TITLE PAGE

TITLE Water supply north-east quadrangle 1-50,000

TITLE TRANSLATION

AUTHOR

PUBLISHER .E.F., G.H.Q­

YEAR 1918

550—G. S. Schs., Fort Leavenworth—11-29-27—5M - : ;^v^;s.

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WATER SUPPLY VERDUN NORTH-EAST QUADRANGLE X 1-50.000 ^

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PRINTED AT THE BASE PRINTING PLANT 29TH END, U. S. ARMY 1918 6. H. Q.. A. E. F. SECOND SECTION, GENERAL STAFF PREPARED IN OFFICE CHIEF ENGINEER

WATER SUPPLY VERDUN NORTH-EAST QUADRANGLE T-5O,OOO

PRINTED AT THE BASE PRINTING PLANT 29TH ENG., U. S. ARMY 1918 WATER SUPPLY VERDUN NORTH-EAST QUADRANGLE 1:50,000

INTRODUCTION The sources of water within the Verdun N.-E. quadrangle are (1) surface water; (2) shallow wells; (3) springs; (4) drilled wells in hard rock. Before the war the civilian population was largely supplied with water from springs and shallow dug wells. Springs are fairly abundant in the quadrangle, and occur along certain lines determined by geologic formations. Dug wells are chiefly confined to valley bottoms, and are found in nearly every town and many farm houses. So far as known, no important use has been made of the surface water, though there are many streams, in addition to the River, which carry considerable water throughout the year. This water is, however, not potable. No records have been found of any deep drilling within the quadrangle, though there are known to be water bearing horizons in parts of the region. The distribution and quantity of streams, springs and other underground water, are in a large measure determined by the physical features, including both surface terrain and rock formation, as well as by precipitation and evaporation. It will be desirable, therefore, to briefly describe these physical features before the data on water are presented. PHYSICAL FEATURES An upland, characterized by flat or rounded summits and diversified by many valleys having gentle slopes, occupies the larger part of the quadrangle. The western part of this upland is made up of a series of rounded hills and interstreamed areas, whose summits mark a gentle undulating surface. Here the valleys are shallow and their floors merge gradually with the gentle hill slope. The rather even summit level is broken by small nobs and ridges, which stand higher than the general upland surface. Much of this western part of the quadrangle is underlain by hard limestone, covered usually with less than a meter of soil and weathered rock. The higher nobs and ridges west of the north and south line No. 301, are composed of chalk, with some soft sandstone, which rests on the limestone. These formations yield firm, well drained ground. Springs occur along the outcropping margins of the sandstone. A clay formation skirts the southwestern margin of the quad­ rangle. Its northern boundary is an irregular line running in a general westerly direction from , and including the head 2 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY water of the Andon Ruisseau, and the valley of the Exermont Ruisseau. This clay belt offers soft ground, except during dry seasons. As far west as the north and south line No. 308, the clay- is capped by limestone, which forms a steep bluff along the upper valley walls. West of this line, chalk overlies the clay and forms the higher part of the upland. The upper contact of the clay and limestone, or clay and chalk, is marked by a line of rather strong springs. Tracing the upland to the north-east it becomes less broken by valleys as the Meuse River is approached. Here it is marked by broad, flat-topped, interstreamed areas having a general accordance of summit levels, and is, indeed, a dissected plateau whose surface slopes gently to the west and south-west. The Meuse Valley, in most places steep walled, is commanded on either side by the margins of the plateau standing 60 to 100 meters above the valley floor. East of the Meuse the plateau feature (Cotes de Meuse) is still more marked, and finally ends in a scarp (40 to 60 meters) from the foot of which stretches a gently rolling lowland (Woevre). The upper part of this scarp, made up of limestone, is steep; the lower part, underlain by clay, has a gentle slope. It is the most striking topographic feature of the region. The margin of the scarp is scalloped by a number of small valleys, and some still greater irregularities are introduced by isolated mesas, whose summits carry the plateau level well out into the lowland. The largest of these is the long, flat-topped ridge (Cotes St. Germain) north of , which commands the adja­ cent lowland, and Meuse Valley. The plateau bordering the Meuse Valley on both sides is chiefly underlain by hard limestones, with here and there some shale beds. This limestone usually occurs within a half meter from the surface and is covered by a clay soil and sub-soil. The surface of the pla­ teau is fairly hard, well drained, and easily traversed. Where the limestone rests on clay, springs occur, notably along the eastern scarp of the plateau. The scarp bounding the plateau on the east is traced as an irregu­ lar line northward from near Crepion to Breheville, then turns westward, and at Sassey merges with the valley walls of the Meuse River. Beyond the Meuse it is continued to the margin of the quad­ rangle near Halles. East and north-east of this line is the Woevre Lowland, in places swampy, but generally with sufficient relief to be fairly well drained. Here the summits, rounded ridges and nobs stand from 20 to 40 meters above the valley floors. The formation of this lowland is clay shale, which also occurs in the lower gentle slope of the scarp, the overlying limestone forming a steep bluff or cliff. This clay shale weathers to clay, and PRECIPITATION 3 the formation being impervious, all water is held at the surface. Therefore, soft ground is to be expected in the lowland area. Much of it, however, has sufficient relief to be fairly well drained, except during the rainy season. In general, the lowland is difficult to traverse, except during the driest season. There are no springs in the clay area. To the north-east, the lowland merges with the lower slopes of a gently rolling upland. This is made up of limestone and some clay shales. In general, the surface is firm and well drained. Some springs occur in this region. PRECIPITATION The mean annual precipitation varies from about 1000 mm. (39.4 inches) on the higher parts of the upland to 729 mm. (28.7 inches) in the Meuse Valley and 682 mm. (26.9 inches) in the Woevre Lowland. There is an average of about 800 mm. (31.5 inches) over the entire quadrangle. No data has been found on the monthly precipitation on the plateau, but the following table gives the record at Don-sur-Meuse, which is probably typical of the Meuse Valley. The percentage of the total annual precipitation during each month is also included in this table.

