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Copyright © 2016 William James Brooks, Jr Copyright © 2016 William James Brooks, Jr. All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. THE DIVINE DESIGN OF CHRISTIAN SUFFERING: MORTIFICATION, MATURATION, AND GLORIFICATION __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by William James Brooks, Jr. May 2016 APPROVAL SHEET THE DIVINE DESIGN OF CHRISTIAN SUFFERING: MORTIFICATION, MATURATION, AND GLORIFICATION William James Brooks, Jr. Read and Approved by: ___________________________________________ Jeremy P. Pierre (Chair) ___________________________________________ Bruce A. Ware ___________________________________________ Eric L. Johnson Date ______________________________ To Aileen, my love, and Nathan and Bryan, wise sons who make my heart sing. SDG TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ vi PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. SUFFERING IN HISTORY AND BIBLICAL COUNSELING ............................1 Thesis ..................................................................................................................4 Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Suffering .................................10 Methodology ....................................................................................................29 Summary of Chapters .......................................................................................30 2. SUFFERING AND THE DECREASING OF SELF-RULE THROUGH MORTIFICATION ...........................................................................34 Suffering Inaugurated by Adam’s Embracing Self-Rule .................................35 Suffering and the Lamenting Psalmists’ Mortification of Self-Rule ..............................................................................................49 Suffering King Messiah’s Attack on Self-Rule ...............................................69 Suffering and the Christ-Follower’s Mortification of Self-Rule .....................89 Summary: Suffering Mortifies Self-Rule .......................................................105 3. SUFFERING AND THE INCREASING OF GOD’S RULE THROUGH THE ENGENDERING OF SPIRITUAL MATURITY .......................................................................................................109 iii Chapter Page Suffering Engendered Spiritual Maturity in the Lamenting Psalmists ..............................................................................111 Suffering Engendered Spiritual Maturity in Jesus .........................................126 Suffering Engenders Spiritual Maturity in Christ-Followers .........................151 Summary: Suffering Engenders Spiritual Maturity .......................................181 4. SUFFERING FOR THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF GOD GLORIFYING HIMSELF ..................................................................................185 The Vocabulary and Means of God’s Glory ..................................................187 The Glory of God Displayed by the Lamenting Psalmists’ Suffering .................................................................................................192 The Glory of God Displayed by Jesus’ Suffering ...........................................203 The Glory of God Displayed by Christ-Followers’ Suffering ........................217 The Glory of God Displayed by the End of Suffering ....................................226 Summary: God Glorified through Suffering ...................................................239 5. THE OBJECTIONS OF OPEN THEISM AGAINST THE DIVINE DESIGN FOR SUFFERING ................................................................243 Theological Foundations of Open Theism ......................................................244 Open Theism’s Challenges to the Dissertation Thesis ....................................254 Open Theism Undermines Sufferers’ Ability to Suffer with Confidence ...........................................................................263 Summary: The Dissertation Argument Defended ...........................................279 6. IMPLICATIONS FOR BIBLICAL COUNSELING ..........................................284 The Responding Heart Functions ....................................................................285 Suffering and the Cognitive Functions of the Heart .......................................289 Suffering and the Affective Functions of the Heart ........................................294 iv Chapter Page Suffering and the Volitional Functions of the Heart .......................................300 Biblical Counseling and the Sufferer’s Responding Heart Functions .......................................................................................304 Summary: Ministering to the Sufferer’s Responding Heart ...........................313 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................316 Summary of Arguments .................................................................................316 Suggestions for Further Research ...................................................................321 Concluding Thoughts ......................................................................................324 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................329 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BDB Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon EBC The Expositor’s Bible Commentary ILP Individual lament psalm NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology NIDOTTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis NTC New Testament Commentary PNTC Pillar New Testament Commentary TDNT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament TWOT Theological Wordbook of the OT WBC Word Biblical Commentary vi PREFACE A perfect storm of health, financial, and vocational difficulties culminated in the months prior to my entering Ph.D. studies that made me eventually echo the lamenting psalmist’s conclusion, “I am helpless” (Ps 88:15). The basic conceptual trajectory of this dissertation was conceived by reflecting on how God changed my heart during this extended time of hardship. The encouragement is that whether I responded well or poorly to the situations, the Lord remained faithful and has continued to work in me a greater sense of his unfailing steadfast love. I would not and could not succeed in my studies without the unwavering support and encouragement of my wife, Aileen. She has been with me every step in this process and has served as my best sounding board for ideas; her insights have been invaluable. I especially appreciate her concern for me, wisely exhorting me to take breaks when feeling overwhelmed. My special thanks to the administration, students, and fellow faculty at Highlands Latin School. The HLS administration hired me early on in my coursework and has been very accommodating to give me time off for school requirements. Several faculty have substituted for me when I had class times that conflicted with my teaching schedule. My students, especially, showed great interest for the day when I would be transformed from “Mr. Brooks” to “Dr. Brooks.” Thank you HLS classes of 2015, 2016, vii 2017, and 2018 for your encouragement and the joy it was to teach you during my Ph.D. studies. I am grateful for my dissertation committee. I would be a more complete man if I had the determined work ethic of Jeremy Pierre, the infectious passion for Christ of Bruce Ware, and the lively mind of Eric Johnson. You men have taught me both in and out of the classroom and are exemplary examples of Christlike scholarship for the glory of God. Earning a Ph.D. has been a lifelong hope which I thought would never happen. The Lord, however, in his perfect timing has allowed me to fulfill this desire. All praise and glory and honor be given to the Father who chose, the Son who redeemed, and the Spirit who seals. May he use this work in the lives of his suffering people as we look forward to the time when our Father “will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain anymore, for the former things have passed away” (Rev 21:4). William James Brooks, Jr. Louisville, Kentucky May 2016 viii CHAPTER 1 SUFFERING IN HISTORY AND BIBLICAL COUNSELING God’s mighty reverberations spoke creation into existence and echoed throughout the cosmos as each creative day brought new splendors in obedience to the divine command. His crowning achievement was the creation of man and woman whose progeny were to fill the earth with his presence and glory (Gen 1:28). The first couple, however, willfully rebelled against the Creator and became estranged from him (Gen 3:1- 13). God’s responsive curses inextricably wove suffering into the fabric of the post-fall world (Gen 3:14-24; Rom 8:18-23). Humanity’s plunge into the depths of sin and suffering was breathtakingly swift. The toil of tilling the land and
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