NPublicationIN of the EAssyrian FoundationVE of AmericaH Established 1964 Volume 35, Number 3 ; Third Quarter ܀ 2011

ܢ ܝ ܢ ܘ ܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 3

NINEVEH ܢـܝـܢـܘܐ Third Quarter, 2011 Volume 35, Number 3 In this issue:

-English Section From the President………………………………………..…3 Editor: Ninwe Maraha Our amazing youth……………………………………….....4 Editorial Staff: Firas Jatou Alec Bedroya……………………………………………...... 5 Dr. Joel Elias Modern Assyrian , An Assyrian Course at UC Dr. Robert Karoukian Berkely……………………………………………………...6 Tamara Benjamin Ammo Baba, The sporting jewel of …………………....8 Donatella Yelda Rabi Babajan Tamraz, Exemplary Assyrian athlete, coach Tobia Giwargis and referee..………………………………………………..10 Sargon Shabbas, Circulation Poem: The Assyrian Veteran…………………………..…..13 100 Years: Assyrians in Turlock…………………….…….14 Assyrian women, fragrances, beauty & splendor……….....15 POLICY By your endurance you will protect your lives……….…...16 Albert Zomaya IT professor at University of Sidney ……..17 Articles submitted for publication will be selected by Assyrian Influence in America‘s political system………....18 the editorial staff on the basis of their relative merit to Iraq‘s national museum to lure virtual…………………….22 Assyrian literature, history, and current events. Leland alumna SJSU homecoming queen……….………...23 Tight-knit Assyrian community mourns three who died at Opinions expressed in NINEVEH are those of the re- Yosemite…………………………………………………...24 Donations……………………………………………..……26 spective authors and not necessarily those of NINE- Help save Assyrian Heritage………………………….…...28 VEH or the Assyrian Foundation of America. Assyrian language heard again at ancient Tushhan………..29 Symbol in Syriac may be world‘s first question mark…….29 Assyrian Foundation of America established in June Poem : Waraqa…………...………………………………..30 1964 and incorporated in the state of as a A Sacred Hut by the River………………………………...32 non-profit, tax-exempt organization dedicated to the The five of Sara…………………………………....35 advancement of the education of Assyrians. How can we get the world to know who we are……….….36 Legendary Assyrian-American superstar Shamiram Urshan Reproduction in whole or in part is allowed with ac- passes away………………………………………………..38 knowledgement of the source. Rabi Mikhail Sado………………….……………………...39 Address letters to: Congratulations…………………………………………....40 New Book………………………………………………….40 The Editor In Memoriam………………………………………………41 NINEVEH AFA Christmas Appeal……………………………………42

P.O. Box 2660 Berkeley, California 94702 :ܐܧܝܧܣ ܐܗܐܒ [email protected] ܀ܐܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܩܘܪܨ܀ 34...... ܐܟܝܬܝܣܐܕ ܐܝܪ̈ܘܬܐܕ ܐܬܩܬܐܮܤ ܐܧܵ ܝܘܒܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ Annual Subscription 36...... ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܐܬܘܝܬܩܩ 33...... ܘܕܗܐܩ ܢܥܐܟܦܣ ܧܒܐܪ ܲ ܵ ܵ U.S.A……………………………...…….$ 20.00 34...... ܪܬܭ ܐܸ ܐܬܗܠܐܠ ܐܬܘܠܨ 38...... ܐܣܘܨܹ ܢܝܐܬܒܓܹ …………………………...…..$ 25.00 ܲ ܵ 45...... ܐܝܵ ܘܪܕܒܹ ܟܝܠܹ ܐ OVERSEAS………………………….…$ 30.00 ܵ ܵ 45...... ܐܘܮܵ ܦܸ ܢܥ ܐܬܕܚ ܲ ܢܬܝܒ All materials submitted become the property of Visit our Website at: NINEVEH www.assyrianfoundation.org

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from the 19th century onwards. The purpose of founding this archive is to As the year 2011 draws to a close, I want to take this ensure the preservation of the Assyrian opportunity and reflect on the events of the last 12 language and culture and to promote months. Firstly I want to express my sincere appreciation and facilitate academic research on to all our caring and generous supporters and volunteers these. We also sponsored a presenta- who helped us successfully carry out our mission to help tion by Dr. Timothy Matney, who is our suffering brothers and sisters around the world, and involved in archaeological excavations provide educational assistance to our students who carry of ancient Assyrian sites in Eastern . Addition- the torch of Assyrian heritage and identity in the aca- ally, we sponsored two Assyrian poets, who presented demic world. their poetry at an international conference. Lastly, we contributed to the ―Defying Deletion‖ project, a film As economies around the world have softened, people documenting the condition of Assyrians in Mesopota- have been cautious with their spending, including dona- mia. tions to non-profit organizations. Simultaneously, we see the on-going suffering of our people around the world. More widely, 2011 was a year that saw tragedies in our The unsettled political situation and insecurity Assyrian community. I would like to pay a special trib- (especially for minorities who are victims of persecu- ute to some of the precious treasures that we lost this tions and ethno-religious cleansing) in Iraq is continuing year: to force increasing numbers of Assyrian to seek refuge Dr. Donny George Youkhanna 1950 – 2011. An As- in and other neighboring countries. These syrian archaeologist and Professor. The world will al- are stranded and living under challenging conditions, ways remember him as the hero who fought to recover with lack of proper food and medical supplies, while over half of the 15,000 Mesopotamian artifacts, looted waiting to be relocated. In the need is espe- from the National Museum in during the Iraq cially great for the elderly and mothers with children, invasion. who cannot work. In the face of these tough economic Lina Yakubova 1976 – 2011. An Assyrian documen- conditions, we are proud that the Assyrian Foundation of tary film producer, writer, and human rights activist. We America has remained one of the key providers of help will always remember her as our angel whose life was for Assyrians in need around the world. We provided not meant to be measured in years, but in the scope of funds to the Assyrian Medical Society to help with the her sincerity, courage, and unwavering faith in her na- medical needs of five Assyrian children. We tion. sponsored the Annual Children‘s Christmas in Ramina Badal, Hormiz David, and Ninous Ycoub - Syria, and supported elderly Assyrians in Armenia. The three Assyrian hikers who lost their lives in Yosem- ite ( July 17, 2011). This was one of the greatest hits to In the area of education, we continue to see the fruits of our small and scattered nation, because they were the our labor through the increasing recognition and positive pillars to hold the Assyrian identity, language, and heri- awareness of the Assyrian name. We provided signifi- tage through future generations. They carried the seeds cant scholarships to Assyrian students in fields such as of our continuity. , international law, political , human rights, etc. We organized the first ―Members and Looking ahead to 2012, it‘s going to be another chal- Friends Appreciation‖ event, during which Nineb La- lenging year for our people. We can‘t change tomor- massu, one of the students we have been helping, deliv- row‘s political and economic headlines, but we can fo- ered a magnificent presentation, showcasing Assyrian cus on our priorities to help our people and preserve our villages and churches in Southeastern Turkey, that have culture and language. The Assyrian Foundation of sadly been abandoned and vandalized. Through his re- America is a long established and respected organization search, Nineb has charted (using GPS/satellite equip- that is dedicated to helping Assyrians in need and sup- ment) and documented each finding and its location. porting education. The success of our organization is The information gathered will be documented and re- simply due to our devoted volunteers and our loyal sup- corded, preserving the region‘s rich Assyrian. He also porters like you who are passionate about their nation. discussed the various projects he‘s involved in, including The continuation of our wonderful programs next year is the MARA project (The Modern Assyrian Research Ar- entirely in your hands. chive) - a digital archive based at the Cambridge univer- sity in England. The aim of MARA is to locate, collect, I wish you a very blessed Christmas and a Happy New and preserve source material and literature on the his- Year. May 2012 bring joy, prosperity and good health to tory, culture, and language of the Assyrian community you and our entire nation around the world. bless Assyrians! Jackline Yelda

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Our Amazing Youth -Making a difference, one person at-a-time….

By: Tanya S. Odisho, San Francisco, California

I sat in on a Nineveh magazine meeting and we were is associated with heart disease, and talking about how we can ―freshen up‖ the magazine. I that's why it's so important to not only treat the glucose suggested writing about our youth and what they are do- levels, but also to attack blood pressure and cholesterol ing to help make a difference in their communities. levels as well. We know that type 2 diabetes runs very Well, here I am writing this article. I thought of my strongly from generation to generation, and we also cousin Elda Mikael, a 17 year-old Assyrian living with know that we can prevent type 2 diabetes if we recognize Type 2 Diabetes and how she has become active in the it at an early stage campaign to help educate youth of all nationalities about Juvenile Diabetes. A conversation with Elda: The difference between type I and type II diabetes, according to Steven Edelman, M.D., Professor of Medi- Q- Tell me about yourself. cine, Division of Endocrinology and A- My name is Elda Mikael; a Diabetes, University of California, 17 year-old, first generation, , is as follows: Assyrian-American. I live in

There are several types of diabetes; Turlock, California with my Type 1 formerly called juvenile onset parents, George and Philadel- diabetes occurs typically before the phia and my older brother, age of 20. Individuals with type 1 dia- Amarseen Mikael, who is betes are usually thin, and the cause studying to become a doctor. of type 1 diabetes is that the pan- creas, the organ that secretes insulin, Q- What grade are you in? is destroyed by auto-antibodies, that's A- I am a senior at Turlock why people with type 1 diabetes al- High School and I was just ways need insulin, either injected or accepted to California State through an insulin pump. Type 1 dia- University, Stanislaus, for the betes occurs in about 10-15 percent 2012 fall semester and I plan of all the diabetics in the country. on majoring in Political Sci- The most common type of diabetes ence. From there, I would like is what we call type 2, formerly called to go to UC San Diego Law adult onset. Type 2 diabetics are usu- School and possibly practice ally heavy, usually diagnosed after family or sports law. the age of 35. Now, the cause of type 2 diabetes is quite different from type Q-When were you diagnosed 1. The cause of type 2 diabetes is pri- with Diabetes? marily a complicated medical condi- A– In June of 2007 I really tion called 'insulin resistance.' In was not feeling well. I went to fact, in the early stages of type 2 diabetes, there's plenty my doctor and he ran a few of insulin around, it just doesn't work well. To treat type tests, one of which was a test for insulin resistance. A 2 diabetes, we typically use lifestyle modifications, and normal range for insulin is around 12 and my results that may work alone -- just diet and exercise -- then, we came back and it was 54. My doctor told me I had to may need oral medications, and it is not uncommon for completely change my eating habits. I could only eat someone with type 2 diabetes to eventually need insulin, sugar-free, I had to control portions and to watch my either with or without the oral medications. carbohydrate intake since carbohydrates turn into sugar. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 85 to 90 I was also put on a medication called Meteformin, which percent of all the diabetics in the country. The other im- I have to take 2 tablets each day, after dinner. Being portant thing that needs to be said is that type 2 diabetes told I have Diabetes really scared me so I changed my diet and it has helped me loose over 35 pounds.

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were added to the Alec Bedroya 43 people who were -Wins ‘s gold medal in mathematics chosen to move forward in the com- Alec Bedroya was born in 1995 to an Assyrian family petitions. After in Iran. He had an immense interest in mathematics completion of an since primary school; this interest grew in middle school intense training and led to his acceptance to two different high schools course, the finalist that focus on Atomic Energy. After his first year of high competed in the school, he entered the Mathematics Olympiad and was finals. During the able to accomplish the following: finals which took place from Septem- • During the first and second round of the Young Schol- ber 3rd to Septem- ars Mathematics Olympiad, Alec scored a passing grade ber 12th, 2011, among 110,000 students. But since he was still a fresh- Alec became one of man in High School, he was unable to be part of the 40 12 people to receive student team (IMC). His admission was postponed until the gold medal. his sophomore year. It is worth noting that based on the announced test • During the qualifying tournaments he was selected and scores amongst the sophomore students in high school, participated in the 11th Session of the International Alec had the highest score. Amongst the sophomore and Mathematics Olympiad in South Korea on behalf of the junior students, he ranked in third place. Because of this Mathematics House in . Alec won the individual great achievement, Alec has been fully exempt from the silver medal in the Olympiad which featured competitors University Entrance Exam and his military duties. He is from 26 different countries. now a member of Iran‘s National Elite Foundation. Currently, this great young Assyrian mind is in train- After completing his sophomore year, once again Alec ing with the six-member team that will represent Iran participated in the Young Scholars Mathematics and during the IMO Olympiad. Computer Olympiad. He was chosen for both subjects

but was only allowed to continue his competition for one Written by: Assyrian Universal , Tehran’s Youth of the subjects. Alec chose Mathematics. Translated from Persian by: Eilona Betkolia , San Jose Four of the gold medal holders from the previous years

Q-What organizations have you been involved with? Q-What message would you like Nineveh readers to get A– In my Junior year of High School, I was chosen to par- from this article. ticipate in a program that Gallo Winery created geared A- Having Diabetes is not the end of the world. Yes, it is for girls in their third year of high school, called The a big bump in the road but, changing your diet and being Gallo Early Start Leadership Camp. At the camp each girl on the proper medication helps a lot. Never give up the was given a mentor for a year and we participated in a 3 fight! day seminar. It taught me how to reach my goals and gave me the confidence to go out and to speak with people and -For More Information about Juvenile Diabetes, if you to get involved in my community. would like to donate or to get involved please go to their Participating in the Gallo Leadership program gave me Website: WWW.JDRK.ORG the confidence to get involved with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), an organization that does ◙To nominate an Amazing Youth, please send a research, educates and raises money to find a cure for note to the Editor, either at our web-site or via Type 1 Diabetes. In July of 2011, as I was on the JDRF regular mail: web site and saw that they were hosting a 3k walk on Oc- tober 30, 2011 in San Francisco and I thought this was a The Editor perfect opportunity to get involved. In only a few short NINEVEH months I raised over $1500 for the Foundation and gath- P.O. Box 2660 Berkeley, California 94702 ered over 20 people to join me in the walk! My goal for [email protected] next year is to organize a JDRF walk in the Turlock and Modesto areas and raise a lot more money to spread the word about prevention of Juvenile Diabetes.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 5 3

MODERN :

-An Academic Course at UC Berkeley

By: Andrew Davoodian, Berkeley, California

The Reason. tinguished Assyriologists, this expertise on the ancient Culture (noun): the arts and other manifestations of human aspects of an ever-present people leaves much of the pic- intellectual achievement regarded collectively. Perhaps ture unseen. So where would one go to further reveal the one of the most storied of all human is carried by picture? Furthermore, does one even know there is more the Assyrian Nation. Yet this momentous modus vivendi of the picture to admire and acknowledge? This hidden (―way of life‖) is as hard to discover, as it is willing to be portion encompasses the modern aspects of Assyrian cul- revealed. Even in an unparalleled era of streaming infor- ture. This edifying, sociologically important modern com- mation and multiple networking structures, strug- ponent is well deserving of a place in academia •– appro- gles to surface. In fact, it often drowns. Still, its people priate by all means. It is not taught however because it is remain proud, often reminiscing the glorious days of old not known. It would be insensitive to expect those who in hopes of overshadowing the seemingly lackluster know little to nothing about the current Assyrian Nation to thoughts of present day. While many people have em- lobby for a course on it, let alone teach it. braced this predisposition, there is another approach. This alternative viewpoint holds past achievements as compli- The Pursuit. mentary facets, not dominating, which together with cur- As an undergraduate at UC Berkeley, I realized it was my rent ventures portrays a holistic Assyrian identity; in es- responsibility to contribute to the intellectual vitality of sence, a true identity. In light of acknowledging a certain the academic community by offering my knowledge and cultural identity as valid, one begs to understand why such experience in the form of an academic for-credit course. a stance is even relevant. This was my vision. Needless to say, creating and teaching a course is a struggle within itself, while having it ap- Why struggle with definition when application is so easily proved by University faculty and departments is an en- jilted? The answer to this question has much to do with tirely separate feat. Understanding only one faculty and appropriateness. Where does any culture belong in modern department sponsor was needed, I reasoned to increase society, let alone one whose path is as windy and ancient odds of success by sending out multiple proposals. So I as the Rivers it originated between? A keen standalone did. After sending submissions to over fifty professors in observation of the dynamics at play in one of the most over a dozen separate departments (including Departments of Near Eastern Studies, Middle Eastern Studies, Sociol- ogy, Psychology, History, Art History, Comparative Lit- erature and Demographics), I

was pleasantly surprised with the overwhelming positive response and willingness of University faculty to sponsor my proposed course [on Modern Assyrian Culture]. There were even those who were willing to sponsor the course that admitted to never having heard the word ‗Assyrian‘ before. This was a testament to the subject matter – a tes- tament to our culture. Correspondence was complicated due to my being abroad for a rural medicine field place- ment in Western in the latter half of 2010. I would often find myself all alone outside of buildings past midnight hours, trying to access a wireless network, and sending trans-hemispheric emails. After much effort, we highly diversified and prestigious academic institutions in proceeded alongside Professor Carl Mason of the Depart- the world, University of California, Berkeley, revealed a ment of Demography and the University approved the yawning gap indeed. While the University boasts a robust course. This marked a memorable day for the UC Berke- Department of Near Eastern Studies and a handful of dis- ley academic community, and particularly for the Assyrian

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Nation. The course was titled Modern Assyrian Culture tion of our flags, Assyrian celebrities and politicians (MAC). The course premiered for the Spring 2011 semes- Kha’b Nisan, and funeral traditions, and cultural ter and was an utter success. Modern Assyrian Culture names. An entire lecture is dedicated to exquisite world of was offered once again for the Fall 2011 semester at UC Assyrian Culinary where most students taste their first Berkeley and the class size more than doubled. News of and Hareesa. Yet how can there be a course on MAC managed to reach the ears of eager and interested modern Assyrian culture that fails to address Assyrian Assyrians and non-Assyrian alike from countries around Dance? the world. The weekly lectures have and will continue to be video recorded and uploaded for anyone to take part in So we dedicate an entire course teaching the students the this course wherever they may be. history and place of dance in our culture, as well as steps

to five dances including Shaykhanee and Bagheeyeh. Each The Course. semester I am proud to see a non-Assyrian saying Modern Assyrian Culture is a weekly two-hour course ―Shooshla” as Reesh-Khiga of a long line of students hun- gry to learn more about the culture they have been learn- ing about for several months. Lastly, we dedicate the final third of each class to learning conversational Assyrian speaking skills alongside the alphabet and grammar, Alep- Bet complete with Skapa and Zlama. What is more pivotal to understanding our culture than learning the language whose name we bear? In fact, the Assyrian language por- tion of the class was so popular that word to spread to Pro- fessor Maria Kotzmanidou of the Comparative Literature department, who volunteered to sponsor another course in addition to MAC. I am pleased to write that starting Spring 2012, UC Berkeley will have two courses we can all be proud of: Modern Assyrian Culture (MAC) and In-

troduction to Assyrian Neo- (INANA).

Analyzing Issa Benyamin‘s Assyrian Calligraphy. Final Remarks. I urge my people to be encouraged by these steps towards taught in English and covers a wide array of topics. In or- a more prosperous Assyrian Nation. I eagerly await word der to understand Assyrian culture today, it is important to have awareness of the ancient culture. So we begin by in- troducing the ancient facet, covering topics in Mesopota- mian geography, archaeology, writing, inventions, art, and warfare. Then a transition is made to more recent events, mainly within the last century. MAC delves into the geno- cides and hardships endured by the , from the 4th century to the well-known of 1915 () and 1933, as well as the ongoing that takes place today, such as Black Sunday 2010. I recall meeting visiting guest lecturer, Professor Lina Yacubova during her visit to UC Berkeley in March 2011. After hav- ing heard me describe the course to her, she ran to her bag and literally gave me all the documentaries and books she had in her possession ••– every single one. Explaining the roots of Kha b-Neesan Needless to say, they are an invaluable teaching tool and a testament to the legacy she left behind and the person she of even greater success being made in colleges and univer- was. To further manifest the Assyrian essence, I con- sities around the world. We must make our presence felt in ducted a series of video interviews of different Assyrians academia. It is our job and that of no one else. I want to and present it to the class, exposing them to Assyrian thank my sister Bianca Davoodian for her efforts in help- faces, accents, thoughts and perspectives different from ing MAC thrive. Most of all, I thank my best friend, my own. In addition, MAC covers religious and political Christ, for such favor. aspects of our culture today. The students are also exposed to the calligraphy of Issa Benyamin, the history and evolu- I am Assyrian. My name is Andrew Davoodian.

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Ammo Baba The sporting jewel of Iraq

By: Robert Ewan,

Emmanuel Baba Dawood (aka Ammo Baba) was born Al- Kashafa stadium witnessed on November 27 1934 on the RAF base in Hinaidi, one of the greatest football matches played on Iraqi soil. Baghdad. His family moved to the civic cantonment on It was a game between the Assyrian club and Taj the large RAF base in Habbaniya in 1937. It was at Hab- (Iranian champions). The Assyrian club won against a baniya (west of Baghdad) that young Ammo watched side ,considered at that time, one of the best clubs British servicemen play football games on the glowing in . Ammo and the other players excelled in that dusty fields of the base. match which is still talked about these days in Iraq. At the early stages of his sporting life he excelled in At 20, he made his international debut in 1955 in Iraq‘s track and first military f i e l d s match in the and he C I S M was one World Mili- of the tary Cham- f a s t e s t p i o n s h i p 400 me- qualifiers. ter run- A m m o ners in scored his Iraq. first interna- E n - tional goal couraged for Iraq in by his 1957 against mot her , Morocco, at h e the second s t a r t e d P a n - A r a b p l a yi n g games in for his Beirut. s c h o o l In 1958, team. He Ammo was t h e n injured play- p l a y e d ing in the for RAF Iraqi league E m - and on the ployee‘s orders of (Assyrian) club in 1951. At this time he was spotted by King Faisal he was sent to London for treatment. In Lon- the Iraqi Schools team coach, Ismail Mohamed, and was don he was contacted by several clubs including Chelsea selected to play for the Iraqi schoolboys‘ team in the sec- and Fulham, and he was offered a contract by Notts ond Pan-Arab school championship held in Cairo in County, under Frank Mill (who was previously the 1951 and was chosen as player of the tournament. Iraqi military football team coach). In 1954 he started playing for Haris Al-Malki (Royal This was a time when Iraq entered it‘s era of never Guards) team where he became a huge and instant suc- ending revolutions. General Abdul-Karim Qasim led a cess, revered by all . He was an instinctive goal coupe which overthrew the Monarchy. The new Iraqi scorer known for his bicycle kick or backward double leader loved Ammo and he sent an airplane carrying the kick as it is known in Iraq. head of the army and the head of the Air force to per- His era is regarded as one of the golden ages of Iraqi suade Ammo to return and play in Iraq. Ammo sacrificed footballers such as Youra Eshaya (who played for Bris- his career for his country and returned to Iraq to continue tol Rovers) and many other household names. In 1956 his footballing journey with the famous Air force club

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(Al-Quwa Al- had spent most of Jawiya). the time in bars In the mid- and clubs in sixties the Arab America and that Football Federa- he had several tion, inspired by affairs and ques- the Pan Arab tioned his loyalty movement lead and his past rela- by Egypt‘s leader tionship with the Gamal Abdul British in his Nasser, formed early career at the an all Arab foot- RAF base. This ball team by affected his mar- choosing two of riage and he was the best players seen on several from each coun- occasions in try. Ammo Baba Baghdad trying to and Qais Hamed convince friends were selected not to believe from Iraq and the captaincy of the team was given to such stories. Ammo never forgot this. Ammo. Regrettably the team did not play any interna- In 1992, at the title decider between Al-Zawraa and Al tional matches facing only a few local Egyptian clubs -Jawiya, the referee ruled out a legitimate equalizer for and was later disbanded. Ammo‘s Team, Al –Zawraa, which resulted in his team His talents as coach were astonishing and he achieved losing the title. Ammo meted the greatest insult to Udai more fame than his playing career. In 1971 he was ap- in front of 50,000 fans at Al-Shaab stadium when he re- pointed as head coach of the Kuliya Al-Askaria and the fused to walk up the podium and receive his medal from national coach of the Iraqi military team learning his Udai. His action dissipated the fear of the crowds; the coaching trade under the Iraqi national team coach stadium erupted in of his name. His gallantry was Danny McLennan. He was later dismissed as head coach matched by his humbleness. On several occasions he of the Military team. He challenged the new coach that would personally water and look after the pitch of in three months he would create a football team from Malaab Al-Shaab (Iraqi National Stadium). people that never played football in their lives and would The chaotic situation in Iraq did not spare Ammo. On beat his team. The new coach took his challenge. In three January 2006 he was attacked in his home by thugs months a game was staged in which Ammo‘s team beat the Iraqi Military team 3-1, after trailing 1-0 at half time. Ammo Baba was the most successful na- tional coach of Iraq. He was appointed and re- appointed several times in the eighties and nineties; he led Iraq to three titles in the Gulf Cup 1979, 1984 and 1988, the Asian games in 1982 and the Arab cup in 1988. He led Iraq to Olympics in 1980, Los Angles in 1984 and Soul in 1988. As coach to the Iraqi Military Team he won the CISM World Military championship twice. Ammo Baba was courageously outspoken where others preferred to be silent. He was one of a few people in Iraq who had the audacity to openly confront ‘s son Uday, former Iraqi FA president. In return he did not escape his vengeance. After the exit of the Iraqi team in Los Angles Olympics in 1984, Udai‘s media machine went into full character assassination of Ammo insinuating that Ammo

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 9 3

Rabi Babajan Tamraz Exemplary Assyrian athlete, coach and referee

Rabi Babajan Tamraz was an Babajan to continue his outstanding athlete and commu- athletic endeavors and nity member, well-known to and pursue a career in profes- loved by Assyrians, as well as non sional sports; leading to -Assyrians, in Iran and in Dias- his introduction to the pora. Do‹ánīyát Club of Te- hran. Babajan Tamraz was born to Ivan and Rosa on 10 Dec., 1947, Despite his great interest and talent in boxing, his fa- in the village of M¥$ává ther discouraged him from pursuing that field since he (M¥$ábád), , Iran. was the only male child in the family. However, in a very short time he mastered boxing skills and excelled to After a few years, his family the point that he represented his club in the 47 kg divi- moved to Tehran. He attended sion in the competition between the sports clubs of Te- Behnam primary school, and Andī$é secon- dary school, w h e r e h e graduated in 1967, majoring in life .