MONTHLY PRECIPITATION, DON-SUR-MEUSE Precipitation Percentage of Total Annual Millimeters Precipitation January 58 7.9 February 42 5.8 March 48 6.6 April 45 6.1 May 53 7.3 June 71 . 9.8 July 71 9.8 August 68 9.3 September 63 8.7 October 79 10.8 November 66 9.0 December 65 8.9

TOTAL ANNUAL 729 mm. (28.7 inches)

The above table shows that nearly 30 per cent of the rainfall falls in the summer months. From the standpoint of runoff, the large summer precipitation is neutralized by the evaporation. Dur­ ing the hot months the evaporation exceeds the precipitation. The rainfall decreases from July to September, and greatly increases in October, the wettest month of the year. In June and July rainy days are frequent, but hard rains unusual. August is characterized by few rainy days (7 to 10), but by heavy storms. In September and October the rainy days average 8 to 10 in each month, and 4 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY heavy rains are infrequent. Of the winter months January has the greatest percentage of days with some precipitation, and February the least. Snow storms are likely to occur in the months between December and March, inclusive. The heaviest snow fall is in January. January is the coldest and July the warmest month of the year. It is probable that the greater precipitation on the plateau, as compared with the valley, falls during the nine coldest months, and that the rainfall during the summer is about the same in both provinces. SURFACE WATER The volume of streams is determined chiefly by the amount of precipitation and evaporation, and these, as shown above, vary greatly during different seasons of the year. It is also affected by the surface terrain, and by the permeability of the soil, distribution of springs, etc. In areas where the surface formation is clay, the precipitation runs off quickly after a rain, unless this has been preceded by a long drought. The streams, therefore respond quickly to a rainstorm, and also fall rapidly after the storm is over. There are also few or no springs in the clay or clay shale regions. Under these physical conditions the stream volumes vary greatly from time to time. If the country rock be limestone, or interbedded limestone and shale formation, much of the rainfall is absorbed by the soil and sub-soil to emerge as springs and seepages at a lower level. There­ fore, water courses draining a limestone country will rise and fall relatively slowly, and maintain a more or less constant seasonal flow. Exception to this rule occurs when the ground is frozen, for then all of the precipitation runs off. The relation between precipitation and runoff varies greatly according to season. The maximum runoff is during the three winter months, when over 80 per cent of the precipitation finds its way directly to the streams. In the summer the runoff is less than 20 per cent of the rainfall. The runoff for the entire year is about 40 per cent of the precipitation. The above approximate runoff figures apply to the region as a whole. They will be modified for each stream basin in accordance with the physical character of the rock formation. Thus for a region underlain by clay shale or clay, there is a much larger per­ centage of runoff than the above figures indicate. In general the streams are lowest between July and September, and in some instances the low water period extends into October. High water is to be expected in November, but the largest floods are between January and March, inclusive. Though the minimum DESCRIPTION OF WATER COURSES 5 runoff is in September, due to the high evaporation of the previous three months, there is also a low water period in the latter part of May as compared with June. This is caused by the low precipita­ tion of the previous three months. Some exceptions to the above general statements in regard to stream flow will be noted in the following descriptions of the water courses. It is important to note that after a long drought the first week of rainfall will not necessarily materially increase the runoff. This because the ground, having dried out, will absorb a large percentage of the precipitation. On the other hand, during the rainy season, when the ground remains saturated, or in January and, possibly, February, when the ground will be frozen, the streams are quickly raised by heavy rains. Under such conditions sudden floods' are likely to occur. DESCRIPTION OF WATER COURSES Most of the region is drained by the Meuse and its tributaries. The streams along the western margin of the quadrangle, however, flow into the Aire, which is tributary to the Aisne. On the accompanying map, streams believed to have a discharge of only 5 liters per second or less during the low water summer stage, are indicated as intermittent by broken lines. All the other streams are represented by full lines. This classification has been made on the best evidence available, but is by no means accurate for all of the water courses. Meuse.