ccosa

128 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Advances in Horticulture

Ornamental Horticulture According to the new Zonation Map in Prairie Canada of Canada, prepared by Ouellet and Sherk and published by the Canada De­ \N. A. CUMMINC* partment of Agriculture in 1967, Mor­ den is in Zone 3b. The climate at Mor­ (Adapted fTOm a talh deliveTed at the den is atypical of that in the remainder 21st Annual Horticu ltuml Conference, of the three prairie provinces with the Alumni Association of the Niagam exception of one small location in the Parhs Commission School of Horticul­ extreme southwest corner of Alberta in ture, Niagam Falls, Ontario, Jan. 18, the vicinity of Waterton National Park. 1968. A. portion this talh was pub­ of Elevation of Morden is 970 feet above ltshed zn the May 1968 issue of the sea level; the lowest temperature record­ Canadian NUTseTyman) ed is ---'l1.5 °F, the highest 111.2 °F; the average frost-free period is 122 days and this, on the average, is from May 23rd to Since the main effort of the Canada . September 22nd; the average yearly pre­ Department of Agriculture in horticul­ o ipitat~on is 20.6. inches, cons.isting of tural research for the prairies is centered 15.23 mches of ram and 53.7 mches of at the Morden Research Station and snow. because I am most familiar witl~ our Research with ornamental plants at own program, I chose to make this the Morden has three main goals: 1) the starting point for my discussion on Or­ namental Horticulture in Prairie Can­ breeding of new cultivars; 2) the evalua­ ada. tion of ornamental plant material from other sources; and 3) studies directed towards finding the best methods of pro­ * ~ ea d , Ornamentals and Fruit Crops Section, Agricultural R esearch Station, Morden, Mani­ pagation under our climatic conditions. toba, Canada. We can, I think, justly claim a reason­ able amount of success in the field of breeding and selection; from 1929 to date 71 new cultivars have been intro­ duced. Some of these have gained wide recognition; e.g., 'Almey' crabapple, 'Morden Pink' and 'Morden Gleam' lythrums, 'Toba' hawthorn, 'Prairie Youth' and 'Prairie Dawn' roses, 'Coral', 'Redwine', and 'Royalty' lilacs and 'Morden ' blue spruce. Others, such as 'Morden Cupid' and 'Morden Fay' as­ ters, 'M uckle' plum, 'Snowbird' haw­ thorn, 'Prince of Wales' creeping juniper (Fig. 1), 'Miss Canada' lilac, 'Centennial' weigela, 'Aubrey' mock­ orange, 'Garry' and 'Selkirk' rosybloom crab apples and 'Stockton' pincherry, will gain in popularity. It sometimes takes years for a new variety to gain }>HOTO CREDIT: CANADA ACRICULTURE, l\10RDEN Fig. 1. 'Prince of Wales' creeping recognition. The exquisitely beautiful, juniper at Morden. double-fiowered 'S tockton' pincherry

SUM~TER 1969 129 was named and introduced in 1929 and the Brandon Research Station in is only now gaining the interest of 1965; Potentilla /mticosa 'Coronation plantsmen on this continent and in Eu­ Triumph' and Junipenls hOTizontalis rope. Still another group have only local 'Dunvegan Blue' won awards for Profes­ adaptation, such as the hardy garden sor John Walker of the University of chrysanthemums of which we have Manitoba and John Wallace of Beaver named and introduced 27 new cultivars. Lodge, Alberta in 1967; Malus 'Royal­ Very few of the Eastern-bred outdoor ty', an introduction by '!\T. L. Kerr of mums flow er early enough for our area Saskatoon, received an award of merit at and they generally lack hardiness. We, the Society'S meetings in February 1968. along with several other prairie plant The Prairie Regional Trials for breeders, have developed and made it woody ornamentals, another project of possible for gardeners on the Canadian the Western Canadian Society for Hor­ prairies to grow and enjoy this popular ticulture, is coordinated from Morden autumn-flowering herbaceous perennial. and most of the material for these trials Because most of the popular, present­ is supplied by us. Besides Morden, seven day perennial as ters (or, as they are prairie institutions are involved: Uni­ sometimes called Michaelmas daisies) versity of Manitoba at Winnipeg, Uni­ bloom too late in the season for us, we versity of Saskatchewan at Saskatoon; are producing earlier-flowering culti­ the Tree Nursery, P.F.R.A. at Indian vars. To date six have been named, Head, Saskatchewan; two separate de­ including the two dwarfs that I men­ partments of the University of Alberta tioned earlier. Several selections are de­ (Botany at the arboretum at Devon, cidedly promising; two will probably be Alberta, and Horticulture at Edmon­ named and introduced in 1969. ton); the Provincial Horticultural Sta­ The arboretum at the Morden Station tion at Brooks, Alberta; and the Canada contains just over 1,600 species and cul­ Departmen t of Agriculture Research tivars of woody ornamentals, represent­ Station at Lethbridge, Alberta. ing 116 genera, and occupies about 45 A special card is supplied on which acres. In it we are regrouping the plants hardiness data for 5 years is recorded. At into generic groups and now have desig­ the end of the 5 years these cards are nated areas for 26 genera: sent to Morden to be compiled into a Besides evaluation of trees and shrubs, composite report which is published in the arboretum serves as a gene pool for the Proceedings of the annual meeting present and future breeding in woody of the Western Canadian Society for ornamentals and as a basis for taxonom­ Horticulture. ic investigations. At present, in conjunc­ This program started in 1959 and was tion with other institutions, we are coop­ the result of a feeling that inadequate erating in chemotaxonomic studies in data were available for the zoning of Populus and Syringa and morphological trees and shrubs on the prairies. Results taxonomy of Potentilla fruticosa, its for three 5-year periods are now being varieties, forms, and cultivars. compiled and will be published in the Space is reserved in the arboretum for Proceedings of the 1968 meeting. This the Merit Trials for new introductions. list contains at least partial hardiness This project is sponsored by the Western data on 242 different trees and shrubs. Canadian Society for Horticulture, and Each year in future the data will become since its inception in 1959 a total of 73 more complete and additional species candidates for these awards have been and culti val'S will be added. voluntarily sent in by plant breeders on The landscaped grounds at the Mor­ the Canadian prairies and adjacent den Research Station occupy about 30 North-central States. To date, four acres and give us the opportunity of awards have been made: Rosa 'Assini­ displaying some of the woody material boine' and HeucheTa 'Brandon Pink' in a landscaped setting. The hedge col­ won awards for Henry H. Marshall of lection is in this area and has provided

