9 Hydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban
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Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015) Research/Araştırma Hydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban Soil Column Constructed with Waste Brick and Compost Deniz Yilmaz1*, Murat Dal2 1LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, GER, Bouguenais, F-44341, France 2Tunceli University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli, Turkey *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract For sustainable development, cities have to revalorize waste material produced by human activities. Urban soils could be constructed from waste material such as bricks or concrete waste and mixed with compost material for greening application in urban environment. This study proposes to study from hydraulically point of view an experimental urban soil constructed with waste brick and compost using an adapted evaporation laboratory method. The hydraulic properties are estimated using Hydrus 1D code inverse procedure and are compared with classical soils such as sand, loam and silt. Conclusions are promising but more investigation should be done to confirm the possibility of using this material as urban soil for greening application in cities. Key words: Evaporation Experiment, Hydrus 1D, Hydraulic Properties, Urban Soil Atık Tuğla ve Kompost ile İnşa Edilen Deneysel Bir Zeminin Hidrolik Karakteristiklerinin Buharlaşma Metodu ile Tespiti Özet Kentlerin sürdürülebilirliği için, kendi atıklarını yeniden değerlendirmesi ile mümkündür. Özellikle kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde inşaat atıklarının değerlendirmesi önem arz etmektedir. Kentsel zeminler atık tuğla, atık beton gibi malzemeler ile inşa edilebilir. Bunlara yeşillendirme fonksiyonu verilebilmesi içinde atık malzemelere kompost eklenebilinir. Bu çalışmada laboratuarda buharlaşma metodu yöntemini kullanarak atık tuğla ve kompost ile inşa edilmiş, deneysel bir zeminin hidrolik açıdan incelenmesi ve karakteristiklerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Hidrolik özellikler; Hydrus 1D kodunun inverse prosedürü kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Kum, kil ve silt gibi klasik zeminlerin karakteristikleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu zeminler hem mekanik, hem hidrolik ve hem de biyolojik açıdan ele alınarak, şehir zeminlerinde uygulanması söz konusudur. Anahtar kelimeler: Buharlaşma metodu, Hydrus 1D, Hidrolik özellikler, Şehir zemini INTRODUCTION parts of them are recycled (Marshall and Cities are renewing continuously Farahbakhsh, 2013). For example, the by demolition of old construction. This amount of waste material stemming process is producing wastes of from civil engineering activities in demolition such as bricks, concrete, France is 253 million tons for 2009 ballast of railway track, excavated soils. (ADEME, 2012). For Turkey, there is These wastes are consistently exported no net data regarding the amount of out of the city and are land filled or demolition waste (Esin and Cosgun, 9 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015) Research/Araştırma 2007). After the earthquake of 1999 in necessary for modeling hydrologic Marmara region 13 million of waste processes at the city scale for rainwater material occurred (Esin and Cosgun, management purposes (Mitchell et al., 2007). The construction and demolition 2001; Dussaillant et al., 2004; waste are estimated of 200 kg per Lassabatere et al., 2010), for modeling person per year in Turkey (Arslan et al., the evapotranspiration of trees to assess 2012). Since one year, a big project of their impact on urban climate (House- demolition of old construction in Peters and Chang, 2011) and its effect Turkey is planned for sustainable city on the urban heat island phenomenon, retrofitting named as ‘kentsel Dönüşüm’ and also for modeling the pollutant in Turkish. Thus the amount of transfer where it is known that water demolition waste creates will increase flow is the main vector of transportation in Turkey and will be a huge issue of for pollutants (Lassabatere et al., 2007; waste management. In other part, cities Lamy et al., 2009, Yilmaz et al., 2010). are also producing compost material These properties are also important to and green wastes from maintenance of understand if the materials have ability gardens and parks which can provide for agronomic purposes. Hydrodynamic nutriments for vegetation in an urban properties of urban soils built with soil matrix. City practitioners are waste material are rarely studied and not usually building urban soils from very well known. Only a few studies agricultural soil stripping and tried to focus on hydraulic properties aggregates coming from quarries. One (Sere et al., 2012; Ojeda et al., 2011) of alternative idea is to reuse the waste urban soils built from waste