DOCSLIB.ORG

TS13A Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TS13A Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Technical Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Supplement 13A (210–VI–NEH, August 2007) Technical Supplement 13A Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Part 654 National Engineering Handbook Issued August 2007 Cover photos: Top—Bed-load sediment may be poorly graded or well graded. Armoring layers may also be present. Advisory Note Techniques and approaches contained in this handbook are not all-inclusive, nor universally applicable. Designing stream restorations requires appropriate training and experience, especially to identify conditions where various approaches, tools, and techniques are most applicable, as well as their limitations for design. Note also that prod- uct names are included only to show type and availability and do not constitute endorsement for their specific use. (210–VI–NEH, August 2007) Technical Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Supplement 13A Contents Purpose of bed-material sampling TS13A–1 Site selection to representative sampling TS13A–1 Sand-bed streams TS13A–2 Cross-sectional approach .............................................................................TS13A–2 Reach approach .............................................................................................TS13A–3 Gravel-bed streams TS13A–3 Surface sediment sampling ...........................................................................TS13A–6 Sediment intrusion into spawning gravels ..................................................TS13A–8 Selection of a sampling procedure TS13A–8 Step-by-step field sampling procedures TS13A–9 Other bed-material characteristics TS13A–10 Bank material TS13A–10 Conclusion TS13A–10 Tables Table TS13A–1 Bed-material sampling sites TS13A–2 Figures Figure TS13A–1 Gradation pattern on a point bar TS13A–3 Figure TS13A–2 Bed sampling locations for sand-bed TS13A–4 streams Figure TS13A–3 Gravel-bed sediment profile showing vertical TS13A–5 variation Figure TS13A–4 Coarse-bed stream sampling hierarchy TS13A–5 Figure TS13A–5 Gravelometer held above stream TS13A–6 Figure TS13A–6 Piston sampler TS13A–7 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS13A–i Technical Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Supplement 13A Purpose of bed-material transport calculations, critical shear stress de- terminations, determining potential for particle sampling sorting and armoring, and determining hydrau- lic roughness. The characteristics of a given stream are linked to the composition of the material that comprises its channel Complex studies may need to secure data to meet a bed, bank, and sediment flow. Knowledge of stream- combination of objectives and purposes. However, bed material is necessary for a variety of engineering sediment data collected for one purpose will not nec- and environmental purposes. The size and gradation essarily be applicable for another. While the issues and of the streambed material may affect the source, recommendations presented here are generally appli- transport, and fate of pollutants; fish habitat; resource cable, the focus is on bed sampling for stream assess- management; morphological trends; and stream resto- ment and design. rations. Bed-material sampling programs must be carefully Site selection for representative designed to meet the particular needs of a specific study. Studies may include objectives related to the sampling following: • Contaminants—Typically attach to cohesive Sufficient sampling of the streambed should be con- sediment and, therefore, are distributed over a ducted to determine the spatial variability, size, and wide area, especially in areas where flow veloc- gradation of the bed material. No simple rule exists ity is low. Sampling for a contaminant concen- for locating representative sampling sites or reaches. trates on depositional zones in the stream and The general rule is to carefully select sampling loca- overbank. tions and avoid anomalies that would bias either the calculated sediment discharge or the calculated bed • Aquatic habitat—Fish habitat studies may stability. Sampling locations must be representative of focus on the suitability of the streambed for the hydraulic and sedimentation processes that occur spawning. Sampling for this type of study is in that reach of the river. The site should be morpho- often extensive, identifying lateral, longitudi- logically stable. To ensure data reflect reach-averaged nal, and temporal variations in the surface layer river conditions, there should be no tributary inflow in over a wide area of the stream. An assessment the proximity of the site, as it may interfere with the of vertical variations may also be of critical homogeneity of the section by supplying sediment for importance, as the composition of the mate- deposition. The site should not be located adjacent to rial immediately below the surface, especially a zone of active bank erosion, as the material depos- the fines content, may be of importance in the ited in the channel near the eroding area may not be evaluation of spawning habitats for some spe- representative of the reach. Although bridges provide cies. good access, bridge crossings are typically not appro- • Gravel mining—Resource management stud- priate sampling sites because either they are located ies are frequently concerned with the need or at natural river constrictions or their abutments and feasibility of sand and gravel mining. Core or piers create constrictions and local scour. Dead-water substrate sampling that identifies vertical varia- areas behind sand bars or other obstructions should tion of the streambed is essential for this type be avoided, as these are not representative of average of study. flow conditions. • Stream assessment and design—Morphologic The location of the bed sample should be chosen with and engineering studies are concerned with the target analysis in mind. Table TS13A–1 