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Medicinal Coleus Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(5): 2856-2864 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2018; 7(5): 2856-2864 Medicinal Coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq): A Received: 25-07-2018 Accepted: 27-08-2018 phytochemical crop of commercial significance - Review B Lokesh Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Horticultural College Research Institute, B Lokesh, R Deepa and K Divya Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil, Abstract India Nadu Coleus forskohlii is an important medicinal plant native to India. It has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for curing various disorders and this is the only source of diterpenoid forskolin. A R Deepa tuberous roots are found to be a rich source of forskohlin (coleonol) used as a potential drug for Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Horticultural hypertension, congestive heart failure, eczema, colic, respiratory disorders, painful urination, insomnia College Research Institute, and convulsions. Clinical studies of the plant further support these traditional uses, indicating therapeutic Tamil Nadu Agricultural benefits in asthma, angina, psoriasis and prevention of cancer metastases, where decreased intracellular University, Coimbatore, Tamil cAMP level is believed to be a major factor in the development of the disease process. This article gives Nadu, India a comprehensive look on Coleus as a natural product and aims to present it in a brief manner for the researchers, scientist, botanists, pharmacognosists and herbalists to refresh their knowledge about coleus. K Divya This paper also comprehensive account of the plant classification, Phytochemistry, mechanism of action, Department of Crop Physiology, medicinal and other uses, cytogenetic, botanical distribution, crop improvements and varieties, Tamil Nadu Agricultural biotechnological approaches, complete cultivation aspects and postharvest technology for higher University, Coimbatore, Tamil forskohlin production reports are included in view of the many recent findings. Nadu, India Keywords: Medicinal coleus, diterpenoid forskolin, phytochemistry, medicinal use, crop improvement and cultivation aspects 1. Introduction ColeusforskohliiBriq.is an important medicinal plant family of lamiaceae, growing wild in the subtropical climate of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka. India is considered to be native place of the plant (Valdes et al. 1987; Patil et al. 2001) [47, 77]. In India the plant grows in the Himalayan region extending from Shimla to Kumaon and Garhwal hills (600-2300 altitude). The plant has been described in Ayurveda by the name ‘Mayani’ or ‘Makandi’ (Shah, 1996) [65]. Generally the plant is found in agricultural fields, wastelands, dry and barren hills. Coleus is a perennial herb with a height up to 45-60cm with four angled branched stem having hairy nodes. The roots are radially spreading, thick, fibrous and golden brown in color (Thorne research article 2006) [76]. C. forskohlii is the only species having fasciculate roots. The root morphology is quite variable indifferent populations (Kavitha et al., 2010) [35]. Tamil Nadu has great potential for development of medicinal plants as a commercially viable venture. Its rich bio-diversity and varied agro-climate provide a conducive atmosphere for promotion of medicinal plants as a successful commercial venture. In Tamil Nadu, Medicinal and Aromatic plants are cultivated in an area of 11684 hectares. Out of total areas coleus only cultivating 3869 hectares. (DHPC, 2018). In Tamil Nadu Salem, Tiruvannamalai, Villuppuram and velloredistricts are the major medicinal coleus production centres. The ‘coleus’ is cultivated on about 700 hectares in Salem district. Attur, Thalaivasal and Kallakurichi are the major coleus production centres in the district. In Attur region, contract farming of coleus gained popularity among small and marginal farmers. It is easy to grow and a profitable crop for the farmers (The Hindu 2016) [75]. The plant has been used by the tribal population of this region since old times for the various treatments viz., psoriasis, eczema, skin infections, leucorrhea and asthma. In general the roots and leaves of the plant are used as an economic part. The tuberous roots are found to be rich source of the labdane Correspondence diterpenoid forskolin. However the whole plant has been a rich source of various B Lokesh phytochemicals as roots also contains Coleonol and Coleosolwhile the leaves Department of Spices and containbarbatusin, cyclobarbatusin, methylene quinine and coleon. The diterpenoids are found Plantation Crops, Horticultural in almost all parts of the plant but the roots are major source (Chandel et al., 1991) [14]. Many College Research