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Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia

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Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia Edited by Kinzang Gyeltshen Sheetal Sharma SAARC Agriculture Centre South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) International Rice Research Institute i Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia SAARC Agriculture Centre/IRRI/ Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute (HORDI), Department of Agriculture, Government of Sri Lanka, Regional Consultation Meeting on Developing Country Specific Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia, 21-23 August, 2019 Oak Ray Regency Hotel, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Edited by Kinzang Gyeltshen Sheetal Sharma December 2019 © 2019 SAARC Agriculture Centre and editors Published by the SAARC Agriculture Centre (SAC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, BARC Complex, Farmgate, New Airport Road, Dhaka – 1215, Bangladesh (www.sac.org.bt). ISBN: 978-984-34-8592-2 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher. Citation Gyeltshen, K. and Sharma, S. Eds. 2019. Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia. SAARC Agriculture Centre, SAARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 176 p This book ‘Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia’ contains the papers and proceedings of the regional expert consultation meeting on Developing Country Specific Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia organized at Oak Ray Regency Hotel, Kandy, Sri Lanka from 21-23 August, 2019, jointly by the SAARC Agriculture Centre (SAC), Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute (HORDI), Department of Agriculture, Government of Sri Lanka and International Rice Research Institute, New Delhi, India. The experts for country papers presentation were the representative of their respective governments. Other experts invited for technical paper presentation were spoken in their personal capacity. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of SAC, especially concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover Design: Kinzang Gyeltshen/HORDI Printer by: Momin Offset Press, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: [email protected] Price: US$ 20 SAARC Countries US$ 50 for other Countries ii FOREWORD South Asia has 43.28% of arable land available for food production to meet the demand for food of 1.8 billion populations with limited land resources. The population is increasing at the rate of 1.2% annually and it is estimated that 35% of world’s poor lives in South Asia with 16.1% of its population below extreme poverty line. The region has 279 million people undernourished with prevalence of undernourishment and food insecurity of 14.7% and 14.4% respectively (FAO, 2019). Climate change is predicted to have severe consequences for South Asia, particularly in agriculture sector which employs 43% of the total employment. Over 70 % of our population lives in rural area and majority of the population depends their livelihoods on the surrounding natural environment, triggering rapid degradation of natural resources. Land degradation is one of the major problems in all South Asian countries which limits the regional aim to enhance food production for growing populations. An expanding South Asian’s population and the urgency of eradicating hunger and malnutrition, call for determined policies and effective actions to ensure sustainable growth in agricultural productivity and production. Agricultural intensification to enhance food production leads to land degradation and threaten the sustainability of agriculture. As a result, an Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) approach was increasingly recognized to enhance crop and soil productivity through a balanced use of mineral fertilizers with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients to ensure sustainability of food production. Given the importance of the IPNS approach, SAARC Agriculture Centre has organized the Regional Expert Consultation Meeting on “Developing of Country Specific IPNS Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems” to assess the implementation status of IPNS and gather IPNS modules available in the region. The country papers presented during the meeting by the National Focal Experts of South Asian countries were incorporated in this book. It is encouraging to note that all countries in South Asia are striving hard to implement IPNS approach to enhance sustainable food production and maintain soil productivity. Mainstreaming IPNS in agricultural system is the only means to achieve food security for burgeoning population with the limited land area. This book ‘Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia’ is published to share information on the status of natural resource degradation, availability of organic and inorganic fertilizers, need to adopt IPNS approach, IPNS modules for major crops and cropping systems, issues and challenges associated with the adoption of IPNS approach at the farm level in South Asian countries. The policy measures, research and extension support with regard to IPNS were put in place in all countries of South Asia. However, additional requirements of appropriate policy interventions, research innovations, effective extension services and need for joint coordinated efforts of the stakeholders were also included in the publication. Dr. S. M. Bokhtiar Director SAARC Agriculture Centre iii iv CONTENTS FOREWORD iii ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS Chapter 1 An Overview of Integrated Plant Nutrition System 1 Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia Kinzang Gyeltshen COUNTRY PAPERS Chapter 2 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 13 Crops and Cropping Systems in India S. K. Chaudhari Chapter 3 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 28 Crops and Cropping Systems in Pakistan Raza Ullah Khan Chapter 4 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 53 Crops and Cropping Systems in Bangladesh Ranjit Sen Chapter 5 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 79 Crops and Cropping Systems in Bhutan Suraj Chhetri. Chapter 6 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 101 Crops and Cropping Systems in Nepal Ram Dular Yadav Chapter 7 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 120 Crops and Cropping Systems in Sri lanka N. R. N. Silva Chapter 8 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 140 Crops and Cropping Systems in Maldives Adam Adheel Chapter 9 Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major 155 Crops and Cropping Systems in Afghanistan Abdul Qayum Omid REPORT OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION 168 LIST OF PATICIPANTS 172 CONSULTATION MEETING PHOTOS 175 v vi Chapter 1 An Overview of Integrated Plant Nutrition System Modules for Major Crops and Cropping Systems in South Asia Kinzang Gyeltshen SAARC Agriculture Centre BARC Campus, Dhaka – 1215, Bangladesh [email protected] Introduction Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) is an approach to enhance crop and soil productivity through a balanced use of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients in diFFerent crops and cropping systems to ensure sustainability of Food production. Mainstreaming IPNS approach is crucial for the agricultural system in South Asia, as the region has to meet the demand for food oF 1.8 billion populations with limited land resources and when its population is increasing at the rate of 1.2% annually (World Bank, 2019). According to World Bank’s Report 2019, 35% oF world’s poor live in South Asia and 16.1% of its population live below extreme poverty line. South Asia has 279 million people undernourished with prevalence of undernourishment and food insecurity oF 14.7% and 14.4% respectively (FAO, 2019). Climate change is predicted to have severe consequences For South Asia, particularly in agriculture which employs 43% of total employment. Given the challenging scenario of the region to meet the need of Food on one hand, and on the other hand only 43.28% of arable land is available for food production with 0.11 hectare (ha) per person (World Bank, Agricultural land ‘% oF land area’). High population growth and increasing demand on agriculture For Food security and livelihoods are exacerbating serious threat in South Asia, where soils have also been afFected by intensive agriculture and a heavy reliance on agrochemical inputs. Traditional practices to sustain soil Fertility, 1 such as Fallowing and crop rotations are increasingly neglected due to the need to keep land in continuous cultivation and at the same time organic matter in rural areas is in short supply. As a result, there is a decline in soil organic matter that is not being replaced by farmyard manure, organic Fertilizers or agronomic practices. To counteract all these challenges, South Asia is striving to propagate and mainstream IPNS approach despite many issues and hindrances to enhance crop production and maintain soil productivity for food and nutrition security in the region. Natural Resource Degradation Over 70 % oF our population lives in rural area and majority oF the population
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