Autogyro Let's Talk Aeronautics NORTH AMERICA the Safest Aircraft in History and the Precursor to the Helicopter Aertecsolutions.Com

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Autogyro Let's Talk Aeronautics NORTH AMERICA the Safest Aircraft in History and the Precursor to the Helicopter Aertecsolutions.Com EUROPE LATAM MIDDLE EAST Autogyro Let's talk aeronautics NORTH AMERICA The safest aircraft in history and the precursor to the helicopter aertecsolutions.com An innovative idea radar A B A Fin H Rudder The aim of the stabilising fin was to C improve lateral stability. It was discontinued I Tail wheel after the earliest models. In the first models a tail skid was used, which was only meant to support the B Upper rotor aircraft off the ground. Later it was replaced D Appeared in the original patent (C1 model), by a small wheel with directional capacity. Cierva Autogiro ince the s s fir Company Limited ar st which proposed two rotors, one on top E e fl Foothold y ig of the other, that rotated in opposite J Company created in 1926 6 h N 9 t directions in order to remain balanced. in the United Kingdom MADRID Their interference made them rotate at K Wings De la Cierva with the financial support G F K th J January 9 , 1923 M different speeds, which unbalanced the Some of the autogyro models had died having only of the Scottish industrialist H The first gyrocopter aircraft and prevented it from flying. small wings that acted as ailerons seen up to the and aviator James flight was made and served to control the roll. C30A model George Weir and the at the Getafe C Rotor and blades Subsequent more advanced models collaboration of the British airfield aircraft manufacturer I The blades are wing aerofoils and provide included an articulation in the rotor lift when in motion. The rotor is free moving head, which made these unnecessary. Avro. It was responsible L for the development and 183 m (not motorised), and its speed of rotation depends on the relative speed of the air. L Landing gear manufacture of autogyros The higher the rotational speed, the greater In the front, it had two non-directional fixed from the C8 model up to the lift. If the engine stops, the autogyro wheels that supported most of the weight of the C40 (the C1 to C7 A pioneer of Aviation Control surfaces glides and descends slowly thanks to the aircraft. Both wheels had brakes. were developed in Spain). The autogyro has 2 types of control surfaces. One of the the movement of the rotor. Depending control surfaces is the rotor, which, in addition to providing on the model and its evolution, the rotors M Engine lift, controls the roll by means of the lateral movement of had between three and five blades. The models had different engines depending the control stick (right-left). The other control surface is Except for in the C1 model, they all had on the version. The engine that was most directional, controlling the pitch with a longitudinal movement just one rotor. used by de la Cierva was the Le Rhône (forward-backward) of the control stick, and the yaw 9Ja (different versions), but he also used is controlled using pedals, by means of the rudder. D Control column Clerget, Woseley Viper, Armstrong Siddeley The flight attitude control stick controlled and Salmson engines. The first models were the inclination and angle of the rotors, not very powerful, with engines that were a secret invention that was about to change the course of aviation: a secret Thanks to its ability to fly slowly, the RAF used the autogyro to calibrate to calibrate the RAF used autogyro Thanks to its ability fly slowly, The autogyro which was the autogyro’s main control between 60 and 80 hp, but from the C8 st in the 21 century mechanism. they began to exceed 180 hp. The engines During the 1930s, Nowadays, new autogyro models did not power the rotor, as it is free moving. dozens of autogyros have been developed and E Cockpit However, in the more advanced models, the were used in the U.S. to marketed (single-seaters and engine had a rotor pre-launch system that transport mail from the JUAN DE LA CIERVA two-seaters), and are mainly used Fuselage allowed it to reach about 200 rpm while still