DOCSLIB.ORG

Em Rc6 3 En.Pdf (‎3.155Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Em Rc6 3 En.Pdf (‎3.155Mb) UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNlES WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION MONDIALE ORGANIZATION DE LA SANTE REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE EM/RC 6/3 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 31 July 1956 Sixth Session ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Agenda item 8 REPORT of the REGIONAL DIRECTOR of the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION to the REGIONAL COMMITTEE ,I. August 1955 - 31 July 1956 TABLE 03' CONTENTS INTB ODUC T I ON ..................... 1 OPEXATIONAL ACTIVITIES Gonoral Remarks ........... 1. ;!A LAR IA ............., .... 2 . TUGERCULOS IS ............. 2.1.3CG Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccination 3 . VEXEEEAL DISEASES ABD TREPOilEi!ATOSZS . 3.1. VDT Projects assistod by WIT0 3.2. ?Ton-Venereal Treponcmatoscs ... 4 . EMDE140-?3?IDElIIC DISEASES 4.1. Cilharziasis ......... 4.2. Cholcra ............ 4.3. Leprosy ................... 29 4.4 . 1.fycosis .................. 30 4.5. Plague ................ 30 4 .6.Poliomyolitis ............... 31 1.7. Belnpsing Yever .............. 33 4.8. Smallpox ................. 33 4.3. Trachoma ................. 34 4.10. Trypanosoniasis .............. 36 4.11.Ycllow Pover ................ 36 4.12.Zoonoses .................. 37 5 . PUBLIC HZALT!-I ADi~II~iISTRATION ......... 40 5.1. Public health laboratories ........ 42 5.2. Dental hcalth .............. 42 6 . NKiSIlJG .................... 44 7 . SOCIAL APID OCCUPATIOIJAL HEALTI-! ........ 47 2 . HEALT3 EDUCATIOlT OF TI% PUBLIC ......... 48 9 . MATERKAL AND CHILD IIGALTII ............ 50 9.1. School health ............... 52 E M/R C 6/3 page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (~ontd.) 12.1. Food hygiene . 59 13. OTIIER PROJECTS : 13.1. Edubation and Training . 61 13.1.1, Aid to educational institutions . 61 13.1.2. Fellowships . 62 13.1.3. Visiting toanis of medical scientists 64 13.2. Medical care : 13.2.1. Anaosthesiology . 66 13.2.2. alood banks . - . 66 13.2.3. Cancer . 67 13.2.4. Chronic diseases . 67 13.2.5. Hospital administration . 67 13.2.6. Radiology . 62 13.2.7. Rehabilitation of the physically handicapped . 69 13.3. Production of antibiotics and insecticides,otc.69 13.4. Vital and honlth statistics . 70 14. QLTALA:ITIIE SERVICES .............. 72 ANNEX I (a) - 1lv.mbe.r of fellowships awarded (by countries) 1949-1956. A::YEX I (b) - Tiun'scr of followships alrardcd (by subject) 1949 - 1956. ANNEX I1 - List of projects by country: Status as at 31 July 1956. ANNEX I11 - Agreel~ontssigned lrith govornmcnts between 1 August 1955 and 31 July 1956. ANNEX IV - Report of the ~~idcmiolo~icalSection, 1 August 1955 - 31 July 1956. AIIIIEX V - Public Information Activities INTRODUCTION The considerable achievements of the past year in the Eastern ilelliterranean Region of the World Health Organization are not isolated phenomena but evidence of the gradual but easily discernable progress Lhat we have observed since this Office was established in 1949. This forward and upward movement must be credited first of all to the Governments of the Region whose growing awareness of the health needs of the2 people has made it possible for the United Nations through its Technical Assistance Board, the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization and for bilateral agencies to register valid gains in international health. In 1955 WHO continued to play its coordinating role in tnrs larger sphere as well as to pursue concrete aims that express the adaptation oi the Organization's policy to the special requirements of this Region. >,-srtstrides were made towards malaria eradication - plans considered, X+ rrements signed and field work begun. In response to the growing demand for stronger public health administrations a travelling seminar :or senior public health personnel visited Egypt and the Sudan, an ?nterprise that soon will be repeated in other countries. The fermenta- tion that is a strong factor in the educational process was fostered by bringing to Egypt a group of medical scientirts to promote the exchange of scientific information by lectures, demonstrations and discussions in specific fields; impetus was given to education and training in even .,lore fundamental ways by opening schools for nurses, notably the Higher Institute for Nursing in Alexandria, and increasing the number of train- ing courses for auxiliary health personnel, among them the schools at Gondar (Ethiopia) and Benghazi (Libya). Individual health projects such as these do not flower overnight, they are the end results of plans that germinate and develop slowly, whether in the field of communicable diseases, public health or education and a successful health project indicates that the administration itself has been continually modifying its ideas and their application in accord- ance with the demands of climatic, geographical and social factors that are encountered. So that while our ultimate aim. the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health, has remained constant through this initial eight-year period, many of our original policies and methods of work have been changed in response to the discovored needs of the Region, and this experience is capital for the future. Moreover