130 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY us with valuable information on the use Dropmore, Manitoba. The work that he of trees and shrubs as hedges on the carried on as a private individual on his prairies (Fig. 2). The rose garden, con­ own resources for almost 60 years will taining the tender garden roses such as not easily be duplicated. There is no Hybrid Teas, Floribundas, Grandifloras, doubt that he was a genius among the Hybrid Perpetuals, and Polyanthas, plantsmen, and that his many introduc­ makes up part of the grounds display. tions have added greatly to the wealth of Herbaceous perennial and annual flow­ plant material available to Canadians, er trials are also worked into the their American neighbors, and to coun­ landscape plan. A mimeographed check tries of northern Europe. A li sting of list of the herbaceous perennials tested awards received by Frank Skinner in his at Morden from 1920 to 1965 is avail­ lifetime is alone impressive and indi­ able. cates the esteem in which he was held So far, I have only briefly dealt with both nationally and internationally. It our own work in ornamentals with pass­ was indeed fortunate that he was able, ing references to some of the others who with some help from both the Federal are cooperating in our endeavors. I Government and the Province of Mani­ would like now to deal briefly with a few toba, to publish the results of his work of the people and institutions that have in his book H oTticultuTal H m-izons. The had a profound effect on ornamental first copies became available in February horticulture on the Canadian prairies. 1967. Dr. Skinner died in August at the Foremost among the plant breeders age of 85. His work in the hybridizing of was the late Dr. F. L. Skinner of forest trees is not nearly so well known

Fig. 2. Hedge trials at Morden include a wide variety of plant ma­ terial.

PnOTO CREDIT: R ESEARCII STATION, RESE.ARCH BRANCH , CANADA ACRI­ CULTURE. i\IORDEN, CANADA

SUMMER 1969 131 as his work with ornamentals. He col­ n"tional parks. Starting at the most dis­ lected spruce, pine, larch, poplars, and tant point, Edmonton, the landscaped willows from many sources, and crossed grounds of the University of Alberta them. The resulting h ybrids will un­ where Professor R. H . Knowles directs doubtedly play an important role in LIte the landscaping; traveling south to Cal­ future development of the forest indus­ gary, you should see the conservatory try in Canada. and adjacent plantings at the Zoological Mention is here made of several other Gardens where credit for inspiration prairie plant breeders who have gained and guidance goes to Lars Willumsen; wide recognition: R. Simonet of double the Provincial Horticultural Station at petunia fame now spends all of his time Brooks, Alberta is next, where, with the in his greenhouse and small acreage at aid of irrigation and under the supervi­ Edmonton in plant breeding, mostly or­ sion of P. D. Hargrave, a horticultural namentals; Georges Bugnet of Legal, oasis has been created; at Regina, Sas­ Alberta has given us several new orna­ katchewan, Wascana Centre, a 1,500 mentals including the rose 'Therese acre site in the center of the city, is an Bugnet'; the late Dr. C. F. Patterson of example of enlightened landscape plan­ the University of Saskatchewan will long ning for this continent-Po J. Moran is be remembered for his lily cultivars; A. the director; about 40 miles east of Re­ J. Porter of Parkside, Saskatchewan is gina is the Canada Department of Agri­ widely known for his lilies; Percy H. culture's Tree N ursery at Indian Head 'Wright of Saskatoon for his roses and where millions of trees for farm shelter­ lilies, perhaps better known as a horti­ belts are produced and distributed un­ cultural writer; W. L. Kerr, also of Sas­ der the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act. katoon, for his 'Royalty' crabapple and Dr. W . H. Cram directs these modern, the part he played in his earlier years as large-scale nursery operations; the next a plant breeder par excellence at Mor­ stop of horticultural interest is the Inter­ den. 'Almey' crabapple, 'Toba' haw­ national Peace Garden* 50 miles south thorn and the 'Prairie' almond series are of Brandon, Manitoba. Here, in the geo­ products of his skill and vision as a plant graphical center of North America, is a breeder; H. H. Marshall of the Research garden dedica ted to peace. I ts formal Station at Brandon Manitoba for his grounds are impressive although not yet work in hybridizing' native spe~ies with completed, and in it natural beauty more showy, but tender cultiv·ars in abounds; 100 miles to the east is Morden Rosa, Heuchem, MonaTda and Geum; and I have already dealt sufficiently with the late William Godfrey, for many our work here. On your way to Win­ years head gardener at Morden, whose nipeg, I am sure you will wish to call in work in the hybridization of roses led to at Carman to visit a distinguished the introductwn of 'Prairie Youth' and member of your Alumni Association, played an important role in the Morden Lawrence Aubin, who owns and oper­ rose br-eeding project; H. F. Harp, who ates one of the leading commercial nurs­ followed Mr. Godfrey at Morden, for his eries on the prairies; the last' official roses, mockoranges, lythrums, chrysan­ port of call on this tour is a developing themums and asters, and for his untiring arboretum under the direction of·Profes­ effort in producing a weekly radio script SOl' Louis Lenz at the University of for the C.B.C. Prairie Gardener for the Manitoba in Winnipeg. From Edmon­ past 7 years; and lastly, Dr. \!\T. R. Leslie ton to Winnipeg you will have covered who for 35 years directed the plant approximately 1,200 miles and spent 7 breeding at Morden in both ornamen­ to 10 days enroute. On your next visit, tals and fruits. start at Morden and we will be delighted You will be interested, as horticultur­ to outline an equally interesting tour of ists, in a list of the more important horticultural interests for you. places to visit, in the three Prairie Prov­ inces, other than civic, provincial and "' See AHS Magazine, Winter 1969, p. 20.

