SECTION THREE: HOW WATER GETS TO OUR TAPS
This section explores how water is delivered from water collection areas to our taps. SECTION 3: HOW WATER GETS TO OUR TAPS
THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION IS TO HELP STUDENTS TO: • Understand how water gets from the water collection area to their taps • Understand that getting water to taps takes time, energy and money
OVERARCHING CONCEPTS FOR SECTION THREE: • Water is collected from dams, aquifers and groundwater and is distributed through a network of pipes to residents
44 SECTION 3: HOW WATER GETS TO OUR TAPS
Learning experiences – Section Three Learning Learning Curriculum links Content experiences intentions (Achievement objectives) Students will . . .
1. OUR WATER SUPPLY • Understand how drinking water is Social Sciences: Level 4 Students examine a map collected for Hamilton City, Waikato describing the water sources in Understand how producers and consumers and Waipa Districts water supply. their local area. They then identify exercise their rights and meet their where their water comes from and • Identify where their drinking water is responsibilities. how it gets to their school. collected from.
2. WATER’S JOURNEY • Understand how drinking water gets Social Sciences: Level 4 Students order steps in the from water collection areas to taps. process of getting water from the Understand how producers and consumers TO OUR TAPS water collection area to our taps. • Identify who is responsible for exercise their rights and meet their delivering water to residents. responsibilities Technology: Level 3 Nature of Technology: Characteristics of technology Understand how society and environments impact on and are influenced by technology in historical and contemporary contexts and that technological knowledge is validated by successful function.
3. THE RIGHT WATER • Recognise the difference between Social Sciences: Level 3 View examples of treated drinking treated water, untreated water, water, untreated water, greywater Understand how people make decisions about IN THE RIGHT PLACE greywater and wastewater. and wastewater. Learn about the access to and use of resources. differences between the types of • Describe safe uses for the different Health: Level 3 water and describe appropriate types of water. Personal Health and uses for each. Physical Development: Safety management Identify risks and their causes and describe safe practices to manage these.
4. NO WATER SUPPLY • Understand the possible effects of Health: Level 3 Students are led through an earthquake on the water supply Personal Health and a scenario involving a fictional FOR A DAY network. Physical Development: earthquake. They investigate Safety management the possibility of a disrupted • Plan the use of emergency water Identify risks and their causes and describe water supply and make plans to supplies during a natural disaster. safe practices to manage these. prioritise emergency water use. Social Sciences: Level 4 Understand how people participate individually and collectively in response to community challenges.
45 3:1 OUR WATER SUPPLY – TEACHER NOTES
Background knowledge CurriculuM LINKS Methods of water collection There are a variety of different methods used around New Zealand to get water Social Sciences: Level 4 to our taps. Methods include: Understand how 1. Collection from roofs directing rainwater into tanks. producers and consumers exercise their 2. Pump systems in streams to transport water to houses. rights and meet their 3. Intake pipes to divert water from rivers, streams, bores and springs into water responsibilities treatment plants and then into a piped network. 4. Bores and wells to extract water from the ground directly to homes or to a Other curriculum links: L 3 and 4 piped network. Mathematics: Geometry The worldwide situation and Measurement Technology: Nature of technology In New Zealand, most people receive water that is diverted from rivers, streams, bores or springs into a piped network. Worldwide, improved water and sanitation has been a focus of large international orgainisations and improvements have been made, yet 663 million people rely on unimproved sources of water, including 159 million who depend only on surface water8. EDUCATION FOR Water collection areas in Hamilton City, SUSTAINABILITY Waikato and Waipa regions For each of our districts, the pipe network receives water from different places CONCEPTS and distributes it to our taps. Interdependence/ • Hamilton City Council - 100 % from the Waikato River. Whanaungatanga: • Waikato District Council - 75% from the Waikato River. The remaining Everything and everyone quarter (25%) comes from springs (Raglan and Onewhero), a bore in our world is connected (Te Akau), Maraetai stream (Port Waikato) and a piped connection to Auckland’s southern water supply (Tuakau and Pokeno). Equity: respect for all life, social justice, • Waipa District Council - 37% from Mangauika Stream (Te Awamutu and Pirongia), 6% from two bores (Kihikihi) 35% from springs (rural supply and intergenerational equity, Cambridge), 22% from the Waikato River (Cambridge, Pukerimu, Ohaupo finite resources and Airport). Water supply to different suburbs Usually, water collected in certain areas is supplied to certain suburbs or towns. However, where possible our water supply system is flexible. Sometimes water from one area can be supplied to another nearby area if needed. This generally happens when maintenance is being carried out on the pipe network.