the physical aspect of the Region itself is much different than we found it. Turkey and British Somaliland have provisionally joined other Regions; the territories lying south of the Persian Gulf were added in 1952; Sudan became first an Associate Member in 1955 and this year a full Member, while Tunisia, also admitted to the Organization 33 a full Member at the Ninth World Health Assembly, decided to join us. Both Sudan and Tunisia are heartily welcome in the Region. A brief glance at a map will indicate that now @theEastern Y~oditerranean" has become a somewhat poetic way of describing our Region, :lowever. Geographically its only claim to unity is its location in tropical and sub-tropical belts; great physical distances separate its capitals, but there is a central core of countries with a similar racial, cultural, linguistic and sociological background. These distances can, and have been, bridged in most cases, although Lhey often impose administrative burdens on the Regional Office that irterfere with its reaching optimum efficiency. But in spite of obvious difficulties, the work of the Regional Office has steadily progressed since 1949 in terms of actual projects undertaken. At the end of the first year, there were three in operation while during 1955, we had 109, and a similar figure can be expected for 1956 (see Table I). TABLE I TOTAL NUMBER OF PROJECTS IN OPERATION BY SUBJECT AND YEAR Number of projects Subject 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 ~, ,,.,!. laria Tuberculosis & BCG Venereal Diseases Endeno-epidemic Diseases 7H Administration and Rural Health Is:?~rs ing ,'-::ial & Occupational !iseases Health Education of the Public Maternal & Child Health .:::ntal Health itrition !,;..?ironmental Sanitation .,ther TOTAL: 3 9 29 60 64 75 109 64 Note:- Figures for 1956 are as at 31 July. By far the greatest number of these projects have been in the field of communicable diseases,universally recognized as the outstanding health problem in all countries of the Region. At present malaria understand- bly claims most projects in this group and will continue to do so for the next five years or so; tuberculosis and venereal diseases have been constantly recognized health problems, and this is reflected in the number of projects devoted to their control which shows little variation from year to year, while those in endemo-epidemic diseases have gradually increased. This can be attributed, to a major degree, to the more positive interest on the part of governments themselves in sometimes '~;storichealth problems that were formerly viewed with fatalistic detachment. Communicable diseases also are the greatest expense to the Region, as might be expected, altogether they account for nearly half our total expenditure. Tuberculosis control, it will be noted, heads the group because of the extent of the problem and the nature of equipment i-c.quired. The next largest category of projects undertaken during recent years includes activities that are usually grouped under public health services, specifically, public health administration (central and provincial), nursing, social and occupational diseases, health education, maternal and child health, mental health, nutrition and other health activities that require community organization for the prevention of disease and the promotion of health among people. Figure I shows the total expenditure 1951-1956 for each main type of activity and Figure I1 shows the field activities analysed by subject in each individual year. The development of public health services is a long-term affair, their value is not self-evident and the results they produce are unspectacular, except perhaps to the mole-like mind of the statistician. 3ut solid, lasting virtue has its own value and is making itself felt in our Region. Consequently, the demand for all forms of assistance that contribute to better public health services is steadily increasing. Maternal and child health care has always been a recognized need, and for the past four years, as you will see (Table I) there have been a large number of such projects with their far-reaching implications for the health of the nation and their important role in swelling the number of qualified health workers in the community. Nursing has made spectacular advances, both in the number of projects undertaken (in 1955 there were 12 in operation), and socially, as an honourable occupation for women, EM/RC6/3. FIGURE I. DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES BY ACTIVIN and ANALYSIS OF FIELD PROJECTS BY SUBJECT 1951 - 1956 ACTIVITIES : (Total spent $ 12,081,290) MH mental hygiene malar~a MCH maternal & child heah tuberculosis HE health education of the venered diseases public endem -epidemic diseases SOH social & occupat. diseases public health administration NTR nutrition and rural health ES environmental nursing sanitation EM/ RC 6/3 FIGURE II blSTRlBUTlON OF PROJECTS BY SUBJECTS 1951 1956' Subject of the project : (one project on) Communicable diseases control Public health administration Maternal & child health Sanitatlon Nursing Other 1955 1956' (ending June'3O) as well as for men.