rooftops of skyscrapers 1895 (Murcia, Spain) - 1936 (Croydon, United Kingdom) F for sports flying. However, there are For almost all the autogyro models on the ground, in order to facilitate take-off in Philadelphia, New York some companies that have taken up manufactured by Juan de la Cierva, he in just a few metres. and Chicago to their the original idea to create autogyros due to the operational respective airports. The design of INVENTOR, SCIENTIST, used the fuselage of existing aircraft, which advantages they offer (Bellcomm, Rotorvox, Gyro, ELA Girodinamics, Propeller CIVIL ENGINEER AND allowed him to reduce costs and focus N the autogyro arose Sprint, Xenon, Tercel, Lightning, J-RO, MTOsport, Spirit, etc.) AVIATOR on the development of the mobile parts of By means of its rotation, the propeller as a result of an the aircraft. Some of the fuselages used generated thrust, and thus caused the infographics accident suffered At the age of 16 he Autogyro vs. helicopter were those of Deperdussin (C1), a biplane aircraft to move. by Juan de la Cierva designed, built and flew Hanriot (C2), Sommer (C3 and C4), the The autogyro’s rotating wing Relative airflow Lift with a biplane. a biplane (BCD-1, is reminiscent of that of bestseller Avro Type 504K (C5, C6 and C8), Flow is upward through the rotor He wanted to create named “Cangrejo”). the helicopter, but they are Avro 552 (C8), etc. Thrust a safe aircraft that He died in the crash of a based on different principles. KLM plane shortly after The helicopter rotor rotates G Horizontal stabiliser surface Lift Resultant could not be stalled. force on take-off from Croydon powered by an engine, while The curvature of the horizontal stabiliser Lift rotor Airport (United Kingdom). the autogyro blades rotate Relative airflow Thrust surface is different on each side in order On 22 April 1936, an thanks to the relative speed of to compensate for the engine torque. autogyro landed in the Download & Share! www.aertecsolutions.com/ Net drag the air as the aircraft advances. The profiles on the right side of the Thrust from from rotor gardens of the White autogyro give a positive lift, while those propeller & airframe House, where it was on the left side give a negative lift. received by the president Weight of the United States. Source: AERTEC Solutions. The contents of this document are intellectual property of AERTEC Solutions. Any copy or diffusion is allowed as long as the entire document is used, with the AERTEC Solutions logo being included at all times. .
Recommended publications
  • NASA Mars Helicopter Team Striving for a “Kitty Hawk” Moment
    NASA Mars Helicopter Team Striving for a “Kitty Hawk” Moment NASA’s next Mars exploration ground vehicle, Mars 2020 Rover, will carry along what could become the first aircraft to fly on another planet. By Richard Whittle he world altitude record for a helicopter was set on June 12, 1972, when Aérospatiale chief test pilot Jean Boulet coaxed T his company’s first SA 315 Lama to a hair-raising 12,442 m (40,820 ft) above sea level at Aérodrome d’Istres, northwest of Marseille, France. Roughly a year from now, NASA hopes to fly an electric helicopter at altitudes equivalent to two and a half times Boulet’s enduring record. But NASA’s small, unmanned machine actually will fly only about five meters above the surface where it is to take off and land — the planet Mars. Members of NASA’s Mars Helicopter team prepare the flight model (the actual vehicle going to Mars) for a test in the JPL The NASA Mars Helicopter is to make a seven-month trip to its Space Simulator on Jan. 18, 2019. (NASA photo) destination folded up and attached to the underbelly of the Mars 2020 Rover, “Perseverance,” a 10-foot-long (3 m), 9-foot-wide (2.7 The atmosphere of Mars — 95% carbon dioxide — is about one m), 7-foot-tall (2.13 m), 2,260-lb (1,025-kg) ground exploration percent as dense as the atmosphere of Earth. That makes flying at vehicle. The Rover is scheduled for launch from Cape Canaveral five meters on Mars “equal to about 100,000 feet [30,480 m] above this July on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket and targeted sea level here on Earth,” noted Balaram.