8 World Health Organisation. n.d. Fact Sheet 391, July 2014 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/
46 Water Infrastructure Students can use your Councils Geographical Information Systems to see the full RESOURCES water network. “Hamilton’s Bulk Water Hamilton: In the top ribbon choose “Layers”. Just click “water”, “property Supply Network” poster boundaries” and “aerial 2012”. Zoom in to see the detail. http://gisviewer.hcc.govt.nz/templates/3Waters/ “Hamilton’s Water Source” Waikato: Choose your area from the drop down centre bottom of the screen poster Under “Modules” menu (top left) choose “Utilities”. Under :Layers” (middle left) “Waipa’s Bulk Water unselect all except “Place label” and “Water Supply”. Within “Water Supply” unselect “WS Valves” and “WS Point”. http://maps.waikatodistrict.govt.nz/ Supply Network” poster IntraMaps80/default.htm?project=Waikato&configId=b2549ae1-f643-4ac6- “Waipa’s Water Source” 9586-211ba985dd8f poster Waipa: In left menu under modules choose “Utilities”. Under Layers only have “Road Names” from Transport tab selected. Select all under “Water supply” except “water supply points”. Also select “aerials”. Zoom in to see the detail. http://maps.waipadc.govt.nz/intramaps80/?project=Waipa&configId=c9a5d33f- 2458-4f3b-888c-a89e47729685 Hamilton’s Water Collection Area The intake is located on the banks of the Waikato River, off Waiora Terrace in Fitzroy, on the southern edge of the city. This is in the lower reaches of the Waikato River, which starts at Lake Taupo, with predominantly farming activity in the catchment, even though the intake is an urban area. From the Water Treatment Plant it is distributed to eight reservoirs around the city that provides a source of gravity to assist water pressure into neighbourhoods and helps with the supply of water during periods of high water demand. Waipa’s Water Collection Areas The Te Awamutu Water Collection Area The supply is taken from the Mangauika Stream on Mount Pirongia which is a catchment covered in native bush (Pirongia State Forest Park). There is a weir (small dam) in the stream that raises the level of the water. A proportion of the water from the stream is diverted into an intake pipe below the weir. Waipa District Council has a resource consent for this intake. It covers the maximum abstraction flow (the maximum amount of water allowed to be taken) and a minimum flow rate for the stream (after abstraction) to protect fisheries and aquatic habitat values. From the weir, the water is piped to a large storage dam then onto the Te Tahi Water Treatment Plant and distributed to Pirongia, Te Awamutu and the surrounding properties. Water is stored in two concrete water supply reservoirs in Te Awamutu located on Frontier Road and Taylors Hill.
47 The Kihikihi Water Collection Area RESOURCES The supply is taken from the Waikato local aquifer and is sourced by two bores “Waipa’s Bulk Water in the center of town (Hall Street and Church Street). From the bores, the water Supply Network” poster is piped to the Rolleston Street Water Treatment Plant and distributed to Kihikihi township and surrounding properties. Water is stored at the Water Treatment “Waipa’s Water Source” Plant in two (steel and concrete) reservoirs. poster The Cambridge, Leamington and Karapiro Water Collection Areas Serviced by three sources:
• Hicks Road Springs
• Waikato River (from below the Karapiro dam). Hicks Road Springs The supply is taken from two separate springs that are quite close together in bush gullies on the lower slopes of Mount Maungatautari. Each spring is fenced off and covered with a corrugated iron building to increase security of the water source. Each spring is tapped by a gravity fed draw off point with the water being diverted into an intake pipe. From the springs, the water is piped to the Hicks Road Water Treatment Plant and is stored in the Karapiro reservoirs above Maungatautari Road. The water is distributed to Cambridge and the surrounding rural properties. Lake Karapiro The intake is located on the banks of Lake Karapiro which was formed by damming the Waikato River. The intake is at the southern end by the dam. The Water Treatment Plant is right beside the lake (5.8 km south-east from Cambridge town center). From the intake, the water is piped to the Karapiro Water Treatment Plant and then pumped to the Karapiro township, surrounding properties. Water is stored in the Karapiro reservoirs above Maungatautari Road and in other reservoirs in Cambridge North and Hautapu.
Waikato River (two intakes, one at Alpha Street and one at Pukerimu Lane) The intakes are located on the banks of the Waikato River, downstream of Cambridge. This is in the lower reaches of the Waikato River, which starts at Lake Taupo, with predominantly farming activity in the surrounding area. The water is pumped to two Water Treatment Plants, one located at Alpha street and one at Parallel Road. Water is pumped directly into the Cambridge reticulation (pipes in the town) from Alpha Street Water Treatment Plant. About 20-40 properties take raw (untreated) water from the Pukerimu Lane supply before the water reaches the Parallel Road Water Treatment Plant.
The Parallel Road Water Treatment Plant provides water to Ohaupo and the rural reticulation (piped network) area as well as Mystery Creek, the Airport and Titanium Retail Park each of which has their own reservoir.
48 Waikato’s Water Collection Areas RESOURCES Pokeno and Tuakau Water Collection Areas “Waikato’s Bulk Water Pokeno and Tuakau are both experiencing a rising population at a rapid rate. Supply Network” poster The age and capacity of the water treatment plants in these towns mean they can’t service all the new residents. “Waikato’s Water Source” Because of this, Waikato District Council has secured a water supply from poster Watercare. Watercare supply 378 million litres of water to Auckland every day and are now also supplying water to Pokeno and will also shortly supply the Tuakau township as well. Te Kauwhata Water Collection Area Te Kauwhata’s water collection intake is in the lower reaches of Waikato River, downstream of Rangiriri. Waikato River starts at Lake Taupo, the water flows from the mountain ranges and into the River, before starting its journey down to Waikato.