—The valley of the Meuse is a deep winding trench, tra­ versing the plateau of the central part of the quadrangle in a north­ erly direction. Its largest tributaries are from the west. As far north as Dun-sur-Meuse, the Meuse Valley floor is from 500 to 1000 meters in width, and is bounded by slopes rising at angles of from 5 to 15 degrees to the plateau level. Across this flat valley floor the river takes a winding course, and at low water is broken by many bars. During high floods much of the valley is inundated. The flood plain of this part of the river is chiefly made up of fine silt with some sand. These deposits overlie coarser material made up of limestone gravels. At the mouths of some of the small tributaries, and at the base of the steeper bluffs, some limestone gravels also occur at the surface. The gravels below the surface silt are exposed in the river bars. As a general rule the flood plain of the river is liable to be soft ground, except during the three dry summer months. At high stage of the river it is more or less swampy, and difficult to traverse. The valley walls within the plateau are chiefly made up of limestones. Below Dun-sur-Meuse, the valley emerges from the plateau, and here broadens out into the Woevre Lowland. Here the valley 6 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY floor has a width of about three kilometers, and merges with the gentle valley slopes, which rise to rounded ridges and hills, whose summits stand 30 to 50 meters above the river. In this part of the valley the river is floored chiefly by silt and mud, and will usually be soft, except during the dry season. The adjacent slopes and low hills are underlain by clay shales and clay. The drainage basin of the Meuse above includes an area of 3,456 square kilometers. Therefore, the volume of the river is but little affected by the geology of the immediate adjacent areas. The average fall of the Meuse within the quadrangle is about 60 c. m. to the kilometer (3 ft. per mile). The Branch Nord du Canal de l'Est follows the east side of the Meuse Valley. For about two kilometers below Dun, the river itself has been canalized and carries the traffic. The original depth, current and width of the river have been modified by the canal lock at Dun, and dams and jetties at other places. In general, however, the depth of this part of the river when the dams are open varies from about y2 meter at extreme low water to from 3% to 4 meters at high water. The low water depth in the canalized part of the river below Dun is, of course, greater. The current at normal stage of water is about 1 kilometer (.62 miles) per hour, but has a much greater velocity during floods. The width of the river at normal water stage averages about 60 meters. Reference to the map will show that in places the river has more than one channel, and in such the individual channels will be narrower and shallower than the above figures indicate. At low water stage, and when the dams are open, the Meuse is not too deep to be forded. It has, however, a muddy bottom, and the banks are likely to be muddy. At low water, the river banks are about one to two meters (3 to 6l/£ ft.) above the water. While fording is not impossible at most places, it will probably prove impractical. The lowest water stage of the Meuse is usually in September. Small floods are likely to occur between May and July, and are very rare between August and October. Floods are most common between November and March—some of the highest are in April. Western tributaries of the Meuse. The western tributaries of the Meuse all flow in open valleys cut in limestone formation. Their flood plains are made up of silts, with some limestone gravels. Most of them probably have fairly firm bottoms. All of these streams are fed by springs, and most of them carry some water throughout the year. DESCRIPTION OF WATER COURSES 7