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pakistan” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 124, folder “Pakistan” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 124 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library MEMORANDUM THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON January 10, 1975 MEMORANDUM FOR: RON NESSEN FROM: LESJANKA SUBJECT: Morning Press Items IT EMS TO BE ANNOUNCED OR VOLUNTEERED: 1. Announcement of Bhutto Visit: 11The President has invited the Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Begum Nusrat Bhutto to Washington for an Official Visit February 4-7. The Prime Minister will meet with President Ford on February 5 and with other high level officials during his visit. The President and Mrs. Ford will host a dinner at the White House in honor of the Prime Minister and Begum Nusrat Bhutto on the evening of February 5. Secretary Kissinger conveyed this invitation to Prime Minister Bhutto during his visit to Pakistan October 31 - November 1, 1974.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications Genetics 2016 Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T. Ambrose University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub Part of the Medical Immunology Commons Repository Citation Ambrose, Charles T., "Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis" (2016). Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications. 83. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Notes/Citation Information Published in NESSA Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, v. 1, issue 1, p. 1-20. © 2016 C.T. Ambrose This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Volume 1| Issue 1 Review Article Open Access PRE-ANTIBIOTICTHERAPY OF SYPHILIS C.T. Ambrose, M.D1* 1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky *Corresponding author: C.T. Ambrose, M.D, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Department of Microbiology, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of Infectious Disease 
    © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER ONE EARLY HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS 1 DISEASE Kenrad E. Nelson, Carolyn F. Williams Epidemics of infectious diseases have been documented throughout history. In ancient Greece and Egypt accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria.1 The morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, commerce, and culture. In epidemics, none were spared. Smallpox likely disfigured and killed Ramses V in 1157 BCE, although his mummy has a significant head wound as well.2 At times political upheavals exasperated the spread of disease. The Spartan wars caused massive dislocation of Greeks into Athens triggering the Athens epidemic of 430–427 BCE that killed up to one half of the population of ancient Athens.3 Thucydides’ vivid descriptions of this epidemic make clear its political and cultural impact, as well as the clinical details of the epidemic.4 Several modern epidemiologists have hypothesized on the causative agent. Langmuir et al.,5 favor a combined influenza and toxin-producing staphylococcus epidemic, while Morrens and Chu suggest Rift Valley Fever.6 A third researcher, Holladay believes the agent no longer exists.7 From the earliest times, man has sought to understand the natural forces and risk factors affecting the patterns of illness and death in society. These theories have evolved as our understanding of the natural world has advanced, sometimes slowly, sometimes, when there are profound break- throughs, with incredible speed. Remarkably, advances in knowledge and changes in theory have not always proceeded in synchrony. Although wrong theories or knowledge have hindered advances in understanding, there are also examples of great creativity when scientists have successfully pursued their theories beyond the knowledge of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Question Of
    23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ Forum: Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ​ Question of: Developing strategies for rebuilding the economics of ​ less economically developed countries (LEDC) after the Covid-19 pandemic Student Officer: Andrew Choi, Deputy Assistant Chair ​ ​ Introduction The current COVID-19 pandemic, more commonly known as the coronavirus pandemic, is considered a global epidemic that is deemed to be severe, leaving a lasting impact on personal health and livelihoods.As the virus is becoming increasingly stringent, on January 30th of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has avowed that the current issue is considered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.1 Additionally, according to the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at the John Hopkins University (JHU), there are 12million confirmed cases and about five hundred thousand deaths globally as of July 10th.2 This virus has caused consequences to reach further than the spread of the disease itself. Since the condition limits all forms of interaction between individuals, companies, and even between countries, economic growth is hindered. With more than a third of the global population experiencing a lockdown, it is evident that the virus is causing permanent changes in the global economy.3 The pandemic was first introduced in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019.4 With the virus being extremely contagious, it can be spread in numerous ways: close contact between 1 Statement on the second meeting of the International
    [Show full text]
  • Is COVID-19 Affecting the Epidemiology of Stis?