The Te Kauwhata Water Association (TKWA) supplies semi treated water from their storage reservoir. The TKWA draws water from Waikato River and Council treats the water at their treatment plant in Hall Road. TKWA own the intake and pipeline to the treatment plant but Council team members operate and maintain the system. Water is stored at the Hall Road Water Treatment Plant in a reservoir and is distributed to Te Kauwhata township, surrounding rural properties (including Springhill Prison), Rangiriri, Whangamarino and Meremere. Huntly Water Collection Area Huntly’s water intake is located on the banks of the Waikato River, towards the southern end of the town. Waikato River starts at Lake Taupo, the water flows from the mountain ranges and into the River, before starting its journey down to Waikato. The water goes through a pump station to the water treatment plant in Jackson Road. Water is then supplied to the Huntly Township and surrounding rural properties, including the Genesis Huntly Power Station and the Solid Energy Mine. Ngaruawahia Water Collection Area Ngaruawahia’s water intake is located on the banks of the Waikato River where the Waikato and Waipa Rivers merge. This is in the northern edge of town in the lower reaches of the Waikato River and is known as ‘The Point’. Waikato River starts at Lake Taupo, the water flows from the mountain ranges and into the River, before starting its journey down to Waikato.
The water moves through the pump station to the water treatment plant in Brownlee Avenue, to the west of the Waipa River (although the water is from the Waikato River). The water is stored at the water treatment plant in two reservoirs that provides a source of gravity to assist water pressure in town. Water is delivered to Ngaruawahia township, Horotiu and surrounding rural properties by Horsham Downs. This supply also services several large commercial and industrial customers and will supply Hopuhopu and Taupiri by the end of 2015.
49 Hopuhopu and Taupiri Water Collection Area The water intake is located on the banks in the lower reaches of the Waikato River, at Penny Crescent. Waikato River starts at Lake Taupo, the water flows from the mountain ranges and into the River, before starting its journey down to Waikato.
Water travels through the pump station, to the water treatment plant and then to a steel reservoir situated on top of the hill at Hopuhopu. Water is then delivered by gravity feed to Hopuhopu Village , Tanuinui Endowed College, Hopuhopu Sports Complex and Taupiri.
These towns will soon be fed by the Ngaruawahia Treatment Plant with a connection to the Huntly Water Treatment Plant planned in the future. Southern and Western Districts Water Collection Area Matangi, Eureka, Tamahere, Gordonton, Puketaha and Newstead are all served by the Southern Water Collection Area.
Stonebridge and Te Kowhai Road get water from the Western Districts Water Collection Area.
Both of these water collection areas are supplied by Hamilton City Council from Waikato River. The intake is located on the banks of the Waikato River, off Waiora Terrace in Fitzroy, on the southern edge of the city. Waikato River starts at Lake Taupo, the water flows from the mountain ranges and into the River, before starting its journey down to Waikato.
Water is distributed via eight bulk water pipes from the water treatment plant to the Southern and Western parts of the Waikato District Council area.
50 Raglan Water Collection Area. A fenced spring at the upper reaches of the Omahina Creek at Te Hutewai Road supplies Raglan with their water. The catchment is predominantly farm land with small native bush remnants that backs onto Mount Karioi. The water is collected by two pipes drilled into the spring which discharge into a chamber before being pumped through UV and chlorination treatment.
The water is then pumped to a high level reservoir allowing the water to be gravity fed to the town reticulation (piped network) and to two further storage reservoirs.
The Raglan water collection area has to cope with a large increase in population over the summer period as people flock to the beach town for the summer. Port Waikato Water Collection Area Water is taken from the the Maraetai Stream close to Port Waikato on Waikaretu Road. The catchment (the area where water is collected) is predominantly covered with native bush in the lower reaches of the stream and changes to farm land further upstream. The water is collected and pumped to two reservoirs located in Cobourne Place. Onewhero Water Collection Area Onewhero’s water supply is taken from a spring on Kaipo Flats Road, the catchment is predominately farmland. The water is treated with UV before being supplied to the township by pumps. Te Akau Water Collection Area Te Akau’s water is taken from the Waikato local aquifer and is sourced by a 76m deep bore close to Te Akau Wharf Road. From the bore, the water is piped to the reservoir and distributed under gravity to the few surrounding properties.
51 3:1 OUR WATER SUPPLY – LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning experience LEARNING • Share learning intentions and success criteria.
INTENTIONS • Turn on a tap in the classroom. Ask students if they know where the water in Students will: the tap comes from. Discuss their ideas. Understand how drinking • Explain that water from the tap originally comes from their local collection water is collected for their areas; (This will depend on where your school is located – see teacher notes local water supply and the poster). • Display the poster “Water Sources” and identify the water collection areas. Identify where their Explain how water is collected; briefly explain how water is collected from drinking water is the river (Hamilton), how a weir works (Waipa) and how wells access water collected from from a spring (Waikato) (see teacher notes). Display the poster “Our Bulk Water Supply Network”. Explain that this poster only shows the bulk water network. The city council’s water supply network takes over at the reservoirs shown and delivers the water the rest of the way to your taps (see page 50 – 3.2. Water’s journey to our taps for more information).
• Hand out 3a. Draw attention again to the water collection areas, SUCCESS CRiTERIA and emphasise the one which provides water to your school. Mention the pipes which carry the water from the water collection area to the suburbs. Students can: Ask students to highlight the appropriate water collection area and attempt Show where their water to trace the path of the pipes from this area to the suburb where your school is collected from and is. Use the poster as a guide. what path it takes on • Ask if any students are not on town supply and discuss alternatives a map of their local area to town supply. Explain how water As an extension, students could also trace the pipe network from the is collected at the water water collection areas to their home or to familiar landmarks. collection areas Reflection questions • What is an intake pipe? An intake pipe is a pipe in the weir which takes water in from the river, stream or spring to be delivered to the water treatment plant.
