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Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia by Ayesha Jalal Ver1.Pdf DOWNLOAD CSS Notes, Books, MCQs, Magazines www.thecsspoint.com Download CSS Notes Download CSS Books Download CSS Magazines Download CSS MCQs Download CSS Past Papers The CSS Point, Pakistan’s The Best Online FREE Web source for All CSS Aspirants. Email: [email protected] BUY CSS / PMS / NTS & GENERAL KNOWLEDGE BOOKS ONLINE CASH ON DELIVERY ALL OVER PAKISTAN Visit Now: WWW.CSSBOOKS.NET For Oder & Inquiry Call/SMS/WhatsApp 0333 6042057 – 0726 540316 In a comparative and historical study of the interplay between democratic politics and authoritarian states in post-colonial South Asia, Ayesha Jalal explains how a common British colonial legacy led to apparently contrast- ing patterns of political development - democracy in India and military authoritarianism in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The analysis shows how, despite differences in form, central political authority in each state came to confront broadly comparable threats from regional and linguistic dis- sidence, religious and sectarian strife, as well as class and caste conflicts. By comparing and contrasting state structures and political processes, the author evaluates and redefines democracy, citizenship, sovereignty and the nation-state, arguing for a more decentralized governmental structure better able to arbitrate between ethnic and regional movements. This original and provocative study will challenge students and scholars in the field to rethink traditional concepts of democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia. Contemporary South Asia Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia Contemporary South Asia i Editorial board JAN BREMAN, G.P. HAWTHORN, AYESHA JALAL, PATRICIA JEFFERY, ATUL KOHLI, DHARMA KUMAR Contemporary South Asia has been established to publish books on the politics, society and culture of South Asia since 1947. In accessible and comprehensive studies, authors who are already engaged in researching specific aspects of South Asian society explore a wide variety of broad-ranging and topical themes. The series will be of interest to anyone who is concerned with the study of South Asia and with the legacy of its colonial past. Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia A comparative and historical perspective Ayesha Jalal Columbia University | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vie 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1995 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1995 Reprinted 1997, 1998, 2002 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Jalal, Ayesha. Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical per- spective / Ayesha Jalal. p. cm. - (Cambridge South Asian studies.) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN O 521 4727I 7 (HC). - ISBN O 521 47862 6 (PB) 1. South Asia - Politics and government. I. Title. II. Series. DS341.J34 1995 32O.954~dc2o 94-17045 CIP ISBN o 521 47271 7 hardback ISBN o 521 47862 6 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2004 Contents List of maps page ix Preface xi Introduction i 1 The colonial legacy in India and Pakistan 9 The historical context of partition 12 The administrative legacy 16 The economics of partition and separate defence 22 The ideological dimension 25 2 State formation and political processes in India and Pakistan, I947toc.i97i 29 Contrasting inheritances and outcomes, 1947-1951 31 Party politics and structural authoritarianism in India, 1947-1967 38 Party politics and military dominance in Pakistan, 1947-1971 48 Conclusion 63 3 The 'populist' era and its aftermath in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, 1971 to c.1993 66 Indira Gandhi and Indian 'populism' 70 Bhuttoism or populism? The case of Pakistan 77 The populist interlude in Bangladesh 85 Populism reconsidered 89 Reclaiming democratic ground in India, 1977-1993 91 Resurgent authoritarianism and the democratic compulsion in Pakistan and Bangladesh 100 Conclusion 120 4 The state and political economy, 1947 to c.1993 122 India's political economy of development 123 The political economy of defence in Pakistan and Bangladesh 140 Conclusion 156 Vll viii Contents 5 Central power and regional dissidence 157 India's democratic federalism? 