The Ruisseau d'Andon, joining the Meuse near Dun, is the largest of the westerly tributaries. Its flood plain is from 200 to 400 meters wide, and is made up of silt and mud, and from this the valley walls rise with gentle slopes. The valley floor is soft, except during dry seasons, and between Romange-sous-Montfaucon and Bathe Ville is marshy for much of the year. Near its mouth the stream has a width of 4 to 6 meters. It is fordable at many places, but most of the fords have muddy bottoms. The floods of the Andon are of short duration, and except in marshy parts of the valley, referred to above, do not as a rule inundate the valley floor. The joins the Meuse north of the quadrangle. Its upper valley, as far as Nouart, is cut in limestone. Here the valley floor is from 100 to 300 meters in width, and made up with silts with limestone gravels, and fairly hard. Below Nouart the country rock is clay shale and clay, and the valley widens out and has gentle slopes. Near the Meuse the flood plain is 1 kilometer wide. In this lower part of the valley the floor is silt and it will be muddy except in dry season. Through this broad flat the stream takes a winding course, flowing between muddy banks, which at mean water stage stand 1% meters above the water level. The Wiseppe and its tributaries are fed by many springs. Eastern tributaries of the Meuse. Milly, Caison and Charmois ruisseau join the Meuse below Dun. These occupy broad open valleys floored with fine silt and mud. Their drainage basins are underlain by impervious clay and they are subject to great fluctuations in volume (see sub-joined table), and quickly respond to hard rains. The eastern tributaries within the plateau, and south of Dun, are all small, and many flow in rather steep walled, narrow valleys cut in limestone. These streams are fed by springs, and most of them contain water in dry season. The Riviere. The eastern margin of the quadrangle is drained by the Loison, which flows northward to the Chiers (see Water Supply Metz N. W. Quadrangle). Its valley, which is in the Woevre Lowland, is broad and bounded by gentle slopes rising to low ridges and hills. The valley bottom, from 1^2 to 1 kilo­ meter in width, is floored with fine silt and mud, and through this the stream takes a winding course with a sluggish current. Near , the valley floor immediately adjacent to the stream is said to be muddy and difficult, of access. Above this the floor is firmer and the banks of the stream are accessible, except during floods. In general, however, the valley bottom of the Loison is likely to be muddy during rainy season. Much of the Loison basin is underlain by impervious clay formation. Hence, the stream is subject to great fluctuations and to 8 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY sudden floods, but these do not raise the water more than 1/2 to 1 meter above the normal level. There are a number of fords along the Loison, but these have soft bottoms. The western tributaries of the Loison drain the eastern margin of the plateau, and are fed by many springs. La Tinte, the largest of these, has a width of 5 meters at its mouth and Sy2 meters at Wilier. Much of its valley is marshy. Tributaries of the Aire. The tributaries of the Aire within the quadrangle are mostly small streams. The region which they drain is chiefly underlain by chalk and soft sandstone. They are fed by numerous springs. RECORDS OF STREAM VOLUMES The records of stream volumes are very incomplete. Those given in the subjoined table are based on observations of only a single year (1862), and there is no evidence at hand as to whether this was a year of normal and average precipitation. These volumes can, therefore, be considered only as an approximation. The mini­ mum discharges here given must be used with caution during August and September. In planning for use of surface water it will not be safe to count on more than 50 per cent of the minimum discharge shown in the table and on the map.

APPROXIMATE STREAM, VOLUMES AND DRAINAGE AREAS VERDUN NORTH-EAST QUADRANGLE Stream Discharges in Cubic Meters per Second Area in Name of Stream Location of Gauging Summer Square Station Mean Low Flood Kilometers Meuse River Verdun 28.00 4.00 700.00 3003.

Eastern tributaries of Meuse Mouzay Rau Mouzay 150 .014 2.00 4.75 Rau. de Charmois At junction with La Vielle Meuse .400 .090 18.00 36.50 Rau. de Charmois 297-321 .010 .003 1.00 .94 La Vielle Meuse 1 km. S. of Mouzay .12120 .100 15.00 23.94 Laison Rau Mouth .100 .012 13.00 18.75 South Branch of Laison Rau 1 km N. of Lion .. .045 .008 4.50 3.25 Rau. de Milly Mouth .250 .028 14.00 18.06 Rau. de Milly Marvaux .130 .020 ? 2.0C + Bradon Rau Marvaux .030 .005 !350 2.09 Doua Rau V2km. W. of Liny .100 .007 6.00 32.43 Marais Rau 1 km. N. of Sivry .015 .005 .80 3.97 Western Tributaries of Meuse Wiseppe Rau (MezieresS. E.) .550 .106 25.00 87.88 WATER IN ALLUVIUM