RESOURCES • What would happen if there was no water available at one of the water Poster Hamilton City collection areas? Water from another water collection area would be used where possible. In towns and cities the pipe network is designed to be able Councils bulk water to deliver water from most water collection areas to most suburbs. As a last supply network resort water could be trucked from one water collection area to another. Poster Waikato District Councils bulk water Vocabulary supply network. • water collection area Poster Waipa District • infrastructure Councils bulk water supply network 3a The source of our drinking water
52
How is water collected from this area? (explain in your own words )
PLANTS
& KARAPiRO KARAPiRO &
CKS RD RD CKS i H FROM
WATER TREATMENT TREATMENT WATER
PLANT
WATER
ALPHA ST ALPHA
TREATMENT TREATMENT
WATER RD HiCKS
TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT
HALL ST BORE ST HALL
CAMBRIDGE
WATER KARAPIRO
TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT
TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT
ROLLESTON ST WATER WATER ST ROLLESTON
CHURCH ST BORE ST CHURCH
KIHIKIHI
TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT
PARALLEL RD WATER WATER RD PARALLEL
TE AWAMUTU TE
WATER i TAH TE TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT
PIRONGIA
THE SOURCE OF OUR DRINKING THE SOURCE WATER PLANT
3A:
FROM TE TAHI TAHI TE FROM WATER TREATMENT TREATMENT WATER WATER TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT WATER MAIN WATER & WETLANDS LAKES RIVERS, STREAMS OHAUPO PUKERIMU
WAIPA’S BULK SUPPLY WAIPA’S LEGEND Colour in the water collection area(s) where your drinking water comes from. Trace the path(s) of the the path(s) Trace collection from. in where drinking comes the your area(s) Colour water water collectionmain pipes school. the area from your water to
53 How is water collected from this area? (explain in your own words )
WAIKATO’S WATER NETWORK POKENO TUAKAU PORT WAIKATO Legend Legend Reservoir Legend Reservoir Treatment Plant Reservoir Treatment Plant Water Supply Line Treatment Plant Water Supply Line Urban Water Supply Area Water Supply Line Urban Water Supply Area Rural Water Supply Area Urban Water Supply Area Rural Water Supply Area Road Statehighway Rural Water Supply Area Road Statehighway Road and Rail Parcels Road Statehighway Road and Rail Parcels Private Property Road and Rail Parcels Private Property Public land and Reserve Private Property Public land and Reserve Water Public land and Reserve Water Water
GIS DEPARTMENT Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Created For: Draft A3 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Pokeno Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 GIS DEPARTMENT Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography GIS DEPARTMENT Ref No: SD4794 Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Meters Created By: AJT NORTH A3 Created For: Draft A3 Created For: Draft 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Cadastre sourced from Land Information Port Waikato Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Tuakau Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 Datum: 2000 Ref No: SD4794 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Ref No: SD4794 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. TE KAUWHATA - URBAN HUNTLY Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. TE AKAU Legend Legend Legend
Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir
Treatment Plant Treatment Plant Treatment Plant
Water Supply Line Water Supply Line Water Supply Line Urban Water Supply Area Urban Water Supply Area Urban Water Supply Area Rural Water Supply Area Rural Water Supply Area Rural Water Supply Area Road Statehighway Road Statehighway Road Statehighway Road and Rail Parcels Road and Rail Parcels Road and Rail Parcels Private Property Private Property
Public land and Reserve Private Property Public land and Reserve
Water Public land and Reserve Water
Water
GIS DEPARTMENT GIS DEPARTMENT Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Created For: Draft A3 Meters Created By: AJT NORTH 0 250 500 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Created For: Draft A3 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Te Akau Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Datum: 2000 Te Kauwhata Urban Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Ref No: SD4794 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Datum: 2000 Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. Ref No: SD4794 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography TE KAUWHATA - RURAL Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. HOPUHOPU - TAUPIRI RAGLAN
Legend GIS DEPARTMENT Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Created For: Draft A3 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Reservoir Cadastre sourced from Land Information Huntly Urban Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 Ref No: SD4794 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Treatment Plant Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012.