There were no organized sports teams until, in 1965, the Assyrian was built in Tehran –Rabi Babajan worked in the con- struction of the church– where weight-lifting, body- building and volleyball teams were established. Rabi Babajan, while in his 5th and 6th years of secon- dary school, participated in these teams and won hran. In this competition he defeated two of his oppo- first place in both volley- nents, which led to the first interviews he had with ball and basketball. Keyháné varze$ī newspaper.

In those years, his father His success in various competi- owned a café-restaurant tions allowed him to establish a o n team composed of 16 young As- in Bá$gáhé Šafaq (Šafaq Ma‹s¥s street, which was the gath- club), and to train them. Among ering place for Assyrians, in gen- the first group of athletes that eral, and for Assyrian athletes, the Rabi Babajan trained, were likes of Nelson Ū$áná, Iranian box- Yosip, Yonatan, Ī$o, Freyun ing champion in 47 kg division, Yū∙anna, Átur Tatary, Átur and George Īsá-beg, Iranian boxing Tarverdy, and Nardin Sargiz- team‘s champion. Meeting and zadeh. And, to further encourage interacting with these and other and create interest among young Assyrian athletes in his father‘s Assyrians, he organized the first café-restaurant encouraged Rabi sports competitions among

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religious minorities. In these years, which were during Dr. Beit Mansur‘s second term in the parliament, Assyrians‘ cultural and In 1969, with the help of athletic activities were separated, and the Assyrian Star Dr. Beit-Mansur, the Assyrian athletic club was established, with Rabi Babajan as its Youth Club was established. director. Working with Rabi Babajan were Anabella In this club Assyrian cultural Badalian, Fredrick Bedroya, Ninos Benyamin-Nežad, and athletic activities took place. The board of directors of this club was comprized of Rabi Babajan Tamraz (boxing), Rabi Baris Lačin (volleyball), Rabi Polus bet- Mamo (football/soccer), Edward (ping pong), Gīvargiz Daniel (weight lifting) and George (chess).

In 1971, while pursuing his athletic interests, he was accepted in the Steel Technological Institute. However, after a few semesters, because of his dedication and involvement in Assyrian athletic and cultural activities, he discontinued his studies. One year later, the Iranian Amature Boxing Frederation, recognizing Rabi Babajan‘s skills as a boxer and trainer, asked him to set up a program to teach George Havil, Milton Sorī$o, Charles and Johnny trainers. In 1973, after establishing this teaching Halqalqian. In the same period, Rabi Babajan, on the program, he obtained a second degree boxing training request of Mr. Modīrī, started an Assyrian Taekwondo certificate. team. It was a very successful team, with many honors earned by young Assyrians, including the silver medal in the 1979 Asian Games, by Ninos Tuman.

Because of the success of the Assyrian Star club, under the leadership of Rabi Babajan, other athletic organizations invited the Assyrian Star to participate in their competitions.

1980 was one of the most successful and productive years of Rabi Babajan‘s personal and cultural life. In that year he married his wife, Susan, which gave them three wonderful children -Eden, , and Anobel. Toward the end of the same year, Rabi Babajan, with the cooperation of the Assyrian club of the city of Abadan, started the Nīsan Games, which became an annual sporting event held in Tehran, as well as the Tamuz Games, which are held in Urmia. In the same year, Rabi Babajan entered military service. However, after serving for six months, he was In 1984 the first Nīsan Games in Tehran took place, in discharged, (being the only male child in the family). He the Hejab arena, under the direction was hired by the Ministry of Education and worked as of Rabi Babajan. His aim in athletic director for Sūsan and Behnam (both Assyrian) establishing these games was to schools. Even today, the field-markings in the football, unite culture and sports and to basketball, volleyball, and handball courts are reminders promote cooperation between the of the handifwork of Rabi Babajan; a lasting reminder of Assyrian community and its youth. his love and dedication to his people and endeavors toward the progress of young Assyrians. One of the outstanding young men who excelled in the Assyrian

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Star Club, under the guidance of the its trainers, was the late Alfred Sargis Ardi$ay. After his death, his family gave Rabi Polus Mamo and Rabi Babajan Tamraz permission to use their son‘s name for Assyrian teams. In 1989, the Department of Physical Education accepted Rabi Babajan‘s request that the name of Alfred Sargis Ardi$ay be used for Assyrian teams.

Among Rabi Babajan Tamraz‘s other accomplishments:

 1986: the success of the volleyball, basketball and ping pong teams during the games that took place in celebration of the Islamic Republic.

 1993: the establishment of the second Assyrian Star In 2003, after thirty years of service, he retired from football/soccer team. the Department of Education, and for the next two years worked, in an unofficial capacity, in private schools and  1995: earning his advanced training certificate for in Behnam school. volleyball. Many young Assyrians attribute their successes in  1992-1999: membership in the board of directors of various sports to the tireless work and encouragement of the Assyrian Association of Tehran. their teacher, Rabi Babajan.

 The establishment of a volleyball team in the 5th He devoted the last decade of his life to his favorite district, which became the top team not only in sport which was boxing. He refereed boxing matches at distirct 5, but throughout Tehran in 1998 different levels, including for the national team, in Tehran and in other cities.  1999-2000: establishment of a free training course for the national team. His students living in the , in appreciation of their master, wanted to establish a competition in his Although his love was boxing, Rabi Babajan also had honor. They sent him an invitation to be here for its certificates for training in many other sports including inauguration. However, it was at this time that his health volleyball, basketball, handball, football, ping pong, was failing. It was in the early part of 2011 that due to track and field, etc. constant coughing and shortness of breath Rabi Babajan first visited a doctor. Initially, it was thought to be a lung infection. However, as the condition worsened and his breathing became more labored, he spent the last days of his life in Pars hospital, in Tehran.

During those difficult times, when his condition was worsening, many high officials from the Iranian Boxing Federation as well as many of his friends and students visited him in the hospital. Seeing their friend and teacher in his weakened condition was very difficult.

On September 17th, 2011, in the company of his wife, Rosa, his children, Edessa and Anobel (Eden, was unable to obtain visa to visit his father), and his only sister, Šámmīrám, at 18:30, This biography was written using information provided by his fam- Rabi Babajan forever left his people. ily and his close friends, Fredrick Bedroya and Edmond Younan- Pour. It is a translation of the original, which is in Persian.

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We guarded you with honour THE ASSYRIAN VETERAN We were heros young and brave, By: Nora Joseph Now see yourself – what you‘ve become You‘re nothing but a slave. I used to see him everyday The old man by the tree, He wore a hat with a feather on top A slave to those who slaughtered you And often waved at me. You did not know your worth, You‘re disappearing one by one His coat was old and tattered Your name will leave this earth. But medals filled his chest, A veteran of some forgotten war We spilled our blood on sacred soil Who‘d somehow done his best. The world knew our intent, You went and sold the title deed I often wondered who he was So now you‘re forced to rent. Your house is gone and wont re- And why he sat alone, turn Was he just a homeless soul Too late to sit and weep, With nowhere to call home?. The enemy was plotting against you While you were sound asleep. One day I stopped and said ―hello‖ And to my great surprise, You have no land to build again On his coat – an And that‘s the greatest shame, That could not be disguised. I stood and stared in wonder Your passport will now state ‗homeless‘ I didn‘t want to leave, In place of countrys name. I wanted to know who this man was With my flag upon his sleeve. I saw his eyes fill up with tears He could not speak no more, I said, ―were you a soldier‖? The memories all came flooding back He said, ―one of the best!!‖, Of what he'd seen at war. I saw his bosom swell with pride And grow inside his chest. I sat and thought about his words They hit me like a train, He started to tell me stories Everything the old man said Each chapter from his life, Now embedded in my brain. The battles he had fought in The troubles and the strife. He then picked up his walking stick And said, ―my dear good- I listened to him intently bye‖, He placed a kiss upon my head His eyes were so sincere, As a tear fell from his eye. He said, ―my dear, now heed my words‖ His voice was stern and clear. As I stood to make my way back home I saw the old mans hat, We tried to give you freedom He‘d left it by the willow tree With blood and sweat and tears, Where everyday he sat. We sacraficed so many men To calm our nations fears. Courageous men is what we were I saw him cross the busy road On horseback we would fight, And enter a house of blue, We kept the enemy at arms length I tried to get his attention So you could sleep at night. But he disappeared from view.

We fought for our identity I went and knocked upon his door Our faith back then was strong, A lady came outside, We fought the Turks, we fought the I said, ―your father forgot his hat‖ To show that we belong. She took it and she cried.

We fought to preserve your land of birth She put the hat upon her chest A place to call your own, And said, ―this cannot be, But now you go from door to door This is indeed my fathers hat Because you don't have a home. But he died in 33‖.

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100 Years: Assyrians in Turlock By: Andrew Davoodian

The Central Valley of California celebrates the Centennial of Assyrian Settlement in City of Turlock. It began with Isaac Adams‘ arrival into Turlock in 1911 and the influx of Assyrians since then has been a familiar theme. In 1946, the Assyrian American Civic Club of Turlock (AACCOT) was founded in order to preserve and extend

The Royal Assyrian procession celebrates the Centennial of Assyrian Settlement in Turlock and the 65th anniversary of the Assyrian American Civic Club of Turlock.

event took place in Turlock, California on October 22, 2011.

Current AACCOT president, Dr. Raymond George, acknowl- edges 96 year-old Jenn Esho, the oldest living member of the club. this prominent heritage. The club, along with the tens of thousands of Assyrians who live and thrive in Central California today will continue to be familiar and positive aspects of their communities. This 100th year anniversary of Assyrians in Turlock and the club‘s 65th year anniver- sary were celebrated together with a procession of Assyr- ian Royalty, a narrative of settlement, club history, recog- nition of notable individuals including oldest living club member 96 year-old Jenn Eshoo, as well as a few words from local and state politicians in attendance, including fellow Assyrian and Mayor of Turlock, John Lazar. This Assyrian Royal Procession at the Turlock Centennial celebrations ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 14 3

Assyrian Women, (668 – 627 BC) Library in Nineveh. Assyrian records in Fragrances, Beauty & the second half of the 13th century BC contain recipes in Splendor the preparation of perfumes, as well as the ingredients and By: Jouliet Bet-Shlimon tools. A part of the ceremonies have been de- From the earliest times in ancient , most scribed where the future hus- women were trained from childhood for the traditional band poured perfume on the roles of wife, mother, and housekeeper. They learned head of the bride. Henna, a how to grind grain, how to cook and make beverages, paste made from the crushed especially beer, and how to spin and weave material for leaves of the henna plant was clothing. If a woman worked outside of her home, her also used to enhance women‘s appearance. It was ap- job usually grew out of her household tasks. She might plied to the skin, and when removed several hours later, sell the beer she brewed, or even become a tavern left beautiful markings on the skin that faded naturally keeper. Childbearing and childcare roles led women to over one to three weeks. Henna is still used today by the become midwives and also to create medicines that pre- Assyrians, in the Middle-East as part of the wedding vented pregnancy or produced abortions. celebration on the night of the wedding.

Women who came from a sector of society that could The trade in perfumes, ointments and spices was afford to have statues made, placed their likenesses in widely prevalent. In Assyrian records, perfumes and res- temple shrines. This was done so that their images would ins are mentioned; the text from the time of Tukulti- stand in constant prayer while they continued to go about Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part their daily chores. The female worshipper statue wore a of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king. The trade in standard fashion of the time, a simple draped dress with spices and perfumes is mentioned in the Bible as written her right shoulder bare and hair done up in elaborate in Genesis 37:25-26, "Camels carrying gum tragacanth braided coils. Women of and balm and myrrh". From royalty or the wives of men the Bible, Egyptian and who had power and status Assyrian sources, as well as acted as individuals outside from the words of classical the context of their fami- authors, it appears that the lies. center of the trade in aro- matic resins and incense Assyrian women wore was located in the king- their hair shorter, braiding doms of southern Arabia, and binding them in a bun and even as far as , at the back. The care of the where some of these pre- hair was of special impor- cious aromatic plants were tance. It was therefore con- grown: "Dealers from tinuously washed, anointed, Sheba and Rammah dealt combed and sometimes with you, offering the dyed. The hair was cut and choicest spices..." (Ezekiel thinned regularly, and the 27:22). The Nabateans higher the person was on functioned as the important the social scale, the more frequently they went to the middlemen in this trade; also served as a very barber. These barbers usually traded in perfumes, prac- important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the ticed manicure and pedicure, and sometimes were called country. for medical functions. Hairdressers constituted an impor- tant and respected class, and were organized in a guild. Men in ancient Assyria & were also pas- They also performed needed medical functions in treat- sionate, and cared about their appearance – they wore ing wounds and ailments. long . Assyrian kings were represented with braided hair and square beards made of a group of ring- The knowledge about perfume production comes from lets. At that time, a shaved head and was a sign of inscriptions on tablets discovered at the disgrace.

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“By your endurance you will protect your lives.” Matthew, 10:16-25; Matthew 24:9-14; Mark 13:9-13

By: Dr. Deborah Khoshaba, California

It was the search for a better life that brought my par- coming to America. My parents had always kept an eye on ents, Mitchell and Mabel Khoshaba, from their Iranian the future, speaking of this move as a great adventure and homeland to the suburbs of . They arrived in a chance for a better life. I had no idea how much they had America full of hope and wonder but found an unforth- sacrificed to get to this point or that the need to endure had coming American Dream that was quite different from the begun much earlier, in their Iranian homeland. one they had anticipated. Despite the hardship, they dis- covered that the real reward of the American Dream My father‘s challenges had come early, at the hands of comes from winning a hard-fought battle and rising above an abusive father. My mother‘s first major setback came at circumstance with their goodness, integrity, and grace in- the age of fifteen, when an arranged marriage was forced tact. upon her, ending her idyllic youth. These challenges, the first of many in their lifetime together, only made them Over the course of fifty years, they raised six children, stronger and more determined to succeed. started their own business, and eventually achieved finan- Eventually, my father‘s hard work hauling cargo en- cial independence. Throughout those difficult years, abled him to earn enough money to accomplish their whenever life asked of them more than they felt able to dream -a move to America. In 1949, at the age of twenty- deliver, it was faith that guided their hearts, minds, and five, he traded in his Mac diesel truck for eighty Persian actions. carpets that he would sell in America to sustain them. My Assyrians know well what it‘s like to uproot themselves parents, then, set off by ship for Ellis Island, eventually from family, friends and culture for a better life. Our Dias- landing in Chicago, Illinois. They were young, hopeful, pora began thousands of years ago with the fall of the As- and trading their challenging life in Iran as Christian As- syrian Empire. We‘ve scattered all over the world in syrians for a piece of the American Dream. search of a country to call home. This odyssey, however, Like many immigrants, my parents soon found that life did not come without hard challenges. in America had its own share of frustrations and disap- Without our original homeland to sustain us, we have pointment. However, it never occurred to either of them to had to let endurance rather than country sustain us as a hold a grudge or to seek revenge. No matter what misfor- people. This outward curse of a sort is actually our great- tunes or roadblocks they faced, they sought what was true est gift and mark of cultural distinction. and good in themselves and those around them. Endurance We are the people of and the Assyrians. We have was my parents‘ way, the source of wisdom and wonder learned well how to drop our kingly robes of our lost em- that protected their lives and, eventually, the lives of their pire and put on sackcloth, to do what is needed to integrate children. into the culture to which we have migrated. Others will Although I was very young at the time, I think I must know us by our ability to endure, no matter where we land have understood that our move to the suburbs was a re- or what happens to us. ward of some kind, and this made a great impression on me. Of course, I could not see what lay directly up ahead I was lucky to learn about the rewards of endurance -that we were about to face a whole new set of challenges. when I was very young— just seven years old. I remember Perhaps their stamina and spirit had already rubbed off on the truck pulling up to our two-story flat in Chicago to me, and I knew that no matter what challenges lay ahead, take my mother, father, sisters and brothers to Elk Grove we would approach them as before, with patience, deter- Village, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. It is a vivid mem- mination, curiosity and awe. I was after all a Khoshaba, ory, as if it happened yesterday. My dad and uncle hauled but moreover, I was Assyrian. furniture and boxes back and forth for hours. They joked Most of us are tested countless times in our personal together, as always. They were happy. So was I, especially lives. At times of great paradigmatic change, challenges when I was invited to ride up front with my dad and uncle seem to arrive out of the blue, presenting us with such in the truck that brought us to our new home. hardship that we have no idea how we will survive. Such I knew then that the move was a big event in all our times require us to look deep within, with one single heart lives, but I had little idea of what had happened to make it and mind, and face the impossible task that lies before us. possible -that for my parents it was a reward for success- When we lose people we love, our jobs, , or our fully enduring the first leg of hardships they faced since good health, it is our ability to accept what has happened

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 16 3

Albert Zomaya, IT Professor at University of Sidney Awarded for High Performance Computing Work

A University of IT professor has received computing systems. These days his research focus is on global accolades for his longstanding contribution to the the development of resource allocation methods for development of high performance computing systems green data centers, aimed at reducing the energy con- that provide the computational speeds needed to model sumption of processors in data centers. Aside from lead- the likes of large DNA structures, forecast global ing his field with research, Professor Zomaya has pub- weather patterns and track the motion of astronomical lished seven books and more than 400 research papers bodies. on parallel processing, including the first handbook in Professor Albert Zo- the field, first published 15 years ago. He founded the maya recently received Wiley book series on parallel and distributed computing two awards from the Insti- and is editor in chief of the world's oldest computing tute of Electrical and journal IEEE Transactions on Computers.

Electronic Engineers "I feel honoured and very privileged to receive these (IEEE), the world's largest awards," Professor Zomaya says. "These are prestig- professional association ious, highly sought after recognitions and researchers in dedicated to advancing my field consider them important career milestones. technological innovation What makes these awards very special is that they have and excellence for human- never been awarded to the same person in the same ity's benefit. The awards year." acknowledge his commit- ment to developing re- Professor Zomaya has authored or co-authored seven source allocation algorithms and protocols for parallel books and more than 360 technical articles, and edited and distributed computing. eight books and 11 conference volumes. He is currently The IEEE awarded Professor Zomaya with the 2011 associate editor for 18 journals, including leading jour- Technical Committee on Parallel Processing (TCPP) nals IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Sys- Outstanding Service Award and Technical Committee tems and the Journal of Parallel and Distributed Com- on Scalable Computing (TCSC) Medal of Excellence in puting. He was founding editor of the Wiley Book Series Scalable Computing. Professor Zomaya has been part of on Parallel and Distributed Computing, co-editor of the the parallel and distributed computing community for Wiley Book Series on Bioinformatics and the Wiley more than 20 years and based at the University's School Book Series on Nature Inspired Computing, and editor of Information Technologies since 2002. His work has in chief of the Parallel and Distributed Computing Hand- spanned a range of high performance computing tech- book (McGraw-Hill, 1996). nologies such as clusters, grids, data centers and cloud to us that helps us move on. It is acting with our whole spirit, and approaching our problems with strength, grace Dr. Deborah Khoshaba is an Assyrian-American re- and integrity, that helps us to endure, as people, as Assyr- siding in California. She is a licensed Clinical Psycholo- ian-Americans. gist, by profession. Deborah has taught undergraduate and graduate psychology at Pepperdine University and the To this day, whenever I meet my own challenges head University of California, Irvine for over twenty-three on, I feel the same triumph of that young girl riding up in years and also maintained an active psychotherapy prac- the front of the truck with her dad and uncle. I understand tice at this time. She has authored many research articles all that led up to that triumphant moment, and that it was and is the co-author of Resilience at Work, How to Suc- not any outward measure of success, but my parents‘ abil- ceed No Matter What Life Throws at You by Amacom ity to respond positively to life circumstances that was Publications. Deborah also has a successful self-help blog their greatest achievement. Their lifelong stance of pa- called Psychology in Everyday Life at tience, willpower, and faith would form the basis of my www.psychologyineverydaylife.net and also has an active personality and the foundation of my life. I would come to Facebook (www.facebook.com/DrDebKhoshabaBlog or understand and ultimately to teach others that endurance is search psychology in everyday life in FB) and Twitter its own reward. (www.twitter.com/DebKhoshaba) presence.

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Assyrian Influence in America’s Political System

By: Bianca Davoodian, Berkeley, California

Throughout history there have been several occasions of violating Assyrians‘ rights. These include the right to life, mistreatment of Assyrian populations around the world. practice of culture, right to education, and equality before After the settlement of a significant number of Assyrians the law, all of which Assyrians have been deprived of and in the United States, Assyrian American leaders have are yearning to acquire. taken positions to assert the rights of Assyrian minorities The Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM), also internationally. This paper will discuss several important known as Zowaa (Assyrian Democratic Movement – actors in the history of efforts to protect the human rights Zowaa vii), is an Assyrian political party based in Iraq that of the Assyrian people. This is shown through their ap- supports and fights for the rights of the Assyrian people. peal to the American Government concerning ongoing ―This political party was established on 12, 1979 in massacres of the Assyrian people, specifically located in riposte to the attempted forcible expropriation of ethnic Iraq. Assyrian leaders and policy makers have had the Assyrians from Iraq by the Al-Ba‘ath regime‖. The opportunity to create positive change necessary to stop Ba‘ath party was a dominating governmental force in Iraq ongoing abuse of human rights and mistreatment towards for three and a half decades under the rule of Saddam Hus- underrepresented Assyrians throughout the world. Addi- sein (Alliviii , Fuller ix). With the United States invasion tionally, the role of many Assyrian individuals, organiza- into Iraq in what is known as Operation Iraqi Freedom3 tions, and movements such as that of John , Anna along with the capture of Saddam Hussein on December Eshoo, Zowaa, the Assyrian Universal Alliance, Unrepre- 13, 2003, the regime experienced a significant loss of sented Nations and Peoples Organization, and Bet-Nahrain power. (Elsea x) will be discussed. Zowaa is ― a democratic political organization that de- Since the Assyrian , 1915-1918, by the Kurds fends the Assyrian people and their legitimate rights under and the indigenous Assyrian the banner of a free democratic Iraq.‖ The organization is in Iraq have been facing continuous persecution in their striving to implement a ―unity of our people under their homeland, known as Bet-Nahrain.1 (Aprim i) They were several identities: Chaldean, Syriac, and Assyrian.‖4 massacred and forced to relocate. (Hannibal ii) An esti- (Assyrian Democratic Movement - Zowaa) This is a mate by the Assyrian-Chaldean National Council tolled promising notion of progress for the sake of upholding 275,000 deaths during the genocide. (Totten iii) Today, the justice and equality. Assyrians residing in Northern Iraq are facing similar per- Furthermore, successful lobbying from former Con- secution because of their Assyrian Christian ethno- gressman Henry Hyde of Illinois‘ 6th district and his con- religious identity. The , Amnesty Interna- stituents opened a door for the designation of the ADM as tional and Human Rights Watch, and the US State Depart- an officially recognized democratic movement under the ment extensively documented the abuse of human rights George W. Bush administration. In December 2002, against Assyrians. In 1985, three key members2 of the President Bush allowed the US government to give finan- Assyrian Democratic Movement were killed in Iraq for cial provisions to the ADM using the Iraq Liberation Act their efforts in advancing Assyrian notions in the region. of 1998xi (Iraq Liberation Act of 1998). Such aid and sup- (Assyrian Human Rights Report iv) On July 12, 2009, The port allowed Secretary General of the ADM, Yonadam Times reported that the recent bombings in Iraq Yousef Kanna5 who also serves as member of the National ―Appeared to be one of the largest single coordinated as- Assembly in Iraq, to effectively act against the Ba‘ath saults against churches and Christians in Bagh- Regime. (Annxii Kannaxiii ) Publicity and media are viable dad.‖ (Myers v) This is problematic because the Assyrian 3 Also known as the Second or the Occupation of Iraq genocide of 1915 has not received official national recog- 4 vi Various Christian denominations in the Assyrian demographic nition (Totten ) and currently massacres are taking place (Assyrian Democratic Movement - Zowaa) 5 Also known as Yacoub Yousip 1 Northern Iraq. The Syriac name for Mesopotamia which means ―the 6 A weekly internationally televised program land between two rivers‖ in reference to the and Riv- 7 Aramaic word for ‗light‘ (Awde, Nicholas, Nineb Lamassu, and ers. Nicholas Al-Jeloo. Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary and Phrase- 2 Yousib Zalbari, Youbert Shlemon, and Youckana Jajjo book. 2007. Print.) ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 18 3

outlets in making the politics of the situation apparent. Joe Biden, (Ganjehxix) Secretary of State Hilary Clinton, The ADM operates TV (AshurTV - Qala D’Ashur (Ganjeh xx) and Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut. xiv), Ashur radio and issues Bahra7 newspaper to bring As a result, Senator Lieberman wrote a sympathetic letter forth the matters at hand. (Assyrian Democratic Movement to Secretary Clinton regarding the issue. (Lieberman xxi) – Zowaa) These are important means of reaching out to This illuminates the realm of influence Assyrian organiza- constituents for the sake of rallying support and allowing tions have in the American political system. A letter of the Assyrian voice to be heard. appeal from an Assyrian organization caused an influential American politician to lobby for the Assyrian people by Former Assyrian Senator and elected Republican Party bringing forth the issue, which would have otherwise gone Official, John Nimrod, has done much to advocate for the unidentified and unaddressed. President Obama re- Assyrian people. He served five terms as Illinois State sponded by publicly acknowledging the humanitarian con- Senator in the 4th District from 1973-1983 and sixteen sequences of the war in Iraq and with a promise to in- years as an elected official. His work in the Senate al- crease aid to Iraqi refugees. (Jenkins xxii) This is a crucial lowed him to create a network within the state and city turning point for the American government‘s relationship governments that would later aid in the advancement of with the Assyrian people. The voice of this minority has the Assyrian Universal Alliance Foundation (AUAF). reached the ear of the most influential individual in the The Assyrian Universal Alliance (AUA) was formed in American political system. When the head of America‘s in 1968 and established under the initiative of As- politicians listens and responds positively to the Assyrian syrians living in the . It created a worldwide minority in the United States and implements a plan for organization seeking to secure the human rights of Assyr- change for the betterment of these people, then clearly the ians by attaining an autonomous, self-governing state in efforts to create change are not in vain. Northern Iraq. The AUA wants to publicize the yearning of Assyrian populations to live peacefully in whichever The Assyrians have joined the Unrepresented Nations country they reside. It acts as an umbrella organization and Peoples Organization (UNPO), since they lack repre- with various sectors of Assyrian national federations and sentation in the United Nations. The organization was organizations throughout the world. It‘s goal in holding founded in Estonia in 1990 and was established to em- World Congress Sessions is to address international As- brace those without a seat in the United Nations. (Institute syrian populations in regards to strengthening the relation- of the Rights of Peoples xxiii) The Assyrian Universal Alli- ships between the AUA, the Assyrian people, and the gov- ance became a member of the UNPO in 1991. ernment of their respective country. The session‘s mem- (Curt xxiv) Senator Nimrod served as a leading figure in the bers are representatives of various international Assyrian Unrepresented Nations and People Organization, UNPO. federations, organizations and political from (“A Brief History” xxv) The Assyrian American National around the world. (“A Brief History” xv) This sort of pro- Federation (AANF) was birthed in 1933 in response to the gress is detrimental to continuing mistreatment of Assyr- massacres of . The Federation‘s goal is ians and it is vitally important that the ideals upheld by the to unite the Assyrian Nation by ―protecting and promoting AUA do not become a lost cause. the progression of the culture, religion, humanitarian rights, and language.‖ (AANF Inc. xxvi) In order for the Senator John Nimrod was also the head of the Assyrian Assyrian voice to reach the UN, the Assyrian people ap- Universal Alliance Foundation, headquartered in Chicago pealed to the Iraqi Government through the AANF. The from the establishment of the organization in 1978. As case of the 2005 showed how the Assyr- director, he helped preserve Assyrian culture, literature, ian citizens of that country did not have a voice. They and language while bringing forth unaddressed political were not able to cast a ballot because of the Kurdish De- and social issues. He aided Assyrians locally, by funding mocratic Party blockade of the Assyrian villages located underprivileged Chicagoans from state and city welfare throughout the Nineveh plain region in Northern Iraq. funds. On a national level, Nimrod helped create means The blockades saw no local resistance and received no for thousands of Assyrian refugees, many suffering under international criticism for the foul actions mainly because the above-mentioned Ba‘ath Regime, to find shelter in the there is no internationally recognized Assyrian voice. United States. This is critical because thousands of Assyr- This type of silence is politically lethal to a people, its cul- ian voices may now be heard, voices which were silenced ture and to democracy itself. Organizations like AANF before due to the absence of freedom in hostile regions of are crucial to the survival of the Assyrian people who are the world. On July 22, 2009 the AUA appealed to Speaker facing ongoing massacres, underrepresentation, and mis- of the House Nancy Pelosi concerning the current situa- treatment. The AANF publicizes its goals and pro- tion of Assyrians in Iraq. AUA urged the US government gress their magazine, ―The Assyrian Star‖. (Assyrian Star to act quickly to grant Assyrians autonomy rights. (Ganjeh xxvii) This is a means by which the important issues con- xvi ) The Alliance has also made its appeal to President cerning Assyrians can be made known to appropriate pub- xvii xviii Barrack Obama (Ganjeh Betkolia ), Vice-President lic interest groups. Keeping these groups informed is im-