APPROXIMATE STREAM VOLUMES AND DRAINAGE AREAS VERDUN NORTH-EAST QUADRANGLE (Continued) Stream Discharges in Cubic Meters per Second Area in Name of Stream Locatiton of Gauging Summer Square Station Mean Low Flood Kilometers Halles Rau At junction with Wiseppe 015 .002 2.00 1.85 Tailly Rau At junction with Wiseppe 180 .032 10.00 19J00 Champy Rau At junction with Wiseppe 062 ? ? 6.80 Nouart Rau Nouart 047 ? ? 5.10 Thalettes Rau 1 km. N. of Sassey 1.085 .005 6.00 4.78 Rau. de l'Aunois 1 km. N.W. Dun .. .060 .007 2.00 3.96 Rau des Archets Mouth near Dun.. .060 .007 2.00 4.41 Andon Rau Mouth at Dun .. . .450 .068 17.00 64.75 Rau. de l'Etaillon % km. N.W. 017 .01J .250 3.53 Rau. de Cheline 1 km. S.W. Aincreville 035 .002 3.00 6.25 Rau. de V2 km. S. of Bantheville 020 .004 1.50 .200 Rau. de Perrieres Romagne 030 .005 3.50 2.88

Loison Basin Loison Riviere Jametz 2.45 .560 70.00 253.8 Loison Riviere % km east of .. . 1.260 .330 60.00 163.83 Rau Mouth .110 .009 5.00 9.22 Theinte Rau At junction with Loison 1.050 .210 20.00 95.55 Theinte Rau 530 .120 12.00 40.62 Rau At junction with Thiente Rau. .. .100 .015 5.00 9.75 Reville Rau At mouth 140 .030 7.00 14.35 Etraye Rau Damvillers 080 .020 5.00 8.33 Crepion Rau 1 km. E. of .030 .002 3.00 4.06 Flabas Rau. Mouth 220 .050 4.00 5.55 Rau Junction with Loison 300 .070 30.62 Brandeville Rau Above mouth of Aunois R 010 .000 8.87 Aunois Rau Junction with Brande­ ville Rau 110 .050 5.75

Aire Drainage Basin Rau. de St. Georges 2 km. E. of Exermont 030 .000 3.00 2.47 Exermont Rau St. Georges 031 ? WATER IN ALLUVIUM There is more or less water in all the alluvium constituting the valley rilling, but occurs in large quantities only in the deposits of the Meuse Valley. As shown on the accompanying maps, and the notes at the end of this volume, there are wells in nearly every 10 WATER SUPPLY VERDUN town. It is in general true that the larger the number of wells in a town, the smaller the yield of water per individual well. It should be noted that not all the dug wells shown on the map are in the alluvium. Those in the eastern half of the quadrangle are chiefly in the valley filling. In the western part of the quadrangle, however, where the country rock is in part chalk and porous sand­ stone," some of the dug wells are in rock and not in the alluvium. Where the surface formation is chalk, which is not water bearing, dug wells have been made which reached to the water bearing soft sandstone underneath in chalk. Where the surface formation is sand­ stone, water is obtained from it by dug wells. These wells are of unknown depth, but they probably do not exceed 5 or 10 meters. The wells in hard rock will be referred to in a later section of this report. A large supply of river water is found in the deposits of the Meuse Valley. Here the surface layer, not over a meter thick, is silt, and in some instances clay. Below this is limestone gravel, containing some water and fine sand with some clay. At still greater depth there is a coarse gravel, and sand which is water bearing. This is probably not over 3 to 5 meters below the surface. In some places the upper beds are impervious, and the water below is under more or less hydrostatic head. In the large tributaries of the Meuse some water can usually be found at depth of not exceeding 3 meters. In the small streams, the water will not be over a meter or two below the surface. In general, however, the water is not sufficiently abundant in any of the valley deposits, except that of the Meuse, to justify development. There is no record of the yield of any of these wells. In general, however, except in the Meuse Valley, no individual well in the alluvium can be relied upon for any considerable quantity of water, except during the wet season. Most of these wells are very much reduced in volume in summer; the lowest stage being in September.