132 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Pilot Garden of attending a Tuesday evening series o( Roxbury/Dorchester lectures on landscaping, came up to me after one of the classes and said, 'Mr. The Pilot Garden of the Rox buTY/ Lees, I wish we could do ·something DOTcheste1" Community Beautification about a neighborhood gardening pro­ Committee. Cad ton B. Lees, Executive gram in Roxbury.' From this beginning DiTectoT, Massachusetts R01"ticultuml So­ came the establishment of the Pilot Gar­ ciety. The following is from the 1967 den at Erie and Ellington Streets, Dor­ YeaTbook of the Massachusetts ROTti" chester, and, for the first time, the estab­ cultuml Society. li shment of the 4-H program within the city of Boston." The Society brought the necessary Advances in horticulture arise from coordinating agencies together, such as experimentation and observation in the the Massachusetts 4-H Foundation, and garden, the test plot, and the laboratory. the Cooperative Extension Service of the They start as ideas awaiting recognition University ·of Massachusetts, and subsid­ and application. Thus it is a significant ized a course in practical gardening for "advance" in the horticultural world potential leaders from Roxbury. It also when man is taug-ht and comes to realize provided the design for the garden, that, ". _ . he has within himself the helped find macerials and plants, and power to improve his environment and gave support through lectures and mee t­ the responsibility to maintain it." The ings with leaders (Figure 1) . words are Carlton Lees's, Executive "The potential of this program can Director of the Massachusetts Horticul­ make your head spin," Mr. Lees said, tural Society. Writing in the 1967 Year­ "teaching, as it does, man's obligations book of the Society, he noted, "_ .. we ... to himself and to those who will come can look to 1966 as the year in which a after him, how to preserve and create program was launched which promises the surroundings for a better life. The to have far reaching results. It all began future of the American landscape de­ when a member of the Society, who was pends on so simple a lesson."

PHOTO FROM THE l\rfASSA­ CHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fig. 1. Planting clay in Dorchester, Massachusetts, August 4, 1966.

SUM~lER 1969 133 Weeds

This section on weeds is a new featuTe of the American HOTti­ cultuml Society's jouTnal. Its editor is Dr. Loran L. Danielson, Leader, Weed Investigations, Horticultural GTOPS, AgTicultuml R eseaTch Semice, U. S. Department of AgTiculture, Beltsville, MaTyland 20705. The purpose of this new seTvice is to help Society membeTs become knowledgeable about weeds and their control.

CONTROLLING MUGWORT Rhizome segments and seed may also IN WOODY be introduced in topsoil and soil accom­ ORNAMENTAL PLANTINGS panying balled ornament-al plants. A number of scientists have studied L. L. DANIELSON the life history and physiology of mug­ Mugwort, ATtemisia vulgaris, a mem­ wort as a basis for developing control ber of the sunflower family, is one of the methods. These studies have shown that most seri'ous weed pests in homesite and mugwort not only competes with orna­ public landscape plantings and in nur­ mentals for nutrients, light, and water, sery plant production. It is also com­ but also inhibits growth of other plants monly known as wormwood and wild by merely growing adjacent to them. chrysanthemum. It is native to the Chemical analyses have shown that mug­ United States and is most widespread in wort roots secrete substances that inhibit Northeastern States and along the Pa­ the growth of other plants, and thus cific Coastal region. assist in domination of the plant com­ The foliage and stems are in general munity. quite similar in shape and size to chrys­ Hand-weeding, including hoeing and anthemum plants. This has led to the weed pulling, is not effective in control­ name "wild chrysanthemum." Its flowers ling mugwort and is of little benefit for are very small and inconspicuous, and the weeder aside from healthful exer­ clearly distinguish it from chrysanthe­ cise. This is largely counteracted by the mums. The numerous small flowering frustration caused by the ineffectiveness heads occur in terminal or axillary clus­ of such efforts! Mulching with organic ters. Mugwort grows best in well-limed materials or plastic sheeting is also and fertilized soils. ineffective in controlling mugwort be­ Reproduction is by rhizomes and cause of its vigorous spreading growth seeds. On being introduced to a new and extensive root reserves. area and left undisturbed, it spreads Controlling mugwort is an especially rapidly by means of numerous prolifer­ complex problem, but several control ating rhizomes. The spread is even more measures that may be used separately or rapid if the soil is hoed or cultivated and in various combinations have been de­ the rhizomes cut into many short lengths veloped. To begin with, the soil in new which are distributed throughout the areas to be planted should always be area. Hoeing also reduces competing fumigated. So should the new top soil as vegetation. Each piece of rhizome may it is brought in. This will kill mugwort produce one or more new plants. seed and rhizomes. Buy high-quality,

134 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Fig. 2. Vegetative growth of mugwort in early spring. This is an ideal stage for treatment with amitrole.