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Modelling and Control of a Space UAV for Mars Exploration
    Design, Modelling and Control of a Space UAV for Mars Exploration Akash Patel Space Engineering, master's level (120 credits) 2021 Luleå University of Technology Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering Design, Modelling and Control of a Space UAV for Mars Exploration Akash Patel Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering Faculty of Space Science and Technology Luleå University of Technology Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Space Science and Technology Supervisor Dr George Nikolakopoulos January 2021 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank my thesis supervisor Dr. George Nikolakopoulos who has laid a concrete foundation for me to learn and apply the concepts of robotics and automation for this project. I would be forever grateful to George Nikolakopoulos for believing in me and for supporting me in making this master thesis a success through tough times. I am thankful to him for putting me in loop with different personnel from the robotics group of LTU to get guidance on various topics. I would like to thank Christoforos Kanellakis for guiding me in the control part of this thesis. I would also like to thank Björn Lindquist for providing me with additional research material and for explaining low level and high level controllers for UAV. I am grateful to have been a part of the robotics group at Luleå University of Technology and I thank the members of the robotics group for their time, support and considerations for my master thesis. I would also like to thank Professor Lars-Göran Westerberg from LTU for his guidance in develop- ment of fluid simulations for this master thesis project.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time Helicopter Flight Control: Modelling and Control by Linearization and Neural Networks
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technical Reports Engineering August 1991 Real-Time Helicopter Flight Control: Modelling and Control by Linearization and Neural Networks Tobias J. Pallett Purdue University School of Electrical Engineering Shaheen Ahmad Purdue University School of Electrical Engineering Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ecetr Pallett, Tobias J. and Ahmad, Shaheen, "Real-Time Helicopter Flight Control: Modelling and Control by Linearization and Neural Networks" (1991). Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technical Reports. Paper 317. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ecetr/317 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Real-Time Helicopter Flight Control: Modelling and Control by Linearization and Neural Networks Tobias J. Pallett Shaheen Ahmad TR-EE 91-35 August 1991 Real-Time Helicopter Flight Control: Modelling and Control by Lineal-ization and Neural Networks Tobias J. Pallett and Shaheen Ahmad Real-Time Robot Control Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ABSTRACT In this report we determine the dynamic model of a miniature helicopter in hovering flight. Identification procedures for the nonlinear terms are also described. The model is then used to design several linearized control laws and a neural network controller. The controllers were then flight tested on a miniature helicopter flight control test bed the details of which are also presented in this report. Experimental performance of the linearized and neural network controllers are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Montgomerie-Bensen B8MR, G-BXDC
    Montgomerie-Bensen B8MR, G-BXDC AAIB Bulletin No: 1/2001 Ref: EW/C2000/04/03 - Category: 2.3 Aircraft Type and Registration: Montgomerie-Bensen B8MR, G-BXDC No & Type of Engines: 1 Rotax 582 piston engine Year of Manufacture: 1999 Date & Time (UTC): 16 April 2000 at 1411 hrs Location: Carlisle Airport, Cumbria Type of Flight: Private Persons on Board: Crew - 1 - Passengers - None Injuries: Crew - 1 - Passengers - N/A Nature of Damage: Aircraft destroyed Commander's Licence: Private Pilot's Licence (gyroplanes) Commander's Age: 51 years Commander's Flying Experience: 67 hours (of which 30 were on type) Last 90 days - 44 hours Last 28 days - 43 hours Information Source: AAIB Field Investigation Background information The pilot first showed an active interest in autogyros when in March 1999 he visited Carlisle Airport for a trial lesson. He had not flown before and enjoyed the experience so much that he flew again the same day and agreed to embark on a formal training programme with an instructor who was authorised by the CAA to conduct dual and single seat autogyro training as well as flight examinations. The instructor reported that his student approached all matters to do with his flying 'with a great deal of enthusiasm and a fair degree of ability'. From the start of his course until January 2000 the pilot undertook dual instruction, mainly at weekends, on a two seater VPM M16 autogyro. By March 2000 he was sufficiently experienced to transfer to the 'open frame' single-seat Benson autogyro. He flew this for approximately 20 hours, carrying out mainly short 'hops' along the length of the runway and practising balancing on the main wheels before progressing to flying the aircraft in the visual circuit and carrying out general handling exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews the SYCAMORE SEEDS