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portant, particularly in a democratic political system much-needed change, The Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party where the voice of the minority has the golden opportunity is also active on the media stage. It does so through and right to be heard. KBES radio station, KBSV Assyria Vision12, and ‗Bet- Nahrain, Voice of the Assyrian People‖ magazine. All Shifting focus now over towards the Bet-Nahrain De- headed by the current president of the organization, Sar- mocratic Party, an Assyrian political party that advocates gon Dadesho. (Assyria, Assyrian, Bet-Nahrain, Inc. xxxiii) for the rights of the Assyrians. One of the party‘s goals is The media sponsored by Bet-Nahrain function as a voice to create an autonomous Assyrian administrative state in for a minority and a heuristic to the Assyrian population Northern Iraq.8 (Parpola xxviii) The Assyrian Question, around the world. also referred to as Assyrian Independence, is a political movement and ideology that supports the creation of a Another key individual is Congresswoman , homeland for the Assyrian people living in the Nineveh a strong advocate for the Assyrian people in the United Plain. (Mordechai xxix) The Case for Autonomy, a book States‘ political system. She is currently the only Assyr- addressing The Assyrian Question, was commissioned and ian serving in Congress. Her seat in the House of Repre- published by the Second World Congress of the Bet- sentatives is in the 14th District, which includes part of Nahrain Democratic Party in 1982. (D’Amato xxx ) Sargon Silicon Valley, Palo Alto, Sunnyvale and Redwood City. Dadesho, the head of the Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party She took her position in the congressional seat in 1992, located in Ceres, California, has also been a strong voice being the first democrat to represent the district since its for the Assyrian people in addressing this issue. (Dadesho creation in 1953. Serving in Congress for a total of eight- xxxi) This case has been repeatedly appealed to the United een years, she has been reelected an impressive eight Nations, in hope of recognition and endorsement. Consis- times. In 2003 her Democratic colleagues elevated her tently petitioning for an issue that one strongly believes in into the 108th At-Large Democratic Whip13. (Schneider is a crucial factor in its prevalence. xxxiv) This achievement by a member of a based out of Mesopotamia into the US Congress is com- The Assyrian Empire was birthed in the 2nd millennium mendable. It elevates the status of the Assyrian minority BC. Though they were overtaken by the Persian Empire and gives them better representation and more exposure in in 612 BC, its people still exist in large numbers, so much America‗s political system. A voice in the US Congress is that they are appealing for a seat in the UN. Assyrians a huge benefactor for the Assyrian Nation at large because reside across this nation and, through constant petitioning, America is one of the most powerful countries in the are starting to be noticed by influential political leaders world and has a great amount of influence. This position here and around the world. At the birth of the United Na- presents opportunities for Assyrians and can lead to crea- tions, which succeeded the in 1945, the tion of legislation and policy that promotes the human Assyrian Patriarch, Mar9 Eshai Shimun XXIII presented rights of the Assyrian people. the Assyrian petition for Assyrian Independence. The UN general referred the petition to the UN Commission on Congresswoman Anna Eshoo has put a lot of effort into Human Rights10. The UNCHR have continuously rejected supporting and protecting Assyrians in Iraq from continu- the petition for Assyrian Independence for over half a cen- ing ethnic and and political exclu- tury. (United States xxxii) This is one of the main issues of sion. She has spoken out for the Assyrian people and the underrepresentation of the Assyrian people. Gaining a shown her support in a variety of ways. The Foreign Re- seat in the UN as well as a positive response to The Assyr- lations Authorization Act, an amendment she authored, ian Question is the progressive change that the Assyrian was added to House of Representatives Bill 2601, with a people need to break out from the current status as an un- request that, ―special attention be paid to the welfare of derrepresented population enduring continuous persecu- Chaldo-Assyrians and other indigenous Christians in Iraq‖ tion. ―It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather whom have been subject to great harassment. (H,R.2601 an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in peo- xxxv) This bill was passed in the House of Representatives ple‘s mind.‖11 by voice vote on July 7, 2005. (H.AMDT. 483 to H.R. In agreement with previously mentioned groups‘ usage 2601xxxvi H.AMDT.483 xxxvii) However, it did not succeed of media sources as a tool to create social awareness and to become a law. It was placed on the Senate Legislative 8Aslo referred to as Nineveh Plain, Bet-Nahrain, or the Assyrian Trian- 12A twenty-four hour satellite television station broadcasting since gle. (Ferrill) 1996 9Literal meaning in Syriac is ―my lord‖. It is given by custom and is a 13A role in the party politics whose primary purpose is to ensure con- sign of respect to all bishops and saints. trol of the formal decision-making process in a parliamentary legisla- 10UNCHR was the UN‘s principal mechanism and international forum ture. Whips are party ―enforcers‖, who typically offer both induce- concerned with the promotion and protection of human rights until it ments and punishments to party members. In modern times, most was replaced in 2006 by the UN Human Rights Council whips are concerned primarily with ensuring a desired attendance for 11A politician, leader of the American Revolution and one of the an important vote (Schneider) Founding Fathers; 1722-1803 14At the end of the fiscal year, or session of Congress, all proposed

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Calendar after being read twice. (United States, Eshoo and Mr. Baaba16. Over one million dollars has been raised xxxviii) By the end of the 2006-2007 fiscal year, it became a through the series of gourmet dinners17 and auctions. dead bill.14 (United States, Eshooxxxix) Even so, the fact (Assyrian Aid Society of America xliii) In that year, with that an Assyrian representative authored a bill to protect Eshoo‘s support, $100,000 was raised for the humanitarian Assyrians in Iraq that was passed in the House of Repre- projects of the AAS-A. (Jacob xliv) In her speech she em- sentatives by an overwhelming majority, illuminate Assyr- phasized the importance of the Assyrian community in the ian presence in America‘s political system. It also shows United States, specifically the AAS-A, in aiding Assyrians how members of America‘s government are supporting around the world. ―Anna Eshoo is a remarkable advocate Assyrian human rights not just in the United States but for her constituents and for our community,‖ said around the world. Each bill concerning Assyrian repre- M. David, President of the AAS-A. ―We are extremely sentation that is introduced and debated in Congress gives proud to be honoring such a great Assyrian.‖ (Saturday 14 an opportunity for greater exposure of the Assyrian peo- November 2009 xlv) ple. This is critical to Assyrians because America is a powerhouse and can be the platform for major change to ―The AAS-A was created by Lincoln in 1991 in take place for the protection of their people. direct response to the crippling hardships suffered by As- syrians in the ancestral homeland of Bet Nahrain, located The bills‘ lack of victory in the Senate did not cease in Northern Iraq, as a result of Saddam Hussein’s policies Anna Eshoo from fighting for Assyrian human rights. On and the Gulf War.‖ It is currently working in close col- January 27, 2009 she, together with Congressman Frank laboration with its sister organization, the Assyrian Aid R. Wolf, appealed to the Honorable Hillary Clinton, Sec- Society of Iraq. (Assyrian Aid Society xlvi) Some of the retary of State. In their letter they congratulated her for organization‘s projects are the completion of thirty-five her new position, then introduced their issue of concern: primary and secondary schools in the Middle East, twenty- ―Among your fist actions as Secretary, we urge you to fa- two various construction projects, as well as aiding in cilitate the development of a comprehensive policy to ad- transportation and creating dormitory facilities for stu- dress the unique plight of Iraq’s struggling ethno-religious dents in Iraq. They have also been involved in irrigation minorities.‖ (Senator John J. Nimrod xl) In another letter and electrification projects and medical projects, which dated March 23, 2009 to the Honorable Hilary Clinton, include shipments of medicines and supplies as well as the Congresswoman Anna Eshoo represented the voice of the maintenance of free medical clinics. (Projects xlvii) Medi- Assyrians while Congressman Frank Wolf‘s main concern cine and education are key areas of concentration vital for was for the Christians in the Nineveh Plain. Together the future of the Assyrian populations‘ survival and pro- Eshoo and Wolf cater to the needs of the ethno-religious gress. Their Mission Statement is ―Helping Assyrians in minorities by allowing the voice of those in America to be need · Promoting Assyrian culture and Heritage. Building heard and acted upon, which in turn gives aid to those in a structure capable of responding to unexpected crises Iraq. (United States. Cong. House xli) In July 2009, due to that require immediate mobilization to help our people. Assyrian constituents and lobbyists, the House of Repre- Focusing American and international attention on the sentatives approved twenty million dollars in funding to needs and humanitarian concerns of our Assyrian people, be dedicated toward religious minorities in Iraq (Curt xlii) particularly in our ancestral homeland of Bet Nah- As exemplified, with persistence and strong will, Assyrian rain” (Jacob xlviii) activists are able to have affect and make change in the favor of their people. Based on what has been discussed in this paper, Congresswoman Anna Eshoo was the Guest of Honor at there has been a great amount of influence by the indi- ―Narsai‘s Taste of the Mediterranean dinner‖, Saturday viduals, organizations, and movements that caused great November 14, 2009 located at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in change in American policy toward the Assyrian people San Francisco and hosted by the Assyrian Aid Society of around the world. As shown above, these political actors America (AAS-A). This fundraising event has been held have used a variety of methods to achieve their goal. For annually since 2002 and features various influential Assyr- example, organizations like Zowaa and the Bet-Nahrain ian guest speakers like Dr. Donny George Youkhanna15 Democratic Movement consistently worked to spread the will of the Assyrian people through the media, including bills and resolutions that haven‘t passed are cleared from the books. television and radio stations. Moreover, legislators and Members often reintroduce bills that did not come up for debate under political activists in the United States directly fueled a new number in the next session (United States, Eshoo) 15Archeaologist. Well-known for his recent work in locating and re- America‘s involvement in efforts to protect the human turning ancient Assyrian artifacts looted from the Iraq Museum in rights of the Assyrian people throughout the world. This April 2003 clear and extensive effort has lead to the successful 16Former chairman of the Assyrian Aid Society of America 17 achievements of the will of the Assyrian people that is Prepared by Narsai’s Specialty Foods Catering owned by Narsai M. demonstrated in this paper. David, president of the Assyrian Aid Society of America until this year, as well as guest chefs from around the world.

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Iraq's national Tuesday's news conference. Cohen said the idea originated during a visit to the mu- museum to lure ‘virtual seum in April with a delegation of Silicon Valley execu- tives. "Obviously the first question the delegation asked is, visitors’ 'Do you have an online presence?' and the museum ex- plained some of the struggles they've had in building those platforms," said Cohen. "And so, our group of technology companies -- of which Google and YouTube were one of the representa- tives -- made a commitment to make some of the world's oldest artifacts available using 21st century technology." Iraq's National Museum re-opened to the public in February, nearly six years after it was pillaged in the chaotic days following the fall of Saddam Hussein. Some 15,000 irreplaceable artifacts were looted in April 2003, of which only about 6,000 have been recovered.

The museum is a source of national pride, highlighting Iraq 's role in history as the cradle of . Some objects in the collection are thousands of years old. The price tag for the project was not divulged, but the U.S. State Department and Google are sharing in the cost. Treasures from 6,000 years of Mesopotamian his- Baghdad, Iraq-- It houses some of ancient Mesopota- tory are just a click away, now that has put the Na- mia's rarest artifacts, but what is even harder to find at tional Museum of Iraq online Iraq 's National Museum are visitors. So the museum has teamed up with Google and the Visit (http:www.virtualmuseumiraq.cnr.it/prehome.htm) U.S. government to create a "virtual museum" that will to watch this most amazing experience. Viewable in allow anyone with access to a computer to view its col- , English, and Italian, lets visitors "walk" through lections. eight virtual halls and see works from the prehistoric to "Mesopotamia is the world's oldest civilization and the Islamic periods, while video clips reconstruct the there's no shortage of archaeological institutions in the ‘s main cities. Looted after the U.S.-led United States and around the world, as well as curious invasion in 2003, the museum partially reopened in Feb- individuals, as well as museum curators around the ruary after six years, but the Web site will make its most world who'd be interested in getting a chance to visit the important artifacts accessible to everyone. Italy contrib- museum," explained U.S. State Department official Jared uted €1 million ($1.4 million) and provided expert staff Cohen. to help restore the museum, and it also plans to help Iraq create a new police unit to fight trafficking of stolen Cohen spoke shortly before an announcement by works. The unit will be modeled on Italy's art cops, re- Google CEO Eric Schmidt and other U.S. officials that nowned for their success in recovering stolen works and the online museum will be up and running by early next stopping illegal trading. year. "Now most people, either because of time, money, visa, you know, concerns about coming here, ... won't have the chance to walk through the museum as we are now," said Cohen, a member of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clin- ton's policy planning staff. "And one of the things we want to do is remove those barriers preventing individuals from coming to the mu- seum by making it available through virtual means."

More than 14,000 digital pictures of the museum's arti- facts have been taken and will be electronically cata- logued by Google for the virtual tour, Schmidt said at

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Leland alumna SJSU homecoming Queen

Courtesy of Almaden Times

―We cannot all do great things, but we can do small spective changed quickly as she became involved in things with great love‖. many community in- Mother Teresa once said. volvement programs Almaden‘s Edessa Kiryakos on campus. She is a is a young, compassionate regular volunteer at a and charismatic woman who youth mentor pro- perfectly exemplifies this gram as well as the quote. president of the youth group at her church. Recently, 22-year old Kirya- kos was selected as the San Last year, Kiryakos Jose State University (SJSU) even initiated an home-coming queen due to event to raise aware- her outstanding commit- ness for a massacre ments to academics and com- that occurred in Iraq. munity service. The applica- Through Facebook , tion was available to the en- she encouraged stu- tire university, but a commit- dents worldwide to tee of former homecoming wear black in remem- royalty eventually narrowed brance of the 100 As- down the applicants to three syrians that were per- each homecoming queens secuted because of and kings after a series of their Christian faith. interviews and application evaluations. Kiryakos simply has a moving passion to These outstanding students help others. In fact, were selected for their excep- she is currently ma- tional achievements in the arts, sports, community ser- joring in behavioral vice and academics. sociology and wishes pursue a career in Kiryakos was born and educational counsel- raised in California. She at- ing at either an ele- tended Williams Elementary, mentary school or Bret Harte Middle and university. Leland High schools. She graduated in 2008 and con- After graduating col- tinued her higher education at San Jose State University. lege, Adessa plans to Her favorite subject in high take a year off of school was English. Not only school to work for a Senior, Adessa Kiryakos, has won the title SJSU Home- is Kiryakos and outstanding coming Queen 2011-12. Photo by Jim Nelson Photography youth mentoring pro- student, but she is also a role gram while definitely model for her younger deciding what career to pursue. Currently, she is looking brother and sister. She is happy to study close to home into the University of Santa Clara, University of Califor- because she loves being there for her younger siblings. When Kiryakos first joined SJSU, she was afraid she nia-Berkeley and State University to complete would not be able to be involved in community life be- her graduate studies. cause she was a commuter student. However, this per-

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Tight-knit Assyrian community mourns three who died at Yosemite

Two young men and a young woman died after falling into the fast-moving Merced River and going over Vernal Fall. Since then, the community has come together in prayer and support for their families.

|By Diana Marcum, Times

To be Assyrian is to go to church. There is little distinc- tion between religion and culture in a people who define Rev. Lazar was in his robes; one of the young men themselves as the earliest Christians. acted as deacon. After prayers, in the center aisle of the church, people So when this Central California outpost of a dwindling hugged the two ethnic minority lost three promising young people to men, stroking their powerful Vernal Fall in Yosemite National Park on faces, kissing their Tuesday, its residents went to their churches. foreheads and cheeks. On Wednesday, the father of 21-year-old victim Ramina Badal made his way down the aisles of St. On Sunday every George's Church in Ceres, though he could barely stand, pew was packed leaning on those around him for every step. When his with families who wife Virginia's knees buckled, he caught her. had stories of flee- ing persecution. On Friday night, dozens of Assyrian teens from Assyrians have a throughout Stanislaus County went to St. George's, the history of slaughter home church of all three victims, for a youth prayer and forced expul- meeting. Many wore T-shirts emblazoned with the sions, most recently word "hope" and the names of Badal and the other two in Iraq. victims, Hormiz "Nenos" David, 22, and Ninos Yacoub, "We don't have a Ramina Tara Badal 27. home country. May 15, 1990 – July 19, 2011 We're still being The Rev. Genard Lazar, the , and the others who massacred in Iraq. They're bombing our churches," said had been on the outing were among those chanting the Joseph Putris, 44, church treasurer. "So when we lose liturgy in the ancient Assyrian language. three kids like these kids we don't just lose people we love. We lost guardians of the language, heritage and our Assyrian identity."

On Tuesday afternoon, tourists watched helplessly as the three were swept over 317-foot Vernal Fall, next to Mist Trail, one of the most popular day hikes in Yosem- ite National Park. Early eyewitness reports that they crossed barriers, ignored warning signs and went swimming baffled the church family. The three were respectful, not usually the sort to flout rules. All three went to church each Sunday, attended college. They were first-generation Assyrian- Americans, working hard to live up to their immigrant parents' sacrifices. Not even Lazar is sure what exactly Tony and Virginia Badal, center, parents of Ramina Badal, are happened. escorted… (Ben Margot, Associated Press)

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"All I heard was screaming," he told reporters and inves- force not seen tigators. in decades.

An Afghan family living in Orange County drove to In October, the church on Thursday to say they had been among the the Assyrians 50 or so people at the top of the falls that day. They said will mark the that it was another party who was swimming. They told 100th anniver- church workers that Badal and David were standing on a sary of their rock in the river posing for a photo. David slipped; Badal arriving in the tried to grab him and Yacoub came from behind the bar- Central Valley. rier to jump in to try and save them. Other eyewitnesses say Badal slipped first. The earliest, like the Arme- The Orange County family said their children couldn't nians who also sleep after seeing the river carry the three over the falls. settled in the Badal's sister, Tonya, also watched helplessly. Badal and valley, were David had crossed the barrier to stand in the river. fleeing the ex- Ninos Yacoub termination of August 12, 1982–July 19, 2011 Putris couldn't understand how they could have taken Christians in such a risk until he and a dozen other church members what is now went to Yosemite on Wednesday to search for the vic- Turkey. tims. None in the party had been to the national park be- fore, though they've lived for years in an area considered But a large number are more recent immigrants who fled a gateway to Yo- Muslim extremists in Iraq and Iran. The Central Valley semite. has about 15,000 Assyrian residents, the second-largest such population in the United States after the Chicago "When you are an area. It is an extraordinarily close-knit community, said immigrant, usu- Raymond George, president of the Assyrian American ally you move first Club of Turlock. to a big city. You are going to "Wherever there are Assyrians, they know each other school, working because we are so few," he said. "When it comes to hap- two or three jobs. piness such as marriage and friends, we are together. A national park is When it comes to tragedy and sadness such as this, we a luxury you know are together." nothing about," Putris said. At St. George's on Sunday, there was tea and endless cases of bottled water. Families had been coming by and On their climb donating them since Tuesday. There were cakes, fragrant Hormiz Nenos David up Mist Trail, cut with almonds and oranges, that women in the commu- into the sheer face nity had baked. August 08, 1988 – July 19, 2011 of a mountain, Putris said that every person in the church had a story one searcher put his hand on the side to steady himself of hardships overcome. and was surprised to find the wet algae was slicker than soap. "That guy walked across Turkey to get on a plane. That family over there, it took them 15 years to reunite. When they got to the top and Putris saw how calm the My father was tortured by the Baath Party in Iraq," Pu- pools above the fall looked, he was stunned. tris says. "If I was Ramina or David, I would have thought 'It's just water. If you slip, big deal, you get wet,'" he said. "That's what makes this so shocking. Everyone here went through so much so their children would be safe," he Even in a normal season, the Merced River has a dan- said. "Ramina, Nenos David, Ninos Yacoub, they were gerous undercurrent moving powerfully to the fall. This our first generation to grow up safe and happy and even year, a massive Sierra Nevada snowpack, almost twice think of adventures like Yosemite. Thanks be to God that the average, has turned the water into a jaw-dropping they had such opportunity."

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(In memory of Dr.Yonathan Youash) Your donations are not only crucial but vital for gen- Mr. Daniel Benjamin, $20.00 erating continual support to helping the many Assyr- Mr. Atouraya Bet Younadam, $20.00 ians in need suffering worldwide, support and pro- Bella, Bernadett & Bobby Danielzadeh, $200.00 mote education for Assyrians and preserve the Assyr- (In honor of Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Yelda's 50th Anni- ian history. The Assyrian Foundation of America is versary) dedicated to helping Assyrians and every cent you Mr. Nenos David, $40.00 send goes directly for the cause that you designate. Mr. & Mrs. David, $30.00 Please continue with your help our people living in Mr. & Mrs. Feydor & Viola Delyaei, $100.00 need you more today than ever before. (In honor of Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Yelda's 50th Anni- versary) Ms. Katrine Delyaei, $100.00 CORPORATE MATCHING GIFTS (In honor of Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Yelda's 50th Anni- Over 450 US Companies and Foundations match em- versary) ployee gifts to Non-Profit Organizations. Mr. & Mrs. Fred & June Elia, $50.00 Maximize the impact of your support – Make your (In honor of Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Yelda's 50th Anni- matching gift Today! versary) Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur & Elsie Elia, $50.00

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ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 26 3

Ms. Anita Rodriguez, $50.00 Nineveh Magazine is the global voice of not only the Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Shabbas, $100.00 Assyrian Foundation of America but Assyrians (In memory of Emmanuel Odah) worldwide. The magazine is distributed to thousands Ms. Shalim Tatar, $100.00 of readers around the world, including major univer- Mr. Mary Ward, $250.00 sities (i.e., Harvard, UC Berkeley, UCLA, etc). (In memory of Wilson Warda) Nineveh Magazine extends its deepest appreciation to Mrs. Fiona Youash, $100.00 all the individual contributors who helped fund publi- (In Memory of her beloved husband) cation of Nineveh. Without your support Nineveh ***Global Impact, $250.00 could not continue to spread your voice. Please con- sider sponsoring the publication of the next issue Nineveh Magazine. For more information visit our EDUCATION website at www.assyrianfoundation.or or email us at Your gift is crucial in providing support for Assyrian [email protected]. Foundation to achieve its goal to provide significant scholarships to bright young Assyrian students who Mr. Ashoor Assurian $20.00 are working toward advanced degrees in Assyriology Mr. & Mrs. Badal; $20.00 and related Assyrian studies. AFA gratefully ac- Mr. Arthur Biglou; $20.00 knowledges your generosity and foresight to the im- Mr. & Mrs. Elias; $20.00 portance of building a strong Assyrian academic Mr. & Mrs. Ghahramani; $30.00 foundation that will keep the flame of Assyrian his- Mr. & Mrs. Isacc; $20.00 tory and identity burning bright for generations to Mr. & Mrs. Kaprelian; $20.00 come. Ms. Lily Langley; $20.00 Mr. & Mrs. Lazari; $20.00 Dr. Robert Karoukian, $200.00 Mr. & Mrs. Sargon Michael; $25.00 *Levi Strauss Foundation; $1,200/via Jackline Yelda Mr. Persi Mishel; $20.00 Mr. Persi Mishel; $100 (this is a correction from last Pearce $20.00 issue of Nineveh - donation was made for education Mr. & Mrs. Piro; $20.00 but it was inadvertently designated under General Arjovik & Sarkez Ray; $65.00 Mr. Millis Tamrazi; $25.00 Welfare Committee of Canada; $20.00 NEEDY Your extraordinary generosity is the primary source Please note that we have made every effort to ensure of Assyrian Foundation‘s financial assistance to that our lists of supports are up-to-date. It is possi- needy Assyrian families throughout the world. AFA ble that a name may have been misspelled or omit- ted. If so, please accept our sincere apology and is honored to recognize your generosity and is ex- kindly notify us by emailing us at edi- tremely grateful for all your donations that enable [email protected], so that we may make AFA to continue with its dedication to help Assyr- the appropriate change to our records. Thank you. ians.