weed-free nursery stock and care full y remove any weeds as they appear. Established mugwort in woody orna­ mentals can be safely controlled by care­ fully directing the spray of the herbicide Fig. 1. A typical mugwort stem and 3-amino-s-triazole [amitrole] to the new leaves showing the resemblance to mugwort foliage in early spring. Mug­ chrysanthemum. wort foliage usually appears in early spring before the foliage of most decidu­ ous woody ornamental plants expands. Thus, spraying at this time reduces the r--' ; possibility of injury to the ornamentals. The weeds should be sprayed a second time after 6 to 8 weeks. Use an alumi­ num, plywood, or cardboard shield be­ tween the spray nozzle and ornamentals to protect the valuable plants from the spray. Use a spr·ay solution containing­ two level tablespo'ons of the formulated 50% amitrole wettable powder, or equivalent of other formulations, per gallon, plus a tablespoon of liquid household detergent. Completely wet the weed foliage but do not waste spray solutions by making excessively heavy applications that drip off the leaves. Spray when the weather is calm to pre­ vent spray drift. Do not spray when rain Fig. 3. Flowering mugwort plants in is imminent within 24 hours. early fall. Notice that flowers are very Mugwort in plantings of some species small and not similar in arrangement of woody ornamentals can be safely con­ and distribution to chrysanthemums. trolled by application of granular 2,-

SUMMER 1969 135 6 -d i chI oro b e n zoni t r i 1e [dichlobenil] All agricultmal chemicals recom­ herbicide to the soil in late fall when mended for use in this report have been daytime temperatures average about registered by the U .S. Department of 60°F. T olerant ornamental species and Agriculture. They should be applied in rates of application are given on the accordance with the directions on the manufa·cturer's label. Carefully res trict manufacturer's label as registered under use to plantings of the tolerant orna­ the Federal Insecti cide, Fungicide, and mental species listed on the label. Rodenticide Act.

Fig. 4. Effects of amitrole herbicide The first sign of amitrole injury is the on mugwort plants. Treatments left white appearance of new foliage. This to right are, respectively : untreated; is followed by the drying up of all of and amitrole 2 Ib/ A, 4 Ib/ A, and 8 the foliage and death of the plants in Ib/ A applied as a spray on the foliage. 2 to 3 weeks.

Fig. 5. Effects of dichlobenil herbicide that the lower rate of treatment great­ on mugwort plants. Treatments left to ly reduces plant vigor resulting in right are, respectively: untreated; and very thin stems with many lateral dichlobenil % Ib/ A, %, Ib/ A, l~ shoots. Higher rates halt plant growth, Ib/ A, and 3 lb/ A applied to the soil cause severe foliage burn, and even­ and covered lightly with soil. Notice tually kill the plants.

136 AME RICAN HORTICULT URAL SOCIETY Garden Notes

Metasequoia Produces Male Flowers birro individuals had to be moved;. growth in Williamsburg, Virginia of one of the trees was serIously retard- ed. My recollection is that these six trees In June 1948 I visited the Jardin ha ve produced female cones for at least Botanique de l'Etat in Brussels and saw ten years. Dr. Speese harvested 1968 seed in a greenhouse there many seedlings of from which she has a number of vigor­ Nletasequoia glyptostroboides) from seed ous seedlings. distributed by the Arnold Arboretum. I Data on two of our trees are recorded sent a small packet of the same lot of via photographs made by Col. Donald seed by airmail to Dr. Bernice M. Speese W. N oake on March 25 , 1969. Sets of the at the College of William and Mary, and photographs are at Kew, the Arnold she planted them immediately. Germi­ Arboretum, the Missouri Botanical Gar­ nation was in a matter of days. We den, and the U.S. National Arboretum, might well date the seedlings from July and specimens (Baldwin 17019) are in 1,1948. the herbarium of the National Arbore­ Five of the young plants were estab­ tum. lished on the grounds of the College and One of the photographs shows trees another given to a resident of the city. with heirrhts of 57 and 69.3 feet respec­ They all thrived. Later however, two tively a n~l with corresponding girths of 10.3 and ca . 9.5 feet at ground level. The picturesq ue bases are buttressed and fluted, as shown in the second photo-

PHOTO COL. DONALD W. NOAKE PHOTO COL. DONALD VY . NOAKE Fig. 1. Metasequoia glyptostroboicles Fiu. 2. Base of 57-foot tree. Circum­ h'ee on left, 57 feet high; on right fe;ence at ground level, 10 feet 4 69.3 feet high. Planted in 1948. inches.

SUMMER 1969 137 mountain water. Through the efforts of Dr. Russell J. Seibert, Director of Long­ wood Gardens, and the diligent green­ house expertise of rvIr. Clarence Deck­ man, orchid section head, visitors at Longwood Gardens could view a mass display of this rare orchid, a first in this country, during May and June. To start from the beginning, on June 24, 1964, a small number of off-shoots of Disa IIniflom, after passing quarantine inspection at the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Inspection House in \"'ash­ ington, D.C., arrived at Longwood Gar­ dens from faraway Cape Town, South Africa. They were in poor shape and dehydrated. From this shaky start, Mr. Deckman flowered four plants, pol­ linated them and collected the seeds. He now has close to 300 plants from this first generation. A second and third ge n­ eration are being produced. Through experimentation the dread-

PHOTO COL. DONALD W . NOAKE Fig. 3. Male cones (just prior to flow­ ering) on lower side of branch from 69.3 foot specimen; female cones at end of the branch. graph. A branch with male and female cones constitutes the third photograph. Dr. Kenneth F. Bick determined the heigh ts of the trees. These are among the largest represen­ tatives of dawn redwood in cultivation; they are likewise among the first to have ma Ie cones and to produce viable seed. This note supplements "Wyman's re­ port on M etasequoia in cultivation (A?·­ noldia 28: 11 3- 123. 1968.)