    Afterburner Book Reviews THE SYCAMORE SEEDS Early British Helicopter only to be smashed the following night in a gale. The book then covers the Cierva story in some detail, the Development chapter including, out of context, two paragraphs on By C E MacKay the Brennan propeller-driven rotor driven helicopter [helicogyro] fl own in 1924 at Farnborough but Distributed by A MacKay, 87 Knightscliffe Avenue, aborted by the Air Ministry the next year, stating that Netherton, Glasgow G13 2RX, UK (E charlese87@ there was no future for the helicopter and backing btinternet.com). 2014. 218pp. Illustrated. £12.95. Cierva’s autogyro programme contracting Avro to build ISBN 978-0-9573443-3-4. the fi rst British machines. Good coverage is given to the range of Cierva autogyros culminating in the Avro Given the paucity of coverage of British helicopter C30 Rota and its service use by the RAF. development I approached this slim (218 A5 pp) The heart of the book begins with a quotation: publication with interest. While autogyros have been “Morris, I want you to make me blades, helicopter well documented, Charnov and Ord-Hume giving blades,” with which William Weir, the fi rst Air Minister, exhaustive and well documented treatments of the founder of the RAF and supporter of Cierva, brought helicopter’s predecessor, the transition to the directly furniture maker H Morris & Co into the history of driven rotor of the helicopter is somewhat lacking. rotorcraft pulling in designers Bennett, Watson, Unfortunately MacKay’s book only contributes a Nisbet and Pullin with test pilots Marsh and Brie fi nal and short chapter to the ‘British Helicopter’ to form his team.
    [Show full text]
  • Adventures in Low Disk Loading VTOL Design
    NASA/TP—2018–219981 Adventures in Low Disk Loading VTOL Design Mike Scully Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California Click here: Press F1 key (Windows) or Help key (Mac) for help September 2018 This page is required and contains approved text that cannot be changed. NASA STI Program ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA scientific and technical technical conferences, symposia, seminars, information (STI) program plays a key part in or other meetings sponsored or co- helping NASA maintain this important role. sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information technical, or historical information from Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for NASA programs, projects, and missions, archiving, and disseminates NASA’s STI. The often concerned with subjects having NASA STI program provides access to the NTRS substantial public interest. Registered and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports Server, thus providing one of • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. the largest collections of aeronautical and space English-language translations of foreign science STI in the world. Results are published in scientific and technical material pertinent to both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA’s mission. NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services also include organizing and publishing research results, distributing • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of specialized research announcements and feeds, completed research or a major significant providing information desk and personal search phase of research that present the results of support, and enabling data exchange services.
    [Show full text]
  • Helicopter Physics by Harm Frederik Althuisius López
    Helicopter Physics By Harm Frederik Althuisius López Lift Happens Lift Formula Torque % & Lift is a mechanical aerodynamic force produced by the Lift is calculated using the following formula: 2 = *4 '56 Torque is a measure of how much a force acting on an motion of an aircraft through the air, it generally opposes & object causes that object to rotate. As the blades of a Where * is the air density, 4 is the velocity, '5 is the lift coefficient and 6 is gravity as a means to fly. Lift is generated mainly by the the surface area of the wing. Even though most of these components are helicopter rotate against the air, the air pushes back on the rd wings due to their shape. An Airfoil is a cross-section of a relatively easy to measure, the lift coefficient is highly dependable on the blades following Newtons 3 Law of Motion: “To every wing, it is a streamlined shape that is capable of generating shape of the airfoil. Therefore it is usually calculated through the angle of action there is an equal and opposite reaction”. This significantly more lift than drag. Drag is the air resistance attack of a specific airfoil as portrayed in charts much like the following: reaction force is translated into the fuselage of the acting as a force opposing the motion of the aircraft. helicopter via torque, and can be measured for individual % & -/ 0 blades as follows: ! = #$ = '()*+ ∫ # 1# , where $ is the & -. Drag Force. As a result the fuselage tends to rotate in the Example of a Lift opposite direction of its main rotor spin.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro Coaxial Helicopter Controller Design
