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The Study of the Evolution of 3G/4G Network and Their Limitations

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The Study of the Evolution of 3G/4G Network and Their Limitations International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-9, September 2014 The Study of the Evolution of 3g/4g Network and Their Limitations Okeke Stephen ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with Abstract— For the past 20th century, the key technology has USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile been information gathering, processing and distribution. This devices. Conceivable applications include amended mobile technology depends solely on the network systems. This is web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition nothing but a grouping of systems that are controlled by a mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud server. In business and home applications, mobile users, and in computing. all social issues; the networks are used. To enhance the benefits of these networks, 3G/4G network systems were developed. The Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the introduction of 3G/4G networks has brought tremendous Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), improvement in information gathering, processing and and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in dissemination. These include faster system connectivity, faster data sharing and downloading of large files from the internet Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has via phones and computers. The aim of the 3G/4G networks is to however been debated if these first-release versions should be improve the 2G systems.3G systems have additional standards considered to be 4G or not. like EDGE and CDMA rather than older systems. It has a high quality voice and video services but has limited in coverage area. Now introducing the 4G technologies to fulfil the II. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF 3G NETWORK limitations of 3G 3G technology is the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union Index Terms—3G, 4G, CDMA, EDGE, GPRS, GSM, IMT, (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards ITU, UMTS, DARPA were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz I. INTRODUCTION was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT 3G, short form of third Generation, is the third generation of DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA. It was first mobile telecommunications technology. This is based on a set available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA of standards used for mobile devices and mobile technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by telecommunications use services and networks that comply NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the (IMT-2000) specifications by the International system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability. Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. The first mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network technologies. was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the A new generation of cellular standards has appeared first to see competition among 3G operators. approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet new frequency bands, higher data rates and Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but non–backward-compatible transmission technology. this network provider later shut down operations. The second Furthermore, 4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July generation of mobile telecommunications technology, 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile the 3G network to HSUPA. The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia Manuscript received September 23, 2014. by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 292 www.erpublication.org The Study of the Evolution of 3g/4g Network and Their Limitations 2,100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 Telemedicine. IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was Location-based services. launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Global Roaming. Three or "3" in June 2003. Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa. IV. LIMITATIONS OF 3G With WCDMA based 3G, as the data speed increases the coverage area of the cell become smaller and smaller. There has been some improvement with HSPDA, but still it is impossible to connect these by wireless links in cellular technology. Using WCDMA cells, with increase in data rate, the speed of movement of user terminal also become lesser and lesser. We still have circuit voice, circuit data and packet data V. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF 4G NETWORK Fig.1.Architecture of 3G Network The 4G system was originally envisioned by the defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The DARPA 1.1)1. Pros of 3G Networks selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer 3G offers much faster data transfers, up to speeds as high networking in which every mobile device would be both a as 2Mbps. transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, Developers can use this network to create maps and eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G positioning services, which are regularly accessed by the cellular systems. Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular younger population. systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched This network also offers powerful multimedia services, nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice using which you can develop apps such as online billing calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is systems, video conferencing and so on. abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, Those wishing to develop visual voicemail apps will do while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and very well to work on the 3G network. circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in 3G is a preferred platform for many popular mobile phone parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are games, especially those which contain graphics and replaced by IP telephony. animation. Advanced developers can also develop apps for mobile In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated TV, IM and video chatting, as 3G supports all these and as IMT-Advanced—was laid out. In 2005, OFDMA much more. transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the 1.1)2. Cons of 3G Networks HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution Because subscribing to 3G networks is expensive, you (LTE) air interface E-UTRA. In November 2005, KT should understand that your clientele, though exclusive, demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea. will be limited in number. Most users prefer not to use 3G, In April 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile as its cost deters them. There will still be 3G users to WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea. In mid-2006, Sprint purchase your apps, but they will not be a concentrated announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a part of the population. WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years Also, though 3G users have the facility of enjoying video ($5.85 billion in real terms). Since that time Sprint has faced conferencing sessions with other 3G customers, they may many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On not do too much more than that. So your sales of 3G apps 7th May 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, may remain low-scale. Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an 3G, though available in most parts of the world today, still average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm has to catch on in some nations. Users in these locations WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which may opt for other types of network. will take the name "Clear". In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo III. APPLICATIONS OF 3G tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 The bandwidth and location information available to 3G MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and devices gives rise to applications not previously available 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in to mobile phone users.
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