J. T. BALDWIN, JR. PTofessoT of Biology College of William and MaTY WilliamsbuTg, ViTginia. 23185

RARE ORCHID ON DISPLAY AT LONGWOOD GARDENS Today, few people apart from moun­ LONGWOOD GARDENS PHOTOGRAPH taineers in South Africa have seen a red Disa uniflora, rare orchid from Table Disa unifloHl., Pride of Table Mountain, Mountain, South Africa, on display in growing in its natural habitat along orchid cases at Longwood Gardens, streams and furrows of clear running Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.

138 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ed fungus on the soft stem has been director of the Arnold Arboretum, de­ eliminated. Thanks to up-to-date air­ scribed this plant, the double bloodroot, conditioning, a moist, cool atmosphere is as Sanguinaria canadensis var. multi­ maintained during the hot summer plex. In 1931 Weatherby made it a form months. rather than a variety, and in botanical After five years, the story is far from literature today it would be listed: San­ being told. More crosses will be made. guinaria canadensis Linnaeus forma The results in the horticultural world multiplex (Wilson) Weatherby. may compare to the ventures the sailors In his article Wilson mentioned that have had in charting their courses Dillenius in 1732 had illustrated a "San­ around Table Mountain, Cape Town, guinaria major flore pleno" in his Hor­ South Africa. tus Elthamensis, vol. 2, p. 334, plate 252,

LOIs WOODWARD PAUL fig. 326. This plant had 14-16 petals, only double the normal number, where­ (Mrs. f. Folsom Paul) as Mr. von Webern's plant had the mul­ Supervisor of Education ti plication of the petals carried to a Longwood Gardens greater extent so that even the stamens Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348 and carpels were transformed into pet­ als. Wilson also says that th-:: plant THE DOUBLE BLOODROOT* named S. canadensis (var.) plena by Weston in The Universal Botanist &­ Sanguinaria Canadensis 'Multiplex' NurseTyman 3; 610, 1772 is the same as Dillenius's plant, since '!\Teston cited the Mr. Guido von Webern had a perceptive Dillenius reference in synonymy when eye and a love of nature. In 1916 he was he coined the name plena. attracted by a seven acre tract of land at the corner of North Main Street and Mr. von Webern's plant is no longer Turner Road in Dayton, Ohio, about growing at the Arnold Arboretum, nor four miles north of the center of the was the plant accessioned in the Arbore­ city. He bought the property because of tum collections, apparently. But Mr. von the beauty of the terrain, which in­ Webern's widow, presently Mrs. T homas, cluded a steep slope covered with splen­ has preserved the letter of acknowledg'e­ did trees; the site seemed likely to be the ment from the Arboretum. She reported setting for wild flowers, a particular de­ recently that the original plant on the light of his. Dayton property suffered either from ne­ In spring when he inspected what he glect or depredations of one kind or an­ had purchased, he discovered to his joy, other until it ceased to exist in 1966. among a clump of Sanguinaria canaden­ After his gift to the Arnold Arbore­ sis, a solitary plant with a fully doubled tum and before the demise of the plant blossom. Because of his acquaintance in Dayton, Mr. von 'l\Tebern gave divi­ with the native flora and his amateur sions to two friends. One soon died and knowledge of botany, he realized that he the fate of the other has not bee n traced, had spotted an unusual mutation. It was but from neither source is it likely that a small spindly plant; so, without dis­ the plant got into general horticulture. turbing it, he marked its location and The Arnold Arboretum has no record protected it. By 1919 the plan t had in­ of having distributed the plant, but this creased to a vigorous clump, large seems the most likely origin of the com­ enough to divide. Mr. von ''''ebern sent pletely double-blossomed form of the a division of the plant to the Arnold bloodroot that is found here and there Arboretum in the autumn of that year. in connoisseurs' gardens. No record ex­ In the GardeneTS Chmnicle, series 3, ists of its having been found in the wild vol. 73, p. 283, May 1923, E. H. Wilson, either before or since Mr. von "Vebern's discovery on his newly purchased prop­ erty in Dayton, Ohio, in 1916. ·For an earlier article see The American Horticullural Magazine, 47 (4) :361, 1968. Occasionally the plant is offered in

S l\'lMElt 1969 139 nursery catalogs or written about in decay, it is wise to divide the clumps and garden books or magazines. In these replant about every three years to insure publications it is usually referred to ei­ vigor and avoid excessive rotting. ther as Sangu ina1'ia canadensis flare Division is most satisfactorily carried plena or 'Flora Plena', or 'Flore PIe no', out late in the summer when leaves have or plena. either completely disappeared or hav·e Since, so far as can be determined, all obviously performed their function and the fully double specimens in cultivation the new white growing tips have formed ultimately derive from Mr. von at the ends of the advancing rhizomes. Webern's original plant, they should The plant should be carefully lifted to properly be designated Sanguinaria disturb as little as possible the short cana densis forma mu.lt.iplex, a name fleshy feeding roots which grow from the which would cover any fully double sides and lower surface of the rhizomes. forms similar to von Web ern's that may The cluster of rhizomes may be broken have been, or might still be discovered. apart and each segment with a growing Or, by grace of horticultural literature, tip replanted shallowly to form the nu­ they may be called Sanguinaria can­ cleus of another yearly enlarging clump. adensis 'Flore Pleno' indicating a culti­ The "bleeding" of reddish orange acrid var, with all existing plants derived by juice from the broken rhizome appears vegetative means from von \IVebern's not to lessen its vigor, but the divisions original. should be promptly replanted to prevent Because Dillenius used the name flO1'e dessication, especially of the feeding plena to describe a form with only some roots. extra petals and because such forms are A clump of Mr. Guido von \IVebern's sometimes found in the wild and may be Sanguinaria canadensis 'Multiplex' with introduced, confusion might be avoided its glist=ning white globes is an object of if horticulturists would consistently use real beauty in a woodland garden. To the Wilson n ame Sanguinaria canaden­ his perceptive eye and to his generous sis 'Multiplex' as a cultivar for the fully sharing of the unique wild flower gar­ double-flowered blood root. deners owe a real debt of gratitude.

