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Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Somalia HDR 2012 Empoweringsomalia Youth for Peace and Development

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Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Somalia HDR 2012 Empoweringsomalia Youth for Peace and Development Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Somalia HDR 2012 Empowering Youth for Peace and Development Peace for Youth Somalia HDR 2012 Empowering Empowering Youth for Peace and Development United Nations Development Programme Somalia Springette, Off Lower Kabete Road, Spring Valley, Nairobi Tel: + 254 20 4255000 Website: www.so.undp.org Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Empowering Youth for Peace and Development “Dhalinyaradu waa qorax so baxeyso” The analysis and policy recommendations of this Report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme. Note: First name only used for interviewees quoted in this Report to protect the individuals’ privacy. Copyright © 2012 by United Nations Development Programme Somalia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, “Youth are the rising sun” electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission. Artwork for Report and Communication Campaign: Asha Shidane and Asiya Mohamed Shidane Cover Photos: UNDP photo/Alistair Lyne Design and Printing: UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi, ISO 14001:2004-certified For electronic copies please visit http://www.so.undp.org “Dhalinyaradu waa qorax so baxeyso” “Youth are the rising sun” iv Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Foreword Since its first Somalia Human Development Report in 1998, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published two subsequent editions. The 1998 report examined Somalia’s long-running political and humanitarian crises, and the impacts on education and governance, bringing forward the plight of two generations deprived of schooling since the education system collapsed in the mid-1980s. The 2001 report assessed socioeconomic trends since 1998 and examined three forces affecting human development—globalization, the private sector and human rights. Since then, the crisis in Somalia has deepened and become more complex. A third generation of youth has missed the opportunity for an education. It has no memory of a functioning state. This 2012 Somalia Human Development Report is dedicated to Somalia’s young women and men. Placing youth at the centre of analysis, it explores how development, humanitarian assistance and peacebuilding can become more responsive by mobilizing and empowering youth as positive agents of change. It argues that a failure to invest in youth as an asset for the broader economy and society will continue to incur formidable costs, including the perpetration of intergenerational poverty and conflict. The report examines key drivers of youth exclusion, working from a conflict-sensitive perspective, and investigates holistic options to engage youth in peacebuilding and development. It advocates that policy makers and other stakeholders move away from a traditional, state-centric conception of security to one that concentrates equally on the security of individuals, especially youth. The plight of youth in Somalia should inspire a broad national debate on their future. This report calls on adminstrations, civil society and the international community to integrate youth in all human development and peacebuilding strategies as an urgent priority. It underscores the imperative of placing empowerment at the centre of any youth development agenda. A reform action agenda takes into account the voices of youth from a comprehensive survey of more than 3,300 men and women aged 14 to 29. We extend our deep appreciation to all contributors to this report. Youth advisory groups, comprising representatives of most of the active youth organizations and groups in Somaliland, Puntland and south central Somalia, and focus groups that included representatives from a wide sector of the Somali society provided crucial input. Government representatives from Somaliland, Puntland and south central Somalia contributed to the selection of the theme and extended their support during the preparation of this document. A number of development agencies assisted with key information to strengthen the analysis presented. To ensure local ownership, develop national capacity, and address the diverse contexts and challenges of Somaliland, Puntland and south central Somalia, teams from three research institutions were used to conduct surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, and prepare background papers. They included the Center for Research and Dialogue in south central Somalia, Admas University in Somaliland and a consortium headed by Puntland State University, and comprising Kaalo Relief and Development and Somali Family Services in Puntland. We are hopeful