Water Supply Line
Urban Water Supply Area
Rural Water Supply Area
Road Statehighway
Water
Legend
Reservoir
Treatment Plant
Water Supply Line
Urban Water Supply Area
Rural Water Supply Area
Road Statehighway
Road and Rail Parcels
Private Property
Public land and Reserve
Water
GIS DEPARTMENT Meters Created By: AJT NORTH GIS DEPARTMENT Created For: Draft A3 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Created By: AJT NORTH Cadastre sourced from Land Information Kilometers A3 Raglan Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Created For: Draft Datum: 2000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography 024 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Ref No: SD4794 Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. Te Kauwhata Rural Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Ref No: SD4794 Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. NGARUAWAHIA Legend HOROTIU SOUTHERN DISTRICTS - RURAL Legend Reservoir HCC Flow Meter
Treatment Plant Reservoir Water Supply Line Treatment Plant Urban Water Supply Area Water Supply Line Rural Water Supply Area Urban Water Supply Area Road Statehighway Rural Water Supply Area Road and Rail Parcels
Private Property Road Statehighway
Public land and Reserve Water
Water Waikato District
Waikato District
GIS DEPARTMENT Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Created For: Draft A3 0 500 1000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Horotiu Urban Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Ref No: SD4794 Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. THE SOURCE OF OUR DRINKING THE SOURCE WATER
GIS DEPARTMENT WATER TREATMENT PLANT WATER SUPPLY LINE PUBLIC LAND AND RESERVE Meters Created By: AJT NORTH Created For: Draft A3 0 2000 4000 Date Created: 25/07/2014 Cadastre sourced from Land Information Southern Districts Rural Water Supply Projection: NZTM New Zealand under CC-By. Datum: 2000 LEGEND Imagery owned by Waikato Regional Aerial Photography Ref No: SD4794 WATER RESERVOIR URBAN SUPPLY AREA RIVER, LAKES, WETLANDS AND STREAMS Service (WRAPS) 2012. Copyright WRAPS 2012. ROAD/STATE HIGHWAY RURAL SUPPLY AREA 3A: Colour in the water collection area(s) where your drinking water comes from. Trace the path(s) of the the path(s) Trace collection from. in where drinking comes the your area(s) Colour water water collectionmain pipes school. the area from your water to
54 How is water collected from this area? (explain in your own words )
HAMILTON’S BULK SUPPLY ROTOTUNA RESERVOiR (uNDER CONSTRUCTION)
HORSHAM DOWNS
HUNTINGTON FLAGSTAFF ROTOTUNA
PUKETE RESERVOiR PUKETE
ST ANDREWS FAIRFIELD RESERVOiR
CHARTWELL TE RAPA BEERESCOURT
FAIRVIEW DOWNS
MAEROA RESERVOiR
RUAKURA MAEROA CLAUDELANDS
CBD DINSDALE
DiNSDALE RESERVOiR FRANKTON RUAKiWi RESERVOiR HILLCREST HAMILTON HiLLCREST EAST RESERVOiR NEWCASTLE HAMILTON RESERVOiR LAKE
HAMILTON GARDENS RIVERLEA
MELVILLE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
TEMPLE VIEW GLENVIEW
LEGEND WATER TREATMENT PLANT WATER RESERVOIR BULK MAIN THE SOURCE OF OUR DRINKING THE SOURCE WATER TRUNK MAIN TLA BOUNDARY HAMiLTON SOUTH RESERVOiR 3A: Colour in the water collection area(s) where your drinking water comes from. Trace the path(s) of the the path(s) Trace collection from. in where drinking comes the your area(s) Colour water water collectionmain pipes school. the area from your water to
55 3:2 WATER’S JOURNEY TO OUR TAPS – TEACHER NOTES
Background knowledge CURRiCULUM LINKS Water’s journey through the pipe network Social Sciences: Level 4 From a water collection area (e.g. river/aquifer), water takes a complicated Understand how journey through a series of pipes before it finally ends up in our homes or producers and workplaces. Here is a snapshot of your local councils’ network: consumers exercise their • Hamilton: 1 water treatment plant. 8 reservoirs. More than 1,000 km of rights and meet their water pipes. responsibilities • Waikato: 10 water treatment plants. 30 reservoirs. Around 700 km of water pipes. Technology: Level 3 Nature of Technology: • Waipa: 6 water treatment plants. 14 reservoirs. 560 km of water pipes. Characteristics of Water distribution Technology: Most of the water supply network is underground, and we hardly ever see it. If you Understand how society dug up the area around your house, you would find evidence of the pipe network. and environments impact Gravity and pumping water on and are influenced by technology in historical The piped network operates with the help of gravity and pumping stations which and contemporary boost the flow of water in the pipelines up hills. Gravity assists the flow of water downhill. See http://www.sierra-eg.com/pressure_management.php contexts and that technological knowledge The job of a water reservoir is to store the water so that there is enough to use is validated by successful throughout the day. The busiest times for everyone using water is in the morning when people wake up and shower, and again in the evenings when people cook function dinner, shower and water the garden. These times put huge pressure on the Other curriculum links: water treatment plants and sometimes it is hard for the plant to keep up with all L 3 and 4 of the water that is needed. The reservoirs allow the treatment plants to operate Social Sciences, Science – at a constant rate, which is the way the plants operate best. Investigating in Science By having water stored in the reservoir, it also means that water supply and pressure can stay the same. Maintenance EDUCATION FOR A network of meters and gauges monitor the flows and levels in the reservoirs and pipes and let the Council Operators know if any maintenance is needed. SUSTAINABILITY Water delivery systems are complex and expensive to maintain. The reservoirs CONCEPTS also provide water during routine maintainence as well as in emergencies - for fire fighting or when a water main breaks. Interdependence/ Water pipes Whanaungatanga: Everything and everyone The photo on the following page was taken at a home where some construction in our world is connected work was taking place. The two large pipes are the stormwater and wastewater/ sewer pipes. The water supply pipe is the small grey pipe on the far left. Sustainability/Hauora: Although you may think that our drinking water is really important and therefore The choices we make would need a large pipe, this water supply pipe is only 1.5 to 2cm in diameter. today affect the choices It connects to a larger water main pipe at the street. Water main pipes in streets we can make in the are between 5 and 20 cm in diameter. The bulk water pipes from the water future treatment plant are even bigger – the biggest pipes are between 25 cm to 1 metre in diameter.