Institute, other phytochemicals also found in the plant as Terpinoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil, glycosides and phenolic glycosides. The plant has been used in treatment of various diseases India Nadu worldwide, in Egypt and Africa leaves are used asemmenogauge and Diuretuic. ~ 2856 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry In Brazil it is used intreatment of intestinal disorders (Valdes malabaricus, C. parviflorus and C. spicatus and six et al., 1987) [77]. In Central India the plant roots are used as taxonomically related Plectranthus species viz., P. coesta, P. condiments and for making pickles also. The plant also used incanus, P. melissoides, P. mollis, P. rugosus and P. stocksii. for veterinary purposes (De Souza and Shah, 1988) [19]. The Studies carried out using one hundred samples belonging to decoction of the plant is given with honey for the treatment of species of Coleus, Orthosiphon and Plectranthus of the sub asthma and leucorrhea. Powdered roots are given for cardiac family Ocimoideae at Japan also revealed the absence of complaints, piles and urinary complaints. forskolin in all the samples. Mathela et al. (1986) [41] had identified seven monoterpenes and nine sesquiterpene 2. Taxonomical classification hydrocarbons and five oxygenated compounds in the steam The plant belongs to family Lamiaceae and the genus Coleus. distillate from the roots of C. forskohlii. Commonly known as the mint family, Lamiacese includes a number of potent medicinal plants. It consists of 236 genera and 7000 species, the largest family of the order Lamiales. The plants are generally aromatic with colorful leaves, and have been used since ancient times for their pharmaceutical properties The genus coleus was first described by Flourier in 1790; from the greek word ‘COLEOS’ meaning sheath. There 150 species belonging to this genus, having showy, colorful leaves and have been used as ornamentals. The major medicinal species of Coleus in India are tuberous C. for skohlii, C. scutellaroides, C. malabaricus, C. zeylanicus and C. amboinicus, other species are mainly used to treat [20] dysentery and digestive disorders (De Souza et al. 1983) . The taxonomies position of Coleus forskali is as follows: Chemical Structure of forskolin Kingdom - Plantae Second generation forskolin derivatives viz., Δ5-6-deoxy-7- Division - Magnolophyta deacetyl-7-methyl amino carbon forskolin (HIL 568), a Class - Magnoliopsid potential ant glaucoma agent and 6-(3-dimethylamino Order - Lamiales propionyl) forskolin hydrochloride (NKH 477), a potential Family - Lamiaceae cardio tonic agent were developed (Hosono et al., 1990) [31]. Genus - Coleus Tandon and his colleagues isolated antihypertensive Species – For skohlii labdenediterpenoid 13-epi-9- deoxycoleonol (13-epi- 9deoxyforskolin) from C. forskohlii and the stereo structure of 3. Phytochemistry the diterpenoid ascertained by various 2D NMR techniques Forskolin was found to be the main active constituent of the (Tandon et al. 1979) [74]. The structure of two new minor roots. It is a labdane diterpenoid assumed to be synthesized diterpenes 1,9 dideoxy coleonol-B and 1- acetoxy coleosol, via non-mevalonate pathway in the root cork cells of the plant isolated from the roots of C. forskohlii have been shown to be and it reduces blood pressure. For skol in activates an 7- hydroxyl-6-acetoxy, 13-epoxy labd-14- en-11-one and 1- enzyme, adenylate cyclase, which increases cyclic adenosine acetoxy-6, 9-dihydroxy, 13-epoxy labd-14-en-11-one, monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells, which is the most respectively, mainly through the interpretation of 2D NMR important cell-regulating compound (Seamon and Daly, 1981; data and X ray analysis (Roy et al. 1993) [57]. Yao and Shen [23, 63] Dubey et al., 1981) . Activation of cAMP results in (2002) [83] isolated two new diterpenoids, forskolin G and H inhibition of platelet activation, increased force of contraction from the chloroform extract of the roots of the C. forskohlii of heart muscle, relaxation of smooth muscle, increased and based on the spectroscopic data their structures were insulin secretion and increased thyroid function. The identified as 1α-hydroxy-6β,7β-diacetoxy-8,13-epoxylabd-14- compound is generally extracted from the root tubers of the ene-11-one and 1α,6β- diacetoxy-8,13-epoxylabd-14-ene-11- [35] plant. Kavitha et al. (2010) observed that the 0.5cm thick one. Newer compounds are being identified from the root º slices of the root tubers dried at 40 C when kept in gummy extracts of C. forskohlii. Two new diterpenoids forskolin I (1 polythene bag yield a high amount of for skolin. The major α, 6 β diacetoxy- 7 β, 9 α -dihydroxy-8, 13-epoxylabd-14- en- hurdle faced at present is that the level of for skolin is very 11-one) and J, (1
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