SPRINGS Springs are abundant and widely distributed in the quadrangle. Many of these are shown on the accompanying map, but there are no doubt others. These springs occur (1) along contact zones where limestone overlies impervious clay; (2) at the outcrops of layers of shale where clay occurs within thick beds of limestone; (3) along the outcrop of soft friable sandstone resting either on chalk or clay formation. The above loci of springs, as a rule, is too irregularly distributed to permit of description as to location. There is, however, a well UNDERGROUND WATER IN HARD FORMATION 11 defined line of springs along the base of the limestone in the east­ ern margin of the plateau. This follows a northerly direction near Flabas to Breheville, thence westerly to Dun, and north­ westerly to the margin of the quadrangle beyond Nouart. The locus of these springs is at the base of the limestone, forming a cliff at the top of the scarp where it rests on a clay formation. If, however, the slope is covered by talus, the actual emergence of the water may be lower down, and even at the base of the slope. If such a spring is to be developed, it will usually be best to seek its source in a water bearing bed. Another series of springs mark an irregular line having a general westerly direction from Nantillois to the western margin of the quadrangle. This is in part at the contact of limestone on clay, and in part at the contact of sandstone on clay. The other springs in the region are too irregularly distributed to permit of description. In areas where the location of springs is unknown, a search can be best guided by use of a geologic map. There is no information at hand relating to the volume of dis­ charge of any of these springs. Those located at the base of thick limestone beds are most likely to carry water throughout the year. Such springs have seasonal fluctuations, but are not directly affected by the rainfall. On the other hand, the springs issuing from sandstone beds, where the latter form the surface formation, respond quickly to heavy rains, and also dry up during hot weather. The lowest yield of the springs is in September and October.

UNDERGROUND WATER IN HARD FORMATION So far as known there has been no deep drilling within the quadrangle, as the springs and shallow wells have furnished ample water for the civilian population. Underground water occurs at many places in zones of fissuring irregularly distributed in the thick limestone beds, which cover much of the quadrangle. There is a strong probability, but by no means a certainty, of finding water in the plateau region at depth of from 30 to 100 meters. Water is also likely to be found in deeply buried limestone beds under the clay formation of the lowland east of the plateau. In this region drilling would have to go to a depth of at least 100 meters. No drilling should be undertaken unless based on the recommendation of the Army geologic officers. The occurence of water in the southwestern part of the quad­ rangle at shallow depth has already been referred to. This water is in porous sandstone, which may or may not be overlain by chalk. The location of such wells should be based on a geologic examina­ tion of the locality. 12 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY

GLOSSARY OF WATER SUPPLY TERMS

FRENCH ENCLISH GERMAN Abondant Abundant Reichlich Abreuvoir Watering trough Vietraenken Adduction d'eau Water system Wasserleitung Assez (suffisant) Sufficient Ausreichend Bain chaud Hot bath „ Warmbad Bain public Public bath Freibad Borne-fontaine Water post (running water) Laufbrunnen Bouche d'arrosage ... . Watering post Zapfstelle; Ventilbrunnen; Hydrant Bouche d'incendie Fire hydrant Feuerhydrant Branchement particu­ lier Private water connec­ tion Privat Zuleitung Canal Canal Kanal Citerne Cistern Wasserbehalter; Zistern; Reservoir Col de Cygne Water wagon rilling post Entnahmstelle fuer Wasserwagen Conduit Pipe line; conduit Wasserleitung Couler Flow Fliessen Cours d'eau Water courses or streams Gewaesser Crue Flood Flut; Hochwasser Debit ' Flow; discharge Schuettung Debit continuel Continual flow Dauernde Schuettung Debit moyen Average or mean discharge Normale Schuettung; Normal Wasser Distribution des eaux.. Water supply Wasseflversorgung Eau non potable Non-potable water ... . Nutz wasser; Wasser­ untrinkbar Eau potable Potable water; drinking water Trinkwasser; Gutwasser Ecluse Canal lock Schleuse Etang Lake or pond See; Teich Etiage Low summer water flow Niederwasser; Nieder­ sommer-wasser Fontaine Watering post or foun­ tain Laufbrunnen Force hydraulique Water power Wasserkraft Galerie filtrante Filtering gallery Filtergallerie Grande eau High water Hochwasser Gue Ford Furt Indicateur de la hauteur de l'eau Stream gauge Pegel Insuffisant Insufficient Unzureichend Jamais a sec Never dry Niehmals trocken; Niehmals versiegen GLOSSARY OF WATER SUPPLY TERMS 13

GLOSSARY OF WATER SUPPLY TERMS (Continued)

