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The History of Tyre Columbia University Press Sales Agents THE HISTORY OF TYRE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS New York : LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 West 27th Street London : HUMPHREY MILFORD Amen Corner, E.C. Toronto : HUMPHREY MILFORD 25 Richmond Street, W. _J Jtumeci arcli-s ~~\^ \Aqut\li. M \ \ \ E N^V U 1ST S MODERN TYRE From Gaillardot (Ren&n ) &• Mansell i Depth- tint Of 3 F,itl,r,rns COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ORIENTAL STUDIES Vol. X THE HISTORY OF TYRE BY WALLACE B. FLEMING, Ph.D. JReto pork COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1915 All rights reserved Copyright, 1915 By Columbia University Press Printed from type May, 1915 Press of The New Era Printing company Lancaster. Pa. NOTE The present volume in the Columbia University Oriental Series is a companion to the volumes previously printed dealing with two other of the principal cities of the eastern Mediterranean littoral. Tyre has had a long and eventful history; but to write that history is not always an easy task. The data have to be gathered from the most varied sources and a diligence exhibited which is not always apparent in the results achieved. Since the small study of J. Krall, Tyrus und Sidon (Vien, 1888), the present is the first attempt made to write the history of the place. Dr. Wallace B. Fleming has acquitted himself well of the task he assigned to himself, and has summed up carefully and with as much completeness as is possible the various phases through which the life of the city has passed. Richard Gottheil. March 1, 1915. TO PROFESSOR RICHARD J. H. GOTTHEIL, PH.D. Teacher and Friend in recognition OF The Wise and Patient Help To Which It Owes Much This Volume Is Gratefully Dedicated PREFACE The Phoenicians wrote the record of their civilization in achievements, not in books. This great people contributed almost nothing to the literature of the world, though they made possible all the literature of the western and near eastern nations. "The Phoenicians were masons, carpenters, ship- builders, weavers, dyers, glass-blowers, workers in metal, mer- chants, navigators, discoverers: if they were not actually the 1 first to invent the alphabet, at least they so improved the art of writing that their system has been adopted and has been used by almost the whole civilized world. They surpassed all other peoples of antiquity in enterprise, perseverance and industry. They succeeded in showing that as much glory might be won and as enduring a power might be built up by arts and industries as by arms/' 2 Of the Phoenician cities, Tyre was the most important; it was so important that the Greeks gave its name to the whole region, calling it ^vpia, from *V)^ Tsur, Tyre, and the Greek name is 3 perpetuated to this day in our word Syria. It is remarkable that the Tyrians should have occupied so high a place in human history for twenty-five hundred years and yet have left the world no body of literature and no written 1 Herodotus (V, 58) says that the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus (DTp) of Tyre introduced in Greece many arts, among them alphabetical writing, and that the letters of the alphabet are justly called Phoenician. While it is generally admitted that the Phoenicians introduced letters, modern authorities seek to trace the elements and suggestions of their alphabet to earlier sources. For a full discussion of the subject see Pliny, Natural History, VII, 57; Rawlinson, Herodotus, Vol. II, p. 313; Krall, Studien zur Geschichte des Alten Agypten, III, Tyrus und Sidon (Vien, 1888), pp. 15-21, 66. 2 Rawlinson, History of Phoenicia, p. 39. 3 Herodotus (VII, 63) speaks of Syria as an abbreviation of Assyria, but in this he is misled by the similarity of the words. Vid. Rawlinson, Phoen., p. 40; LeStrange, Palestine under Moslems, p. 14. x PREFACE 1 records of their own achievements and life. In constructing the history of the city of Tyre, materials must be gathered from widely separated sources, and the story pieced out from the references in the writings of the various peoples with whom they came in contact. The task is the more difficult because of the fact that these peoples were frequently unfriendly. Allusions to Tyre are to be found in the writings of the Egyp- tians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Hebrews, the Greeks, and the Romans of the ancient times, and in a few meager fragments of their own writing. In the medieval period to the close of the Crusades, the sources of information are the Latin, the Greek, the Arabic, the French and the Hebrew. The Crusaders left their principal records in Latin and French. From the close of the Crusades there is scarcely any story to tell, for Tyre lay in utter ruins. For this period we have the notes of pilgrims and travelers. The