    Miscellaneous Sex Transm Infect: first published as 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054543 on 27 July 2020. Downloaded from RESEARCH LETTER among MSM, a finding consistent with Contributors AL designed the work, collected the epidemic trends highlighted in the the data, wrote the manuscript and revised it. MGD literature.1–3 analysed the data and wrote the article. MG collected Is COVID-19 affecting the the data and revised the work. FM collected the data The fear of infection by severe acute and wrote the article. MZ reviewed the letter. AC epidemiology of STIs? The respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 approved the final version of the manuscript. experience of syphilis in Rome (SARS- CoV-2) may have reduced sexual Funding The authors have not declared a specific encounters and led to a genuine decline grant for this research from any funding agency in the in STIs. However, we cannot exclude public, commercial or not- for- profit sectors. that patients have been postponing their Dear Editor, Competing interests None declared. visits because of worries about attending In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Patient consent for publication Not required. the clinic during the pandemic, as also on 9 March 2020, the Italian govern- Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; described for other medical specialities.4 It ment announced a nationwide lockdown externally peer reviewed. is also possible that even with the recent programme of social distancing, self- This article is made freely available for use in relaxation of lockdown measures, there isolation for contacts and prohibition of accordance with BMJ’s website terms and conditions may be lasting changes to many aspects for the duration of the covid-19 pandemic or until public events.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF of This Issuepdf Icon
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly / Vol. 65 / No. 43 November 4, 2016 Effects of Maternal Age and Age-Specific Preterm Birth Rates on Overall Preterm Birth Rates — United States, 2007 and 2014 Cynthia Ferré, MA1; William Callaghan, MD1; Christine Olson, MD1; Andrea Sharma, PhD1; Wanda Barfield, MD1 Reductions in births to teens and preterm birth rates are 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, and ≥35 years. Using rate decomposi- two recent public health successes in the United States (1,2). tion methods, the change in preterm birth rates from 2007 From 2007 to 2014, the birth rate for females aged 15–19 years to 2014 was divided into two components: 1) changes in the declined 42%, from 41.5 to 24.2 per 1,000 females. The pre- maternal age distribution, and 2) changes in the age-specific term birth rate decreased 8.4%, from 10.41% to 9.54% of live preterm birth rates (4). The two components were calculated births (1). Rates of preterm births vary by maternal age, being relative to each other; one was held constant (by using the higher among the youngest and oldest mothers. It is unknown average value for the 2 years) as the observed variation in the how changes in the maternal age distribution in the United other component was assessed. The sum of the two compo- States have affected preterm birth rates. CDC used birth data nents across the age groups equaled the total preterm birth to assess the relative contributions of changes in the maternal rate difference (4). age distribution and in age-specific preterm birth rates to the From 2007 to 2014, maternal age increased from a mean of overall decrease in preterm birth rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Trees in Large Numbers Will Not Mitigate Carbon Emission to the Desired Level but Conservation of Old Forests Will Do
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 7, July-2019 758 ISSN 2229-5518 PLANTING TREES IN LARGE NUMBERS WILL NOT MITIGATE CARBON EMISSION TO THE DESIRED LEVEL BUT CONSERVATION OF OLD FORESTS WILL DO UMA SHANKER SINGH IFS PhD ABSTRACT-The old forest ecosystem is more effective than new plantations in term of sequestering carbon; in an estimate this has been claimed that conservation of old forest is 40 times more effective than planted forest. Forests help mitigate climate change by sucking out carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, locking it away in their trunks and soil. But re-greening efforts in many countries rely on the expansion of plantations, where commercially important crops are grown, rather than forest restoration. Plantation is a very complex issue in India and requires many components to be integrated with each other and availability of land is one of them. Land has become a scarcer resource