FRENCH ENGLISH GERMAN Lavoir Public wash house ... . Waschhaus Ligne de partage des eaux Water shed Wasserscheide Marais; Marecage Swamp Sumpf Mare Pool or pond Schopfstelle; Teich Moulin Mill Muehle Nappe Aquifere Water bearing horizon or strata ....' Wasserfuehrende Schichte Outillage de purification d'eau Purification plant Trinkwasserbereiter Ouvrage hydraulique .. Water works Wasserwerk Plus basses eaux Low water stage Niederwasserstand Plus hautes eaux High water stage Hochwasserstand Pompe d'eau Water pump Wasserpumpe Pompe d'incendie .... Fire pump Feuerpumpe Pont Bridge Bruecke Prise d'eau Water supply station.. Wasserversorgungstelle Profondeur Depth Tiefe Puits Shaft Schacht Puits d'eau Dug well Brunnen Puits profond d'eau ... Deep dug well Schachtbrunnen Puits particulier Private wells Privatbrunnen Puits a coffrage Curbed or lined well .. Gefasterbrunnen Puits sans coffrage ... . Well without lining or curbing Ungefasterbrunnen Quantite de pluie ... . Rainfall Regenhoehe Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir; Wasserbehalter Reservoir haut; High reservoir; Water Hochbehalter; Reservoir sureleve ... tower Wasserthurm Revetu Curbed or cased (spring or well) Gefaster Riviere River; creek Fluss Robinet Water plug; tap Zapfe; Hahn Ruisseau Stream or brook Bach Scierie Sawmill Saegemuehle Sec en ete Dry in summer Versiegend im Sommer; Trocken im Sommer Sondage Deep bored well or deep bore hole Tiefbohrung; Tiefbrunnen Source Spring Quelle; Brunnen Station hydraulique ... Pumping station Wasserversorgungan­ lagen; Wasserwerk Tuyau d'alimentation .. Service pipe Zweigrohr Tuyau d'eau Water pipe Wasserrohr Tuyau principal Water main Hauptleitung Service des eaux Water supply Wasserversorgung Versant Watershed; divide .... Wasserscheide Vitesse du courant .... Velocity of currant ... Stromgeschwindigkeit Wagon a eau Water truck Wasserwagen 14 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC MEASURES USED IN THIS VOLUME LENGTH AND AREA 1 kilometer—.621 miles 1 meter—39.37 inches—1.09 yards 1 millimeter—.039 inches 1 sq. km.—.3861 sq. miles—247.1 acres

WATER MEASURE 1 liter—.264 gallons 3.79 liters—1. gallon 1 cubic meter per second—35.31 cubic feet or 264.17 gals, per second .001 cubic meters (1 liter) per second—22,800 gallons per day WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS The following notes have been compiled from French publica­ tions, some of which are ten years old. They will, however, serve as a guide to the sources of water used by the civilian population before the war. The French word "fontaine" has here been translated "foun­ tain" because it is riot always clear whether it refers to flowing foun­ tains ("borne fontaine") or to water posts ("bouche' d'arrosage"). Where the water supply is far beyond the needs of the population, the water is often permitted to flow continuously. On the other hand, if water is not abundant, watering posts or hydrants are in­ stalled, but these are often listed as "fontaine" instead of "bouche d'arrosage". The public wash houses are always supplied with continuously flowing water, and in most cases this is from springs. AINCREVILLE: 13 wells; 6 springs; 1 fountain; 6 streams. ANDEVANNE: 5 wells; 1 pool; 4 springs; 1 fountain; 1 stream, dry in summer. BARRICOURT: 41 wells; 2 pools; 6 springs; 2 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. BANTHEVILLE: 40 wells; 6 springs, 4 are never dry; 3 streams; 1 fountain. BAYONVILLE et CHENNERY: 9 wells; 6 springs; 1 pool; 3 fountains; 2 streams, 1 never dry. : 43 wells; 3 springs; 3 streams. BRANDEVILLE: 126 wells; 5 springs; 8 fountains; 7 streams, 3 are never dry. BREHEVILLE: 100 wells; 4 springs; 6 fountains; 8 streams, 4 are never dry. BRIEULLES-sur-MEUSE: 62 wells; 1 cistern; 17 springs, 8 never dry; 1 fountain; 6 streams, 1 never dry. le CHAMPY BAS: No information; water supply, probably wells, le CHAMPY HAUT: No information; water supply, probably wells. CIERGES: 15 wells; 4 springs, never dry; 1 fountain; 1 stream, never dry. CLERY le GRAND: 12 wells; 3 springs, 2 are never dry; 2 streams. CLERY le PETIT: 8 wells; 6 springs, 5 are never dry; 1 fountain; 3 streams. CONSENVOYE: 35 wells, 3 of which have dangerous water; 12 springs, 10 of these are never dry; 7 fountains. CREPION: 10 wells; 3 fountains; 2 springs, never dry; 2 streams, never dry. : 27 wells; 1 cistern; 4 springs, never dry; 1 fountain. DAMVILLERS: Numerous wells; 2 streams. : 6 wells, 2 are dangerous; 2 springs; 3 fountains; 2 streams; 6 cisterns. WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS 15