The double-flowered blood root is a H. LINCOLN FOSTER handsome plant with an advantage for N1 illstTeam Howe garden purposes because it holds its pet­ Falls Village, Connecticut 06031 als for many days longer than the sin­ gle-flo wered form. The si ngle or even many-petalled forms quickly drop their TOYON petals as soon as the blossom is fertilized. Heteromeles arbutifolia The 'Multiplex' culLivar has no sexually functioning organs; hence the blossoms If any single evergreen shrub native to are infertile and the petals more per­ California had to be chosen as the most sistent. useful, ornamental and perhaps best That it cannot set seed and hence known. it would be Toyon, also known reproduce itself by self-sowing as the as California Holly, or Christmas-berry, fertile forms do readily, does mean that and botanically H etemmeles m·butifalia. its distribution de pends on gardeners. It is not a true holly, but of the rose Fortunately the thick prostrate rhi­ family, and is closely related to the haw­ zomes, which are just beneath ground thornes. Very early its outstanding surface, naturally divide and produce features were recognized by gardeners new growing points, A single rhizome and it became a popular subject both planted in rich humus soil, preferably [or home gardens and for large scale not strongly acid, in an area lightly landscaping. shaded, never parched, nor soggy, will in a few years produce a sizable clump of Description flowering shoots. Because the rhizomes Toyon is a large shrub which may do tend to double back and old rhizomes become a small tree under certain condi-

140 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY tions. Evergreen leaves are thick, almost leathery, serrate on the margins, rich green, and up to four inches long. A wealth of cream-white flowers in round­ ed clusters blooms in June, followed by bright red berries, generally well-colored by October, remaining intact for most of the winter. These large berry clusters are unequalled for holiday decoration, and gardeners are encouraged to grow toyon for this purpose, as well as for its other pleasing features.

Distribution Toyon grows in a number of habitats and is well distributed in foothill regions over most of Calitornia, and into Lower California. It is to be found in li ghtly wooded places, brushy slopes, and in chaparral communities, from the coastal

RANCHO SANTA A N A BOTANIC GARDEN area to 3500-foot elevation. As a chapar­ ral plant it is a dense, plant of four to six feet. In lightly wooded areas it is apt to become a slender, open small tree 1I p to twenty feet or more in height. Fre­ quently it occurs in scattered colonies of hilly regions, and may be companioned by dwarf or tree oaks, buckeye, garrya, poison-oak, redbud, and other typical foothill natives. A form which inhabits cool, moist slopes of the Channel Islands is known as H eteTomeles aj'butifolia var. macTocarpa, a handsome variety with exceptionally large and heavy fruit clus­ ters.

Uses Toyon is a satisfactory garden subject, and with well-drained soil will accept more water than do most native shrubs. It is also tolerant of high shade, and in this situation is easily trained into a single trunked specimen. In gardens it is suitable for background, screen, in­ formal hedge, or mingling with other RANCHO SAN rA ANA BOTAN I C GARDEN shrubs or trees, where it is outsta nding fleteromeles arbutifolia (abov.e), and during its flowering and fruiting peri­ Heteromeles arbutifolia (Christmas ods. Also drouth-tolerant, toyon is rec­ Berry), (below). Both are common ommended as a bank or slope cover to on semi-dry brushy slopes and in can­ aid in erosion control. I have used toyo n yons, below 4·,000 ft.; mountains of as part of a mixed border, and where southern California to Humboldt County, and in foothills of Sierra crowded by other plants, it a tLained Nevada from Shasta County to Tulare a bout fifteen feet, producing a full crown County; northern Lower California. of flowers and fruits. In a drier section

S M~IER 1969 141 of my garden plants grew to more dense in mixed plantings with such natives as proportions, of four to six feet in height. redbud, selected forms of Cell nOlhlls, or its companions here included Pl'UrlIIS exotic materials including hard leaf aca­ ilicifolia, species of Fl'emontia, Ce­ cias, or oleander, Nel'ium oleandeL anothus, ATctostaphylos and the rare It is a well known fact in California alderleaf-ma'hogany, CeTOcm'p1lS alni­ that the famous town of Hollywood was folitlS. Gardeners in England have culti­ so named because of the masses of vated toy on for many years, calling it H etel'omeles aTbl,ttitolia whicb original­ may bush because of its relationship to ly grew in that area, and was commonly hawthorn. can ed California-holly. This fact is apt "Vhen toyo n b ~co m ~ s established in a to be forgotten however in the welter of garden, volunteer seedlings are apt to sensational news coming from the movie appear. If this does not happen, it may capital. Some plants have been retained be grown from seed planted in a coarse in gardens, along streets, ev·en in vacant soil mixture in pots or fiats. Fresh seed places, but to see toyon in its former germinates readily; for stored seed, three abundance one must go into the sur­ months' stratification is recommended. rounding foothills and arroyos. Plants may be held in containers for the Along with our state flower, the Cali­ first year to insure a good root system, fornia poppy, (Eschscholzia' calitomi­ and then planted out the second au­ ca) , the toyon holds a place of affection tumn. Toyon generally begins to flower as a typical native confined almost en­ and set berries by the third year. tirely to this state. Everywhere it grows it Along with other materi als, toyo n is is striking for its large leaves of crisp now used in great quantities for freeway quality, and its large clusters of glowing beautification. In one area it h as been red berries. planted in solid masses to become dense and hedge-like, the firm foliage always MARJORIE G. SCHMIDT clean, showing off the immense clusters Box 325 of glowing berries. Elsewhere it is used Ha)'foTh, Caiifomia, 96041

Liquidambar styraciflua. A typical branch of the unusu­ ally corky sweet gum de­ scribed in Professor J. T. Baldwin's article, The Ameri· can Horticultural Magazine, Vol. 48, No.2 (Spring 1969), Gardeners' Notebook section, pages 88-89. This photograph should have appeared in order to clearly identify the plant described in his note, "An Un­ usually Corky Sweet Gum." The editors regret the omis­ sion.