with each passing day as the world population is competing with the available land for many developmental activities and agricultural demands. For a mega-forest plantation like this, there is a strong need of huge investment in this sector and this has to be socially and ecologically viable from social audit point of view. This also needs very large areas and the size of the land required will vary with the objective of the plantation but the core issue is non-availability of suitable land in India. The legal infrastructure related to the forests and the forest departments across the states need radical reforms in order to meet the massive plantations, country is undertaking in the face of climate change mitigation after Bonn change summit in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5Th Edition
    A Dictionary of Epidemiology This page intentionally left blank A Dictionary ofof Epidemiology Fifth Edition Edited for the International Epidemiological Association by Miquel Porta Professor of Preventive Medicine & Public Health School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Senior Scientist, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica Barcelona, Spain Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Associate Editors Sander Greenland John M. Last 1 2008 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 1983, 1988, 1995, 2001, 2008 International Epidemiological Association, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup-usa.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. This edition was prepared with support from Esteve Foundation (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) (http://www.esteve.org) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A dictionary of epidemiology / edited for the International Epidemiological Association by Miquel Porta; associate editors, John M. Last . [et al.].—5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0-19–531449–6 ISBN 978–0-19–531450–2 (pbk.) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, P a K I S T a N
    IUB Scores 100% in HEC Online Classes Dashboard The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, P a k i s t a n Vol. 21 October–December, 2020 Khawaja Ghulam Farid (RA) Seminar and Mehfil-e-Kaafi | 17 Federal Minister for National Food Security Additional IG Police South Punjab Commissioner Bahawalpur Inaugurates Visits IUB Agriculture Farm | 04 Visits IUB | 04 4 New Buses | 09 MD Pakistan Bait ul Mal Visits IUB | 03 Inaugural Ceremony of the Project Punjab Information Technology Board Cut-Flower and Vegetable Production Praises IUB E-Rozgar Center | 07 Research and Training Cell | 13 Honourable Governor Advises IUB to be Student-Centric and Employee-Friendly Engr. Prof. Dr. Athar Mahboob, Vice Chancellor, briefed the Senate meeting of the University. particular, the Governor advised Vice Chancellor, the Islamia Honourable Chancellor about the The Governor appreciated the to University to be more student- University of Bahawalpur made a progress of the Islamia University performance of Islamia University centric and employee-friendly as courtesy call on Governor Punjab of Bahawalpur. Other matters of Bahawalpur and assured of his these ingredients were necessary and Chancellor of the University, discussed included the scheduling wholehearted support to Islamia for world-class universities. Chaudhary Muhammad Sarwar. of upcoming Convocation and University of Bahawalpur. In Governor Punjab Chaudhary Muhammad Sarwar exchanging views with Engr. Prof. Dr. Athar Mahboob, Vice Chancellor National Convention on Peaceful University Campuses Engr. Prof. Dr. Athar Mahboob, Vice Chancellor, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur attended the Vice Chancellor’s Convention on peaceful Universities held in joint collaboration of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Inter University Consortium for Promotion of Social Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis in Europe a Review of Epidemiological Trends (2007–2018) and Options for Response