56 3:2 WATER’S JOURNEY TO OUR TAPS – LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning experience LEARNING • Share the learning intentions and success criteria INTENTIONS • Examine the pipes connected to the taps in the classroom and attempt to Students will: trace where they go next. Ask students how the water gets from the water Understand how drinking collection area discussed in the previous learning experience to the taps water gets from the at school or at home. Encourage further detail than just the pipe network. If you are able to, view local examples of reservoirs, pumping stations and water collection area water pipes below ground. to their taps • Explain that water has weight and is heavy. Use an example of a bucket Identify who is filled with water to illustrate this. Invite students to try to lift the bucket responsible for delivering full of water. water to community • Explain that effort and energy is required to move water uphill (against gravity). Water will always try to flow downhill (with gravity). Ask students how the movement of water uphill might be possible. Briefly explain how pumps assist the process (see teacher notes).
• Ask students if they know who is responsible for delivering water to SUCCESS CRiTERIA residents. Each Council is responsible for delivering water for the community Students can: from intake to tap. Order the steps in the • Hand out 3b. Point out the reservoir. Ask students to share their ideas about process of delivering what a reservoir does (see teacher notes for description). water from the water • Ask students to cut out the squares showing the stages of water’s journey to collection area to tap our taps on 3b and put them into the correct order. They could also record notes about each stage of the process. Describe who is responsible for • Share answers on 3b: Answer sheet and discuss. delivering their water Reflection questions • If there was no town supply, how would you get water? Answers will vary e.g. collect rainwater, emergency supplies. RESOURCES • How do the councils know if there is a problem with the water supply network? (see teacher notes) 3b Water’s journey from collection area to tap Vocabulary • gravity
• pumping station
Water supply pipe
57 i R R VO RESE (LARGE HO L DING TANK) (LARGE EATMENT PLANT R T EATMENT WATE TION AREA Explain each step of the journey in your own words. C PES I n you r h o u se P i PES R COL L E WATE TAP WATER’S JOURNEY FROM WATER COLLECTION AREA TO TAP AREA TO COLLECTION WATER FROM JOURNEY WATER’S PUMP i NG STATION 3B: Cut out the out cards and below arrangeCut journey them in the correct order water’s show to collection the areafrom the water to tap.
58 PES I n you r h o u se P i PES TAP EATMENT PLANT R T EATMENT WATE i R R VO RESE (LARGE HO L DING TANK) (LARGE TION AREA C PUMP i NG STATION R COL L E WATE WATER’S JOURNEY FROM WATER COLLECTION AREA TO TAP: ANSWER SHEET TAP: AREA TO COLLECTION WATER FROM JOURNEY WATER’S 3B:
59 3:3 THE RIGHT WATER IN THE RIGHT PLACE – TEACHER NOTES
Background knowledge Curriculum LINKS Water quality Social Sciences: Level 3 Water in the environment will always carry with it varying levels of impurities, Understand how people such as metals, bacteria or organic matter. Sometimes we can see these make decisions about impurities (e.g. dirt/grit), but often they are so small that the water could look perfectly clear and still be carrying them. access to and use of resources Water from different sources will contain differing levels of a variety of impurities, depending on the environment it has passed through. Some of these impurities Health: Level 3 can be harmful to our health. Personal Health and Greywater Physical Development: Safety management: Greywater can be defined as the water used once in baths, showers, hand basins, and washing machines. It is not free from impurities like treated water. It Identify risks and their can be contaminated with waste (e.g. soap, dirt). Yet greywater can be re-used causes and describe on gardens or for outdoor use. safe practices to Rain water harvesting manage these This means capturing water from your roof and stored in a tank. It can be Other curriculum links: plumbed into the house for the toilet and washing machine, or used in the L 3 and 4 garden. If not collected into tanks it joins the stormwater system and goes back Social Sciences, Science – to the natural water supply without being uses. Investigating in Science Wastewater Wastewater is water that has been contaminated with human waste and cannot be re-used. This is water used when flushing the toilet and in urinals. Wastewater enters the sewage system and is treated at a wastewater treatment plant before EDUCATION FOR being discharged. SUSTAINABILITY Wastewater hazards CONCEPTS Wastewater can contain bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses that can cause serious infections in humans. It is not to be handled. Sustainability/Hauora: The choices we make Why re-use water? today affect the choices Often people use treated, drinking-quality water for activities that don’t require we can make in the drinking-quality water, for example, watering the garden or (if treated) flushing future the toilet. In many countries it is common to re-use greywater or rain water for these purposes. Responsibility for To ensure a steady supply of water for future generations and for a larger Action/Kaitiakitanga: population we may need to start re-using greywater and harvesting rain water If we want to use taonga, more in the future. A greywater recycling system and rain water tanks cut down we must look after the demand for drinking water and reduces the pressure on our water supplies. taonga. Taking action, Pressure on the water supply informed decision- The more water we use, the more ‘pressure’ we put on the water supply making, citizenship, to meet our demands. If everyone used water carefully and used more water consumerism, efficient appliances (washing machines, dual flush toilets etc) there would not be enterprise, resilience and as much demand for water and the current water supply would be adequate. regeneration For more information on water efficient appliances please check http://www.mfe.govt.nz/fresh-water/tools-and-guidelines/water-efficiency- labelling-scheme
60 3:3 THE RIGHT WATER IN THE RIGHT PLACE – LEARNING EXPERIENCE
