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Waikato Expressway, Tamahere–Cambridge Sections: Archaeological Monitoring and Investigations, 2013 and 2014 (HPA Authority 2013/855)

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Waikato Expressway, Tamahere–Cambridge Sections: Archaeological Monitoring and Investigations, 2013 and 2014 (HPA Authority 2013/855) Waikato Expressway, Tamahere–Cambridge Sections: archaeological monitoring and investigations, 2013 and 2014 (HPA authority 2013/855) report to Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga, The New Zealand Transport Agency and Opus International Consultants Matthew Campbell, Arden Cruickshank, Jaden Harris, Jacqueline Craig and Beatrice Hudson CFG Heritage Ltd. P.O. Box 10 015 Dominion Road Auckland 1024 ph. (09) 309 2426 [email protected] Waikato Expressway, Tamahere–Cambridge Sections: archaeological monitoring and investigations, 2013 and 2014 (HPA authority 2013/855) report to Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga, The New Zealand Transport Agency and Opus International Consultants Prepared by: Matthew Campbell Reviewed by: Date: 16 July 2016 Danielle Trilford Reference: 13-0548 This report is made available by CFG Heritage Ltd under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/. CFG Heritage Ltd. P.O. Box 10 015 Dominion Road Auckland 1024 ph. (09) 309 2426 [email protected] Hard copy distribution New Zealand Historic Paces Trust, Tauranga Opus International Consultants New Zealand Transport Agency New Zealand Archaeological Association (file copy) CFG Heritage Ltd (file copy) University of Auckland General Library University of Otago Anthropology Department Ngati Koroki Kahukura Ngati Haua This report is provided electronically Please consider the environment before printing Waikato Expressway, Tamahere–Cambridge Sections: archaeological monitoring and investigations, 2013 and 2014 (HPA authority 2013/855) Matthew Campbell, Arden Cruickshank, Jaden Harris, Jacqueline Craig and Beatrice Hudson The New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) is constructing the Waikato Expressway, a four-lane highway from the top of the Bombay Hills to just south of Cambridge. The Cambridge and Tamahere sections are the two southernmost sec- tions of the Expressway. The Tamahere section follows the current State Highway 1 alignment while the Cambridge Section is a greenfield development bypassing Cambridge to the north. An archaeological assessment of the route was first con- ducted by Sewell (1997) and more recently by Mallows (2010). Four archaeological sites were initially identified along the route: S15/66, the Thornton Road Pa, and S15/324, the Swayne Road site, had been previously recorded; while a field drainage system S15/413 at Forrest Road and a borrow pit site S15/414 at Peake Road were newly recorded sites. The two previously recorded sites, the Thornton Road Pa (S15/66) and the Swayne Road site (S15/324), were investigated under authority 2013/55 in November 2012 prior to the beginning of works and have been reported separately (Campbell and Hudson 2014). Following this investigation (Campbell and Hudson 2014) NZTA applied to the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga) for a further authority to investigate any other sites discovered during expressway construction. Authority 2013/855 was granted on 15 July 2013. Twenty-one sites were investigated by Opus International Consultants Ltd and CFG Heritage Ltd between November 2013 and January 2015. 2 Tamahere–Cambridge WEX 1. The Waikato Expressway route (http://www.nzta.govt.nz/projects/waikato-expressway/docs/schematic-map.pdf). 5 5 2 2 6 6 3 3 6 6 T15/34 T15/34 T15/26 T15/26 2 2 9 9 T15/34 T15/34 T15/26 T15/26 75 75 67 67 8 8 / / / / S15/6 S15/6 74 74 15 15 15 15 / / S S S S 5 5 9 9 15 15 S S 75 75 8 8 47 47 / / 0 0 3 3 / / 7 7 47 47 15 15 / / 15 15 S S S S 74 74 / / 15 15 3 3 S S 0 0 T15/34 T15/34 T15/24 T15/24 15 15 Matthew Campbell, Arden Cruickshank, Jaden Harris, Jacqueline Craig and Beatrice Hudson S S 75 75 48 48 / / / / 4 4 15 15 15 15 S S S S 32 32 / / 15 15 S S CAMBRIDGE 4 4 2. Location of sites investigated along the Tamahere–Cambridge Sections. Tamahere–Cambridge the along investigated ofsites Location 2. 75 75 / / 15 15 4 4 S S 41 41 / / 3 3 15 15 S S 41 41 / / 15 15 S S CFG Heritage Ltd 3 3 61 61 / / 15 15 S 2 km N 0 HAMILTON Other site archaeological Project archaeological site archaeological Project Designation 3 4 Tamahere–Cambridge WEX 1 Background In addition to the field investigations, in partial mitigation of the archaeological effects of the Cambridge Section construction, a desktop study of the wider area was carried out by CFG Heritage (Campbell 2012). The study area was the area within 3 km of the Expressway designation and looked in some detail at recorded archaeology, soil types, data from old maps and plans and aerial photos, as well as a more general contextual assessment of the archaeology of the wider Waikato Basin.1 This section is largely based on that