PHOTO D ELMORE WEN ZEL

142 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Book Reviews

Bamboos, A Gardener's Guide to Miniature Trees in the Japanese Style Their Cultivation in Temperate Climates Gillian E. Severn. Taplinger Publishing Co., 29 East 10th St., New York, N.Y. 10003. 1968. 104 Alexander High Lawson. Taplinger Publish­ pages. Illustrated. $4.50 (Library). ing Co., Inc., 29 East 10th Street, New York, N.Y. 10003. 1%8. 192 pages. Illustrated. $12.00 Although this volume was written primarily (Library) for the British market, it co ntains considerable information which would be of use to the Bamboos are among ~h e most elegant of plants American bonsai enthusiast. There is much and the giants of the grass family. Bamboo can practical information on so il requirements, pot­ provide a whole new dimension to the garden ting and re-potting; and although the nomencla­ landscape. The lush evergreen foliage of many ture is based on W . .J. Bean's Trees (Inri Shrubs provides a soft background summer and winter, Hm'dy in the British Isles, the li st of the plant and affords an ideal wind screen and a refuge to material, both evergreen and deciduous, with birds. If we were to recommend one hardy the Latin and common names appear, with bamboo, a good choice would be Pseudosasa descriptive notes-all of which is helpful. Useful japonica (Arundinaria jajJonica) for its endur­ guides are also given on the choice of co ntainers, ing beauty throughout the year. the size, shape, color and glaze being full y This book is the most comprehensive horticul­ discussed . tural treatment on hardy temperate bamboo­ There are ch apters on training and dwarfing kinds and culture-to appear in this century. It bonsai and ma rn e bonsai (these m ay be only two was written in England and the informa tion inches tall!). The book CO /Hains a number of applies specifically to British and Continental line drawings, depicting clearly the points cov­ gardens. The book is divided into six parts: I . ered in raising bonsa i. ancl a goodly number of The Bamboo Garden , 2. How the Bamboo black and white photographs showing the vari­ C rows, 3. Care and Gultivation, 4. The Propaga­ ous styles, the upright. slanting, clasped to tion of the Hardy Bamboo, 5. Commercial uses stone, and other styles which make the growin g of the Bamboo, and 6. Descriptive Olassification of miniature trees in the J apane.ic style ~o of the Species, Varieties, and Cultivars. Altogeth­ challenging. er, over 90 kinds of bamboo are listed and MRS. FRANCIS PATTESON-KNIGHT descr.i bed. Nfr. Lawson knows bamboo well from the co ll ection at Pitt White in East Devon where h e Natural Dyes in the United States is head gardener and keeper of one of the most comprehensive bamboo collections in Europe. Rita J. Adrosko. Smithsonian Institution T he horticultural uses and cultural recommen ­ Press, U .S. National Museum Bulletin 281 , dations are based upon long experi ence with Washing-Ion D.C. 1968. 160 pages. Illustrated. each kind as to its own special merits and $3.25 (Library). requirements. The no menclature of bamboo is anot.her m atter. Names continue to be in a state If yo u ha l'e ever wondered exactly how planls of change and for this rea'son a conservative can be or have been used as dyes. this is the concept of genera prevails in this account. ''''e'll book that will answer most of yo ur questions. known bamboos. which in the United States arc since the terms "natural d ye" and " plant dye" grown as Pse'udosasa japonica, Semial'undiTlQ.!·ia are almost sy nonomous. It includes some fifty /ast/,Losa, and Sin(lrundinaria nilida, are left in tested recipes for d yeing textiles, with specific A"unriinaria in this book. But problem s of instructions for handling the fabrics. mordants, nomenclature are not a major fault. Synonyms tempel atures, a ncl dyestuffs. \-Ve are tolel wheth­ are li sted for each species for clarity and conven­ er to use the bark, twigs. leaves. roots. or flowers ience of reference. For further reading, one of the plant, at what stage of development or should consult F. A. McClure's book, The time of the year they arc to be gathered. and Ramboos, A 'Fresh PeTSpective (1966) , which whether they should be used fresh or dried for was reviewed in this Magazine in July 1966, as the greatest potency. Even if you have no the latest scientific account on bamboo. intention of ever coloring so much as a handker­ T·he excellent line drawings are by Mr. R . E. chief, the recipes make fascinating readi ng. con­ Browne, and a scattering of photographs of ta ining as they do ingredients such as 7 quarts li ving bamboo fills out the illustrations. A list of dry crushed camomile flowers (buff) , 1 Y2 pecks Chinese and Japanese names of bamboo and a shredded fresh tlllip tree leaves (gold) . and 1 glossary are found at the end of the book. peck of fin ely chopped Norway maple bark FREDERICK G. MEYER (rose-tan) .