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NINEVEH MAGAZINE

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 27 3

Help Save Assyrian Heritage

The site of Ziyaret Tepe, ancient Tushhan, is an ancient Assyrian provincial capital on the Tigris river in southeastern Turkey. As an archaeological site it is of exceptional importance. Unfortunately, it is to be destroyed by the floodwaters of the Ilisu Dam.

An international team is working to save as much of this unique heritage as possible before it disappears forever. We only have two years left.

You may make donations by visiting the web-sites of the respective international teams or by sending your donations to the

Assyrian Foundation of America’s Ziyaret Tepe Fund

For more information about the project, please visit:

http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/ http://www.ane.arch.cam.ac.uk/research/ziyaret.html

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 28 3

Assyrian Language Heard Symbol in Syriac may be Again At Ancient Tushhan world's first question mark

It has been over two millennia since the Assyrian lan- What could be the world's earliest example of a question guage was last spoken at Ziyaret Tepe/Tushhan, but dur- mark has been identified in Classical Syriac manuscripts ing a recent visit by Saliba Ozman, His Grace the Bishop dating from the 5th Century. The symbol, a double dot of and Diyarbakir of the resembling the modern colon, is known as the zauga cel- (with the scarlet shirt in the photo) and Dairoyo (monk) laya, or "upper pair." Its function as a question mark was Yousif Said of ‡alab (), one of our team, Nineb pinned down by Chip Coakley, a manuscript specialist at Lamassu, gave them a tour in a modern variant of the an- Cambridge University. By studying the biblical manu- cient Assyrian tongue. scripts at the British Museum in London, Coakley was able to solve the mystery of the two dots, which has puz- The bishop and his party came from the of zled grammarians for decades, and described his finding Deir Zafaran, so named because the monks used to pro- as a "significant footnote in the history of writing." duce the aromatic spice saffron to support the monastery "When you are sitting round a table reading a Syriac located some 60km south of Ziyaret Tepe. Our team has text with students, they ask all kinds of questions -- like visited the monastery in past seasons and enjoyed the hos- what the heck does this or that dot mean -- and you want pitality of His Grace, so it was our pleasure to host him in to be able to answer them," said Coakley. return and provide a brief tour and lunch. We made an "It's satisfying to have made sense of some of those audio recording of Nineb's tour and I have a brief five weird dots." minute audio clip (http://blogs.uakron.edu/ziyaret/ Although the zauga cellaya is discussed in later gram- files/2011/08/Ozman-Visit.mp3) that I hope you will be matical tracts, it was not identified correctly, Coakley told able to download and enjoy. Reuters. "Later grammarians did talk about it but did not really Nineb is a language scholar and speaks most of the lan- know how it was used. They thought it indicated sarcasm guages of the region, including Arabic, Turkish, Syriac, or reproof, which turns out to only be partly true. and Kurdish. He studied Ancient Near Eastern Studies at "I went back to the earliest manuscripts in the British the University of London's School of Oriental and Afri- Library to see how the zauga cellaya was used there. can Studies (SOAS) and is planning to start a PhD in phi- These were manuscripts later grammarians did not have lology and/or archaeology at the University of Cam- access to." bridge. He's been a member of the Ziyaret Tepe team for Coakley's discovery that the zauga cellaya may in fact several years now and has learned a great deal about ar- be a question mark identifies Syriac as the first language chaeology and the material culture of southeastern Tur- to use punctuation as a grammatical indicator of a ques- key. tion. "Other languages, such as Hebrew, use particles to mark If you are ever in Mardin, a beautiful old city overlooking questions but in Classical Syriac we see the zauga cellaya the northern plains of Syria from the Turkish mountains as a grammatical marker," Coakley said. of the £ur cabdin, then plan a stop to see the monastery The zauga cellaya is written at the start of declarative and enjoy the bishop's hospitality, the grand architecture sentences to indicate their function as questions, some- and stunning views. thing which would otherwise be ambiguous. It is not used in questions with interrogative words, the equivalents of "wh-words" in English. This is significant for theories of how the ancient language might have sounded, said the researcher. "Reading aloud, the same function is served by a rising tone of voice -- or at least it is in English -- and it is inter- esting to ponder whether zauga cellaya really marks the grammar of the question, or whether it is a direction to someone reading the Bible aloud to modulate their voice," Coakley said. Syriac is thought to have appeared in the Middle East from the 1st Century and boasts a large Christian litera- ture. It declined as a spoken language with the arrival of Nineb (on right) explaining the excavations to our visitors and Arabic and today is only used in churches.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 29 3

Paper Sheet Is it because I am a paper sheep you feel me not? Poem by: Marina Benjamin Can‘t you realise you are all of my expectations and hope Translation by: Nineb Lamassu Whenever your hands approach to feel me I am set ablaze by an unquenchable fire. It is I that you eager for when you write You have fill all my lines with your verses It is for me that you confess your entire emotions Your fingers ceaselessly exhaust the pen in your hands It is not he that deserves your alluring beauty I envy this pen for it overflows with your feelings For it is I who is driven insane by your radiant letters As for me I am but a sheet of paper over worn with writ- ing. It is on me that history and chronicles are written And every love story that has ever taken place You sprinkle your love lyrics on my features/face They were all read and told from a mere paper sheet One after the other they fall into verse and form my lines And now you accost me with your negligence How often do you soak me with your tears And pierce me with your sharp pointed pen I am full of life and no longer inanimate When you hold me and stand on the podium I endure aching pain with your every poem You read your verses from off my features You scrabble my face/features yet I never complained And without me how can they ever be read You fold me and stomp on me with your feet So that your poetry achieves perfect meter and rhyme Cease holding me in your hands giving me false hopes Cease turning me from one page to the next It is for him only that you always write Let me disintegrate between your fingers And I despair just so I swap places with him Or embrace me tightly like the nostalgic past It is him that your fatigued fingers tenderly wrap But it is I that is inebriated with the ink of your writings. I was created since times immemorial And from the past I have brought to the present I have travelled from the hands of one writer to the next Yet it is only you that has captivated me.

Go back to your verses and review your writings Observe diligently to whom you have submitted your love You will soon learn that you dwell in his very heart And my heart abstains from everything but your desires.

I can abstain from water and nourishment Nor am I in need of any crapulous wine But I crave for your addic- tive pen And with its every ap- proach I inhale my very last breath.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 30 3

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 31 3

A Sacred Hut By the River How was the first church established in Iraq By: Robert Ewan, London

As the mid afternoon Iraqi sunshine fades to an ochre Koukhi and the forty years persecution

glow the remains of the first church in Iraq stand defi-

antly aware of its unique place in history. For The first three hundred years of , it was the Roman Empire that persecuted the Christians. The Koukhi was the first church established in Iraq. Ac- cording to the "Acts of St. Mari‖, one of the seventy two , especially the Parthians, were tolerant of mi- apostils of Jesus, he started his mission at Edessa (, nority groups and the Sassanids, in the beginning, were in modern Turkey) and continued into the mountainous too busy fighting the Romans. Moreover, as long as the regions heading south for Seleucia (in modern Iraq). In Roman emperors considered the Christians as enemies of this Hellenic city, Saint Mari preached the gospel and Rome, the Persian emperors considered them friends of performed several miracles by curing the sick. However, Persia. By the time of Shapur II who came to the throne the pagans, fearing for the demise of their religion, com- in 309 AD, Christianity became the main religion of the plained against St. Mari to the Persian king Artaban. Roman emperors. Constantine the great even claimed a The king brought St. Mari before him and threatened protectorate over all Christians everywhere and in 315 him with dire consequences if he did not stop preaching AD he wrote to Shapur II asking for protection and fa- and proselytizing. Additionally, the king tried to test his vors for the Christians. faith by asking St. Mari to cure his ill sister, who was duly cured. St. Mari asked the king's sister to grant him The first edict of persecution under Shapur II ordered all the fire temple on the banks of river Tigris which he Christians to pay double tax as a contribution to the cost transformed to a church and became known as the of war between Persia and Rome. The Patriarch of church of Koukhi at about AD 80. Koukhi, Mar Shimun bar Sabbae. was ordered to collect vast amounts of taxes. He refused to do so on the ground The name Koukhi is from the Aramaic word "Koukh" that his people were too poor to pay and that he was not meaning hut or cottage, because there were many Chris- a tax collector. His arrest and the destruction of all tian farmers in this area who lived in huts. The building Christian churches were immediately ordered. He was that St. Mari established was a large room used by pa- offered freedom, not only for himself, but for all his peo- rishioners for praying and celebrating feast days. In 280 ple, if he would worship the sun only once. The intrepid AD, Mar Papa established Koukhi as the seat of the Ca- bishop accepted death with some alacrity saying: ―The tholicos and later patriarch of the Eastern Church till the sun went into when it’s creator died‖. The tenth century. king begged by his memory of their personal friendship to yield, but the Patriarch remained firm, and on the morning of the first day of the feast of Unleavened Bread in 339 AD, along with five bishops and a hundred minor , he sealed his testimony with his blood. Mar Shimun the last of the company to suffer martyrdom died for two of the noblest causes for which it is possible for man to suffer: his faith in God and his duty to his people.

Mar Shimun was succeeded by Shahdoast at the seat of Koukhi. He was later arrested along with one hundred and twenty eight of his companions. They were tortured for five months and were executed by beheading. Barbashmeen (nephew of Mar Shimun) succeeded Shahdoost. He was ordained clandes- tinely as the Patriarch in a secret location. After he served for several years, he was arrested with six- teen companions and were imprisoned for eleven months. They were martyred in 349 AD. After this incident, Koukhi wallowed in the murk of its sole and remained leaderless for nearly forty years. The Sassanid palace in , in front of the church

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 32 3

of two traditions: the Arab-Islamists, bear- ers of the mantle of , and Per- sians, successors to the Sassanid monarchs. The ascension of the led to the , sometimes known as the Islamic Renaissance lasting till the 13th centuary. During this period the became the unrivalled intellectual centre for science, , medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge. In July 766 AD, Caliph Abu Ja‘far Al- Mansour built the city of Baghdad. He be- lieved that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire. Within a generation of it‘s founding, Baghdad be- came the hub of knowledge and commerce Pilgrims holding mass at Kokhi and it was likely the largest city in the world with several estimates suggesting that the Sassanids destroyed all Christian places of worship and city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak. The Koukhi was not spared. The Christians were forced to Patriarchs at Koukhi realizing that they were far away worship in secrecy till the violence subsided and they from the centre of power and influence, made a strategic rebuilt their church. decision to move the seat of the Eastern church to Bagh- dad. The seat was relocated from koukhi to Baghdad by In 363 AD, Jovian, the Roman Emperor, signed a one of the greatest Patriarchs of the Eastern Church, treaty with Shapur II. By this treaty, Mesopotamia and Timothy I. He believed that understanding the Abbasside Armenia came under the control of Persia. Temporary rule and mentality was vital for the church and its peace was established. In 409 AD, the Persian king, Yaz- growth. He was convinced that the church had to play an degard, by an edict of toleration brought an end to the important part in the growth of the society in Baghdad persecution of Christians. The peace brought about by through its medics, philosophers and translators. By the the edict helped the Christians to re-organize themselves. middle of the sixth century the mustard seed of Koukhi It is estimated that 16,000 Christians perished in this had spread into Egypt, Syria, the Arabian Peninsula, carefully calibrated persecution. Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and .

The church of Koukhi was rebuilt again by the Mongol Despite moving the Patriarchal seat to Baghdad, Patriarch, Yaballaha I, between 415-420 AD, financed by the generous grants from emperor Taudosious II. It was further remodeled and extended by Patriarch Mar Abbae I between 550 -551 AD. Patriarch Mar Abbae issued a decree that all future Patriarchs must be ordained in Koukhi. The church was in constant use and several church Synods of the Eastern Church were held in Koukhi and up to 25 Patriarchs were buried there, the first being Apres(121-123 AD) the last being Hananeshoo II in 779 AD.

MAJOR CHANGES

In the middle of the eighth century, the Abbasids took control of the Arab empire. The Abbasid Caliphate was based on their being de- scendants of the uncle of Muhammad and part of the Quraysh tribe. They used Shi‘a resent- ment, Khorasanian movements, and appeals to the ambitions of the newly conquered Persian Remains of Kokhi aristocracy to overthrow their predecessors, the Umayyads. They considered themselves the inheritors Koukhi remained at the heart of the Eastern Church. It

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 33 3

was a traditional habit of the newly ordained Patriarch to ered with sand and Koukhi went into a deep sleep wait- visit the shrine of St.Mari and to be ordained in Koukhi ing to be awakened. and then return to Baghdad. ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES THE MONGOL INVASION Numerous Iraqi and foreign archaeological missions After the from the west, which shook the sta- have tried to discover the ancient monuments of Meso- bility of the Islamic world during the 11th Century, a potamia. During the attempts to discover the city of Se- new threat came from the East during the 12th century: leucia-Ctesiphon, both a German mission (1927-1932) the Mongol invasion. In 1257, the Mongol ruler Mongke and an Italian mission (1964) carried out excavations in Khan resolved to conquer the Abbasid Caliphate. He the area and were able to discover Koukhi. conscripted one out every ten fighting men in the empire The church is located on the right side of the road for the invading force. This force, by one estimate passing the Doura slaughterhouse (south east of Bagh- 150,000 strong, was probably the largest ever fielded by dad) through the farms and then to the area of Jubori Ar- the Mongols. In November of 1257, under the command abs. About 25 kilometers from the slaughter house, there of Hulaguu and the Jalayir, general Koke Ilge and the is a cross-road leading to a hill. This hill, which is about Chinese commander Guo Kan in vice command set out 12 meters, high is known as the hill of "The daughter of for Baghdad. The army laid siege to the city starting the judge‖. If one stands on top of the hill, he will be January 29. able to see the remnants of the church.

On February 10, Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols The present state of the church remains pitiful and de- swept into the city on February 13 and began a week of void of life. The road leading to the church is a narrow massacre, looting, and destruction. This destruction rugged road difficult for cars to pass. People have to reached Koukhi and the surrounding areas. The Mongols walk for 1.5 Kilometers to the location of the church. created fear and havoc wherever they ruled. The patriar- The remains are covered with wild bushes and trees with chal seat was transferred to Arbil (northern Iraq) and their leaves crackling listlessly. then it was relocating continuously to different places. Koukhi, alongside several bishoprics, was destroyed and When the long day wanes and the slow moon climb, as time went by it became a treasure trove of memories. the ruins glare remonstrant over the Iraqi landscape, wal- Most of the buildings collapsed bit by bit and were cov- lowing in the murk of its sole.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 34 3

The Five Maliks of Sara

By: Solomon S Solomon,

The town of Sara was halfway between Lake Van and Khan Bek, the Mira of Butan, about the time of his inva- , and about twelve kilometers west of the sion of Hakkiari. Also, prior to the war, a certain Jawdet Persian border. Sara had a mixed population of Assyr- Bek became the Qaimaqam of Sara. He was the son of ians, Kurds and Turks. A western traveler estimated the Tahir Pasha, the Governor-General of Assyrian population at one hundred extended families; (1897-1907). A brutal and unstable man, Jawdet Bek as with Timar Assyrians. Their origin was from Hakkari engineered the destruction of the in Van dur- in the south of Van. The majority of our people in Sara ing the war in February 1915. came from , Tkuma, Tiari and Gawar. After the death of Malik Sapar The town was administered in Sara, his oldest son, Eisa, by a Turkish Qaimaqam (a sub- was declared the Malik of governor). The church was un- Sara Assyrians. He married a der Bishop Mar Elia Aboona, certain Amar and fathered who was consecrated in 1907 three children: Ezaria, Sarna, for the Van Assyrians, with his and Basmat. Malik Eisa suf- seat in Sara. The local Assyr- fered through the massacres of ians were under a Malik and the the Great War along with the following is a brief account of rest of the Assyrian nation. It the Maliks of Sara. is known that in Baquba (1918 -1920), he attended the conse- Several generations before the cration of Bishop Mar Yousip advent of the Great War, a cer- Khnanisho to the rank of Met- tain Gewargis arrived ropolitan, representing Sara. in Sara from the Baz tribe and was styled as Malik of the As- After Baquba, the Sara As- syrians of Sara. Not much more syrians settled in the Christian is known about him except that town of Alqush. It was there he was followed by one of his that Malik Eisa died in 1921. descendants, possibly his son, a The Sara Assyrians chose certain Malik Sawmo. Sawmo Gullu, the son of Bram, a in turn was to marry and father brother of Malik Sapar to be three sons: Malik Sapar, Bram Khammi d‘Malik Sapar with two sons, ca 1949 their Malik. Gullu had one and Paulus. brother by the name of Hamik. Gullu was married to an Armenian woman by the name Malik Sapar, who lived just prior to the Great War, be- of Nazlu, and she gave birth to a single child by the came the greatest of the Maliks of Sara. He was a name of Waranso. wealthy man with great influence in and around Sara. Sapar was a respected figure amongst Turkish official- Waranso entered the ranks of the Assyrian Levies and dom. It is reported that at one time, his father, Sawmo, was to attain the rank of Rab-Emma. He died in Bagh- was imprisoned by the Kurdish Mira of Khoshab and dad on November 16, 1979. His father Malik Gullu, had tortured in the Mira‘s castle without giving up. Sawmo died earlier in Baghdad in 1953. Waranso‘s wife, was a brave man. Khammi, who was a daughter of Malik Sapar, died in Baghdad on December 4, 1982. Her brother, Andrius Malik Sapar married an American woman who gave Malik Sapar, died on March 29, 1985. birth to two sons: Eisa and Askerkhan. After her death, he married again and fathered five children: Nicola, An- The other brother of Malik Sapar, a certain Paulus, a pi- drius, Regina, Romy and Khammi. During Malik Sa- ous and generous Christian, fathered three children: par‘s tenure, Sara was nearly destroyed by an earthquake Yousip, Younadam and Mariam. May they all rest in in 1903. Earlier Assyrian Sara was destroyed by Badr peace.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 35 3

How Can we get the World to Know Who we Are?

"To call myself an Assyrian is not a given right; rather, it requires true passion, love, dedication, and sacrifice. It is my duty to serve my beloved Assyrian Nation." Albert Davidoo

fore any great or important undertaking. Next I would like to express my gratitude to the United States of America because she offers us so much so that we may render aid upon our fellow brothers and sisters in Homeland. To our friends and families, we can‘t do anything with- out your help. You are our inspiration and support in eve- rything that we have done through the Assyrian Medical Society. And to our beloved Assyrian Nation, you have my dedi- cation and support as long as there is breath in my lungs and blood in my Assyrian veins; I shall support you and 2011 AMS committee members fight for your causes. For some, you are a diamond among I would like to thank Nineveh Magazine for allowing me gems but to me, you are so much more, you are the calling to share my personal views as well as those of the Assyr- that I will always bow to. ian Medical Society. Whatever the Assyrian Medical Soci- Charity: To aid people in distress is the duty of all ety and I have done, we owe to others. mankind; but for me, it has become a way of life. The de- I want to thank God because without him, nothing is sire to help is even more pressing when an Assyrian child possible. Everyman must invoke the blessings of God be- is involved. We love our children and no one should see their child suffer. This is the path I took early in my pro- fessional career and is one that I will stay the course with until I physically can no longer serve. But I have not worked alone. Many people have been involved in the work I do. I have had the pleasure of serving on the Board of Gov- ernors of Shriners Hospitals for Children and from that wonderful position I was part of a team that helped cure hundreds of children from their ailments. My experience at Shriners Hospitals and the efforts of Dr. Samir Johna, Youkie Khannia and many more volun-

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 36 3

teers has provided urgent medical care to those Assyrians without means and resources in Iraq, Syria and . These efforts could not have been done without the help of all the wonderful people who freely gave their services such as the doctors, hospitals, churches, volunteers, peers nation and to find it a place among other nations; yet it and professionals. These people banded together in any pains me to know that my eyes will never see our flag fly way they could to use their talents, resources or just plain over our soil in my lifetime! physical labor, to render aid to people all over the world. We are stateless people. We are a minority. We have been discriminated against in our own land. We have been persecuted and killed just because we are Assyrians; and this has to be stopped. But for the opportunity we have in this country, we too would face that danger in our ancestral lands. The people you see in Assyrian gatherings are the peo- ple whose ancestors survived the genocide in 1914 and the centuries of bloodshed. We have endured discrimination, persecution and genocide just because we are Assyrian and we believe that Christ died for our sins. How do we restore this honor we once enjoyed when we We could not have succeeded without their help. don‘t have rights in our own homeland? How do we sur- Doing Good Deeds: I am an Assyrian; you are Assyr- vive and live in a hostile land? How can we help our- ians. We have had a difficult history, we have no country, selves? How can we get the world to know who we are? we have no protection and that is not right for a people The answer is, only by doing good deeds. This is what with such a glorious past. Our ancestors contributed their we have been doing and I hope that we can continue for share of knowledge to the world and what have we gotten years to come. in return? Discrimination, genocide and . Why do we help these children? The answer is, to give I have been working to uphold and restore our Assyrian them hope that there is a brighter future. I hope my work is an inspiration to you and others to take action and make a stand.

Thank you,

Albert Davidoo

Emeritus member of Board of Governors of Shriners Hospitals for Children-LA Chairman and Co-Founder of Assyrian Medical Society

To find out more about the Assyrian Medical Society, to get involved and to donate, please visit their web site:

http://www.assyrianmedical.org

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 37 3

Legendary Assyrian-American Superstar Shamiram Urshan Passes Away

By: Helen Talia

―Ana levan children. shaperta le khaqran b’gane, ―Arabo‖ ~ During her 34 years in the Seattle area, mayla mine Shamiram taught dance and performed in the Iranian Ex- shetranta soud- hibition at the 1974 Worlds Fair. Once her children were roh sousanee, well into school, Shamiram decided to become a profes- morounla sional singer. With Assyrian songs composed by her late d’qema raqda, father Daniel Gevargis Urshan, Shamiram recorded her soloh Yemeni, first album in 1978, self-titled ―Shamiram‖. It was ap- sheshaleh qaw- plauded internationally, which led to singing engagements moh neqda. . .‖; around the world including , and Arabo, from Australia, turning the once dance theatre instructor into an Shamiram‘s first overnight superstar. She recorded and released four suc- self-titled album cessful albums, ―Shamiram‖ (1978), ―Dreams‖ (1982) ― Shamiram,‖ ―Ashikoota‖ (1984), and ―Feelings‖ (1987). 1978 (U.S.A.). This clairvoyant artist distin- After learning guished herself from all other of her passing, female artists through elegance the Assyrian and beauty, demanding audi- nation worldwide mourns the loss of its legendary female ence respect and raising the bar artist Shamiram, a.k.a. ―yimma d’zamaryateh,‖ (―mother so high that no other female of [female] singers‖). artist will ever be able to fill those ―Yemeni‖ shoes that she ―Brata Shaperta‖ ~ Born in 1938 in Tehran, Iran, alone will be dancing in for Shamiram was the youngest of four children of Daniel and decades to come. Salatin. She began singing and acting at the age of 8 in school plays at the "Forozesh School". She became more Shamiram died on Saturday, active in , both singing and playing instruments. Af- June 25, 2011 in California, ter High School, Shamiram enjoyed tutoring kindergart- where she was residing in the ners in dance, and was asked to sing and dance at the In- latter years and was laid to rest on Saturday, July 02, dian Embassy. She performed on Iranian television several 2011. The funeral, held in private, at Mar Yousip Assyrian times. She was very involved in "Etela-at Bonevon", and Church of The East in San Jose, California, was officiated through "Etela-at Bonevon" performed for "Honarhayeh by His Grace Mar Awa, Bishop of California, among other Zeba". Shamiram demon- clergymen, and attended by many relatives, friends and strated multiple talents in the Assyrian singers, musicians, and lyricists, including, Va- performing arts. Her musical nia Pazand, Walter , Sargon Younan, Robert Noghli, interests included music in Haroot Eskenian, Pierre Noghli and Orahim Lazar. Assyrian, Persian, Turkish, Arabic and Indian. She is survived by her two sons, Daniel and Shah Pick (and their families), both servicemen in the United States ―Ghazala D‘Khoulmani‖ ~ Army, and one daughter, Samira, her husband Zaia, and At the age of 22, Shamiram her grandson, also Zaia, who presented a slideshow of his married and moved to the grandmother‘s musical and photo archives, honoring the United States and settled in legend‘s memory. Seattle, where together with You can visit www.Qeenatha.com for a sampling of her husband she raised three Shamiram‘s music.