provides changes in the character of the river over time. guidance for where a bed-material sample might be These studies require knowledge of the grain taken as a function of the type of geomorphologic or size distribution of both the bed surface ma- engineering analysis to be conducted. This list is not terial and subsurface material for sediment inclusive, exhaustive, or absolute. Ideally, bed-material (210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS13A–1 Technical Supplement 13A Guidelines for Sampling Bed Material Part 654 National Engineering Handbook samples should be taken at different times during the Representative bed-material sampling in sand-bed year to account for seasonal variations. streams may be accomplished by one of two meth- ods. Employing the cross-sectional approach requires selecting a site and time for sampling where and when Sand-bed streams the bed characteristics are typical. This method re- quires considerable experience. Unanimity of opinion about where and when the typical condition occurs Sand-bed streams have relatively homogeneous bed- cannot be expected, even among experienced river sci- material gradation. Vertical and temporal variability entists. Frequently, judgment is influenced by the type are normally insignificant in stable sand-bed streams. of streams the sampler has experienced and by the in- Longitudinal variability typically occurs over distances tended use of the data. Employing the reach approach, of many kilometers. However, lateral variability, where samples from several systematically selected especially in bends, can be significant. In sand-bed cross sections are averaged to obtain a representative rivers, sampling of bed material is most frequently sample, may eliminate some uncertainty associated done in the low-flow channel. The sampling equip- with the cross-sectional approach. ment and methodology used depend on the river depth and velocity. The task can be accomplished in flowing streams either by wading or from a boat or in Cross-sectional approach ephemeral and intermittent streams in the dry. Vertical variations in the bed material are usually insignificant This approach requires the selection of a representa- in flowing water, and samples are collected from the tive cross section for a reach. In streams with rela- surface. However, in standing water or on dry beds, a tively uniform depths, between three and five samples layer of fine material is sometimes found deposited on should be taken across the section to account for the bed surface during the recessional part of a flood lateral variations. In streams with variable depths, hydrograph. It is standard practice to remove this fine more samples are required. Twenty verticals are surface layer before collecting a bed-material sample commonly taken along the cross section in braided in this location. streams. Taking bed-material samples at crossings where flow distribution is more uniform reduces the Einstein (1950) recommended using only the coarsest lateral variation in the samples. However, at low flow, 90 percent of the sampled bed gradation for computa- crossings may develop a surface layer gradation that tions of bed-material load. He reasoned that the finest reflects sediment transport conditions at the lower 10 percent of sediment on the bed was either material discharge, which may be coarser or finer than the bed trapped in the interstices of the deposit or a lag depos- gradation at bankfull discharge. Also, crossings are it from the recession of the hydrograph and should not typically submerged, and more elaborate sampling be included in bed-material load computations. equipment is required than at exposed bars, where a Table TS13A–1 Bed-material sampling sites Purpose of analysis Sample location
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BIG RIVER ECOSYSTEM: Program 2
    BIG RIVER ECOSYSTEM: A Question of Net Worth PURPOSE To explore biodiversity at the ecosystem level. KERA CONNECTIONS to Life Science Program 2 Core Content: Structure and Function in Living Systems Academic Expectations: 2.2 Patterns, 2.3 Systems, 2.4 Models & Scale ANSWERS TO Process Skills: Observation, Modeling aFIELD NOTES OBJECTIVES 1. In a hot and hostile environment, Students should be able to: the evaporated water cannot be 1.identify five “big river” organisms incorporated into living cells (as 2.construct a diagram showing interactions between living and we know them). nonliving parts of an ecosystem 2. An extremely cold environment, 3. discuss factors that affect the level of biodiversity in their river basin. or frozen desert, does not allow cells to utilize water. VOCABULARY 3. Answers will vary but should Teachers may wish to discuss the following terms: display logical flow of water and aquatic, commercial, ecosystem, water cycle and watershed. allow for recirculation in a loop. 4. Arteries and veins. aFIELD NOTEBOOK 5. A pumping heart. Ideas for Teachers 6. Diagram A shows many different A. Develop a concept map for the water cycle. Include these items in types of ecosystems in close the concept map: clouds, groundwater, apple tree, stream, precipita- proximity. tion, condensation, evaporation, harvest mouse, snowflakes, sun and 7. Add a watering hole, plant a humans. What other cycles are needed to maintain an ecosystem? miniature forest, create a B. Biospheres, containing algae, brine shrimp and water, are often meadow of wildflowers. Most shown in advertisements. Analyze how the biosphere is self-main- importantly, break up a monocul- taining.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 4: Sediment Deposition and River Structures