SUMMER 1969 The. book has several useful appendices, the graphs show in graphic form how each phase of most interesting of which is a list of indigenous the work should be handled. plants that can be used as dyes, including such Mrs. Haring's articles in The Floml IVIagazine, startling plan t parts as celery stalks and arti­ to which she is a contributing editor, are always choke leaves. pleasant reading. This is also true of the book, Miss Adrosko also gives us a brief history of which goes far beyond the scope of the articles the textile·dyeing industl'y in general and more in its systematic presen tation of her thorough detailed histories of the most important dyes knowledge of her subject, gained from 25 years used in the United States until the end of the of practical experience. 19th century, at which time organic dyes were There are chapters on how to prepare suitable replaced by mineral elements in commercial soil mixtures and how to build cold frames. usage. With the exception of lilies, other chapters MADELINE L. LOVETT include comprehensive "encyclopedias" on all types of horticultural material from annuals and hOllse plants to trees and shrubbery. There are always specific details on germination and trans­ Successful Gardening- in the Greater planting. The conservationists will be especially Washington Area pleased with the information on starting our Anthony R. Gould, Ed. The Men's Garden fast-disappearing native beauties from seed. The Club of Montgomery County, 6309 Valley full page illustration of trillium by the artist Kathleen Boinke is outstanding. Road, Bethesda, Md. 20034. 1969. 128 pages. lllustrated. $1.75. From the line drawings of seedlings, at the fron t of the book, to the lists of seedsmen and Successful Gardening is the product of some govern men t experimen t stations, at the end, this two dozen gardening amateurs living in the is a worthwhile book for gardeners of all ages greater 'Washington area who have tried a little and degrees of experience. of almost everything and pass on their experi­ MRS. A. THOMAS BENZINGER ences, good and bad. It describes most of the garden plants that will do well in the Maryland­ District of Columbia-Virginia area, and some that won't. Greenhorn's Guide to Gardening This book is included in these reviews as an D. X. Fenten. Grosset & Dunlap, Inc., 51 example of a gardening guide written for a local Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10010. 1969.246 area by practical, experienced gardeners familiar pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library) with local conditions and with kinds and varie­ This book is exactly what its title indicates: a ties of plants that will give satisfaction. It is the gardening book for the beginning gardener. The type of project that a local garden club can author has done an excellent job of fulfilling the prod uce to fu rther successful gardening in their purpose for which he intended the book. locality. Various methods are explained in detail and Successful Ga,-dening represents the third such the writing is done in an enjoyable and humor­ publication of the Men's Garden Club of Mont­ ous style. Almost all phases of gardening are gomery County, 23 years old, with 150 members covered, and the "how to" photographs and who meet regularly the first Thursday each sketches are a real asset. month to discuss plants and gardens, doing this, Perhaps the most prominent theme through­ incidently, without the benefit of constitution or out is "Plan ahead"-one which it would be well by-laws. for all gardeners, experienced or otherwise, to CONRAD B. LINK heed . The book should be ex tremely helpful to the novice, as the author suggests types and brands The Complete Book of of equipment, chemicals, and other aids which Growing Plants From Seed would be most appropriate for a small home owner. Excellent charts on disease and pest Elda Haring. Hawthorn Books, 70 Fifth Ave., dangers and their controls, and specific planting New York, N.Y. 10010. 1967. 240 pages. instructions for a variety of crops are discussed Illustrated. $7.95 . (Library) here. This second edition of Elda Haring's well­ This work is, of necessity, very general in written and beautifully presented volume from nature. There are no regional suggestions but it H awthorn Books is one that does all that its seems most a ppropriate for the northeast. It title claims for it. Its text answers all the would be a good buy for anyone just beginning questions that the novice gardener might wish his gardening experiences. to ask, and 'Walter Haring's step-by-step photo- MRS. PATRICIA L. COLLINS

144 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY "

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Nickerson Color Fan The American Horticultural that anyone leaf, any group of tern of Color Notation which is Society has for many years been leaves, or all of them can be fast becoming accepted as stand­ interested in making available fanned or pivoted out for use. ard by many industries and so­ to the horticultural public a Each leaf has seven color chips cieties dealing with color sys­ popularly priced color chart that ranging from the palest to the tems in America. The !.hart uses could be used as a standard in deepest hue of a single color. In color names that have been se­ all phases of horticultllTe. its closed pQSition the Fan meas­ lected as standard by the In ter­ No color chart except those u res one and a half inches by Society Color Council and by with a thousand colors or more seven and a half inches and is the National Bureau of Stand­ can obtain all the colors needed one-half inch thick. Fully opened ards. by the various horticul tural it measures fourteen and a half Judges who have used the Fan groups, but the Nickerson Color inches in diameter. report that the color chips are Fan, which has been approved so easy to h andle, particularly Included with the chart is a when working with color classes, by America's outstanding color twelve page booklet explaining that they prefer it to any other foundation. can well become the llse of the Fan in detail. color reference. Its handy, com­ standard. The Fan is composed Printed in small type on each pact form makes it exceptionally of 40 separate leaves fastened color chip is the descriptive convenient to use out-of-doors betw een a front and back cover color name and its numerical by gardeners, hybridilers, and of heavier stock in such a way designation in the Munsell sys- growers in teres ted in color.

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AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 2401 Calvert N. W., Washington, D. C. 20008 Please send me ______coPy of the Nickerson Color Fan copIes I enclose $ ______for the m o Members price $6.37 o Non-members price $7.50 o Plus postage and handling $0.25 each N a me ______.. ______

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Ci ty ______S ta te ______Zi P Code ______The American HORTICULTURAL Magazine

Members will recognize below the color illustration which appeared on the Spring 1969 issue, Volume 48, Number 2. It is the Carmine-Rose Hybrid Polyanthus, one of the Paci/W Strain of Polyanthus Primroses developed by Mr. Frank Reinelt of Vetterle and Reinelt. The Monumental Printing Company, which takes pride in its color work, was not entirely happy with the quality of the Spring cover. It has kindly contributed this reprinting as more compatible with its own and the Society's color standards.