ܢ ܝ ܢ ܘ ܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 38 3

Rabi Mikhail Sado A tribute to the memory of the late Rabi Mikhail Sado (1934-2010) By: Marcel Josephson, San Jose, California

1 Chorus I am very fortunate for Shemsha zreqla hawa 4 having met the late Rabi shkhene Kyana rishle Yemi yemi khlapakh hveli Mikhail Sado once. We m‘shinta d‘setva Shvoq qa d‘azan l‘rqada o‘z- met in July 2007 during Sepre zmeron al eelane mara Qa d‘parshannee gora my visit to St. Petersburg, Shrila dana d‘bee neesane m‘demee M‘go mdeenate . Rabi invited me Chorus m‘go matvate into his house and showed Bee neesane bee neesane Chorus me his library including Varde pqekhlon go karmane 5 many rare manuscripts. I Go raghoole al roomyate Bronee bronee shme l‘ava- had two meals with him Qala d‘zmar o‘daalyate hookh Khosh am yalan and his wife Zina. They 2 l‘rqada o‘zamra took me to their summer Talga pshere al toorane Qa d‘gabetookh brata m‘um- cottage outside St. Peters- Miya mlelon l‘naravate tookh burg nearby Peter the Great‘s summer palace. He intro- Pletlon raaye am beqrate M‘go mdeenate m‘go mat- duced me to his younger son, Hegumen Stefan Sado at Go raghoole al roomyate vate the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Rabi Mikhail Chorus Chorus was born in St. Petersburg but his origin goes to a village 3 6 in Lewun (North of Upper Tiyari) in the mountains of Yalan o‘bnatan sqeele Leshana khilya d‘yema Hakkari. He was a linguist of . He flu- lveeshe Rqidlon kehga am Bid khamakhle bid yalpak- ently spoke Eastern dialect of vernacular Syriac. sheykhane B‘qala d‘zoorna hle Qa d‘matakh l‘neesha o‘davoola Go raghoole al d‘umta Go mdeenate go He showed me a poem (The Spring) that he had com- roomyate matvate posed. Seemingly, in his visit to Chicago one night that he could not fall asleep this poem came to his mind. I have his hand-written copy of this poem along with its music sheet that to my understanding was also composed by Rabi Mikhail. Nura Tamraz, an Assyrian singer in Urmia (Krasnodar), Russia has recorded a beautiful song on this poem.

The last verse of the poem however, is not included in Nura‘s song. This poem is a depiction of how the sur- roundings of our ancestral homeland villages looked like upon the arrival of the spring. It portrays the blossoming of flowers in valleys and atop hills; and, the melting snows and flowing rivers. A young girl‘s plead to her mother to allow her to attend the celebratory dance to find a husband from within her own blood (people) is a deflection point in this poem and clearly illustrates Rabi Mikhail‘s view and approach on prolonging our ethnical existence.

I decided to document this poem so that it will not be lost in case it has not been published by now. I am grate- ful to Edwin Elieh the young Assyrian musical icon for typesetting the music notes of this poem (also included) using a computer software. The memory of the late Rabi Mikhail Sado will live amongst us.

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 39 3

CONGRATULATIONS !

On July 31, 2011, Sargon and Nanajan Yelda celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary amongst friends and family at the Assyrian Foundation‘s annual picnic. The couple‘s children surprised their parents by hosting this year‘s picnic and invit- ing all their family to join with the AFA members in this joy- ous occasion. Over 200 people spent a fun filled day at the Lafayette Reservoir. The family had requested in lieu of any gifts, donations be made to the Assyrian Foundation of Amer- ica‘ Education and/or education funds.

The AFA congratulates Mr. Sargon and Mrs. Nanajan Yelda on their Golden Anniversary and a heartfelt thank you for the generous donations received from the event.

Photos by: Paul K. Benjamin - www.pkbvisions.com

We are pleased to an- type children's illustrated dictionary. You NEW BOOK nounce that the Assyr- will be taken to the page where the book is ian Children's Illus- listed with some other books. trated Dictionary by Dr. Made- leine Davis is now available on Lulu.com for $ 8.25 (postage not included). It is also a book of As- syrian Alphabet and Numbers and a colouring book.

It is a perfect gift for Christmas to people of all ages. If you order in bulk you will be given a discount by Lulu and the shipping will also be cheaper and faster.

Visit: www.lulu.com. Then in the search box of their main page

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 40 3

In Memoriam

Irene R. Lazar (1947), he opened his dental practice. After one year Sept. 9, 1928 – July 25, of dentistry he decided to study medicine. He gradu- 2011 ated from the University of Zurich, School of Medi- cine in Switzerland, where he met his future wife, Irene was born in Chi- Rosa (Roesli) Sutter. cago, Illinois in 1928. She was a graduate of Dr. David did his internship at the then Martland Lakeview High School Medical Center in Newark and plastic surgery resi- of Chicago and at- dency at the Veteran's Hospital in East Orange, NJ. tended Northwestern He specialized in maxillofacial surgery. In 1964 Dr. University. She moved to Modesto, California in David moved with his wife to Morristown, NJ where 1969 to be closer to her mother and father, Shalim he opened his plastic surgery practice. Four years and Moses Lazar. During her time in California she later in 1968, Dr. David joined Dr. Mario Ber- worked for the Safeco Insurance Co. until she retired schadsky to form their practice, David & Ber- in 1983. She loved to read and travel and enjoyed schadsky, M.D.'s, P.A. also in Morristown, NJ. He both as opportunities allowed her. She had a strong was on the staff of the Saint Clare's, Chilton Memo- faith and was a member of St. George Parish, Assyr- rial and Morristown Memorial Hospitals. At Saint ian Church in Ceres, California, where she served as Clare's Hospital he was on the Cancer Committee, president of the women‘s auxiliary. She is survived Credentials Committee, Emergency Room Commit- by her two sisters, Mary (Lazar) Stewart of Modesto, tee, and infection Control Committee, as well as a California, and Elizabeth (Bette) Koshaba of San member of the Board of Trustees. Dr. David retired Francisco, California, as well as her niece and from private practice in 1995 and devoted himself nephew Michele Koshaba Garibaldi of Half Moon more to his many interests. Dr. David loved to visit Bay, California and Gary Koshaba of San Francisco. art galleries, he enjoyed ballet and classical music,

and he seldom missed a Saturday afternoon opera performance on the radio coming directly from the Met. Looking for antiques was another of his hobbies Dr. Arthur B. David, M.D; and he sometimes jokingly told his friends that his D.D.S. and Roesli's home was built around a 250 year old

English door, which had already been stored in the AGE: 90 (1921-2011) garage. Arthur also loved sports. In addition to tennis

he enjoyed skiing and soon was much more daring Dr. Arthur B. David passed away than his wife. He also was a longtime member of the peacefully of natural causes at Mendham Golf and Tennis Club. His friends and col- home on November 16, 2011. He leagues were privileged to work with Arthur as he was born July 4, 1921, to Assyrian was a superb surgeon and a true gentleman. He will parents and raised in Elizabeth, NJ. Dr. David studied be greatly missed by all. dentistry at the Medical College of Virginia. After graduation in 1945 he enlisted in the medical corps of Dr. David is survived by his wife, two nieces and the 88th infantry as a lieutenant. He was stationed in nephew with their families and many cousins. Trieste, Italy. He was a great tennis player as well.

The United States Army selected him to head the

U.S. Tennis Team. Due to his new position he trav- eled Europe extensively on "goodwill tours" playing matches and organizing local tournaments. By the time he ended his military career, he was promoted to captain. When he returned home after World War II

ܢ ܝ ܢ ܘ ܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 41 3

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 42 3

݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܗ ܕܟܐ ܸܒܬ ܐ ܹܬܐ ܲ ܚܕ ܵܝܘܣܐ، ܐܝܟܐ ܹܕܠܐ ܗ ܹܘܐ ܲ ܚܕ ܦܝ ܧܝ ܒ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܼܒܘܝܢܐ ܼܕܫܬܐܸܤܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܹܐ ܠܤܤܘ ܐ ܚܟ ܝ، ܲ ܚܕ ܕܘܟܬܘܪ ܤܬܓܘܢ ܕܘܦ ܒܝܕ، ܲ ܚܕ ܐܪܝܘ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܣܟܟܘ، ܚܕܐ ܭ ܤܝܬܡ ܣܟܘ ܲ ܝܨ ܕܘܟܬܘܪ ܗ ܦܝ ܵܒܐܠ ܬ ܪܒ ܝܤ، ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܟܹܪܝܡܼ ܐܕ ܘܓ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ Scholars ܐܧܹ ܩܡܣ ܐܹܝܪܨܸ ܝܘ ܗ ܬܒܸ ܕܟ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܗܝܝܝ ܲ ܨܵ ܘܒܒ ܝܦ ܐܘ Assyriology ܐܬܘܝ ܪܘܬܐܕ ܐܡܪܚ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ). .ܐ .ܐ (ܫ ܐܟܬܝܹ ܣ ܐܕ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐܕ ܐܬܤܬܐܸ ܭܕ ܐܧܛܡܨܸ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܝܦܭ ܬܠ ܝܦ ܪܕܸ ܤ ܬܒܸ ܐܤܠܘܮܒ ܗܝܝܪ ܞܭܵ ܐܘܸ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܪܒܐ ܭ ܬܝܬܐ ܹܝܡܗ، ܐܝܧܐ ܹܗ ܸܣܙܣ ܹܧܐ ܕܣ ܩܡܘ ܚܝܝܗ ܝܘܚ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܒܬ ܩܧܘܬܐ، ܣܡܩ ܧܘܬܐ، ܲ ܒܛ ܩܞܬܐ ܵܘܦܞܬܬܐ ܲ ܕܝ ܬܬܘܬܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܪܹ ܝܧܤ ܐܩ ܢܘܗܬܸܝܗ 9ܐܹ ܝܕܝܥܵ ܐܧܝ ܐܹ ܝܘܗܹ ܗܝܝܩ ܘܮ ܨܘ ܒܝܧܝܦ ܐܬܪܝܣܲ 9ܕܝܒܲ ( .ܐܧܝܵ ܐܝܬܐܒܕ ܐܬܕܠܘܵ ܬ ܐܩܵ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܲ ܐ ̇ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܲ ܵ ܕܓܘ ܸܬ ܒܝܢ، ܤܧܘܕܘܢ ܠܝܘܠܩܧܐ ܐܬܘܪ ܵܝܐ، ܦܞܘܪܗܘܢ ܵ ܹ ܹ ) ܘܤܤܵ ܠ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܲ ܲ ܐܦܹ ܐ . ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܕܬ ܣܘ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܬܐ ܐܧܮܡܠܸ ܢܘܕܛܮܸ ܣܘ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܐܕܹ ܘܝܙ ܣܘ ܐܒܠܕܸ ܐܮܹ ܓ ܪܠܸ ܐܹܝܘܧ ܭܘ ܐܹܝܘܬܧ ܣ ܐܧܝ ܐܠܹ ܐܧܹ ܣܙܣܸ ܗܹ ܐܩ ܐܪܹ ܘܝ ܗܠ ܐܬܦܞܩܵ ܬܘܒ ܚܘܝ ܐܥܹ ܘܕ ܣ ܐܣܘܝܵ ܢܟܒ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ . ܨܣ ܕ ܗܕ ܐܬܹ ܝܛܒܕ ܠܸ .ܐܬܝܚܵ ܪܘܬܐܠ ܐܬܞܦܕ ܐܬܒ ܤܕ ܐܘܹ ܟܵ ܐܕܚ ܐܝܵ ܬܒܠܘܸ ܐܪܹ ܝܧܤ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܢܘܘܟܘ ܬܝܪܵ ܝ ܲ ܗܕ ܐܬܘܝ ܥܨܤܒܸ ܗܡܝ ܨܟܣܸ ܘܣ ܐܗܐ ܗܡܟܹ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܐܧܝ ܐܪܘܨܒ . .ܐ .ܐ ܫ ܘܓ ܐܧܹ ܟܪ̈ܬܮ ܣܸ ܐܣܹ ܕܗ ܡܐܸ ܪܒ . ܡܘܝܕܐܸ . ܐܬܚܘܬܨ ܐܕܝܐܒ ܐܬܝܧܩܤܟܸ ܢܘܟܘ ܬܕܧܤܘ ܐܹ ܝܧܝܣ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܣܨ 545 ܨܪܨܘ ܹܨܐ، ܒܘܬ ܐܗܐ ܭܘ ܸܐܬܤܐ ܝܘܚ ܚܕܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܝܧܒܕ ܐܦܹ ܨܠܘܐ .ܐܬܣܕܩ ܨܣ ܐܧܝ ܐܪܹ̈ ܘܓ ܫܘܒ ܐܭܹ ܬܘܟ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܐܬܘܝ ܪܚܬܠܸ ܐܬܝܞܣ ܐܩ record ܐܬܡ ܔ ܤܕ ܐܬܧܝܘܪܣ ܐܪܹ ܝ ܒܥ ܐܬܦܹ ܕܥ ܗܝܝܡܟ ܨܣ ܐܧܝ ܐܕܝܙܒܸ ܢܝܒ ܬܸ ܘܓ ܢܬܣ ܘܐ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܑܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܐܹܝܪܚܐ ܐܹܝܪܤܦܒܸ .ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܒܪܕ ܐܹܝܛܒ ܐܪܘܤ ܐܕܸ ܐܬܘܧ ܤܝܤܣܘ ܥܘܮܝܕ ܐܕܡܝ ܬܝܒܕܹ ܐܕܐܥܹ ܐܗܐܒ .ܐܹܝܧܩܤܟܸ ܐܬܹ ܝܘܪ ܝܧܤܕ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܐܗܐ ܕܪܐ، ܙܘܕܐ ܣܨ 455,555$ ܕܠ ܹܪܐ ܨܝܮܡܗܘܢ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܣܮܝܛܐ ܐܝ ܤܨ ܕܨ ܝܮܝܬܘܢ ܚܘ̈ܪܕܝܹܐ ܒܤ ܸܛܒܧܘ ܟܘܢ، ܸܒܞܡܒܐ ܝܘ ܹܗܒܐ ܩܐ ܭܘܐܬ ܹܤܐ ܥܘܕ̈ܪܦܝܹܐ ܥ ܒܘܕܐ9 ܣܪܬܝܬܐ ܕܬ ܠܤܝܕܐ، ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ( ܐܬܹ ܣ( ܐܧܹ ܒ ܘܝ ܐܧܝ ܐܠܕܹ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܘܒ ܢܘܬܝܧ ܤܚܸ ܬ ܚܘܝ ܹܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܗ ܲ ܝܬܬܐ ܩܐ ܹܣ ܹܤܟ ܹܧܐ ܕܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ، ܘܚܘ ܹ̈ܪܙܐ ܥܘܕ̈ܪܦܝܹܐ ܕܓܡܘܝ ܹܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܧܝܹ ܥ ܘܓ ܢܘܬܝܪܮ ܓ ܢܘܟܘ ܧܣܸ ܚܘܝ ܐܝܦܒܒܘܸ .)ܢܒܩ ܐ ܸ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ، ܬ ܪܣܝܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܒܘܬ ܣܧܬܝܬܐ ܕܚ ܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܬܘܡܡ ܤܣ ܐܹܝܘܗܹ ܐܕܗ ܪܬܒܕ ܢܘܬܝܙ ܚܘ ܢܘܟܘ ܕܡܝܕ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܓܘ ܓܬܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܬܩ، ܸܘܒ ܙܒܧܬܐ ܕ̈ܪܣܧ ܹܧܐ ܩܐ ܨܪܨܘ ܹܨܐ، ܹܒܝܬ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܢܘܟܘ ܧܣܸ ܚܘܝ ܐܝܵ ܦܒܹ .Assyriologists ܐܬܘܝ ܪܘܬܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ . ܨܧܒܠܸ ܘܓ ܐܗܹ ܝܪܟ ܬܝܒܘܹ ܢܬܝܐ ܘܓ ܐܦܹ ܪ̈ܕܦܣ ܐܹܝܤܐ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐܕ ܐܬܤܬܐܸ ܭ ܬܘܒ ܐܦܹ ܪܚܹ ܐ ܐܩ ܢܘܬܝܬܣ ܐܘ ܨܠ ܢܘܬܝܬ ܟ ܕ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ AFA ܐܟܬܝܹ ܣ ܐܕ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐܕ ܐܬܤܬܐܸ ܭ ܐܬܧܭܹ ܐܗܐܒ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܐ ܣ ܹܝܬܟܐ AFA. ܒܛܘܬܣܐ، ܐ ܚܧܨ ܸܒܤܒܬܐ ܝܘܚ ܸܣܧ ܘܟܘܢ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ Assyrian ܐܝܪ̈ܘܬܲ ܐܕ ܐܬܧܧܵ ܣܪܕܲ ܐܬܦܝܤ ܐܩܵ ܗܡܝ ܐܬܛܝܒܕ ܘܓ ܐܛܹ ܡܨܸ ܘܣ ܝܮܝ ܨ ܬܒܕܸ ܢܘܟܘ ܬܝܛܵ ܒܕܵ ܢܘܗܠ ܢܘܬܝܪܕ ܭܕ ܹ ܸ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ Medical Society ܐܬܹ ܘܕܵ ܘܒ ܥ ܐܦܹ ܐ ܗܝܝܡܟ ܐܠܹ ܘܤܟ ܤ ܠܸ 2552 ܐܬܧܭܕܹ ܐܚܬܵ ܣܸ 4ܕ ܐܧܹ ܧܣܪ̈ܕ ܐܩ ܗܡܝ ܐܬܬܸܝܘܗܘ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܭ ܒ ܹܪܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܓܘܩ ܹܧܐ، ܘܥܘ ܸܗܕܬܐ ܝܡܗ Sponsored ܸܣ ܬܣ ܵܨܝ ܹܧܐ. ܸܣܛܕܕܐ ܨ ܬܤܜ ܠܗ ܐܗܐ ܵܚ ܕܘܬܐ ܹܕܒܝܬ ܲ ܝܡܕܐ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܑܼ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܐܧܝܵ ܭܘܲ ܐܟܵ ܝܬܒ ܕܝܬܥܕܲ ܐܩܵ Christmas ܐܛܵ ܝܮܣ ܥܘܮܲ ܝܕܑܼ ܐܛܝܮܣ ܥܘܮܝܕ ܐܕܡܝ ܬܝܒܕܹ ܐܕܐܥܕܹ ܐܝܬܧܭܹ ܐܛܝܘܙܠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ Christmas Event ܕܭ ܒ ܹܪܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܓܘ ܤܘ ܵܪܝܐ، ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܝܡܝܕܘ ܲܬܢ ܒܝܬ ܲܦܗ̈ܪܝܨ ܘܬܒܝܢ. ܹ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܐܡܪܚ ܘܓ .ܐܝܧܵ ܝܣܪ ܐ ܘܓܕ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܒܹ ܤ ܐܩ ܗܡܝ ܐܬܬܸܝܘܗܘ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܕܣ ܬܕܘܬܐ، ܭ ܸܐܬܤܬܐ ܤܧܝܕܬܐ ܝܡܗ ܩܐ ܚܕ ܸܣܧܝܧܐ ܕܬ ܠܤܝ ܹܕܐ "ܐ ܸܨܨ ܟܡܝܝܗ ܒܧ ܝ ܐܘ ܣܬܢ ܕܩ ܸܐܡ ܕ ܸܒܬ ܒܝܢ ܥܒ ܝ ܹܪܐ ܝܧܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܕܥܡ ܹܝܤܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܐ ܹ ܙ̈ܪܝ ܹܙܐ ܸܕܒܪܬܝܐ ܝܧܐ ܓܘ ܕ ̈ܪܓܹܐ ܣܪܕܣܝܹܐ ܓܘ ܥ ܵܘܩ ܹܧܐ، ܐܝܧܐ ܐܬܘܪ ܵܚܝܬܐ ܝܡܗ ܸܘܒܬ ܨܝܮܐ ܵܚܝܬܐ ܟܤܐ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܕܣܤ ܡܡܘܬ ܐܬܘܪ ܝܘܬܐ Assyriology ܸܒܪܪ ܵܝ ܹܬܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ. ܕܐ ܚܧܨ ܒܐ ܣܝ ܧܘܬܐ ܦ ܞܬܚ ܠܗ، ܚ ܸܡ ܧܜ ܠܗ ܘܚ ܤܜ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܦܝ ܕܒ ܝ ܲ ܛܝܝܗ ܝܧܐ ܲ ܚ ܲ ܝܝ ܝܗ ܵܩܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ، ܣ ܡܘ ܹܨܐ ܵܕ ܹ̈ܪܭܐ ܓܘ ܠܤ ܬܕܘ ܬܢ ܲ ܘܝ ܬܬܘ ܬܢ" ) ܲ ܒܝܕ ܐ ܵܤܝܐ ܓ ܘ ܸܐܠ ܵܝܤ( ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܒܝܬ ܝܘܠܩܧܐ College ܒܘܬ ܐܬܘܪ ܝܘܬܐ، ܣ ܡܛܘ ܹܣܐ ܸܐܢ ܒܤܤܐ ܠ ܘܟܘܢ ܣܨ ܸܐܕܝܘܡ ܭܕܪܗܘܢ ܠܗܘܢ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸܘܒܤܝܤܐ ܟܬ ܹܒܐ ܘܣܡܘ ܹܐܐ، ܭ ܘܬܘ ܹܨܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܣ ܹܕܐ، ܒܝ ܗܒܐ ܕܭܧ ܘܟܘܢ ܘܕܒܛܝܬ ܘܟܘܢ ܐ ܝܧܝ ܹܕܠܐ ܨ ܝܮܝ ܣܘ ܸܒܨ ܹܪܗ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܣ ܹܤܡܡܐ، ܬ ܠܤܘ ܹܕܐ ܸܠܐ ܤܟܘܠܝܹܐ ܕܣ ܧܬܘܝܹܐ ܓܘ ܕ ̈ܪܓܹܐ ܒܤ ܕܐܬܐ Tax ܸܒܤܨܥ ܝܘܬܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܒ ܤ ܨܠ ܬܝܐ www.assyrianfoundation.org .ܐܟܬܭܘ ܗܝܝܬ ܝܪܩܕ ܵ ܲ ܑܼ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܐܛܝܮܣ ܥܘܮܝܕ ܢܬ ܣܕ ܐܕܡܝ ܬܝܒܕܹ ܐܕܐܦܠܹ ܢܘܬܝܬ ܒܦܸ ܣ ܬܒܸ ܐܛܡܩܸ ܣ ܬܒܸ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐܕ ܕܝܬܥ ܕ ܬܘܒ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܤܬܐܸ ܭ ܵ ݇ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܠܙܘ ܹܙܐ Invest ܩܐ ܤܧܕܬܐ ܕܬ ܠܤܝ ܹܕܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܸܟܤܩܧ ܐܝܬ، Christmas ܵܒܛ ܕܘܬܐ ܸܘܪܫ ܹܭܧܬܐ ܲ ܚܕܬܐ ܕ 2552 ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ .ܐܬܘܛ ܝܨܩ ܒܸ .PhD ܨܝ Masters ܕ ܗܝܝܓܪ̈ ܕ ܝܡܒ ܩ ܬܒܕܸ ܝܦ ܐܠ ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 43 3