DOULCON: 10 wells; 9 springs; 3 fountains; 4 streams. DUN-sur-MEUSE: 25 wells; 15 cisterns; 4 springs; 7 fountains; 1 stream. ECUREY: 6 springs, never dry; 6 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. ETRAYE: 1 pool; 1 spring, never dry; 2 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. EXERMONT: 8 wells; 6 springs; 1 fountain; 2 streams, never dry. FLABAS: 6 wells; 4 fountains; 10 springs, never dry; 1 stream, never dry. FONTAINES: 10 springs; 4 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. FOSSE: 5 wells; 1 pool; 3 cisterns; 2 springs; 3 fountains, nearly dry in summer. GERCOURT et DRILLANCOURT: 7 wells; 6 springs, never dry; 6 foun­ tains; 3 streams, never dry. GIBERCY: 1 well; several springs, dry in summer; 1 fountain; 2 streams, 1 never dry. GESNES: 13 wells; 1 pool; 2 springs, never dry; 2 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. HALLES: 100 wells; 3 springs; 3 fountains; 3 streams. HARAUMONT: 16 wells; 4 springs; 2 fountains. JAMETZ: 103 wells; 3 springs, 1 has dangerous water; 1 fountain; 4 streams, 3 never dry. LANDREVILLE: No information; water supply probably wells; 1 stream. LANDRES et ST. GEORGES: 60 wells; 5 springs; 2 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. LINY devant DUN: 8 wells; 1 spring; 2 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. LION devant DUN: 39 wells; 4 springs; 4 fountains; 6 streams, 3 never dry. LISSEY: 50 wells, 4 of which are bad; 2 fountains; 2 springs, never dry; 1 stream, never dry. LOUPPY sur LOISON: 26 wells; 4 springs; 4 fountains; 6 streams, 2 are never dry. MILLY devant DUN: 192 wells; 4 springs; 4 fountains; 4 streams, 2 never dry. MOIREY: 18 wells; 4 springs, 3 of them are never dry; 1 fountain; 3 streams, 2 never dry. MONT-devant-SASSEY: 7 wells; 6 springs; 5 fountains; 4 streams, 3 never dry MONTIGNY devant SASSEY: 140 wells; 6 springs; 3 fountains; 6 streams, 4 never dry. MOUZAY: 253 wells; 8 springs, 5 never dry; 2 fountains; 2 streams. MURVAUX: 120 welh; 8 springs; 4 fountains; 4 streams. NANTILLOIS: 4 wells, water is dangerous; 3 springs; 1 fountain. NOUART: 68 wells; 2 pools; 8 springs; 10 fountains; 3 streams, never dry. : 2 wells; 1 stream, never dry. : 20 wells; 2 springs; 1 fountain; 6 streams, 2 never dry. REMONVILLE: 30 wells; 2 pools; 10 springs; 4 fountains; 1 cistern; 1 stream, never dry. REVILLE: 6 wells; 3 springs; 2 fountains; 1 stream. ROMAGNE sous MONTFAUCON: 28 wells, 3 are dangerous; 1 spring; 7 fountains; 14 streams, 10 of them are never dry. SAINT GEORGES: 2 streams; probably several wells and springs. SASSEY sur MEUSE: 80 wells; 1 pool; 8 springs; 4 fountains; 4 streams. SAULMORY et VILLEFRANCHE: 50 wells; 3 springs; 6 streams, 3 never dry. SIVRY sur MEUSE: 103 wells; 1 pool; 6 springs; 7 fountains; 2 streams, never dry. SOMMERANCE: 7 wells; 1 pool; 5 unusually good springs; 1 fountain; 1 stream, never dry. 16 VERDUN WATER SUPPLY

TAILLY: 41 wells; 4 pools; 15 springs; 5 fountains; 1 stream, never dry. VILLEFRANCHE: No information; water supply probably wells and spring. VILLERS devant DUN: 60 wells; 4 springs; 1 fountain; 2 streams. VILOSNES sur MEUSE: 29 wells, water is not fit to drink; 4 springs; 2 fountains; 2 streams. VITTARVILLE: 3 wells, 2 are dangerous; 1 stream, never dry; 1 fountain. WAVRILLE: 4 wells; 1 pool; 3 springs, never dry; 3 fountains; 2 streams, never dry. WISEPPE: 61 wells; 2 springs, dry in summer; 6 streams, 5 never dry.