assessment. The detailed assessment has not been extended to the Tamahere Section. Physical setting The sites are located within the Waikato Basin, a physiographic unit formed by faulting, erosion, volcanism and the action of the Waikato River. The hills that form the rim of the basin to west, north and east are around 5 million years old. These hills have eroded and the lower elevations of the basin are now blanketed by layered tephras dating back a million years or so, including the 1–3 m thick Hamilton Ash dating to 80–125,000 years ago. This more recent landscape remains visible on the surface today as low rolling hills, the so-called ‘Hamilton hills’ (Lowe 2010a). This landscape is in turn partly buried by the Hinuera formation. Around 27,000 years ago the Oranui eruption threw up vast amounts of pumice and formed Lake Taupo behind a wall of eruption debris. The lake emptied into Waikato River which, at that time, flowed into the Hauraki Basin through the Hinuera Valley, near Karapiro. The bed of the Waikato filled with pumice and a catastrophic break- out of Lake Taupo 22,000 years ago resulted in the river switching its flow from the Hauraki Basin to the Waikato Basin, dropping a thick deposit of pumice across the plain. Up until around 17,000 years ago, when it settled into its current channel, the Waikato flowed through numerous failed channels forming the low terraces of the Hinuera surface. Since then numerous shallow tephras have blanketed the Hinuera surface forming modern topsoils (McCraw 2011). The palaeochannels of the Waikato tend to form poorly drained swampy soils while the terraces above the channels form the well-drained soils that were the primary focus of Maori gardening. Soils are clearly of vital importance to any horticultural society. Pre-European Maori horticulture centred around kumara, a tropical crop that originated in South America and was imported into New Zealand via tropical Polynesia. Kumara grows well in the warmer parts of the North Island but cannot be overwintered in the ground. The main adaptation Maori made to conserve kumara through the winter was to develop storage techniques, either in above-ground structures, or subterranean or semi-subterranean roofed pits, which provided a controlled, stable environment. The other important adaptation to the temperate New Zealand cli- mate was to modify the soil to increase soil heat retention and lengthen the effec- tive growing season, particularly in marginal climates. The Waikato Basin is an 1 Defined as extending south to the ridge between the Mangapiko Stream and the Puniu River, following McCraw (2011). The Mangapiko Valley is the furthest south of the Waikato River palaeochannels, and hence the southern limit of the Hinuera surface, and soils differ in the adjoining Waipa basin to the south. The Waikato Basin is also referred to as the Middle Waikato Basin or Hamilton Basin (McCraw 2011: 7). The basin as shown in Figure 10 includes the low foothills in some places. The term Waikato Basin means different things to geophysicists, geographers and archaeologists and as a cultural unit might be considered to extend beyond the boundaries given here. Matthew Campbell, Arden Cruickshank, Jaden Harris, Jacqueline Craig and Beatrice Hudson 5 CFG Heritage Ltd2 Modern landscape 3. Large-scalefeatures landscapeof the Hamilton features of Basinthe Waikato showing basin (fromantecedent Lowe 2010a: hills 2). partly buried by volcanogenic alluvium (Hinuera Formation) and post-Hinuera lakes and peat bogs (diagram by D.J. Lowe after McCraw, 2002). Note that the ancestral Waikato River migrated widely in building the low-angle alluvial fans (plain) in the basin; the paleochannels represent just the final stages of river migration and failed downcutting prior to its final incision into the modern channel. 6 Tamahere–Cambridge WEX 5 (Previous page) Main landscape units A-D and geological materials and ages in the Hamilton 4.Basin Schematic and diagram(above) associated soil series (constructed by D.J. Lowe after McCraw, 1967; Bruce, 1979;of main Singleton, landscape 1991). inland The site;regional compared geology to coastalwas described locations, by where Kear theand sea Schofield moderates (1978) temperature and units and associated Edbrooke (2005); the geomorphologyextremes, it can wascertainly described be regarded by Selby as and a more Lowe difficult (1992). location for kumara grow- soils series (from Lowe ing, though not necessarily marginal. 2010a: 5). B. The plains representDetailed alluvium soils derived data wasultimately compiled from by McLeodthe mainly (1984) volcanic for much catchments of the Waikato of Basin north of the river.2 For approximately 3 km of the eastern Cambridge des- the central North Islandignation and thedeposited only soils by data the currentlyancestral available Waipa Riverdates toand the then mid-20th the ancestral century and Waikato River systemis muchin a series less fine-grained of depositional (DSIR episodes 1954).
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