    TECHNICAL REPORT Syphilis and congenital syphilis in Europe A review of epidemiological trends (2007–2018) and options for response www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT Syphilis and congenital syphilis in Europe A review of epidemiological trends (2007–2018) and options for response This report was produced by Aitana Morano Vazquez, Otilia Mårdh, Gianfranco Spiteri and Andrew J Amato Gauci, of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Raj Patel (IUSTI Europe), Magnus Unemo (Örebro University Hospital, Sweden), Ian Simms (Public Health England, UK), Tom Peterman (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA) and Melanie Taylor (WHO, Switzerland, and CDC, USA) for their invaluable input in reviewing this document. Credit is also due to Ana-Belen Escriva from the ECDC Library for developing the search strategies for the two literature reviews and to Anastasia Pharris, ECDC, for providing support for the systematic literature review. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Syphilis and congenital syphilis in Europe – A review of epidemiological trends (2007–2018) and options for response. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. Stockholm, July 2019 ISBN 978-92-9498-343-5 doi: 10.2900/454006 Catalogue number TQ-02-19-499-EN-N © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2019 Cover picture: © Science Photo Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. ii TECHNICAL REPORT Syphilis and congenital syphilis in Europe Contents Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origin of the Human Treponematoses (Pinta, Yaws, Endemic Syphilis and Venereal Syphilis)
    Bull. Org. mond. Sante 1963, Bull. WldHlth Org. 29, 7-41 On the Origin of the Human Treponematoses (Pinta, Yaws, Endemic Syphilis and Venereal Syphilis) C. J. HACKETT, M.D., F.R.C.P.1 A close relationship between the four human treponematoses is suggested by their clinical and epidemiological characteristics and by such limited knowledge ofthe treponemes as there is at present. No treponeme of this group (exceptfor that of the rabbit) is known other than in man, but the human treponemesprobably arose long agofrom an animalinfection. The long period cfinfectiousness ofpinta suggests that it may have been the earliest human treponematosis. It may have been spread throughout the world by about 15 000 B.C., being subsequently isolated in the Americas when the Bering Strait wasflooded. About 10 000 B.C. in the Afro-Asian land mass environmental conditions might have favoured treponeme mutants leading to yaws; from these, about 7000 B.C., endemic syphilis perhaps developed, to give rise to venereal syphilis about 3000 B.C. in south-west Asia as big cities developed there. Towards the end of the fifteenth century A.D. a further mutation may have resulted in a more severe venereal syphilis in Europe which, with European exploration and geo- graphical expansion, was subsequently carried throughout the then treponemally uncom- mitted world. These suggestions find some tentative support in climatic changes which might have influenced the selection of those treponemes which still survive in humid or arid climates. Venereal transmission would presumably remove the treponeme from the direct influence of climate. The author makes a plea for further investigation of many aspects of this subject while this is still possible.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA the Role of United States Public Health Service in the Control of Syphilis During the Early 20Th Centu
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Role of United States Public Health Service in the Control of Syphilis during the Early 20th Century A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health by George Sarka 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Role of United States Public Health Service in the Control of Syphilis during the Early 20th Century by George Sarka Doctor of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Paul Torrens, Chair Statement of the Problem: To historians, the word syphilis usually evokes images of a bygone era where lapses in moral turpitude led to venereal disease and its eventual sequelae of medical and moral stigmata. It is considered by many, a disease of the past and simply another point of interest in the timeline of medical, military or public health history. However, the relationship of syphilis to the United States Public Health Service is more than just a fleeting moment in time. In fact, the control of syphilis in the United States during the early 20th century remains relatively unknown to most individuals including historians, medical professionals and public health specialists. This dissertation will explore following question: What was the role of the United States Public Health Service in the control of syphilis during the first half of the 20th century? This era was a fertile period to study the control of syphilis due to a plethora of factors including the following: epidemic proportions in the U.S. population and military with syphilis; the ii emergence of tools to define, recognize and treat syphilis; the occurrence of two world wars with a rise in the incidence and prevalence of syphilis, the economic ramifications of the disease; and the emergence of the U.S.
    [Show full text]