LEARNING Learning experience INTENTIONS Before beginning the activity, set up four glasses of water – treated, untreated, Students will: greywater, and wastewater* (as described in resources on bottom right) Recognise the difference • Share the learning intentions and success criteria. between treated water, • Display the four numbered glasses of water. Describe what treated water untreated water, greywater means and explain that one of the four glasses is treated water (out of and wastewater the tap). Describe safe uses for the • Write a definition for treated water and record the definition. different types of water
• Explain the differences between the other types of water (untreated, greywater and wastewater). Together write definitions of these types of water. • Ask students to guess which types of water are in each numbered glass. SUCCESS CRiTERIA Ask them to justify their answers. Reveal the contents of each glass. Students can: Discuss differences in appearance of each type of water. Describe the differences • As a class, discuss the quality of the treated water that comes out of the tap. between treated water, Ask students how we use water from the tap. Are there some activities that untreated water, greywater we use drinking-quality water for which don’t need treated water? and wastewater (e.g. should we use greywater instead of treated water for watering plants?) Explain appropriate uses for • Hand out a copy of 3c. Ask students to record the appearance and these different types appropriate uses of each type of water. of water • Compare and discuss answers. Discuss appropriate uses of each type of water. Share examples. Reflection questions RESOURCES • What do we mean by pressure on the water supply? (see teacher notes) 3-3c: Types of water and their uses • How much less water could we use from the water supply by re-using Four clear glasses containing untreated water or greywater for some activities where we currently water: use tap water? 1. Treated water (from the • Why can’t we re-use wastewater? (see teacher notes) tap/bottled water) • Why don’t we use more rainwater or greywater now? 2. Untreated water (from a stream or rainwater tank or Vocabulary other source) • greywater 3. Greywater (water that has been used to • wastewater wash hands or from • untreated other washing activity) • impurities 4. ‘Wastewater’* (a teaspoon of dirt mixed with tap water to simulate wastewater) *DO NOT use real wastewater
61 Possible use Possible Quality Clean, healthy water containing no bacteria, viruses or harmful minerals Usually safe for Probably healthy water. drinking not safe Probably unhealthy water, to use for drinking definitely not Unhealthy water, safe to use for drinking, probably contains waste Appearance Description Water that has been treated and/or filtered Water and is safe to drink collected such as rainwater, Fresh water, from a roof or water stream river. that has not been treated and could Water possibly contain bugs or other impurities Greywater is water that left after washing clothes, dishes, baths or showers. It may contain bugs that make it unsuitable for drinking but can still be used for things like watering gardens. It is not fresh but seriously polluted from toilets, containing human Wastewater waste, that cannot be used again and must be treated to remove contaminants before it can go back into the water system
TYPES OF WATER AND THEIR USES OF WATER TYPES UNTREATED UNTREATED WATER Type of water of water Type WATER A: TREATED B: C: GREYWATER D: WASTEWATER 3-3C: in could for it you use of activities of the the types Describe appearance and examples give of water of each type the table below:
62 Possible use Possible Drinking, washing the dishes, cooking, showering/bathing, washing hands clothes, cleaning, filling the pool, Washing drinking (after being boiled) Flushing toilets, watering the garden, cleaning the car No suitable use. Should be put into sewage system for treatment Quality Clean, healthy water containing no bacteria, viruses or harmful minerals Usually safe for Probably healthy water. drinking not safe to use for Probably unhealthy water, drinking definitely not safe to use for Unhealthy water, drinking, probably contains waste Appearance Clear, no colour or impurities Clear, May be clear or slightly coloured. have impurities Likely to have May be grey in colour or cloudy. some impurities Dark or dirty in appearance, will contain impurities Description Water that has been treated and/or filtered Water and is safe to drink collected such as rainwater, Fresh water, from a roof or water stream river. that has not been treated and could Water possibly contain bugs or other impurities Greywater is water that left after washing clothes, dishes, baths or showers. It may contain bugs that make it unsuitable for drinking but can still be used for things like watering gardens. It is not fresh but seriously polluted from toilets, containing human Wastewater waste, that cannot be used again and must be treated to remove contaminants before it can go back into the water system
TYPES OF WATER AND ANSWER THEIR SHEET USES: OF WATER TYPES Type of water of water Type UNTREATED UNTREATED WATER A: TREATED WATER WATER A: TREATED B: C: GREYWATER D: WASTEWATER Describe the appearance of each type of water and give examples of the types of activities you could use it for in could for it you use of activities of the the types Describe appearance and examples give of water of each type the table below: 3-3C:
63 3:4 NO WATER SUPPLY FOR A DAY – TEACHER NOTES
Background knowledge CURRiCULUM LINKS Water supply issues Health: Level 3 We can easily take our water supply for granted. Because the water supply Personal Health and network is so complex and widespread, it is vulnerable to a variety of potential Physical Development: problems. A natural disaster of any kind or a severe weather event can disrupt Safety management: water services. Identify risks and their How could an earthquake affect our water supply? causes and describe An earthquake is usually the result of tectonic plates moving and colliding, safe practices to causing shaking and movement. The Christchurch earthquakes demonstrated manage these what can happen to water pipes during an earthquake. There may be severe damage to some parts of the network in an earthquake. Social Sciences: Level 4 Understand how people Be prepared before a disaster participate individually Being prepared for a disaster like an earthquake is a particular concern for all and collectively in Councils, as they are responsible for looking after their communities. After a response to community natural disaster, demand for help from agencies like the Civil Defence will be challenges overwhelming. Therefore, it is up to individual households to prepare for the possibility that they may not have water or food available for several days. In a Other curriculum