161 Dissidence and rebellion under military authoritarianism 183 Conclusion 199 6 Societies, cultures and ideologies: hybrids in contrived monoliths 201 Interpreting subcontinental social mosaics 202 Language as culture and ideology 223 Monolithic ideologies and societal dissonance 233 Conclusion 245 7 Conclusion 247 Bibliographical essay 258 Index 276 Maps 1 The Indian Empire: administrative divisions, 1947 page 17 2 Political divisions of South Asia, 1972 68-9 Map 1 is based on Joseph E. Schwartzberg (ed.)3 A Historical Atlas of South Asia (Chicago and London, 1978), p. 76. IX Preface This volume has taken shape during my sojourns at various academic institutions in the United States since 1987, all of which share the credits in different measure. Intellectually it forms a bridge between my earlier monographs and current research on multiple identities and theories of sovereignty in South Asia. The inspiration for it was provided by my students at Wisconsin-Madison, Tufts and, above all, Columbia and it is largely for them that I decided to undertake a work of this level of generality and, hopefully, accessibility. While teaching South Asian politics at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, I was struck by the absence of any historical and comparative analysis of states and political processes in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The arbitrary lines drawn at the time of India's partition in 1947 - the subject of my doctoral research - appeared to have become a mental barrier to a comparative and thematic treatment of post-independence develop- ments in the subcontinent. After completing a study of the first decade of Pakistan's independence, I turned to culling material on post-independence India available in British and American archives. The findings convinced me that the immediate post-independence period in both countries was not only comparable but a key to understanding the divergences in their post- independence history. After the 'transition' to democracy in Pakistan and Bangladesh, any comparative exercise had to try and explain why political, social and economic developments in the subcontinent were apparently showing signs of converging. With the chronological scope of the project defined, I set about tackling the main conceptual and contextual issues. Between 1988 and 1990 a research fellowship at the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies gave me an opportunity to flesh out my conceptual approach and conduct further research on India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. I am grateful to the senior scholars at the Harvard Academy for their enthusiastic support of my project. During 1990-1 I was able to test my arguments with a group of students at Tufts University. Since joining Columbia in 1991 I have benefited enormously from the engaging and stimulating questions asked by students, both graduate and undergraduate, xi xii Preface taking my course on South Asia in the Twentieth Century. I owe them a debt which many of them may not have seen reflected in their final grades. This book is a tribute to their diligence and tireless efforts to keep up with the extensive readings and my demanding lectures. I have gained much from exchanges with a number of colleagues and friends. One individual who deserves a very special mention for her friend- ship and support is the late Professor Barbara Stoler Miller. A leading scholar of Sanskrit, Barbara Miller took a keen interest in contemporary developments in the region. She had a vision of the field rare among scholars of South Asia. I dearly cherish our conversations during the summer of 1992, Barbara's last with us, when I was writing the manuscript for publi- cation. Over the years, Professor Chris Bayly of Cambridge University and Dr David Washbrook of Oxford University offered me many constructive comments which have helped clarify and improve the argument. Dharma Kumar's trenchant criticisms came as an unexpected bonus, particularly since she disagreed with the general drift of the analysis while at the same time conceding its importance. I have also received much encouragement from Professor Amartya Sen at Harvard University and Emma Rothschild at Cambridge University. Many colleagues at Columbia have responded approvingly to aspects of my central argument. I would like to thank Marigold Acland of the Cambridge University Press for her efforts in preparing the groundwork for the publication of this book. My family as ever has offered me unflagging support. Without the sensitivity and understanding of my mother, whose confidence in me is a constant source of reassurance, it would be difficult to justify bearing the burdens of an academic career. Friends in London, New York and Lahore have been indulgent of my scholarly pursuits while reminding me of the lighter side of things. At Columbia a challenging group of graduate students, including Ritu Birla, Farhad Karim, Farina Mir, Mridu Rai and Shabnum Tejani, have kept me intellectually alert and in good humour. Sugata Bose has seen this work from its very inception to the end. If not for his firm conviction in the pressing need for a study of this nature, this book may never have materialized. He has scrutinized the manuscript at different stages and made invaluable suggestions. I am indebted to him for spurring me on with probing questions, being gracious enough to lose more than an occasional debate and helping restore morale when pessimism began outstripping plausibility.
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