present petty town of Sur has arisen since the Mutowalis occupied the district in 1766 A.D. Its humble story presents little difficulty, but it is connected with the Tyre of history in location and name only. On the pages which follow will be found references to the works of many historians who have written of the Phoenicians, and particularly of the Tyrians; a few authors, however, require special mention. Among those who have done most work in this field should be mentioned first of all F. C. Movers, whose work, "Die Phonizier" (1842-1856) is an exhaustive review of all historical sources then available. John Kenrick published in 1855 his "History of Phoenicia," less voluminous than that of Movers, but making available for English readers all of the most important facts of Phoenician history then known. Ernst Renan's "Mission de Phenicie" (1864) was of great value for its information as to topography and art. George Rawlinson's "Phoenicia," published in London in 1889, was a rewriting of the history of Phoenicia in the light of archeological discoveries to that date. In the same year, in Berlin, Richard Pietschmann x Renan, Mission de Phenicie (IV, 1), says: "Je ne pense pas qu'aucune grande ville ayant joue pendant des siecles un role de premier ordre ait laisse" mcins de traces que Tyr." PREFACE xi published his "Geschichte der Phonizier," rendering a like service for the German readers. The most important publications concerning Tyre that have appeared are E. W. Hengstenberg's De Rebus Tyriorum (Berlin, 1832), J. Krall's Tyrus und Sidon (Vien, 1888), F. Jeremias's Tyrus bis zur Zeit Nebukadnezars (Leipzig, 1891),—all of which treat of the early period of the city's history, —and L. Lucas's Geschichte der Stadt Tyrus zur Zeit der Kreuzziige (Marburg, 1895). Recent discoveries have made necessary the rewriting of whole chapters of Phoenician history. Important researches have been carried on in Phoenicia. The Tel-el-Amarna letters have brought back to the world the lost record of an entire period of early Phoenician life, while recent excavations in Crete have resulted in the rediscovery of the old Minoan kingdom which now rises to dispute with Phoenicia the ancient sovereignty of the seas. The history of Phoenicia is the history of her several inde- pendent city-states. The Phoenicians did not seek political but commercial power. They cared little for strong political unity. Then, their land was unfavorable to such unity. It was about two hundred miles long and from two to fifteen miles wide. Headlands projecting to the sea cut this coastland into a number of small plains that had their names from their chief cities, as the Plain of Tyre, the Plain of Sidon, the Plain of Acco, etc. Thus the topography of the land was unfavorable to a strongly centralized government. There was no recognized central capital. The history of Tyre is the history of the chief of the Phoenician city-states. I am conscious of a certain unevenness in the work. Parts of it are broadly disposed, while others are meager in detail, and even bald in statement. The major cause for this is the curious abundance of materials in the sources for some periods, and their paucity in others. To future workers, to whom larger materials may come, must be left the pleasant task of filling out the storv. xii PREFACE I have not cumbered the pages with citations of secondary sources. These are mentioned only when I have felt it necessary to locate a quotation or to acknowledge an indebtedness. The notes are intended mainly to refer to the original sources, and represent not secondary, but first hand use of them all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I PAGE Tyre to the Age of Hiram 1-15 Chapter II Tyre in the Age of Hiram 16-23 Chapter III From the Age of Hiram to the Encroachment of Assyria 24-26 Chapter IV Tyre's Resistance to Assyrian Encroachment 27-41 Chapter V Tyre's Resistance to Babylon 42-47 Chapter VI Tyre under the Persians 48-53 Chapter VII Tyre under the Greeks 54-64 Chapter VIII Tyre under the Seleucidae 65-69 Chapter IX Tyre under the Romans and Moslems 70-85 Chapter X The Period of the Crusades 86-122 xiii xiv CONTENTS Chapter XI From the Crusades to the Present Day 123-132 Chapter XII Colonies, Commerce and Industries 133-145 Chapter XIII Religion of the Tyrians 146-154 Chapter XIV Coins of Tyre 155-161 Index 162-165 THE HISTORY OF TYRE CHAPTER I TYRE TO THE AGE OF HIRAM The Origin of the Phoenicians The account of the origin of the Phoenician nation given by 1 Sanchoniathon implies that the people were autochthonous. The genealogical table of Genesis X, in which tribes are personi- fied and an effort is made to trace their relation, makes Canaan son of Ham and Sidon son of Canaan, and the statement of the borders of Canaan shows that the author considered the Phoeni- cians native to Syria.
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