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 44 3

ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܗܝܝܡܟܠ ܐܒܹ ܓ ܗܠܹ ܐܨܣܕ ܐܪܹ ܒܧܓ ܐܣܘܝܤܵ ܨܣ ܕܛܠ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܘܢܝܢܕ ܪܬܫܐ ܐܬܗܠܠܐ ܐܬܘܠܨ ܐܬܘܧ ܤܡܮܸ ܣܹ ܡܕܩ ܨܣ ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܐܧܹ ܝܵ ܚ ܐܚܹ ܘܮܣܘ ܐܹܝܪܩܤ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܘܒܬܪ ܹܣ ܸܮܡܤ ܧܘܬܐ ܗܠ ܒܐ ܹܦܐ ܸܭ ܹܧܐ ܐܚܪܝܹܐ، ܣܝܘܪܝܸ ܙܝܝܗ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܠܤܡܬܟܐ ̈ܕܠܐــــــــܗܐ ܘܣܬܬܐ ܕܠܐـــــــــܗܐ ܕܚܕܝܬܢ ܹܠܗ ܓܘ ܹܬܪܝ ܕܘ ܵܒ ܹܪܐ ܕܟܬ ܹܒܐ ܸܒܡܮܧܐ ܥܬ ܵܒ ܵܝܐ، ܐܗܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܿܠـــــــــܗ ̈ ܐܒ ܬܟ ܕܚ ܐܙܹ ܐܕܗ . ܘܛܝ ܭ ܤܝܐ ܘܠ ܐܮܝܮ ܩ ܐܘܗܝ ܐܬܩܤ ݇ ݇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܠܤܬܬܐ ܕܦܝܧـــــــــــܘܐ ܠܐܗܬܐ ܘܒـــــــــܬܬܐ ܕܚܝܲ ܐ ܹܚܬܦܐ ܩܬܝ ܹܡܗ ܕܐܘܦ ܗܘ ܝܗܘܐ ܒܘܬ ܣܮܝܛ ܝܘܬܐ ̈ܭܤܝــــــــܧܐ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܕܓ ܙܪܬܐ ܘܐܗܘ ܠ ܹܬܐ ܕܟܪ ܵܤܞܝ ܹܧܐ ܘ ܓ ̇ܗ ܥܕܦܐ ܼܐܚܝܕܬ ܭܘܠܞܧــــــــܐ ܕܣܡܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܪܥــــــܐ ܘܟܠܗ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܥܤــــــܬܬܐ ܕܚ ܡܝ ܩܘܬܐ ܕܒܧܝ ܥܒܐܤ، ܒܝܕ ܐܤܝܐ ܓ ܐܢ ܣܘ ܪܝܤ ̈ ܲ ܼܘܣܗܕܝܧܝـــــــــــــܰܐ ܕܭܤܮܐ ܘܩـــــــܗܪܐ ܬܐܣܐ ̈ ܗܝܝ ܨ. ̮ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܭܤܝــــــــܧܐ ̈ ܐܕܛܒܸ ܜܪܮ ܓ ܢܐܸ ܢܬ ܩ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܪܘܓ ܐܪܗܒ ܘܭ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܠܤܬܬܐ ܘܠܐــــــــܗܬܐ ܕܭܤܥܐ ܘܣܪܒܡـــــܐ ܨܠܘܬܐ ܥ ܸܪܡܕ ܪܘܬܐ ܸܘܠܒܐ ܪܘܝܛܐ ܥܢ ܐܗܐ ܸܤܩܬ ܝܘܬܐ، ܼܕܣܛܝـ̈ــــــܲ ̈ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܭ ܸܬ ܪܚܡܗ ܘܨ ܲ ܡܞܛܡܗ ܥܢ ܨܐܬܐ ܕܩ ܬܝ ܠܗ ܒܧ ܝ ܘܣܧܧܝܧܝـــــــــــــܰܐ ܕܭܐܠܰܐ ܕܐܝܡـــــــܨ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܕܣܰܓܘܩܝܨ ܿܒـــܗ ܼ ܶ ܘܓ ܜܮܧ ܣ ܐܠ . ܗܘܝܒ ܝܪ ܗܸ ܒ ܬܭܘ ܠܘܓܘ ܤ ܢܬܣ ܘܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܩܥܐ ܘܐܨܠــــــــــــــܐ ܘܐܬܟܮܨ ܠܛܘܒـــــܐ ܭܬܝܬܐ ܓ ܙܪܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܟܬ ܹܒܐ ܥ ܬܝ ܹܪܐ ܸܒܡܮܧܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ، ܕܐܭــــــــܰܪ ̈ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܘܦ ܹܙܐ ܠܘ ܹܚܐ ܩܕܝܤܝܹܐ ܕܨܝ ܹܮܐ ܝܗܘܘ ܚܘܣܝܹܐ ܒܝܕ ܕܬܩܡܪܝ ܨܠــــــــܘܬܝ ܘܬܬܠܝ ܼܠܝ ܭܐܠܰܝ ܘܬܭܤܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ، ܐܝܧܐ ܐܝ ܤܨ ܕܩܘ ܸܒܡܗܘܢ ܟܬ ܵܤܞܝ ܧܘܬܐ ̈ܩܘܦܪܧــــܝ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܣܘ ܠܒܛܡܗܘܢ ܝܘܠܩܧܐ ܘܬܘܪܓܸܤܡܗܘܢ ܥܢ ܸܠܮܧܐ ܒܒܥܘ ܣܧܟܝ ܣــــܬܬܝ ܼܕܬܨܘܬܝܨ ܠܤܡــــــܝ ܝܓܗܒ ܨܝܟܰܩܐܘܼ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܗܝܝܡܟ ܝܤ ܸܓܪܬ ܢܘܗܠ ܐܨܣ ܐܟܕ ܗ ܪܗܘ ܐܝܵ ܒܬܥ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܹܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܘܬܗܦܟܝ ܐܦܝܟܝ ܠܘܬܝ ܕܦܛܕܐ ܠܒܝ ܘܦــــܕܘܨ ܘܦܰܣܲ ܢܬܸ ܟܕ ܣ ܕܒܸ ܐܟܵ ܐܠ .ܐܝܵ ܒܵ ܬܥ ܐܧܮܠܸ ܢܥ ܐܝܵ ܦܘܝ ܐܧܩܠܘܝ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܸ ܼܒܞܝܒܘ ܼܬܟـܝ 9ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܐܚܹ ܘܮܣ ܐܤܟܕܚܕ ܐܧܹ ܤܭܸ

ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ .ܢܬ ܤܠ 453 ܗܨܪ̮ ܬ . ܢܬ ܤܠ 447 ܐܡܝܡ ܓ ܵ ܹܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ . ܬܝܬ ܚ ܲ . ܦܬܚܵ ܠܐ .ܫ ܢܬ ܤܠ 454 ܤܝܩܵ ܠܐ ܘܬܣܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ 482 ܠܐܨ̮ ܘܦ ܨܒܸ ܐܩܪܵ ܘܵ .ܢܬ ܤܠ 465 ܗܨܪ̮ ܬ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܹ ܵ . ܠܐ . ܢܬ ܤܠ 555 ܡܘܬܡ ܟܵ ܨܒܸ ܘܬܤܥ .ܢܬ ܤܠ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܝܥܐ ܝܵ ܠܐ ܥܝܬ ܗ .ܢܬ ܤܠ 553 ܝܧ ܝܵ ܒ ܕ ܠܐ ܐ ܔܒܵ ܦ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ .ܢܬ ܤܠ 554 ܝܤ ܒܵ ܥ ܠܐ ܪܬܦܐ .ܢܬ ܤܠ 554

ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵܩܐ ܒܘܬ ܐܗܐ، ܸܐܕܝܘܡ ܸܐܢ ܸܒ ܵܛܙ ܵܝܐ ܝܘܚ ܥܪ ܵܒܝܹܐ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܟܝ ܐ ܐܨܹ ܘܤܡܝܨܘ ܐܝܒ ܪ̈ܘ ܧ ܐܹ ܩܡܤܒ ܐܧܝ ܐܪܘܗ ܒ ܬܭ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̮ܨܬ ܒܝ، ܟܕ ܐܗܐ ܨܝ ܸܡܤܘܨܐ ܝܘܠܩ ܹܧܗ ܭܪܝ ܹܡܗ ܵܝܗܘܐ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܣܨ ܹܝ ܬܪ ̈ܪܒ ܹܧܐ ܠܝ ܹܩܐ ܒܝܘܠܩܧܐ ܐܟܕܣ ܵܝܐ، ܒܝܗ ܕܐܝܬ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵܗܘܘ ܠܗܘܢ ܣ ܕ̈ܪ ܵܭܝ ܹܬܐ ܹܘܒܝܬ ܵܨ ܹܘܒܐ ܸܥܡܝ ܹܐ، ܐܝܧܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܹܝܒܵ ܪܥ ܗܝܝܡܟ ܐܣܘܝܵ ܡܘܝܕܐܕܸ ܗܡܝ ܐܬܤܮ ܨܕ ܐܬܡܥܸ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܭܬ ܒ ܗܘ ܹܪܐ ܝܧܐ ܒܐ ܦܝ ܨܝܡܤܘ ܹܨܐ ܘܣܡܩ ܹܧܐ ܘܣܮܘ ܹ ܚܐ، ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܬܝܠ ܝܕܧ ܣܸ ܘ ܟ ܢܐܕܸ ܟܝ ܐ ܗܝܝܝܒ ܲ ܐܩܹ ܘܮ ܓ ܐܹ ܝܡܟܸ ܨܧܚ ܐܘ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܡܹ ܝܞ ܒ ܢܬ ܕܝܐ ܢܕܝܣ ܨܣ ܐܞܹ ܝܡܨ .ܢܬ ܩ ܢܚܸ ܕ ܗܠܹ ܲ ܵ .ܐܪܹ ܝܩܤ ܢܬ ܒܝ ܓܘ

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 45 3

ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܹܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܦܕܥ ܐܗܐܒ ܐܕܗ ܪܗ .ܢܬ ܝܞܚ ܨܣ ܨܧ ܩܪܘܨ .ܒܬܦܠܐ ܟܭ ܘܓ ܐܧܝ ܐܝܵ ܬ ܔܒܘܸ ) ܦܪܘܩ (ܬ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ . ܐܕܚ ܫܪܕܸ ܧܣܸ . ܐܬܘܧ ܝܞܵ ܤܟܕ ܐܬܡܒ ܪܠ ܐܘܗܝܵ ܐܹ ܝܕܚܸ ܐܒܪ ܐܪܬܐ ܐܬܝܬܩ ܐܘܗܵ ܐܮܝܩܵ ܒܹ ܐܬܟܘܕ ܐܗܐ ܗܝܝܡܟ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܹܕܒܝܬ ܦ ܹܗ̈ܪܝܨ، ܐܝܧܐ ܐܗܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܗܪ ܐ ܝܟ ܐܬ̈ܪ ܵܘ ܹܬܐ ܐ ܹܚܪ ܹܦܐ ܓܗܐ ܐ ܹܚܬܬܐ ܭܘ ܹܪܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܨܬ ܵܚܐ ܣ ܕ̈ܪ ܵܭܝ ܹܬܐ، ܭܘ ܸܪܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܲ ̇ ܐܝܬ ܵܗܘܘ ܠܗܘܢ ܭ ܒ ܹܞܐ، ܲ ܚܕ ܤܗܣܐ ܣܨ ܐܗܐ ܭ ܒ ܵܞܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܣ ܬܘܘ ܹܚܐ ܸܤܩܬ ܝܘܬܐ ܬ ܭܦܝܬܦܝܬܐ ܘܐܘܣܬܦܝܬܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܒܔ ܧܝܝܗ ܝܗܘܘ ܚ ܵܝ ܧܘ̇ܗ ܘܗܘ ܤܗܣܐ ܐ ܹܚܬܦܐ ܦܘ ܟܪܝܹܐ ܘܪܘܚܧܝܬܐ، ܐܘܦ ܹܙܐ ܸܨܬܚܡܗܘܢ ܪܒܐ ܥܘܣܪ ܹܦܐ ܘܕ ܹܝܪܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܝܗܘܘ. ܒܘܬ ܐܗܐ، ܐܬܪܐ ܕܓ ܙܪܬܐ ܦܩܝܡܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܠܔܹܧܒܐ .ܘܭܬܟܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܬܘܧ ܝܞܤܵ ܬܟ ܬܘܒ ܐܕܘܛܮ ܣ ܢܘܗܠ ܐܪܹ ܘܭ ܐܟܕ ܗ ܐܘܗ ܐܮܒܛ ܒܸ ܐܬܪܙ ܓ ܐܗܐ .ܪܘܬܐܕ ܐܪܬܐܕ ܐܒܬܦ ܣܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܠܟܡܝܝܗ ܓ ܙ ܵ̈ܪܝ ܹܬܐ ܕܥܪܒܝܹܐ ܕܩ ܸܐܡ، ܐܘܦ ܹܙܐ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܘܣܨܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܠܛܕ ܤܗܣܐ ܓܘܪܐ ܣܨ ܥܡܤܐ ܕܨ ܸܐܫ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵܕܝܤܨ، ܘܟܡܝܝܗ ܲ ܚ ܵܝ ܹܧܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܵܝܗܘܘ. ܩܘܒܡܐ ܟܬ ܵܤܞܝܧܐ ܣܗܘܣܧܐ، ܐܝܧܐ ܸܒܡܮܧܐ ܥܬܒ ܵܝܐ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܧܮܠܕܸ ܐܒܵ ܧܹܓ ܨܣ ܐܬܪܙܓ ܘܓ ܐܛܵ ܡܨܸ ܘܣ ܐܘܗܝܵ ܐܮܝܨܕ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܤܗܣܐ، ܸܤܩܬ ܝܘܬܐ ܘܐ ܤܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪ ܵܝܐ، ܟܡܝܝܗ ܐܗܐ ܹܗܘܐ ܠܗ ܵܤ ܵܒܒ ܵܩܐ ܕ ܭ ܸܤܨ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܘܨܝܡܤܘ ܨܘܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܲ ܚܝܡ ܹܧܐ ܵܝܗܘܘ ܘܒܘܫ ܣܨ ܟܡܝܝܗ ܕܣܘ ܸܦܩ ܹܡܗ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ، ܹܠܐ ܵܝܗܘܐ ܸܒ ܬܓܮܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܕܘ ܵܟ ܹܧܐ ܐ ܹܚܪ ܹܦܐ، ܣܨ ܵܤ ܵܒܒ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܤܗܣܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܵܗܘܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܐܬܪܐ. ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܢܘܗܡܞܡܨܸ ܐܧܹ ܡܝܚ ܐܚܹ ܘܮܣ ܐܒܪ ܐܦܕܥ ܐܗܐ ܘܓ ܘܘܗ ܝܦ ܐܘ ܐܪܹ̈ ܘܥܙ ܐܬܹ ܘܟܡܣ ܐܒܪ ܘܘܗ ܬܝܐ ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܗܟܤ ܹܧܐ ܥ ܡܘ̇ܗ. ܐܝ ܤܨ ܐܬܪܐ ܹܕܒܝܬ ܦ ܹܗ̈ܪܝܨ ܸܒܧܩܡܐ ܐ ܦܝ ܩܕܣܝ ܹܐ ܓܘ ܩܬܝܬܐ ܕܣܘ ܵܭܛ ܹܬܐ ܐܘܦ ܗ ܟܝ ܹܤܐ، ܐܤܝ ܹܐ، ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹܝܡܗ ܓܘ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܕ ܭ ܹܤܨ، ܐܗܐ ܤܗܣܐ ܘܐܘܦ ܤܗܣܐ ܨ ܵܞܬܝ ܹܪܟܐ، ܣܝܞܪܨܘ ܠܝ ܹܐ ܞ ܘ̈ܪܒ ܹܧܐ ܠܝ ܹܩܐ ܒܝܘܠܩ ܹܧܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܐ ܹܚܬܦܐ ܸܒ ܵܩܝܮܐ ܝܧܐ ܵܤܡ ܤܬ ܕܠܐ ܚܘ ܵܙܕܓܐ ܐ ܝܟ ܤܗܣܐ ܨܪܝ ܹܮܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ، ܗ ܕܟܐ ܐܗܐ ܝܘܠܩܧܐ ܣܘ ܸܪܘܚܡܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܕܓ ܵܬܒܝܐ ܕܝ ܵܗܘܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܘܪ̇ܗ . ܒܘܬ ܐܗܐ، ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܵܝܗܘܘ ܟܡܝܝܗ ܓܹܧܒ ܹܧܐ ܲ ܕܚ ܵܝ ܹܧܐ ܕܐܬ̈ܪ ܵܘ ܹܬܐ ܸܕܭܒ ܮܒ ܒ ܘܬܐ، ܐܦ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ .ܗܝܝܧ ܣܸ ܐܪܚܪܕܸ ܝܦ ܐܠ ܐܬܘܝ ܚ ܗ̇ ܪܗ ܘܘܗ ܐܝܵ ܛܒܸ ܐܧܝܐ ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܐܪܬܐܕ ܐܧܹ ܝܵ ܚ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܓ ܙܪܬܐ، ܐ ܚܟ ܝ ܪܒܐ ܣܘ ܹܦܬܝ ܹܐ ܝܗܘܘ ܓܘ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܘܓ ܐܬܝܪ ܝ ܲ ܐܨܘܭ ܕܚ ܲ ܢܘܗܠ ܘܘܗܵ ܬܝܐ ܐܧܹ ܝܞܤܵ ܪܟ ܘܘܗܝܵ ܐܛ ܹ ܝܬܨ . ܐܦܹ ܪܚܹ ܐ ܐܧܹ ܩܠܘܝܕ ܐܟܬܭܘ ܐܧܩܠܘܝܕ ܐܡܪܚ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܣ ܕ̈ܪ ܵܭܝ ܹܬܐ ܩܐ ܣ ܡܩܬܐ ܸܕܐ ܤܟܘܠܝ ܹܐ ܘܗܕܐ ܹܙܐ ܣ ܕ̈ܪ ܵܭܝ ܹܬܐ ܓ ܙܪܬܐ. ܘܐܝ ܤܨ ܹܕܣ ܸܮܡܤ ܧܘܬܐ ܸܪܘܚܡܗ ܓܘ ܐܬܪܐ، ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܸܥܡܝ ܹܐ ܸܕܨܡܞܡܗܘܢ ܸܣ ܧܝܝܗ ܪܒܐ ܗ ܟܝ ܹ ܐ ܤ ܘ̈ܪ ܒܝܐ ܟܪ ܵܤܞܝ ܹܧܐ ܝ ܵܗܘܘ ܐ ܦܝ ܩܕܣܝ ܹܐ ܕܗܘܝܸ ܹܪܐ ܵܝܗܘܘ ܩ ܬܝܝܗ، ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܘܬ ܸܓܒܬܦܬܐ ܕܨ ܹܡܛܐ ܐ) (ܤܪܒ ܹܙ ، ܐܘܦ ܹܙܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܘ ܸܘܒܮܪܡܐ ܝܧܐ ܪܒܐ ܭܘܨ ܹܩܐ ܸܥܡܝ ܹܐ ܓܘ ܬ ܸܓܒܬ ܦܘܬܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܠܗܘܢ ܪܒܐ ܬ ܓܝ ܹܪܐ ܒܮܘ ܓܡ ܹܧܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ، ܘܟܡܝܝܗ ܝܗܘܘ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܐ ܝܟ ܗ ܟܝ ܹܤܐ ܘܐ ܐܤܝ ܹ ܘ̈ܪ ܒܝܐ ܘܨܝܡܤܘ ܹܨܐ ܘܬܓ ܹܪܐ ܲ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܢܘܗܠ ܘܘܗ ܬܝܐ ܐܙܹ ܐܕܗܘ .ܐܬܹ ܝܵ ܘܒ ܓܘܕ ܐܟܬܭܘ ܐܥܹ ܪ̈ܙܘ ܐܬܘܝܮ ܩܸ ܐܒܬܒ ܢܘܗܡܛܡܨܕܸ ܗܝܝܬܬ ܒܓ ܬ ܬܘܚܬ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܘܣܘ ܹܦܬܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܚܕܐ ܣܧܬܝܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܓܘܪܬܐ، ܹܘܣܞܐ ܲ ܚܕ ܭܘܨܐ ܓܘܪܐ ܓܘ ܲ ܚܝܡ ܵܘ ܹܬܐ ܘܕܝܡܧ ܐܝܬ ܤ) ܣ ܛܤܘ ( ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܲ ̇ ܠܗܘܢ ܠܛܕ ܕܪܓܐ ܸܥܡܝܐ ܣܨ ܝܘܠܩܧܐ. ܓܘ ܹܝܬܪ ̈ܪ ܹܗܝܐ ܕܚ ܡܝ ܹ̮ܩܐ9 ܐܠ ܐܣ ܘܝܨ ، ܐܠ ܥܒ ܤܝܨ.

ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܝ ܤܨ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ ܩܘ ܸܒܡܗܘܢ ܟܬ ܵܤܞܝ ܧܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܓ ܙܪܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܭ ܒ ܹܞܐ، ܐ ܹܦܐ ܝܧܐ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܓ ܵܬܒܝܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ، ܘܩܐ ܓܗܐ ܩܕܣܝܬܐ ܹܒ ܵܐܙܠܐ ܝܧܐ ܲ ܚܕܟܤܐ ܸܣ ܧܝܝܗ ܕܝ ܵܗܘܘ ܣܨ ܭ ܒ ܵܞܐ ܟܬ ܵܤܞܝܧܐ9 ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܧܒ . ܝ ܧܒ . ܙܵ ܘܵ ܗ ܝ ܧܒ .ܢܐ ܬܝܗ ܝ ܧܒ ܝܒܵ ܘܕ ܝ ܧܒ.ܐ .ܨ ܕܤܵ ܐ ܝ ܧܒ ܐܛܵ ܝܮܣ ܥܘܮ ܝ ܑܼ ܢܬ ܣ ܨܣ ܐܧܝ ܐܒܡܞܒܸ ܐܕܓܙ ܝܐ ܝܪܬܹ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܹ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܧܒ . ܝ ܧܒ . ܡܸ ܟ ܝ ܧܒ .ܒ ܕܦܘܟ ܝ ܧܒ .ܐ ܟܮܝܵ ܝ ܧܒ .ܬ ܝܦ ܝ ܵ ܐܪܬܐܕ ܐܝܒܬܵ ܔܠ ܗ̇ܪܘܐܕ ܐܪܬܐܠ ܕܪܸ ܨܕ ܠܘܓܘ ܤܵ ܨܩ ܘܬܨ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܕܐܬܘܪ، ܟܕ ܒܝܗ ܥܕܦܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܨܝܮܐ ܵܝܗܘܐ ܟܧܐܦܐ . ܒܧ ܝ ܣܕܗ ܓ ܝ. ܒܧ ܝ ܥܘ ܵܕ ܨ. ܒܧ ܝ ܥܕܦ . ܒܧ ܝ . ܒܧ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܧܒ . ܝ ܧܒ . ܒܝܵ ܭ ܝ ܧܒ .ܨ ܦܝܒ ܪ ܝ ܧܒ .ܐ ܩܵ ܝ ܧܒ .ܤܝ ܤܒܵ ܥ .ܐܒܵ ܬܚܸ ܘܣ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܐܟܬܭܘ. .ܒܡܸ ܓ ܬ ܝ ܧܒ .ܥܝܣ ܬ ܐܘܗܝ ܐܡܒܘܩ ܐܬܪܙ ܓܕ ܐܪܬܐ ܦܘܐ ܐܕܗ ܪܗ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܒܒܵ ܤܵ ܨܣ ܐܬܝܡܥܸ ܐܬܘܕ ܚܵ ܐܕܛܒܸ ܐܬܘܧ ܝܞܤܵ ܬܟܠ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܑܼ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܚܬܟ ܭ ܕܒܕܸ ܚܬܣ ܐ ܚܨ ܣ ܐܟܹ ܐܬܪܝܐ ܢܟܒ ܐܧܝܐ ܐܩ ܐܘܗܝ ܐܝܬܐܕܸ ܐܛܝܮܣ ܥܘܮ ܝ ܢܬ ܤܒ ܢܘܗܧܣܸ ܘܗ