    Micro Coaxial Helicopter Controller Design A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Zelimir Husnic in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2014 c Copyright 2014 Zelimir Husnic. All Rights Reserved. ii Dedications To my parents and family. iii Acknowledgments There are many people who need to be acknowledged for their involvement in this research and their support for many years. I would like to dedicate my thankfulness to Dr. Bor-Chin Chang, without whom this work would not have started. As an excellent academic advisor, he has always been a helpful and inspiring mentor. Dr. B. C. Chang provided me with guidance and direction. Special thanks goes to Dr. Mishah Salman and Dr. Humayun Kabir for their mentorship and help. I would like to convey thanks to my entire thesis committee: Dr. Chang, Dr. Kwatny, Dr. Yousuff, Dr. Zhou and Dr. Kabir. Above all, I express my sincere thanks to my family for their unconditional love and support. iv v Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................... viii List of Figures .......................................... ix Abstract .............................................. xiii 1. Introduction .......................................... 1 1.1 Vehicles to be Discussed................................... 1 1.2 Coaxial Benefits ....................................... 2 1.3 Motivation .......................................... 3 2. Helicopter Flight Dynamics ................................ 4 2.1 Introduction ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Helicopter Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-21B) Chapter 8
    Chapter 8 Ground Procedures and Flight Preparations Introduction Once a pilot takes off, it is up to him or her to make sound, safe decisions throughout the flight. It is equally important for the pilot to use the same diligence when conducting a preflight inspection, making maintenance decisions, refueling, and conducting ground operations. This chapter discusses the responsibility of the pilot regarding ground safety in and around the helicopter and when preparing to fly. 8-1 Preflight There are two primary methods of deferring maintenance on rotorcraft operating under part 91. They are the deferral Before any flight, ensure the helicopter is airworthy by provision of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213(d) and an FAA- inspecting it according to the rotorcraft flight manual (RFM), approved MEL. pilot’s operating handbook (POH), or other information supplied either by the operator or the manufacturer. The deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91.213(d) is Remember that it is the responsibility of the pilot in command widely used by most pilot/operators. Its popularity is due (PIC) to ensure the aircraft is in an airworthy condition. to simplicity and minimal paperwork. When inoperative equipment is found during preflight or prior to departure, the In preparation for flight, the use of a checklist is important decision should be to cancel the flight, obtain maintenance so that no item is overlooked. [Figure 8-1] Follow the prior to flight, determine if the flight can be made under the manufacturer’s suggested outline for both the inside and limitations imposed by the defective equipment, or to defer outside inspection.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Helicopters Preparation
    Paper Helicopters Preparation CLASS LEVEL First – sixth class OBJECTIVES Content Strand and Strand Unit Energy & forces, Forces Through investigation the child should be enabled to come to appreciate that gravity is a force, SESE: Science Curriculum page 87. In this activity children explore how some things fall and how varying the size of the rotor blades, the shape of the rotor blades and the weight of a paper helicopter affect the way a helicopter spins. Skill development Through completing the strand units of the science curriculum the child should be enabled to design, plan and carry out simple experiments, having regard to one or two variables and the need to sequence tasks and tests, SESE: Science Curriculum page 79. This activity helps them understand fair testing by changing only one variable (i.e. shape only or length only) at a time. Investigating; experimenting; observing; analysing; measuring/timing; recording and communicating. CURRICULUM LINKS Mathematics Data / representing and interpreting data SESE: History Continuity and change over time/ technological and scientific developments over long periods BACKGROUND A previous activity on how things fall (i.e. the weight of the object is not a factor – Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa) would help understanding of this activity, but not essential. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT Paper, Ruler, Paper Clips, Scissors Templates of different sizes PREPARATION Test out a few thicknesses of paper/cardboard first to see that some of them spin. BACKGROUND The shape of the helicopter rotor blades make it spin INFORMATION when dropped from a height. Gravity pulls the helicopter down. The air resists the movement and pushes up each rotor separately, causing the helicopter to spin.
