Site structure, settlement systems, and social organization at Lake Elsinore, California Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Grenda, Donn Robert, 1966- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 08:58:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282507 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs mcluded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 r fc- L I i SITE STRUCTURE, SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS, AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AT LAKE ELSINORE, CALIFORNIA by Donn Robert Grenda A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1997 DMI Ntomber; 98143 95 UMI Microform 9814395 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Donn Robert Greada entitled Site Structure, Settlement Systems, and Social Organi^^atinn at Lake Elsinore, California and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requiremej^ for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy > David ^iAlick ^ Date J c /V Henry C.^ Koerper - Date AJnA. /-y. /??'? Michael B. Schiffer / Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Michael Schif Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The dissertation was based on a project that was conducted by Statistical Research, Inc. for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District I am indebted to Jef&ey Altschul, President of SRI and a very good friend. He has taught me a great deal about conducting archaeology, managing staff, and completing quality research. I have also enjoyed our lengthy discussions on how archaeology should be conducted and the development of southern California cultures. Everyone should have a boss like Jeff. Archaeologists at the Army Corps, Steve Dibble and Richard Perry also helped me conduct a project in the manner I felt appropriate by placing a high level of tmst in me. Every archaeologist should have clients like these. Second were those who helped run the project and informed me on matters that allowed me to make the critical decisions on many complicated issues that arose during fieldwotk. The responsibility of tracking artifacts and organizing the reams of paperwork fell on my Assistant Project Director, Chris Doolittie. My Crew Chief, Cole Parker was responsible for running the field crew on a day-to-day basis and took meticulous field notes that helped me recreate some of our methods. Much gratitude is given to our Soil Scientist, Dave Ferraro, who provided the field interpretations necessary to reconstmct an incredibly comphcated site stratigraphy. Certainly, the success of any field project requires the skills of an experienced crew. Although for various reasons not everyone was involved for the entire duration of the project, aU contributed to its overall success. These folks are Kellie Caims, Dave Dreher, Lara Fedor, Linda Fisher, Johanna Flores, Deborah Gray, Hsain Ilahiane, Ray McGee, Bill McManis, Pam Perkins, Brian Pierce, Paul Pierce, Jay Sander, and Jim Spicer. Most of this crew stayed with me at the Lake Park Resort, and made my stay in the City of Lake Elsinore an enjoyable one. Laboratory artifact processing and data entry was also an important step in preparing the materials for analysis and interpretation. These tasks were primarily carried out by Danyl Clark and Kris Rati iff. Soils processing was conducted by Keith BCnoblocL I am also indebted to the SRI staff for an excellent job in producing both the draft and final reports for SRL I especially thank Su Benaron, Deborah Gray, William Green, Janet Grenda, Michael Hogan, Susan Martin, and Lynne Yamaguchi who combined efforts to produce figures and illustrations, to compile the bibliogr^hy, and to edit the report. Because of her tireless efforts to synthesize databases firam the different artifact classes and to produce the graphics in Chapter 5, Debbee Huston deserves special mention. Without her help I would have encountered great difficulties in interpreting the site. Finally, to all those associated with this project, I owe my thanks. They share in the success of the project, but not in its shortcomings. Any errors that remain are, of course, my own. I must also thank all of my professors at the University of Redlands, College of William and Mary, and the members of my committee at the University of Arizona. Without your knowledge and guidance this dissertation would have suffered. Fmally, and most importantiy, I am indebted to my family. Janet, Robert, and Meghan have put up with my many long nights, had to spend many weekends without me, and lived with an often gnmipy husband and father. Your support did not go unrecognized. 5 DEDICATION To my family, co-workers, and Mends who contributed to the success of this report. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS USTOFnGURES 10 LIST OF TABLES 12 ABSTRACT 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 15 Project History 21 Report Purpose and Organization 25 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT ISSUES IN CALIFORNIA PREHISTORY 28 Why We Misunderstand California Hunter-Gatherers 30 Coping with the Physical Characteristics of Southern California Archaeological Sites 31 Paleoenvironmental Issues 35 Middle Range Theory and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations 38 Culture Process in Southern California 42 Early Holocene Cultures (10,550 - 7,200 B.P.) 46 Early-Middle Holocene Transitional Cultures 49 Middle Holocene Cultures (7,200 - 3,440 B.P.) 52 La Jolla Culture 53 Pauma Culture 54 Sayles Culture 56 Late Holocene Cultures (3,440 - 168 B.P.) 57 Ethnohistory and Ethnography 59 Missionization 63 The Rancho Period 64 Cultural Diversity and Other Broad Issues in Southern California Prehistory 65 Hunter-Gatherer Economic Systems 68 Technology and Subsistence 69 Demographic Shifts 72 Site Structure and Social Organization 75 The Place of The Elsinore Site in California Prehistory 77 CHAPTER 3: FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 81 Mediodo logical Issues 81 Previous Excavations 83 1987 Prehistoric Testing 83 1991 Historic Period Testing 87 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued SRI Testing Site Reconnaissance, Mapping, and Characterization 89 Subsurface Investigations 90 SRI Trenching Results 92 Site Boundaries and Loci 97 Intensive Data Recovery 100 Flotation, Pollen, and '/,6-Inch Screening Samples 102 Feature Excavation Procedures 104 Treatment of Human Remains 106 Other Field and Laboratory Procedures 106 Washing and Sorting 106 Check-in Procedures 107 Cataloguing 108 Sample Transmittal 108 Sample Selection 109 Summary 110 j CHAPTER 4; RESULTS 112 i Geomorphology, Site Formation,