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 46 3

ܵ ܵ ܐܬܪܵ ܙܲ ܓܕ ܐܬܵ ܘܝܬܩܤ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܸ ܢܝܐܹ ܟܵ ܝܣ ܢܘܓܬܤ 9ܕܝܒ ܲ ܐܬܫܒ ܬܫܪ ܣ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܣܘ ܸܚ ܒܝ، ܪܒܐ ܥܔܸܙܦܬܐ ܹܟܐ ܗ ܵܘܝܐ ܩ ܝܬ ܐܝܤܨ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܮܝܨ ܢܬ ܘܝ ܬܩܤܸ ܨܣ ܐܣܗܤ ܐܗܐܠ ܢܘܝܸ ܐܝܵ ܙܛܵ ܒܕܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܐܘܗܫܝ ܐܬܫܮܫܝܨܕ ܐܬܣܙܣ ܗ ܐܗܐ ܢܘܝܸ ܐܒ ܘܬܪ ܣ . ܨܤ ܝܐ . ܢܬ ܘܝ ܬܩܤܸ ܘܓ ܨܣ ܐܬܪܝܠܬܘ ܐܬܝܮܦ ܘܣ ܗܡܝ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܹܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܐܫܚܬܫܝܫܒ 53 ܨܝܪ̈ܗܹ ܦ ܬܝܒܕܹ ܐܤܬܐܘܭ ܘܓ ܐܬܒ ܬܩܸ ܘܣ ܐܬܹ ܝܡܵ ܔܣܘ ܐܧܹ ܒ ܙ ܬܩܤܕ ܐܨܪܹ ܞܠ ܲ ܢܘܝܸ ܐܪܹ ܘܕܛ ܣܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܕܐܕܪ 5888، ܥܢ ܕܟܬܐ ܕܭܧܝܬܐ ܕܪ ܚܤܝ ܣܘ ܸܚܒܫܐ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܘܣ ܮܤܘ ܹܥܐ ܸܝܘܢ ܥܢ ܨܬܤ ܩ ܹܡܐ ܘܨܬܤ ܸܚ ܹܙܘܐ، ܗܝ ܟ ܪ ܒܝ ܝܘܐ ܒ ܵܝܘܦܨ، ܕܒܝܗ ܥܕܦܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܣܬܝܸܙܦܐ ܕܚܘܪܙܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܗܐ ܬܘܒ ܐܪܹ ܘ ܟܕ ܤܠ ܐܦܤܮܒܸ ܨܝ ܲ ܐܝܵ ܬܪܒܸ ܢܘܝܸ ܐܠܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲܣܬܕܘܬ ܵܦ ܵܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܲܦܗ̈ܪܝܨ، ܘܨܝܮܬܐ ܵܝܗܘܐ ܝܡܫܝܫܒܫܬܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܤܗܣܐ ܸܕܤܩܬ ܝܘܬܐ، ܟܕ ܸܒܛܕܐ ܥܕܦܐ ܪ ܵܒܐ ܲ ܝ ܬܝ ܟܬܐ ܠܐ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܸܣ ܧܝ ܩܐ ܕܐܘܦ ܐܦܐ ܭ ܸܬ ܸܟܨ ܸܒܛܕܐ ܗ ܣܙܣܬܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܵܒܨܘܪܐ ܣܨ 5455 ܸܭ ܹܧܐ، ܪܘܝܛܬܐ ܵܝܗܘܐ ܘܟܘ ܤܝܬܐ ܲ ܚܕ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܝܘܣܐ ܤܩܬܝܐ. ܒܬܒܐ ܚ ܕܘܬܐ ܩܫܘܒܫܡܫܐ ܠܫܝ، ܣܫܨ ܤܗܣܐ ܓܘܪܐ ܣܨ ܐܬ̈ܪ ܵܘ ܹܬܐ ܕܣ ܵܕܦܛܐ . ܐܝܧܐ ܐܝ ܤܨ . ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܒܒܵ ܤܵ ܐܬܬܟܕ ܘܣ ܐܬܮܝܨ ܗܡܝ ܐܠܹ ܚܘܝ ܐܝܵ ܙܛܵ ܒܕܸ ܝܫܒ ܪ ܐܫܩ ܐܪܘܫܓ ܐܬܫܪܝܐ ܕܚ ܝܠ ܐܘܗ ܬܝܐ ܒܒܤ ݇ ̇ ܲ ܵ ܸ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܚ ܲ ܗܘܧܓ ܢܥ ܗܡܝ ܐܬܡܝܪܭܕ ܐܩܵ ܗܡܝ ܐܝܵ ܘܗܵ ܒܹ ܐܫܧܣܘܗܣܘ ܐܒ ܝ ܐܮܦܐ ܕܚ ܐܘܗܝ ܬܘܩܠ ܨܦܘܝ ܒ ܐܘܝ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܩܐ ܸܣ ܡ ܬܘ̇ܗ، ܠܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܹܠܗ ܸܩ ܤ ܹܬܐ ܨܪܨܘܨܝܹܫܐ ܝܫܨ ܭܘܣܗܐ. ܟܕ ܸܐܕܝܘܡ ܵܝܘܣܐ ܸܒܛܮ ܵܒܐ ܝܘܚ ܐܝ ܤܨ ܐ ܹܦܐ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܸܥܕܬܦܝ ܹܐ ܝܨ ܭ ܒ ܵܞܧܝ ܹܐ ܝܨ ܐܬ̈ܪܦܝܹܐ، ܹܟܡܗ ܦܝ ܹܮܗ ܝܫܗܘܐ ܵܤܩܪܝܹܐ ܟܬܝ ܹܒܐ ܝܧܐ ܲ ܝܨ ܗ ܣܙܘ ܹܣܐ ܝܧܐ ܒܗܘ ܸܠܮܧܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܕ ܐܟ ܝ ܣ ܸܪܬ ܒ ܟ ܹܟܬܗ ܩܐ ܒܧܝ ܐܘ ܹܣܬܗ. ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܓ ܙܪܬܐ، ܒܘܬ ܐܗܐ ܤܩܬܐ ܬ ܚܤܘ ܹܦܐ ܝܧܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܨܣ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܣܘܐ ܢܥ ܐܬܘܦܒ ܬ ܗܠܹ ܬܝܠ ܐܩܸܝܝܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ .ܐܧܝ ܐܒ ܬܟܒܸ ܐܙܹ ܐܠܘ ܨܧ ܮܠܸ ܐܣܹ ܘܙܣ ܗ ܐܧܝ ܐܠܹ ܒܒܤ ܐܫܩ ܐܫܝܫܵ ܡܥܸ ܐܒܘܚ ܕܚ ܗܠܹ ܐܘܗ ܬܝܐ ܐܙܹ ܦܘܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܗ ܝܬܬܐ ܝܨ ܣ ܡܩܬܐ، ܘܟܢ ܐܝ ܤܨ ܝ ܸܡܒܬ ܗܘܐ ܸܣ ܹܧܗ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܒܵ ܪ ܘܓ ܐܬܦܒܝܵ ܪܬܒܵ ܨܣ ܝܬ ܟܕܵ ܕ ܐܧܝܤܵ ܦܸ ܨܣ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܸ ܵ ܲ ܗܫܠ ܐܫܒ ܬܫܪܫܸ ܣ ܕܒܸ ܐܬܡܩܛ ܣ ܘ ܟ ܐܠܕ ܐܬܬܝ ܗ ܐܕܚ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܣܔ ܵܡܝ ܹܬܐ ܘܟܬ ܹܒܐ ܨܪܝ ܹܮܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܵܗܘܐ ܠܝ ܣܕ ܥܒܬ، ܩ ܬܘ ܟ، ܹܠܐ ܬ ܸܚܤܨ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܣܘܕܝ ܭܘܐܬܤܫܐ ܸܝܫܘܬ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܝܒ ܲ ܐܒܬܵ ܘܣ ܐܘܗܝܵ ܐܮܝܨ ܐܗܣܘܭ ܐܗܐܕ ܢܘܝܸ ܐܥܹ ܘܕ ܣ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܬܕܥܸ ܨܝ. ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܹܐ، ܣܨ ܤܒܒ ܐܗܐ ܤܗܣܐ ܕܓ ܙܪܬܐ ܦܩܝܡܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܠܔܹܧ ܵܒܐ ܕܣ ܵܦܬܒܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ، ܗ ܕܟܐ ܹܟܐ ܨ ܸܐܫ ܵܗܘܐ ܠܩܘܬ ܐܗܐ، ܐܦܐ ܣ ܪܬܘ ܒܐ ܸܝܘܢ ܐܗܐ ܟܬܝ ܫܒܫܬܐ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܸ )ܩ ܵܬܝܐ (ܐܪܒܘ ، ܲ ܝ ܹܦܧܐ ܲ ܚ ܵܝ ܹܧܐ ܕܣ ܵܦܬܒܐ. ܡܕܫܩ ܨܣ ܨܦܘܝܵ ܒ ܐܘܝ ܝܒ ܪ ܐܛܵ ܧܣܕ ܐܬܝܧܭܕ ܐܬܟܕܵ ܠܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ .ܐܬܝܬܟ ܐܦܵ ܕܥܵ ܐܕܚܵ ܐܕܒܦܵ ܒܸ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܭܐ ܐܧܩܠܘܝܕ ܐܨܹ ܘܤܡܝܨ ܨܣ ܐܤܟܕܚ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܝܧܐ ܗܓܝܬܐ ܥܢ ܲ ܚ ܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ، ܣ ܩܬܘ ܹܣܐ ܝܧܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ( ܬܝܒܹ ( ܐܪܬܐܕ ܐܤܮܒܸ ܐܝܬܵ ܩܸ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܮܝܨ ܐܟܝܐ ܨܣ ܐܪܘܫܓ ܐܒܪ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܦܬܤܘܚ ܕܚ ܕܟ ܜܮܧ ܣ ܐܠ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ .)ܨܝܪ̈ܗܹ ܦ ܐܫܧܮܡܒܸ ܐܝܣܕܟܐ ܐܨܘܨܬܨ ܐܟܕ ܗ ܨܣ ܐܬܭܬܩܒܸ ܢܬ ܩ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸܕܐ ܦܔܡܝܤ ܘܗܕܐ ܹܙܐ ܓܤܝܬܐ ܸܒܡܮܫܧܫܐ ܕܝܸܫܤܫܐ، ܣܫܨ ܠܐ ܵܟܐ ܲ ܒܝ ܵܗܒܐ ܹܝܡܗ ܣܦܧ ܵܝܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܸܒܝܢ ܹܬܪܝ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܤܒܒ ܠܝܬ ܠܨ ܣܨ ܕܭ ܸܪܢ ܭ ܹܘܨܗ. ܦ ܹܗ̈ܪܐ، ܕܩܡܬ ̮ܘܨܬܬ. ܕܭ ܬܘܝܹܐ ܝܧܐ ܸܒܩܡ ܵܞܐ ܣܨ ܓܘ ܲ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܲ ܨܣ ܗܝܝܧ ܣܸ ܕܚ ܲ ܗܝܝܬܬ ܒܥܘ ܗܝܝܬܝ ܬ ܓܘ ܐܝܟܪܵ ܘܬܕ ܐܬܹ ܥܪ̈ܐ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܘܓ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܬܒܦܵ ܒܸ ܫ݇ ܪܕܹ ܧܣܕܸ ܬܬܨ̮ ܐܝܪܵ ܘܤܕ ܐܪܬܐ ܘܓ ܘܫܓ ܐܫܨܘܫܭ ܗܫܡܫܹ ܒܗܫ ܝܘ ܲ ܗܠܹ ܜܸܝܧܣ ܐܗܠ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܣ ܡܟܘܬܗ ܭܤ ܵܝܧܝܬܐ. ܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܬܩ، ܗܪ ܗ ܕܟܐ ܙܐ ܕܩܡܬ ܸܒ ܦܒܬܐ ܹܝܡܗ ܓܘ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܹ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܬܩ، ܲ ܒܛܬܬܐ ܸܒܬܨ ܵܪܐ ܝܧܐ ܓܘ ܒܨܪܐ

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 47 3

ܨܝܦܗ ܨܝܗܟ ܥܥܘ .ܢܬܣܕ ܨܝܬܪܥܕ ܐܪܕ ܢܐܗܒ ܨܝܤܡܭܕ ܼܣܘܩܝ ܼܪܝ ܘܙܣܬܘܬܐ ܬܟܝܒܰܦܐܬܝ، ܒ̈ܪܘܭܤܐ ܼ ܢܝܟܕܥ ܢܘܗܬܘܪ̈ܬܐܕ ܐܒܪܘܚܘܼ ܐܰܮ̈ ܝܒܼ ܐܝܼܡܒܘܪܩ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ .ܐܝܪܝܩܼ ܘܣܼ ܐܣܘܣܐܘ ܐܰܮܧܦܕ ܐܝܼܔܩ ܢܐܘܠܡܣ ܐܝܛܒ ܨܝܛܒܰܮܣܘܼ ܨܝܤܝܩܼ ܐܧܐܠܕ ܐܝܼܥܨܤܒ̈ ܝܼܟܘܐܼ ܐܧܦܘܝ ܪܰܒ ܐܕܛܣܘ ܕܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ، ̈ܣܤܠܠܝ ܠܮܧܐ ܩܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܣܗܝܐ، ܣܕܦܛܝܐ ܐܕܒܥܘ̈ ܐܬܘܬܣܙܒܼ ܐܘܗܼ ܒܒܝܬܐ ܢܬܣ ܡܕܩܕ ܐܝܥܝܒܪ ̈ ̈ ܘܣܥܬܒܝܐ، ܟܕ ܝܥܝܧܝܨ ܣܥܡܝܐܬܝ، ܒܤܰܗܘܢ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܨܣ ܐܛܧܦܕ ܐܒܘܒܐ ܟܝܐܕܼ ܐܝܪܝܩܘܣ̈ ܐܝܓܪ̈ܘܐܘ ܱܐܣܕ ̈ܩܨܱ ̈ܘܩܧܝܐ ܕܒܬܐ ܓܡܔܤܯ ܦܛܮܝܬܬܐܢ ܣܡܟܐ ܕܒܒܼܝܦܗ̈ܪܝܨ ܘܩܘܪܝܐ، ܘܒܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ ܼܕܬܘܬܒܘ ܼܬܗܘܢ ܘܐܟܪܧܝܘܬܗܘܢ، ̈ܝܘܩܧܐ ܭܒܝ ̈ܛܐ ܕܣܬܕܘܬܗܘܢ ܩܘܪܝܼܝܐ ܼܟܘܣܬܝܐ ܩܘܪܝܝܐ، ܕܣܨ ܭܬܒܰܐ ̈ܕܐܟܕܝܐ ܕܣܕܝܧܰ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐܝܪܝܩ̈ ܘܣ ܲܩܕ̈ ܐܬܪ̈ܝܣܙܘ ܐܧܧܠܘܝܕ̈ ܐܒܪ ܐܐܓܘܩܘ ܼ ܼ ܐܝܥܝܒܪ ܐܟܡܣ ܐܕܧܒܡܓܘܠ ܬܒ ܟܪܐܼ ܘܐ ܟܝܘܪܘܐ ܡܬܣ ܕܝܒ ܢܘܗܝܗܒܐ̈ ܨܣ ܢܘܗܠܘܡܒܝܬܐܕ ܐܝܦܬܘܬܬܝܼ ܕܒܰܪ ܝܘܦܧܐ، ܘܐܣܗ ܼܦܝܧܪܘܢ ܣܡܬܟܐ ܟܘܣܬܬܝܐ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ܐܝܧܐܠܕ ܐܧܒܙܕ ܐܝܼܦܬܕܥ ܢܘܗܬܪ̈ܝܣܙܕܐܰܤܥܦ ܝܠܡܩ ܨܝܧܭ̈ ܨܐܠ ܪܰܒܘ .ܯܤܭ ܐܗܐܠܕ ܲܟܝܗܕ ܐܝܼܦܰܣܘܐ ܐܝܬܙܛܣܼ ܐܬܘܬܣܙܕܼ ܐܬܘܧܣܼ ܘܐܼ ܬܘܗܘ ܐܪ̈ܕܕ . ̈ ̈ ܐܚ̈ܪܦܼܝܐ، ܐܘ ܱܦܝ ܭܧܝ 0222 ܩܕܡ ܣܬܢ، ܿ ̈ ܐܤܤܥ ܢܘܗܟ ܡܕܩ ܘܚܨܦ ܗܒܕ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܪܠ ܐܬܬܝܧܭܼ ̈ ̈ ܐܬܝܒܒ ̱ܗܘܐ ܒܪܝܥ ܼܙܣܝ̈ܪܬܐ ܕܨܠܘܬܐ، ܓܘܕܝ ̈ ܐܥܪܐܕ. ܐܬܘܣܐܘ .ܯܔܠ ܰܧܝܕܣܕ ܐܪܝܕܙܘ ܢܐܐܟ ܐܝܪ̈ܣܘܟ . ܐܟܡܣ

ܝܪܼ ܝܩܘܣܘܼ ܐܬܘܬܣܙܕܼ ܐܬܘܧܣܼ ܘܐܼ ܨܚܨܦ ܐܘܗ̱ ܐܕܪ ܐܧܟܗܘ ܠܘܬ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܣܨ ܕܪ ܠܕܪ، ܥܕܣܐ ܕܣܧܥܰ ̈ܠܙܒܧܐ ܼܕܭܒܥܤܐܐ ̈ܭܧܝܨ ̈ܩܕܣܼܝܐ ܕܣܬܢ، ܕܒܗܘܢ ܥܒܬܬ ̈ ̈ ܐܬܘܟܡܣܕ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܩ ܐܤܤܥ ܨܣ ܗܬ݁ ܘܧܛܮܚܰܣܼ ܐܘܗ̱ ܐܬܘܟܡܣ ܬܣܐܤܠ ܐܝܬܐ ܟܝܐ ܐܧܒܙ̈ ܢܘܦܗܕ ܐܝܼܣܪ̈ܐ ܕܣܕܝܧܰ ܚܕܝܒ، ܘܣܡܟܘܬܐ ܕܣܕܝܧܰܐ ܐܘܪܗܝ ܘܐܚ̈ܪܦܼܝܐ، ̈ܠܥܤܤܐ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܘܣ̈ܪܥܼܝܗܘܢ . ܘܡܥ ܢܘܗܒܕ . ܢܬܣܕ ܐܝܣܕܩ̈ ܐܪ̈ܕܕ ܐܧܒܙܕ̈ ܐܝܼܦܬܕܥ̈ ܐܝܧܒܗܕ̈ ܐܪ̈ܕ ܐܥܒܭܕ ܢܐܕܥܒ̈ ܐܝܛܝܮܣ̈ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܩ ܘܘܗ̱ ܕܣܬܕܘܬܗܘܢ، ܘܕܒܗܘܢ ܨܣܛܰ ̱ܗܘܬ ܼܬܝܝܬܐܬܝ، ̈ ̈ ܳ ̈ .ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܩܕ ܝܪܝܩܘܣܘܼ ܐܬܘܬܣܙܘܼ ܐܬܘܧܣܼ ܘܐܼ ܐܱ ܒܰܪܟܨ ܕܝܨ، ̈ܘܒܙܒܧܐ ܕܦܪܧܘ ܠܗܦܘܢ ̈ܥܕܐܢ ܘܦܰܚܰܘܘܢ ܬܘܒ ܣܧܘܬܐ ܕܣܨ ܣܲ ܕܙܣܝ̈ܪܬܐ ܘܥܧܝܧܐ ܬܘܠ ܐܝܞܚܕ̈ ܐܬܘܒܝܬܕ ܐܬܘܠܨܘ̈ ܐܪܠܠ̈ ܘܩܘ ܐܒܪ̈ܘܣܘ ̈ܕܗܒܧܝܐ ܐܚ̈ܪܝܐ، ܐܬܣܛܡܰ ܘܐܬܒܨܪܬ ̱ܗܘܬ ܒܗܘܢ ܼ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܪܝܐ ܘ ̈ܒܒܡܝܐ ̈ܕܙܒܧܐ ܕܩܕܡ ܣܬܢ، ܒܪܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܦܘܪܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܣܧܘܬܐ ܼܕܣܘܩܝ ܼܪܝ ܼܘܙܣܬܘܬܐ، ܰܧܝܕܣܕ ܢܒܝܧܒ ܪܘܭܐܕ ܐܰܒܪ ܐܰܒܟܬܣܕ ܐܰܒܝܟܬܘ̈ ̈ ܐܮ̈ ܝܒܼ ܐܝܦܘܕܪ̈ܘ ܐܝܧܧܒܙ̈ ܐܙܗܠܠܘܙ ܬܘܐܝܔܩ ܰܡܥܒ ܦܝܧܘܐ، ܐܝܡܝܨ ܕܟܕ ̈ܐܬܬܦܔܤܝ ܘܐܬܬܥܒ̈ܪܝ ܣܨ ܠܮܧܐ ܕܦܔܥܘ ܼܗܘܘ ̈ܒܪܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ، ܕܠܐܨܘ ܐܦܘܢ ܘܐܬ ܼܟܝ ̈ ܪܕܝܐ ܕܗܦܘܢ ܭܘܘܭܞܐ ܣ̈ܪܕܘܬܦܝܐ، ܘܚܧܞܘ ܟܤܐ ܩܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܥܰܝܪܐ، ܠܠܮܧܐ ܼܦܘܟ̈ܪܝܐ ܕܐܩܘ̈ܪܝܡܔܝܐ، ܐܝܼܧܣܬܪܘ ܐܝܼܦܰܚܘܮܣ ܨܝܗܬܘܝܧܝܱ ܝܕܒܘܐ̈ ܼ ܐܪ̈ܬܘܥܕܼ ܐܬܘܬܬܝ ܢܥ ܢܘܗܠ ܬܘܗ̱ ܐܝܨܣܕ ܩܘܪܝܼܝܐ، ܒܥܡܰ ܼܚܪܝܬܘܬ ܗܦܘܢ ̈ܠܮܧܐ ܼܦܘܟ̈ܪܝܐ ̈ ܝܼܟ ܐܝܼܦܰܒܝܟܬܼ ܐܝܼܡܥܣ ܢܘܗܬܘܕܬܣܕ .ܐܝܝܪܘܩ ܐܧܮܠܕ ܐܣܬܪ̈ܠ ܨܤܛܠܕ ܐܝܼܦܰܒ̈ ܝܟܬܼ ܐܬܘܬܱ ܼܘܣܘܩܝܪܼܝܐ، ܠܕ̈ܪܐ ܥܰܝ̈ܪܐ، ܕܱ ܼܦܮܬܟܘܢ ܟܗܘܢ ̈ ̈ ܗܦܘܢ ̈ܦܨܚܧܐ ܣ̈ܪܕܘܬܦܝܐ ̈ܕܐܒܗܬܐ ܠܧܮܝܧܐ ܘܐܙܝܡܘܬܐ، ܗܪܟܐ ܕܝܨ ܘܒܕܘܟܝܨ ܩܔܝܐܢ ܕܒܗܐܢ ܬܟܒܐ ܘ ܼܠܝܐܬܝ ܐܝܤ̈ ܝܭ ܢܘܗܝܣܬܪ̈ܠ ܐܗܤܭܘ̈ ܲܤܠܠ̈ ܟܝܦܗܦܕ ܨܧܦܨܝ ̈ ܼ ܢܘܗܝܝܦܘܕܪܘ̈ ܐܝܪ̈ܟܘܦܼ ܐܧܞܝܡܭܘܼ ܐܙܘܙܒ ܕܝܒܕ ܢܐܕܒܐܘ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ، ܕܒܗܘܢ ܐܬܬܟܒܘ ܘܐܬܬܩܝܤܘ ܣܧܪܕܝܥ: ܕܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܼܒܬܝ̈ܪܐ، ܒܤܰܚܐ ܕܬܠܰܥܪܬ ܕ̈ܪܐ ܐ̱ܚ̈ܪܝܐ ܼ

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 48 3

ܡܗܪܒܐ ܐܢܦܠܡ ܐ ܬܦܢ ܚܢܡ ܠܥ ܐ ܡܘܨ ܠܝܐ ܪܒܓ

ܡܘܨܬܒ ܝܼܒܕ ܬܦܘܧܣ ܨܝܓܘܐ ܐܧܧܡܣ :ܕܝܒ ܐܬܘܧܒܝܞܣ ̈ ܐܬܝܡܕ ܒܤܕܝܕ ܣܕܝܧ̱ܰܐ، ܒܼܝ ܦܗܪܝܨ، ܒܪܝܪܘܡ ̈ܩܕܣܝܐ ̱ܗܘܘ ܕܩܤܘ ܠ̈ܪܬܣܐ ܕܣܲ ܕܠܮܧܗܘܢ ܩܘܪܝܝܐ ̈ ܝ 02 ܒܰܭܬܝ ܩܕܝܥ 0101 ܐܨܝܕ، ܘܝܡܨ ܠܠܮܧܐ ̈ܒܙܦܝܨ ̈ܙܦܝܨ ܕ̈ܪܘܭܤܐ ܘܨܘ̈ܪܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܬܐ ̈ܬܟܝܒܰܦܼܝܐ، ܼܗܟܧܐ ̈ ܩܘܪܝܝܐ ܥܢ ܐܝܕܝ ܕܝܬܝܐ ܣܮܤܗܐ ܝܘܚܧܨ ܕܘܠܒܐܦܝ ܐܦ ܗܦܘܢ، ̈ܩܕܣܝܐ ̱ܗܘܘ ܕܩܤܘ ܠ̈ܪܬܣܐ ܕܣܲ ܐܤܝܪܒܘ̈ ܐܝܡܚ̈ ܲܩܕ̈ ܨܝܦܙ̈ ܨܝܦܙܒ̈ ܐܝܝܪܘܩ ܢܘܗܧܮܠܕ ܐܞܝܠܘܦܘܬܞܝܣ ܣܘܧܝܪܟܠܝܦ ܝܬܣ ܐܮܧܦ ܜܧܣ( ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ܕܣܬܕܝܨ( ܒܒܼܝ ܐ ܬܝܣ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ܬܘܪܟܝܐ)ܐܕܦܗ ـ ( ܕܙܣܬܐ، ܥܥ ܩܲ ̈ ܼܭܧܝܔܐ ܕܣܐܐܢ ܣܘܩܝܪܝܐ ܘܟܨ ܒܒܝܬܘܬ ـ ܠܒܧܨ ܥܐ ̈ܠܝܕܝ ܟܘܪܐܦܪܪܘܦܐ ̈ܥܒܕܐܝܕܝܗܘܢ، ܥܕܣܐ ܼܕܗܟܧܐ ܠܥ ܼܕܪܝܔ ܼܐܬܝ ܐܩܛܫ ܐܪܣܡܰܐ ܘܒܮܘܪܝ ܭܧܰ 0101 ܐܭܰܘܭܞܘ ܬܩܧܐܬܝ ܘܭܧܝܬܐܬܝ، ܒܐܘܣܧܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܬܣܙ ܥܪܣܕ ܐܬܘܧܣܘܐܘܼ ܐܝܼܦܰܒܝܟܬܼ ܐܬܘܣܘܝܩܕ ܐ̱ܰܧܮܒܘ ܥܝܡܭܪܘܐܒ ܫܩܬܣ ܝܬܣܕ ܐܬܝܕܒ ܓܪܗ 0121 ܐܟܮܬ ܒܪܗܕܘܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܼܐܪܕܟܲ (Engineer(، ܘܣܘܩܝܪܝ ܥܐ ܠܣܘܪܘܬܐ ܘܣܡܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܣܐܣ̈ܪܐ ̈ ܬܟܒ ܣܐܣܬܬܐ ܒܤܔܡܰ ـ ܚܕܢܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܬܝܐ ـ ܼܘܣܘ ̈ܭܛܰܐ ̈ܒܙܒܧܐ ܩܕܣܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܪܝ ̈ܥܕܐܢ ܕܝܘܦܧܐ ܪܒܐ ̈ ܒܐܪܖܧܰܝܨ ، ܘܩܥ ̈ܬܟܒܐ ̈ܩܔܝܐܐ ܥܢ ܣܬܕܘܬܐܢ ܕܦܧܡܘ ܓܕܭܘ ܼ ܝ ܗ ܒܝܧܰ ܠܐܧܐ ܚܤܝܮܝܐ ܘܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܘܣܰܒܙܒܧܨ ܘܕܝܡܧܐܬܝ ܣܘܩܝܪܝ. ܕܩܕܡ ܣܬܢ، ܘܣܧܥܘܠܘܬܢ ܥܘܬ̈ܪܐ ̈ܕܭܘܘܭܞܝܗܘܢ ܣܡܧܧܐ ܐܒܬܗܡ ܚܤܝܥ ܒܛܘܒܐ ܕܥܕܬܢ ܘܕܝܡܧܐܬܝ ̈ܐ ܣܘܩܝܪܝ ܬܟܝ ̈ܐ ܒܰܦܝ ܭܡܤܐܬܝ ܘܝܘܒܲܬܝ، ܐܟܤܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܼ .ܐܬܬܐܦ ܨܝܠܗܒ ܝܬܐܪܝܧܩܼ ܐܘܚܬܬܕ ܐܕܝܰܥܕ ܗܒܠܕ ܐܝܼܮܝ̈ ܲܓܘ ܗܝܧܩ ܢܪܭܘ ܐܝܪܗܦ ܨܧܮܡܒ ܝܼܣܕܩ ܗܐܘ̱ ܰܤܝܩܬܠ ܐܝܟܣ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܪܒ ܢܘܗܒ ܐܒܪܗܮܝܦܘ ܗܚܘܪ ܐܝܗܨ ܢܘܗܠܕ ܐܰܛܦܰܒ̈ ܨܝܔܝܙܣ̈ ܕܟ ̈ ܲܩܕ ܐܬܣܙܘ ܝܪܼ ܝܩܘܣܕܼ ܐܬܘܧܣܘܐܼ ܐܪܝܰܥ ܐܤܡܥܒ ܟܝܐ ܨܝܠܗ ܐܒܟܬܠ̈ ܐܧܪܦܕ ܢܰܣܘܐܕ ܐܛܒܘܭ ܬܘܧܝܧܧܣ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ܩܝܤܰܐ ܣܡܼܝܐ ܝܕܥܰܐ ܘܦܰܗܓܐ ܒܗܘܢ ܣܡܝܐܬܝ. ܼܩܒܝ ̈ܪܐ ̈ܕܩܝܧܰܐ ܥܢ ܲ ܣ ܕܣܐܣ̈ܪܝܗܘܢ، ܘܩܲ ̈ ̈ ܗܦܘ ܣܡܧܧܐ ܐܒܬܗܡ ܨܘܣܐ، ܐܘܦܝ ܦܕ̈ܪܘܗܝ، ܘܝܗܒ ̈ ܼܭܧܝܔܐ ܣܘܩܝܪܝܐ ܕܣܡܠܝܗܘܢ ܕܙܣܬܐ، ܕܒܗܘܢ ܦܔܕܝܨ ̈ ̈ ܬܝܝܬ ܣܨ ܣܐ ܕܣܰܬܒܥ ܣܧܗ. ̱ܗܘܘ ܠܗܘܦـــــܐ ܕܭܤܘܥܐ ̈ܨܬܝܐ، ܼܘܣܙܝ ܼܧܝܨ ̱ܗܘܘ ̈ ̈ ܐܰܤܥܦܕ ܲܟܘܩܕܼ ܐܰܥܕܝܠ ܐܝܦܰܤܟܚ̈ ܢܘܗܝܮܓܬܠ ܢܰܒܘܚ ܲܤܦܘܰ ܨܧܥܝ ܨܥܞܦܘ ܗܒ ܐܪ̈ܣ ܰܦ ܘܬ ̈ ̈ܠܐܨܬܝܐ ܠܘܩܒܐ ܠܘܣܰܢ ܘܣܬܕܘܬܢ ܩܘܪܝܼܝܐ. ܕܩܡ ܼ ܢ ܝܗܘܐܐ̈ܪܩܥܐ، ܘܠܤܡܝܡܘܬܐ ܚܟܤܰܦܼܝܐ .ܢܘܗܝܪ̈ܣܐܣܕ ܘܥܥ ܪܕܝܐ ܕܕ̈ܪܐ ̈ܩܔܝܐܐ، ܣܧܥܘ ܼܗܘܘ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ ̈ ̈ ܐܝܦܬܘܕܪ̈ܣ ܐܝܧܒܗܕ ܐܪ̈ܕܕ ܐܧܒܙܠ ܨܝܪ̈ܗܦ ܝܼܒܕ ܐܪ̈ܘܤܥ ܝܩܝܣܘܡܘ ܬܐܘܪܡܙܕ ܬܐܘܢܡܘܐ ܚܘܘܫ ܘܥܧܣ ܐܝܧܒܗܕ̈ ܐܪ̈ܕ ܢܘܦܗ ܨܣܘ . ܐܧܦܘܝ ܡܕܩܕ ܐܝܧܝܕܣܘ̈ ܼ ܼ ܐܧܒܙ̈ ܥܠܘܮܒܘ .ܐܧܦܘܝ ܪܰܒܕ ܐܝܧܒܗܕ̈ ܢܘܗܝܪ̈ܕܠ ܢܪܡ ܡܕܩܕ ܐܢܒܙܒ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܣܕ ܘܘܗ̱ ܘܝܞܣ ܐܬܘܝܛܝܮܣܕܼ ܐܛܦܕܘ ܐܧܦܘܝ ܰܧܝܒܕ ܐ ܡܘܨ ܠܝܐ ܪܒܓ ܡܗܪܒܐ ܐܢܦܠܡ :ܕܝܒ ܐܥܒܭܕ ܐܚܰܣܕ ܢܘܗܬܘܕܬܣܕ ܐܝܧܒܗܕ̈ ܢܐܕܥܠ̈ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܩ ܢܬܣܕ ܐܝܣܕܩ̈ ܐܪ̈ܕ. ♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰♰ ̈ ܼܐܟܤܐ ܕܥܤܤܐ ܩܘ̈ܪܝܝܐ، ܥܤܘ̈ܪܐ ܕܒܼܝ ܦܗܪܝܨ، ܘܒܗܘܢ ܦܨܚܰ ̱ܗܘܐ ܝܒ ܼܐܘܣܧܘܬܐ ܼܕܩܝܘܣܘܬ