that the Somali Youth Charter, which emanated from discussions related to this report and was developed by young Somalis, will serve as a clarion call to empower the youth as catalytic agents of change. The Charter should be seen as a starting point for the exchange of views, reaching consensus among policy makers and others on how to recognize and act on lessons. This HDR comes at an opportune time, when the world is seeking urgent and innovative solutions to the crises in Somalia. The future of Somalia is in the hands of youth. They are tomorrow’s social, political and technological leaders. It is the task and responsibility of policy makers to listen to them now, to trust what they hear and to explore with young people how best to respond. Mark Bowden UNDP Resident Representative UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Somalia Foreword v Team for the Preparation of the Somalia HDR 2012 Contributors Survey and background papers: Consultants Mohamed Osman Fadal and Sahal Hassan Abdullahi; Swami Gnani Eshawar, Ihsan Omer Ismail, Ahmed Hassan Haji, Hussein Abdillahi Mohmoud, Philip Ruben Barea, Hassan Karshe Farah and Mohamed Omer Osman from Admas University in Somaliland. Mohamud Hamid Mohamed, Deq Abdirahman Warsame, Ugaas Osman, Abdirashid Ali, Jamal Hassan, Geoffrey Mulama, Romano Murimi Salama, Gaxton Barasa Makheti and Boniface Muganda from a consortium of Puntland State University, KAALO Relief and Development and Somali Family Services in Puntland. Jabril Abdulle, Mohamud A. Jama, Joshua D. Olewe Nyunya, Anthony Simiyu Muchanga and Hersi Hagi Olosow from Centre for Research and Dialogue in South Central Somalia in south central Somalia. Members of Youth Advisory Groups Adnan Abdi Hassan, Mohamoud Mohamed Duale, Awo Ahmed Hashi, Omar Osman Migane, Adan Ismail Guiled, Hassan Abdi Shire, Mustafe Osman Mohamed, Mubrik Abdirahman Mohamed, Ayan Ahmed Farah, Guiled Yusuf Idaan, Mukhtar Osman Abdi, Saynab Mohamoud Abdi, Ahmad Osman Jama and Amal Yussuf Ali in Somaliland; Abdiwali Ali, Ifrah Abdinasir Mohamud, Faduma Osman Mumin, Abdi Ibrahim Hassan, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamud, Abdulgani Abdullahi Dirie, Bashir Abdullahi Mohamud, Mohamed Suleiman Du’ale, Najma Saed Abdullahi, Abdishakur Muse Guled, Abdiqani Hassan, Abdirahman Suleiman Abdikadir, Yusuf Hussein Adam, Mustafe Mohamed Abdirahman, Ahmed Osman Yusuf, Muse Saed Ghelle, Abdikadir Hassan Dooy, Fartun Ali Jama, Samsam Yusuf Saed, Ahmed Dirie Sugulle, Amal Yusuf Ali, Ayan Mohamed Ismaelo, Faduma Abdi Ali, Samiro Mohamed Hirzi, Sa’diyo Adam Hussein and Mohamed Abdi Ali in Puntland; and Abdisalan Yasin Ishak, Abdurahman Hussein Hassan, Mohamed Ahmed Gobey, Mohamed Omar Mohamoud, Anwar Abdulfitah Bashir, Fowsia Hassan Osman, Istar Mohamed Gutale, Halima Hassan Gure, Mulki Hersi Yusuf, Sura Mohamoud Ali, Hasanwali Sheik Abubakar, Abdirisaq Abdi Hussein, Mohamed Abdulle Frayare, Shucayb Abdulkader M. Hussein, Amaanreer Isak Mohamed and Mohamed Maire Ma’ow in south central Somalia. Mohamed Hassan Abdulahi (Amiin), Abdi Rahman Saleebaab, Jamiilo Basher Mohamed, Cawo Axmad Xaashi, Fatima Abdi Ali. Lead Experts Sriram Pande, Bikash Sharma Statistics Bikash Sharma, Abdelhameed Nawar, Sammy Oyombe, Jared Ichwara, Seroni Anyona Peer Review Selim Jahan and Degol Hailu from UNDP’s Bureau for Develeopment Policy; Ken Menkhaus, Professor, Davidson College; Abdi Kusow, Associate Professor, Iowa State University; and Mirorad Kovacevic, Paola Pagliani, Jonathan Hall, Amie Gaye and Akmal Abdurazakov from UNDP’s Human Development Report Office. vi Somalia Human Development Report 2012 Readers’ Group Mark Bowden, David Clapp, Alvaro Rodriguez, Marie Dimond, Bernard Mokam, Alejandro Bendana, Camilla Sugden, Khalif Farah, Mariam Alwi, Kaltun Hassan, Victoria Nwogu, Abdul Qadir Rafiq, Catriona Byrne, Hassan Eymoy, Owen Shumba, Charu Bist, Paul Crook, Michael Croft. Additional Contributors Moe Hussein, Mariam Alwi, Khalif Farah, Fatuma Abdi, Mohammed Barre, Maryam Abdi, Abdullahi Ali, Osobbxuseen Aadangurey, Bashiir Abdullahi, Cabdishakuur Musse, Abdi Aziiz Hasan Guurey, Muse Sa’eed, Kaltuun Muuse Abdikariim, Suram Maxamuud, Mustafe Mohamed Abdurahman, Mohamed Omar, Sagal-Khayro Mohamed, Mona Gulaid, Abdirahman Suleimon Abdulkadir, Mohamed Warsame, Abdiqani Hassan Mahamud and Mohamed Jafar Mohamed. Editor Gretchen Luchsinger Translator Ali Daud Outreach and Communication Namita Mediratta and Aimee Brown Administration, Procurement and other support Abdigafar Haji, Ahmed Mihile, Guled Barre, Mariam Ibrahim, Asha Shidane, Elizabeth Mailu, Everlyn Hinga, Peter Ngoha, Programme and Logistics teams in UNDP Somaliland, Puntland and Mogadishu. Somalia HDR Production Process Survey of youth conducted and background papers compiled by: • Centre for Research and Dialogue in South Central Somalia; a consortium of Puntland State University, KAALO Relief and Development and Somali
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