    [Show full text]
  • Over Thirty Years After the Wright Brothers
    ver thirty years after the Wright Brothers absolutely right in terms of a so-called “pure” helicop- attained powered, heavier-than-air, fixed-wing ter. However, the quest for speed in rotary-wing flight Oflight in the United States, Germany astounded drove designers to consider another option: the com- the world in 1936 with demonstrations of the vertical pound helicopter. flight capabilities of the side-by-side rotor Focke Fw 61, The definition of a “compound helicopter” is open to which eclipsed all previous attempts at controlled verti- debate (see sidebar). Although many contend that aug- cal flight. However, even its overall performance was mented forward propulsion is all that is necessary to modest, particularly with regards to forward speed. Even place a helicopter in the “compound” category, others after Igor Sikorsky perfected the now-classic configura- insist that it need only possess some form of augment- tion of a large single main rotor and a smaller anti- ed lift, or that it must have both. Focusing on what torque tail rotor a few years later, speed was still limited could be called “propulsive compounds,” the following in comparison to that of the helicopter’s fixed-wing pages provide a broad overview of the different helicop- brethren. Although Sikorsky’s basic design withstood ters that have been flown over the years with some sort the test of time and became the dominant helicopter of auxiliary propulsion unit: one or more propellers or configuration worldwide (approximately 95% today), jet engines. This survey also gives a brief look at the all helicopters currently in service suffer from one pri- ways in which different manufacturers have chosen to mary limitation: the inability to achieve forward speeds approach the problem of increased forward speed while much greater than 200 kt (230 mph).
    [Show full text]
  • Helicopter and Tiltrotor Noise Modeling Procedures Document
    ACRP Problem Statement: 89 Recommended Allocation: $250,000 Helicopter and Tiltrotor Noise Modeling Procedures Document Click here to see problem statement in IdeaHub: http://ideascale.com/t/UKsrZBVBS (Note: you must be a registered user in myACRP/IdeaHub.) TAGS: Airport Planning, Environment, Noise Impacts, Operations, Policy, Public Relations STAFF COMMENTS No comments. AVERAGE INDUSTRY RATING SUMMARY Committees1 Airport Community2 Achievable 3.00 3.50 Applicable 2.50 3.50 Implementable 2.00 3.50 Understandable 2.50 3.00 OVERALL 2.50 3.38 Notes: 1. Includes TRB aviation committees and committees from ACI-NA and AAAE. 2. Includes airport employees serving on active ACRP project panels. CLICK HERE TO SEE DETAILED INDUSTRY RATINGS CLICK HERE TO SEE DETAILED INDUSTRY COMMENTS ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE (AOC) DISPOSITION The average AOC rating among its voting members was 2.1 on a scale of 1 to 5. There was on discussion. The problem statement was not selected for ACRP funding and will be returned to the idea collection phase of ACRP’s IdeaHub. ACRP Problem Statement: 89 Helicopter and Tiltrotor Noise Modeling Procedures Document TAGS: Airport Planning, Environment, Noise Impacts, Operations, Policy, Public Relations OBJECTIVE The objective of this research effort is to develop written documentation on best available methods to model community noise generated from helicopter and tiltrotor operations. The document should address integrated and simulation modeling techniques, and methods for collecting and analyzing noise source data, and outline noise source development protocols. The language and format of the document shall be suitable for standards submission. BACKGROUND Existing noise modeling standards [SAE-AIR-1845; ICAO, Doc-29] for prediction of fixed wing community noise have been promulgated internationally and serve as the technical justification and defensible rationale upon which numerous noise models such as the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) and the Integrated Noise Model (INM) rely.
    [Show full text]