ܢ ܝ ܢ ܘ ܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 49 3

ܵ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ، ܐ ܹܚܬܬܐ ܐ ܠܝܟ ܭܘ ܸܬ ܹܨܡܗ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܗܡܹ ܒܸ ܘܩܼ ܐܝܘܪܕܝܒܼ ܟܝܠܼ ܐ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ ܐܭܵ ܬܘܟ ܘܓ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܘܓ ܐܒܗܕܕ ܐܩܢܫܝܢ ܐܹ ܝܒܘܵ ܨܵ ܐܤܝܹ ܡܥܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ .Computer ܐܬܧܝܧܣܘ ܐܢܢܢܩ Mathematics ܘܢܢܢܝܢܢܢܼ ܢܢܢܢܣܼ ܐܩܵ ܐܝܒܵ ܘܓ ܗܡܮܹ ܝܨܘ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܢܪܝܐ ܐܦܹ ܪܥܘܤ ܗܝܝܘܪ ܬܸ ܼ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܗܡܮܝܨ ܐܧܝܐ )ܐܬܹ ܓܗ ( ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܒܝܕ9 ܹܐܠܘܦܐ ܹܒܝܬ ܟܘܠܝܐ، ܵ ܵ ܕܒ ܥܕ ܗܠܹ ܐܸ ܐܬܡܒܗ ܘܝ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܣܬܪܓܤܧܐ9 ܝܘ ܒܝܐ ܓܝ ܘ ܪܓܝܤ، ܬܘܪܠܟ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܓܘ ܟܘܬܭܐ Competition ܩܐ ܚܕܐ ܗܓ ܬ، ܵ ܵ ܲ .Mathematics ܐܬܘܝ ܧܤܠ ܗܠܹ ܐܒܹ ܘܓܘ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܬܘܬܝ ܒ ܘܓ ܐܕܝܡ ܝ݇ ܗܡܮܹ ܝܨ ܐܝܵ ܘܪܕܝܲ ܒ ܟܝܠ ܐ ܐܒܗ ܕܕ ܐܪܧܹ ܮܝܦ ܐܧܹ ܡܒܩ ܨܣ ܐܨܹ ܘܨܪܨ ܐܦܒܪܐ ܵ ̇ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܘܗ ܬܝܐ ܘܗ . 5884 ܐܬܧܮܒܹ ܢܬܝܐ ܘܓ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ 34 ܢܥ ܐܕܹ ܸܝܙܘܣ ܘܘܗܝ ܐܮܹ ܝܨ ܬܒܥ ܕ ܐܧܹ ܭܕܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܨܣ ܐܗ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣ ܘܓ ܐܬܛܝܘܪ ܐܬܘܪ ܝܗܠ ܗܠܹ ܐܣܕܪܠ ܘܘܗ ܝ ܠܙܐ ܬܒܕܸ ܐܹܝܒܘܓ ܐܨܹ ܘܨܪܨ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܣ ܕܪܭܬܐ ܭ ܵܬܘܝܬܐ، ܐܗܐ ܠܗܝ ܪܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܸܪܘܤܡܗ ܓܘ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܒܟܘܬܭܐ، ܣܨ ܒܬܪ ܭܘܠܤܐ ܕܚܕ ܬܘܠܤܕܐ ܣܧ ܝܘܬܐ ܕܣ ܕܪܭܬܐ ܸܣܨܥܝܬܐ، ܘܣܘ ܥܒܕܠܗ ܕܨ ܸܐܫ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܸ ܲ ܵ ܓܘܪܐ ܕܕܪܭܐ، ܟܬܭܧܐ ܩܕܣܝܐ ܸܕܣܞܝܐ ܝܗܘܐ ܥܢ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܐܬܝܙܛܵ ܤܒ ܐܹ ܝܡܥܸ ܐܬܹ ܝܭܵ ܪܕ ܣܕ ܐܟܬܵ ܭ ܐܩܵ ܗܡܒܘܩ ܝܧܝ ܐ ܐܭܬܘܟܕ ܐܤܠܘܭܕ ܐܚܬܤܒܸ .ܐܝܬܚܐ ܐܝܗܪ ܵ ݇ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܧܭܹ ܪܬܒ .Atomic Energy ܐܝܵ ܣܘܝܐ ܐܧܭܘܥܕ 52 ܠܗ ܠܘܡܝܐܒ 4 ܨܣ ܐܨܘܭ ܗܡܹ ܪܭܕܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܩܕܣܝܬܐ ܕܩܬ ܹܝܬܗ ܓܘ ܣ ܕܪܭܬܐ ܸܥܡܝܬܐ، ܥܒ ܹܬܗ ܲ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܒܐܝܡܘܠ 2555، ܐ ܠܝܟ ܹܗܘܐ ܹܠܗ ܚܕ ܣܨ 52 ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܗܠܹ ܐܘܗܘܹ Mathematics ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ ܐܭܹ ܬܘܟ ܘܓ .ܐܒܗ ܕܕ ܐܪܧܮܝܦ ܗܡܹ ܒܸ ܘܩܕ ܐܨܹ ܘܨܪܨ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 9ܐܦܹ ܪܥܘܤ ܐܦܹ ܐܠ ܐܠܘܤܟ ܤܠ ܐܧܝܨܵ ܣܬ ܣܸ ܐܧܝܧܣܸ ܢܐܸ ܝܕܧ ܣܸ ܘ ܟ ܐܘܗ ܐܬܩܕ ܐܠܹ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܐ ـ ܓܘ ܸܣ ܵܬܚܐ ܪ ܵܗܝ ܵܝܐ ܩܕܣ ܵܝܐ ܘܬܪ ܵܝܧܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܐܕܹ ܝܤܠ ܪܬ ܐܩ ܐܥܕܸ ܘܣ ܐܘܗ ܫܐܸ ܨ ܐܬܝܨܚܨܕ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܕܝܤܠ ܬܕ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ competition ܐܭܬܘܟܕ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܹܵ ܕܣ ܕ̈ܪܭܝ ܹܬܐ ܸܥܡܝܹܐ، ܐ ܠܝܟ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܹܠܗ ܸܣܧܝܧܐ ܥܡ ܹܝܤܐ، ܐ ܠܝܟ ܣܘܬܝܹܐ ܹܠܗ ܸܕ ܓܐ ܸܣ ܬܩܒܡܧܐ ܓܘ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܹܝܒܘܨ ܐܕܹ ܝܤܠ ܬ ܢܝܒܹ .ܐܝܡܥܸ ܫܘܒ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ 111،555 ܬ ܠܤܝܕܐ. ܐܝܧܐ ܸܒܤܬܚܐ ܸܕܗܫ ܚܕܬܐ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܹܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܘܕܣ ܕ̈ܪܭܝ ܹܬܐ ܸܥܡܝܹܐ، ܗܘ ܝܗܘܐ ܒܮܘܨܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ. ܵܝܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܣ ܕܪܭܬܐ ܸܥܡܝܬܐ، ܠܐ ܣܨܐ ܹܠܗ ܕܗ ܹܘܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܹ ܸܘܒܦܡܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܣ ܟܤܡܬܐ ܓܧܒܬܬܐ، ܐ ܠܝܟ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ .(IMC) ܐܕܝܤܠܬ 35 ܕ ܐܕܘܓ ܘܓ ܐܣܗܤ ܗܠ ܘܓ ܐܬܬܒܥܕ ܐܬܝܨܚܵ ܨܲ ܨܣ ܐܙܝܧܭ ܐܘܗܝ ܐܝܘܗܵ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܹ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܘܓ ܗܬܬܒܥܵ ܠܗܲ ܐܬܵ ܝܡܟܘܣ ܗ̇ ܡܮܝܨ ܗܬܡܒܲ ܩܲ ܘܗ ܡܐܸ ܪܒ .ܐܬܝܤܝܵ ܓ ܐܬܮܤܭܸ ܬܸ ܨܣܘ ܐܒܘܵ ܨܵ ܬܝܒܹ ܹ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ .ܐܒܘܵ ܨܵ ܬܝܒ .ܢܬܝܐܕ ܐܝܵ ܡܥܸ ܐܝܵ ܧܝܵ ܘܵ ܐܤܵ ܬܐܘܭܕ ܐܣܕܵ ܗ ܕܚ ܲ ܗܡܹ ܝ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܒ ـ ܓܘ ܣ ܵܬܚܐ ܲܕܭܐܬ ܵܤܬܐ ܕܟܘ ܵܬ ܭܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܹܵ Iran's National Elite .Foundationܒܪ ܸܐܡ، ܐܗܐ ܣܘ ܸܚܮ ܹ ܛܐ، ܐ ܠܝܟ ܨܝ ܹܮܡܗ ܓܘ ܵܒܝܐ ܘܭܘ ܸܬ ܹܨܡܗ ܓܘ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܕܤܠܘܬ ܘܓ ܐܬܒܧܓ ܐܤܝܡܥܕ ܐܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܚܘܣ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܬܝܡܝܒܹ ܬܸ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ ܐܭܬܘܟܕ 55ܕ ܐܬܦܤ ܓ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܹܝܡܗ ܥܥ ܸܐܭܬܐ ܗܕ ܹܣܐ ܕܓܘܕܐ، ܘܩ ܝܘ ܹܣܐ ܹܝܡܗ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܝܒܕ ܐܒܧܹܓ ܨܣ South Korea ܐܝܪܵ ܘܟܕ ܐܧܤܝܬܕ ܐܬܝܡܒܹ ܬܸ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ ܐܭܬܘܟ ܘܓ ܢܬܝܐܠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ International Mathematics .Olympiad ܐܝܧܡܝܕ ܐܪܧܮܝܦ ܗܡܒܹ ܡܸ ܓ ܟܝܠ ܐ .ܢܪܗܬܒܸ ܐܬܘܝ ܧܣܕ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܩܵ ܟܝܠ ܐܠ ܝܬܞ ܦ ܐܛܵ ܝܮܣ ܥܘܮܝ ܑܼ ܢܬ ܣܘ ܐܗܠ ܐ [ ܐܘܗܝ ܐܮܝ ܒܚܕ competition ܐܭܬܘܟ ܘܓ ܐܣܐܤܕܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ].ܐܬܝܪܘܬ̇ ܐ ܐܬܣܘܐ ܐܩܘܵ ܗܗܒܵ ܐ .ܐܮܹ ܝܪܨ ܐܬܹ ܘܪ̈ܬܐ 25 ܨܣ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܵܒܬܪ ܣ ܟܤܡܬܐ ܸܕܭ ܹܧܐ ܹܕܒܝܬ ܵܨ ܵܘܒܐ، ܵܚܕܐ ܓܗܐ

ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 50 3

ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܫܨܘܫܭ browse ܐܫܩ ܐܫܡܫܝܠ ܕܘ ܐܣܘܛܠ ܐܤܟܘܝ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ )Web( ܘܫܢܸ ܢܥܼ ܕܚܼ ܢܬܝܼ ܒܼ ܗܫܡܫܝܹ ܐܕܫܒܫܥ ܘܣ ܐܦܗܝܪܹ ܐܬܪܝܣܕ ܲ ܐܤܟܘܝ .ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܒܝܕ9 ܬܣܬܐ ܥ ܒ ܕܝܮܘܥ ܸܒܧܔ ܤܝܨ، ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܲ ܵ ܐܬܘܬܫ ܒ ܛܠ ܐܛܡܨܸ ܘܣ ܫܐܸ ܨ ܝ ܟܚ ܐ ܐܠ ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ܐܨܘܭ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܣܬܪܓܤܧܐ9 ܝܘ ܵܒܝܐ ܓܝ ܘ ܪܓܝܤ، ܬܘܪܠܟ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܫܧܫܣܕܫܩܬܫ ܣܸ ܐܬܘܦ ܬܒܕܣ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܮܵ ܒܛܵ ܒܸ ܦܘܐ ܐܠܐܸ ܲ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܐܗܐ ܹܭܧܬܐ ܹܒܐܬ ܵܝܐ ܝܡܗ ܠܮܘܠܤܐ، ܐܝܬ ܪ ܵܒܐ ܕܒܦܘܓ ܵܒܐ ܸܒܬ ܗܝܸܬܗ ܵܩ ܬܢ ܲ ܒܫܞ ܫܟ ܵܫܤܫܐ ܸܕܐܕܝܫܘܡ، ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܐܫܡܫܝܫܠܕ ܐܒܪ website ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ܐܨܘܭ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܙܸܝܪܘܣܘ ܘܓ ܨܝܕ ܐܩ .ܐܚܹ ܘܝ ܙܠ )ܐܧܹ ܒ ܸܔܦܣ ( ܐܦܹ ܪܣܕܣ ܐܧܹ ܝܕܧܣܸ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܣܔܡܬܐ ܦܝ ܹܧܘܐ، ܸܚܕܝܹܐ ܝܘܚ ܸܠܔܡܝܐ ܭܘܨܐ ܚܕܬܐ ) ܗܤܧܝ( ܕܣ ܨܚ ܣ ܝܫܬܚ ܠܫܮܫܘܐܬ ܤܫܨ ܥܫܢ ܸܪܫ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܢܘܬܫܝܫܤܫ ܝܫܤܫܒ ܣ ܬܒܸ ܐܬܒ ܤ ܨܠ ܬܝܐ .ܢܘܟ ܘܬܦܒܨ ܐܝܕ ܐ www.assyrianfoundation.org ܢܥ .ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ̇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܸ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܗܘܪܕܘܗ ܢܬ ܘܫܧܫ ܝܨܵ ܣܬ ܣܸ ܟܝ ܐܕ ܐܬܕܚ ܲ website ܕܝܒ ܲ ܐܤܝܟܤ ܐܸ ܢܥ ܢܘܬܝܞ ܣܕ ܢܘܬܝ ܐܧܹ ܝܨܵ ܣܬ ܣܸ ܢܘܬܚܐ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܕܣܡܘ ܹܐܐ ܕܣܔܡܬܐ ܦܝ ܹܧܘܐ، ܘܩ ܘ ܵܣܝ ܹܬܐ ܸܕܒ ܵܗܘ ܵܝܐ، ܝܘܚ ܸܠ ܲ ܤܝ ܪܬܘܬ ܘܟܘܢ. ̇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܨܘ ܵ̈ܪܝ ܹܬܐ، ܐ ܹ̈ܪܟܐ، ܭܘܬܨܬ ܘܟܘܢ ܵܘܕܒ ܵܛܝܬ ܘܟܘܢ. ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ Our New Home on the Web ܨܣ ܕܵ ܗ ܥܥ ܢܘܟܘ ܕܝܵ ܘܚܕ ܐܬܘܝ ܪܧܵ ܦ ܐܠ ܚܘܝ ܐܪܹ ܘܩܕ ܣ By Tamara Odisho Benjamin ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܨܘܭ ܨܣ ܐܦܪܬܘܝ ܢܘܬܲ ܝܡܪ ܭܵ ܬܒܸ ܚܘܝܲ ܐܬܒ ܤܒܘ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܲ As the year comes to an end, there are so many wonder- . ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ܐܬܕܚ ful things to celebrate. For us at Nineveh Magazine, we ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܝܐ ܕܝܥܘܵ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܬܕܚ ܲ website ܐܘܮܦܕܸ ܐܨܘܭ are happy to unveil our new website. At ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ www.assyrianfoundation.org you will now be able to ac- ܘܓ ܐܧܝ ܐܝܵ ܘܗܒܕܸ ܐܬܹ ܝܣܵ ܘ ܩܕ ܐܐܹ ܘܡܤ ܠܸ ܐܙܛܹ ܣ ܬܒܸ cess featured Nineveh Magazine articles, upcoming ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ events, pictures, archives, subscriptions and donations. ܕܚ ܚܘܝ ܐܙܹ ܸܝܪ̈ܘܣܘ .ܐܘܧܹ ܝܦ ܐܬܡܔܣܕ ܡܐܸ ܩܕ ܐܧܹ ܝܧܣܸ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ We understand the importance of being connected to our ܗܝܝܡܟܕ uploading ܐܬܬܒܦ ܣܕ ܐܮܝܧܠ ܐܟ ܝܬ ܝ ܲ ܐܚܬܵ ܣܸ members and hope you take advantage of the new site. ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ The website is updated regularly and will feature arti- ܐܟܪܹ̈ ܐܕ ܐܣܗܤ ܢܥ ܐܘܧܹ ܝܦ ܐܬܡܔܣܕ ܬܒܥ ܕ ܐܧܹ ܝܧܣܸ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܲ cles from the current issue of Nineveh Magazine. We ܢܥ )ܐܬܘܝܧܤܗܒ( ܐܬܘܡ ܝܠܕ ܒܸ ܗܝܝܬܛ ܟ ܮܣ ܬܘܒ have set a long-term goal of uploading all past issues into ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܤܘܪܝܐ online، ܐܘܦ ܥܒ ܝܕܐ ܝܘܚ ܚܕܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ the archive section for easy online access. We have also made it easy for you to donate. You can now use this sec- ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܒܸ ܢܘܬܚܐ .ܐܬܹ ܝܛܵ ܒܕܵ ܐܩܵ )ܝܧܤܵ ܗ( ܐܬܡܝܠܕ tion to update your membership, subscription or donate a ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ gift safely through Paypal. You can also register on the ܐܬܕ ܚ ܐܩ ܐܣܗܤ ܐܗܐ ܐܚܹ ܘܡܩ ܤܠ ܢܘܬܝܨ ܣ site to receive the latest Assyrian Foundation news and ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܗ ܵܕܣ ܝܘܬܘܟܘܢ، ܵܭܘܬܨܬ ܲܘܟܘܢ ܲ ܝܨ ܵܕܒ ܵܛܝܬ ܘܟܘܢ updates. We are very excited about this new endeavor and ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ look forward to receiving our members‘ feedback. Tell us .Paypal ܕ ܐܬܘܝ ܥܨܤܒܸ ܐܧܤܠܘܛܒ Gifts ܐܹ ܝܧܟܘܭ what you love or how we can improve your experience. ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ site ܐܒܧܹܓ ܨܣ ܢܘܬܝܒܡ ܝܵ ܢܘܬܝܨ ܣ ܐܟܹ ܦܘܐܘ As you know, we func- ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݇ ݇ tion solely on a volunteer ܐܒܪ ܨܧܚ ܐ .ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܤܬܐܸ ܭܕ ܐܦܹ ܪܚܐ ܐܒܹ ܞܠܸ basis and extend a warm ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ thank you for the hard ܐܣܕܪܠ ܐܩܹ ܘܮ ܓܘ ܐܬܕܚ ܨܞ ܨܘܚ ܬܘܒ ܚܘܝ ܐܛܹ ܝܨܨ ܲ ܲ ܲ ݇ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܠܪ ܒܘ ܹܠܐ ܗܕ ܣܨ ܕܕ ܥܒܬ، ܐܣܘܪܗܘܢ ܠܨ ܣܘ ܕܝ work and creative talent of Mr. Edward S. Reihaneh, ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ owner of XtteraNet who ܜܡ ܤܟܸ ܣ ܚܨܣ ܝ ܟܐ ܕ ܨܝ ܢܘܬܝ ܐܒܹ ܘܛ ܣ ܵ has put many hours to cre- .ܢܘ̇ ܟ ܬܘܦܵ ܒܠܵ ate a beautifully designed ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ and easy to browse web- ܢܫܥ ܗܡܹ ܝ ܐܝܕܝܛ ܝ ܨܮ ܝܦ ܢܘܬܝ ܐܥܕܝܒ ܟܝ ܐ site. Mr. Reihaneh‘s de- ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܸܐ ܹܤܐ ܸܕܨ ܵܡܛܧܐ ܸܤ ܒ ܵܝܧ ܵܝܐ، ܘܣ ܪܬܘ ܒܐ ܝܫܘܚ ܵܩܫܬ ܘܟܫܘܢ sign has made the website ܵ ܵ ܲ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ not only user friendly but ܐܫܧܫܝܬܫܵ ܒܘ ܐܝܮܵ ܩܸ ܢܘܟܘ ܧܛܠܘܨ ܬܘܒ ܢܬ ܘܒܝ ܞܡ ܲ ܒܘܩ also includes content management which helps us tremen- ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܠܗܝ ܪܘܬܐ، ܲ ܣܝܪܫܬܐ ܸܐ ܵܕܘܪܕ ܤ. ܹܪܝܫܗܦܫܐ، ܵܣܫܬܐ ܕ dously to update and manage the website with ease so we ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ can bring our organization to your fingertips. We hope ܐܫܤܫܭܬܫܠܸ ܐܬܫܹ ܦܫ ܤ ܐܒܪ ܗܡܝܹ ܐܛܡܨܸ ܘܣ Xttera Net you enjoy it as much as we do! ܢܝܢܘܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 51 3

5853 ܐܬܩܬܘܭ ܐܟܝܪܡܐܕ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܣܐܬܫܕ ܐܬܠܓܡ 6761 ܀ 3 ܐܧܝܧܣ ܀ 35 ܐܪܒܘܕ

ܢ ܝ ܢ ܘ ܐ ، ܕܘܒܩ ܐ 35 ، ̈ܡܢܝܢ ܐ Nineveh, Volume 35, Number 3 52 3