    LESSON 4: SEDIMENT DEPOSITION AND RIVER STRUCTURES ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What combination of factors both natural and manmade is necessary for healthy river restoration and how does this enhance the sustainability of natural and human communities? GUIDING QUESTION: As rivers age and slow they deposit sediment and form sediment structures, how are sediments and sediment structures important to the river ecosystem? OVERVIEW: The focus of this lesson is the deposition and erosional effects of slow-moving water in low gradient areas. These “mature rivers” with decreasing gradient result in the settling and deposition of sediments and the formation sediment structures. The river’s fast-flowing zone, the thalweg, causes erosion of the river banks forming cliffs called cut-banks. On slower inside turns, sediment is deposited as point-bars. Where the gradient is particularly level, the river will branch into many separate channels that weave in and out, leaving gravel bar islands. Where two meanders meet, the river will straighten, leaving oxbow lakes in the former meander bends. TIME: One class period MATERIALS: . Lesson 4- Sediment Deposition and River Structures.pptx . Lesson 4a- Sediment Deposition and River Structures.pdf . StreamTable.pptx . StreamTable.pdf . Mass Wasting and Flash Floods.pptx . Mass Wasting and Flash Floods.pdf . Stream Table . Sand . Reflection Journal Pages (printable handout) . Vocabulary Notes (printable handout) PROCEDURE: 1. Review Essential Question and introduce Guiding Question. 2. Hand out first Reflection Journal page and have students take a minute to consider and respond to the questions then discuss responses and questions generated. 3. Handout and go over the Vocabulary Notes. Students will define the vocabulary words as they watch the PowerPoint Lesson.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
    9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Paseo De Las Iglesias Santa Cruz River Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study
    Paseo de las Iglesias Santa Cruz River Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study Jennifer Becker, CFM & Thomas Helfrich, Project Manager of Pima County Flood Control District, Water Resources Division In partnership with the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Good morning ladies and gentlemen. My name is Jennifer Becker. I’m a Program Coordinator with the Pima County Flood Control District, Water Resources Division and I will be presenting the results of the Paseo de las Iglesias Feasibility Study. This study is a joint effort by the Pima County Flood Control District and the US Army Corps of Engineers to determine if the Federal Government can share the costs of restoring the ecosystem along the the Santa Cruz River in south-central Tucson. Æ Next slide 1 SOME STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTICIPANTS Pima County State and federal agencies ¾ Department of Transportation Pima Association of Governments ¾ Cultural Resources San Xavier Nation, Tohono ¾ Natural Resources, Parks and O’odham Nation Recreation ¾ Real Property Local environmental organizations City of Tucson Local and national consulting ¾ Rio Nuevo companies ¾ Tucson Origins Cultural Park University of Arizona ¾ Economic Development Pima Community College ¾ Parks and Recreation ¾ Transportation Engineering Local neighborhood groups ¾ Comprehensive Planning Citizens In additions to the FCD & USACE, other participating stakeholders include various departments in Pima County and City of Tucson government, Arizona Department of Game and Fish, US Fish and Wildlife, local colleges & universities, local Indian Nations, environmental organizations, consulting companies, and individual citizens and citizen groups. Æ Next slide 2 Today’s Presentation • Study Area • Problem Summary • Public Involvement • Project Objectives • Study Considerations • Project Alternatives • Recommended Plan • Proposed Schedule • Documents and Contacts Today I would like to summarize the plan formulation process and present the findings of the study, including a description of the recommended plan to help to restore a functioning ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grand Bank's Southeast Shoal Concentrates the Highest Overall
    Template for Submission of Scientific Information to Describe Areas Meeting Scientific Criteria for Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas Title/Name of the area: Southeast Shoal, Grand Bank Presented by (Daniela Diz, WWF-Canada, Sr. Marine Policy Officer, [email protected]; tel: +1.902.482.1105, ext. 35) Abstract (in less than 150 words) The Grand Bank’s Southeast Shoal concentrates the highest overall benthic biomass of the Grand Banks. It also presents: a unique offshore capelin spawning and yellowtail nursery grounds, unique shallow, sandy habitat, cetacean and seabird aggregation and feeding grounds, American plaice nursery habitat, a spawning ground for the depleted Atlantic cod, reproduction area for striped wolffish, and unique populations of blue mussels and wedge clams. This area has been previously identified as an EBSA by DFO in Canada, and as a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) indicator element by NAFO. Introduction (To include: feature type(s) presented, geographic description, depth range, oceanography, general information data reported, availability of models) The Southeast Shoal (area east of 51o W and south of 45oN) extends to the edge of the Grand Bank off Newfoundland. It straddles between areas of national jurisdiction and the high seas. Its unique features provide essential habitat for a number of species, playing an important role in the productivity of the Grand Banks ecosystems, which has sustained exceptionally abundant and commercially valuable marine life for centuries. It comprises a relict beach ecosystem containing unusual offshore populations of blue mussel and wedge clam, and offshore capelin spawning ground. The area is also important for threatened and/or declining species, given the currently severely altered state of the Northwest Atlantic ecosystem and the importance of the area as a nursery habitat for cod, home to an offshore spawning population of capelin (an important forage species for groundfish), a discrete population of humpback whales, and migrating leatherback and loggerhead turtles.