links: severe earthquake it may even take several weeks or months to restore water L 3 and 4 to all homes. It is important that everyone prepares for this possibility. Students Social Sciences should consider how their families would be prepared for a disaster. They should ideally have a family emergency plan and an emergency kit including food and water. Emergency water supplies EDUCATION FOR Schools are required to have at least 4 litres of water on hand per person per day when a public supply is not available. Homes should have enough emergency SUSTAINABILITY water stored for at least 3 litres of water per person for at least 3 days. This CONCEPTS amount is just for drinking. More water should be stored for cooking and personal hygiene. Stored water should be replaced every year. Interdependence/ Whanaungatanga: What should we do during an earthquake? Everything and everyone In an earthquake, it is advised to take no more than a few steps and drop, cover, in our world is connected and hold. It is recommended that students shelter underneath a strong table or beside an interior wall. Sustainability/Hauora: The choices we make More information about emergency preparedness is available at: http://www.whatstheplanstan.govt.nz/earthquake.html today affect the choices http://www.getthru.govt.nz/ we can make in the future
64 3:4 NO WATER SUPPLY FOR A DAY – LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning experience • Share the learning intentions and success criteria. LEARNING
• Explain to students that they are about to hear a fictional scenario about INTENTIONS an earthquake. The earthquake has not really happened. It is only a Students will: scenario to help them learn about how to prepare for the possibility of Understand the possible a natural disaster. effects of an earthquake • Read the fictional news report and earthquake scenario on 3d on the water supply to the students. Clarify the scenario and answer any questions. network • Discuss what an earthquake is. What should students do during an Plan the use of earthquake? See: http://www.whatstheplanstan.govt.nz/earthquake.html emergency water • Explain to students that they will be responsible for organising how the supplies during a natural emergency water supplies are used in their homes. If you have emergency disaster water bottles, display these for effect. (In a real emergency, students would be picked up from school where possible)
• Share the other information on 3d. Discuss how much water is required for each activity and share ideas about how they would use the 6 litres a day per person.
• Together with the students, decide which water uses would be the SUCCESS CRiTERIA highest priority during an emergency situation and which would be Students can: the lowest priority. Describe how the • Reassure students that there has not been an earthquake and water supply network that they are safe. may be affected by an • Now that you have explored the possibility that one day there may be earthquake or other a natural disaster, investigate how prepared people are at school and natural disaster at home for the possibility of such an event. Plan how they will use a • Ask school staff and the principal whether there are emergency water limited supply of water supplies at the school. Discuss findings. during an emergency • Ask students if they are prepared for a natural disaster at home. Explain that situation they should have water and food stored at home in case of emergency and a family plan for emergency situations.
As an extension, students could design an emergency survival plan for home or school. RESOURCES 3d Earthquake scenario Example of Emergency water bottles 3e Emergency water use plan worksheet
65 Reflection questions • How could we clean ourselves if there is very little water? We would need to clean ourselves with a flannel and a small amount of water.
• How could the water supply be affected during an earthquake? Shaking and movement of the ground may cause pipes to break. Vocabulary • scenario
• fictional
• emergency
• disaster
• disrupted
• damage
• aftershocks
66 3D: EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
Fictional news report At 9:15am this morning, an earthquake occurred on the Waikato faultline, near Matamata. The earthquake measured 7.3 on the Richter scale and could be felt as far away as Auckland and Palmerston North. During the earthquake, the ground was shaking for 50 seconds. The earthquake was followed by several aftershocks. More aftershocks are expected in the next few days.
Along the faultline, the ground rose up several metres. The enormous ground movements caused damage to buildings, pipes and cables. There is some damage to many buildings throughout Hamilton city, Ngaruawahia and Te Awamutu. Some buildings have had walls fall down and several roads have been damaged.
Police have said there is also damage to power lines, stormwater pipes and wastewater (sewerage) lines. Some water supply pipes have also been disrupted. Because wastewater lines and water pipes have ruptured there is a chance that the water supply might be polluted with waste from the wastewater system.
Major damage has been caused to water supply lines from the water collection areas. These events have interfered with the water supply to many communities around those affected areas.
Residents are asked to not use the water supply until the pipes can be repaired. This may take up to a week. Water will be available from Civil Defence staff very shortly but in the meantime we ask that you use any emergency supplies of water that you have available.
Scenario Imagine that you have several containers of water stored for emergency situations at home. You have enough for 6 litres of water per person in your family for three days. Reflection Questions
1. How would you use water differently in an emergency? Remember all the long drops in Christchurch? http://www.showusyourlongdrop.co.nz/page/26/ 2. List the activities you would use water for and rank them in order of importance.
Water use Amount of High / Medium How could you adapt some of water used / Low priority the water uses so that you (litres) would use less water?
Flushing toilet 6L full flush
Using taps (hand washing, brushing 10L per minute your teeth etc.)
Washing dishes (by hand) 6L
Drinking water At least 3L per person per day
Garden hose 15L per minute
Washing Machine 100L per load
Shower 15L per minute (A bath uses about 90L)
Cooking About 1.5L per pot
Pets and animals
3. How could you adapt some of the water uses above so that you would use less water?
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