material. material produced by the city as urban As means of hydraulic soils for parks, gardens and tree lines. characterization at the laboratory scale, SITERRE project was launched and the evaporation method through funded by the French environmental analysis of experimental pressure heads agency (ADEME) to develop the at different heights in a vertical column knowledge on urban soils built with has become widespread in obtaining waste material. A part of the project is hydraulic properties for soils (Wind, focusing on the feasibility to reuse 1968; Tamari et al., 1993; Simunek et waste brick mixed with organic matter al., 1998; Yilmaz et al., 2010). (compost and green waste) for plant The aim of this work is the growth and trees in urban environment. characterization of hydraulic parameters These urban soils have to display of urban soil built from brick waste and adequate properties with respect to their compost using an adapted wind bearing capacity in an urban laboratory method. environment, their agronomic properties for plant growth, their drainage capacity MATERIAL AND METHODS and the environmental restrictions Studied Materials enforced by the French regulation in The studied material noted Br- order to prevent pollutant release in the Co (Br: Brick waste and Co: compost) underlying aquifer. was built from a mixture of 60 wt.% of The knowledge of hydraulic brick (Br) fabrication waste and 40 properties of urban soils is very wt.% of compost (Co) coming from important to understand hydraulic waste management facilities and waste functioning of urban areas. These are composting. Its specific density was 10 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015) Research/Araştırma estimated in laboratory using five minutes. The potential evaporation picnometer method to 2.18 g.cm-3. rate was measured every hour using a square tank filled with water, this The Adapted Evaporation Method system was placed on monitored The column configuration for balance and the weighting the evaporation experiment used in this measurements were done every hour. study is different than the conventional Both balance system were connected to method known as Wind method (Wind, a computer for data collection. 1968). For this reason, the method used Tensiometers were connected to a data in this study is mentioned as adapted logger CR10X from Campbell scientific evaporation method. In laboratory, the for data collection. Initial pressure head studied material was packed into 40 cm of -10 cm for the tensiometer at 8.5 cm high and 7 cm radius column, placed on was measured. The experiment was a monitored balance (Figure 1). Three performed till the water pressure heads tensiometers (T5, Ums Gmbh, Münich, reach the pressure head of -800 cm. The Germany), with cups of 7 cm long and experiment lasted 5 months. At the end, 0.5 cm in diameter were horizontally the material was extracted from the inserted into drill holes in the material columns and dried to determinate the core at 8.5 cm, 10 and 11.5 cm from water content profile with 5 points. the sample surface. Modeling was performed using HYDRUS 1D code (Simunek and al., 2008) that resolves the Richards’ equation. The unsaturated soil hydraulic properties are described by the Van Genuchten (equation 1 and 3) model in junction with Mualem capillary model (equation 2). The evaporation experiment setup was simulated through a 40 cm length mesh with 0.1 cm length elements. Observation points were introduced at the tensiometer depths. The initial condition corresponded to pressure equilibrium with 0 cm at the surface and 40 cm water pressure head at the bottom. The boundary conditions correspond to no flux at the bottom and Figure 1. Adapted evaporation column daily measured potential evaporation experiment. rate. The hydraulic parameters were estimated through the HYDRUS 1D The system was saturated with water inverse procedure (Marquardt, 1963). during a sufficient time to reach The data to be fitted correspond to the hydraulic equilibrium. The evolution of the pressure heads at the measurement of the mass was observation points and the total water performed by weighing with mass loss at the end of the experiment. balance every hour and the measurements of pressure heads each 11 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015) Research/Araştırma Hydraulic parameters 0.002 mm (silt), and less than 0.05 mm Van Genuchten-Mualem (clay) are 58.3%, 31.3%, 10.2% and (Mualem, 1976; Van Genuchten, 1980) 0.2%. Br-Co material is composed with models are used to describe the large pieces of bricks and this explains hydrodynamic functions h(θ) and K(θ) the high value of the percentage of in Hydrus. gravel. n m h r 1 h [1] s r g 1 m 1 [2] n 2 lm 1/ m [3] KK( )rr 1 1 s s r s r where n, m are the hydraulic shape Figure 2. Particle size distribution of parameters, s and r are the saturated studied material. and residual water contents