    [Show full text]
  • Scour and Fill in Ephemeral Streams
    SCOUR AND FILL IN EPHEMERAL STREAMS by Michael G. Foley , , " W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Engineering and Applied Science CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California 91125 Report No. KH-R-33 November 1975 SCOUR AND FILL IN EPHEMERAL STREAMS by Michael G. Foley Project Supervisors: Robert P. Sharp Professor of Geology and Vito A. Vanoni Professor of Hydraulics Technical Report to: U. S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, N. C. (under Grant No. DAHC04-74-G-0189) and National Science Foundation (under Grant No. GK3l802) Contribution No. 2695 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125 Report No. KH-R-33 November 1975 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer would like to express his deep appreciation to his advisor, Dr. Robert P. Sharp, for suggesting this project and providing patient guidance, encouragement, support, and kind criticism during its execution. Similar appreciation is due Dr. Vito A. Vanoni for his guidance and suggestions, and for generously sharing his great experience with sediment transport problems and laboratory experiments. Drs. Norman H. Brooks and C. Hewitt Dix read the first draft of this report, and their helpful comments are appreciated. Mr. Elton F. Daly was instrumental in the design of the laboratory apparatus and the success of the laboratory experiments. Valuable assistance in the field was given by Mrs. Katherine E. Foley and Mr. Charles D. Wasserburg. Laboratory experiments were conducted with the assistance of Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability of Bed Mobility in Natural Gravel-Bed Channels
    WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 36, NO. 12, PAGES 3743–3755, DECEMBER 2000 Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel-bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales Thomas E. Lisle,1 Jonathan M. Nelson,2 John Pitlick,3 Mary Ann Madej,4 and Brent L. Barkett3 Abstract. Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed-surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow ␶ model to examine relations between model-predicted local boundary shear stress ( j) and measured surface particle size (D50) at bank-full discharge in six gravel-bed, alternate-bar ␶ channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of j and D50 were poorly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment-poor channels with low mobility. Sediment-rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment-poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobile. Two reach- mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first-order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Visual Assessment Manual
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Stream Visual Assessment Manual Cane River, credit USFWS/Gary Peeples U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Conasauga River, credit USFWS Table of Contents Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 What is a Stream? .............................................................................................................1 What Makes a Stream “Healthy”? .................................................................................1 Pollution Types and How Pollutants are Harmful ........................................................1 What is a “Reach”? ...........................................................................................................1 Using This Protocol..................................................................................................................2 Reach Identification ..........................................................................................................2 Context for Use of this Guide .................................................................................................2 Assessment ........................................................................................................................3 Scoring Details ..................................................................................................................4 Channel Conditions ...........................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-16-2017 12:00 AM Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers Sarah E. K. Peirce The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Peter Ashmore The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geography A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Sarah E. K. Peirce 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Peirce, Sarah E. K., "Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4595. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4595 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Gravel-bed braided rivers, defined by their multi-thread planform and dynamic morphology, are commonly found in proglacial mountainous areas. With little cohesive sediment and a lack of stabilizing vegetation, the dynamic morphology of these rivers is the result of bedload transport processes. Yet, our understanding of the fundamental relationships between channel form and bedload processes in these rivers remains incomplete. For example, the area of the bed actively transporting bedload, known as the active width, is strongly linked to bedload transport rates but these relationships have not been investigated systematically in braided rivers. This research builds on previous research to investigate the relationships between morphology, bedload transport rates, and bed-material mobility using physical models of braided rivers over a range of constant channel-forming discharges and event hydrographs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pecos River Ecosystem Project Progress Report
    2004 The Pecos River Ecosystem Project Progress Report Charles R. Hart, Ph.D. Assoc. Professor and Extension Range Specialist Texas Cooperative Extension The Texas A&M University System Background of Situation Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) is an introduced phreatophyte in western North America. The plant was estimated to occupy well over 600,000 ha of riparian acres in 1965 (Robinson 1965). Saltcedar is a vigorous invader of riparian, rangeland, and moist pastures. Saltcedar was introduced into the United States as an ornamental in the early 1800's. In the early 1900's, government agencies and private landowners began planting saltcedar for stream bank erosion control along such rivers as the Pecos River in New Mexico. The plant has spread down the Pecos River into Texas and is now known to occur along the river south of Interstate 10. More recently the plant has become a noxious plant not only along rivers and their tributaries, but also along irrigation ditch banks, low-lying areas that receive extra runoff accumulation, and areas with high water tables. In addition, many CRP acres in central Texas are being invaded with saltcedar. Saltcedar is a prolific seeder over a long period of time (April through October). Early seedling recruitment is very slow but once established, seedlings grow faster than native plants (Tomanek and Ziegler 1960). Once mature the plant becomes well established with deep roots that occupy the capillary zone above the water table with some roots in the zone of saturation (Schopmeyer 1974). The plant can quickly dominate an area, out-competing native plants for sunlight, moisture, and nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland Suggested Citation Formats
    Aquatic Habitat Assessment Edited by Mark B. Bain and Nathalie J. Stevenson Support for this publication was provided by Sport Fish Restoration Act Funds administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Federal Aid Aquatic Habitat Assessment Common Methods Edited by Mark B. Bain and Nathalie J. Stevenson American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland Suggested Citation Formats Entire Book Bain, M. B., and N. J. Stevenson, editors. 1999. Aquatic habitat assessment: common methods. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Chapter within the Book Meixler, M. S. 1999. Regional setting. Pages 11–24 in M. B. Bain and N. J. Stevenson, editors. Aquatic habitat assessment: common methods. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Cover illustration, original drawings, and modifications to figures by Teresa Sawester. © 1999 by the American Fisheries Society All rights reserved. Photocopying for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, is permitted by AFS provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA; phone 508-750-8400. Request authorization to make multiple copies for classroom use from CCC. These permissions do not extend to electronic distribution or long- term storage of articles or to copying for resale, promotion, advertising, general distribution, or creation of new collective works. For such uses, permission or license must be obtained from AFS. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 99-068788 ISBN: 1-888569-18-2 Printed in the United States of America American Fisheries Society 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2199, USA Contents Contributors vii Symbols and Abbreviations viii 05.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spatial Distribution of Bed Sediment on Fluvial System: a Mini Review of the Aceh Meandering River
    Aceh Int. J. Sci. Technol., 5(2): 82-87 August 2016 doi: 10.13170/aijst.5.2.4932 Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 2088-9860 Journal homepage: http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/aijst The Spatial Distribution of Bed Sediment on Fluvial System: A Mini Review of the Aceh Meandering River Muhammad Irham Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Science, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia. Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Received : 2 August 2016 Accepted : 28 August 2016 Online : 31 August2016 Abstract - Dynamic interactions of hydrological and geomorphological processes in the fluvial system result in accumulated deposit on the bed because the capacity to carry sediment has been exceeded. The bed load of the Aceh fluvial system is primarily generated by mechanical weathering resulting in boulders, pebbles, and sand, which roll or bounce along the river bed forming temporary deposits as bars on the insides of meander bends, as a result of a loss of transport energy in the system. This dynamic controls the style and range of deposits in the Aceh River. This study focuses on the spatial distribution of bed-load transport of the Aceh River. Understanding the spatial distribution of deposits facilitates the reconstruction of the changes in controlling factors during accumulation of deposits. One of the methods can be done by sieve analysis of sediment, where the method illuminates the distribution of sediment changes associate with channel morphology under different flow regimes. Hence, the purpose of this mini review is to investigate how the sediment along the river meander spatially dispersed.
    [Show full text]