Ceramic Materials for 5G Wireless Communication Systems

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

bullemerginge ceramicstin & glass technology AUGUST 2019 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems

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ACerS Anniversary Ad 3.indd 1 7/11/19 9:22 AM contents August 2019 • Vol. 98 No.6 feature articles Ceramic materials for 5G wireless department 20 communication systems 5G technologies will soon reach the market. Ceramic News & Trends ...... 3 materials will play an important role in realizing the Spotlight...... 7 technology. Research Briefs...... 14 by Michael D. Hill and David B. Cruickshank Ceramics in Biomedicine . . . . . 17 Ceramics in Manufacturing . . . . 19 cover story

5G—connecting smartphones through columns 26 ceramics and glass Business and Market View . . . . . 6 The nascent 5G network is about more than faster videos 5G chipset market expected to witness and uploads—it holds significant potential for impact on tremendous growth over forecast period the ceramic and glass materials that are involved in smart- 2019–2024 phone device design and infrastructure. by Sinha G. Gaurav by April Gocha Deciphering the Discipline . . . .. 48 An interdisciplinary venture: Oxidation studies on stressed SiC/SiC CMCs by Kaitlin Detwiler Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites 28 for aircraft brakes The demanding requirements of aircraft brake rotor meetings systems require entirely different designs than passenger and sports cars—designs in which carbon fiber-reinforced Ceramics Expo recap ...... 38 carbon composites are particularly well-suited. 25th International Congress on by R. Gadow and M. Jiménez Glass (ICG 2019) recap...... 39 Cements 2019 recap ...... 40 Clay 2019 recap ...... 41 Annual commodity summary indicates 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting 35 significant impacts due to trade war Society Meeting (EHS 2019) . . . 41 USGS Minerals Commodity Summary Materials Science and Technology (MS&T19) ...... 42 by Lisa McDonald resources Calendar...... 44 Classified Advertising...... 45 Display Ad Index...... 47

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor [email protected] Lisa McDonald, Science Writer August 2019 • Vol. 98 No.6 Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Customer Service/Circulation Chemical map charts course to ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 [email protected] hundreds of new nitrides

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ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Credit: Pixabay Executive Staff Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] Read more at www.ceramics.org/nitrides Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications [email protected] Marcus Fish, Development Director Also see our ACerS journals... Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation Ternary borosilicates as potential cladding glasses for semiconductor core optical fibers [email protected] By I . Dmitrieva, P . Lopez-Iscoa, D . Milanese, and L . Petit Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations [email protected] International Journal of Applied Glass Science Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology Crystalline IGZO ceramics (crystalline oxide semiconductor)–based devices for [email protected] artificial intelligence Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec . Assistant By S . Yamazaki, S . Ohshita, M . Oota, et al . [email protected] Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing International Journal of Ceramic Engineering and Science [email protected] Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership Ultrathin ceramic nanowires for high interface [email protected] interaction and energy density in PVDF nano- composites Officers Sylvia Johnson, President By P . Qu, X . Zhu, X . Peng, et al . Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Michael Alexander, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Data‐driven glass/ceramic science research: Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Insights from the glass and ceramic and data Board of Directors science/informatics communities Mario Affatigato, Director 2018–2021 By E . De Guire, L . Bartolo, R . Brindle, et al . Kevin Fox, Director 2017–2020 Journal of the American Ceramic Society Dana Goski, Director 2016–2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018–2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016–2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017–2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017–2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015–2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018–2021 Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing . The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No . 0002-7812) . ©2019 . Printed in the United States of America . ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www ceramics. org). . Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership . Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150 *. Rates include shipping charges . International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada . *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100 . Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue . December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40 . Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item . POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices . Allow six weeks for address changes . ACSBA7, Vol . 98, No . 6, pp 1– 48 . All feature articles are covered in Current Contents .

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 news & trends

Will 5G hinder weather forecasts? After years of hype, 5G networks networks, but what makes 5G desirable is are beginning to tentatively open to its ability to operate at frequencies above the public. those currently in use by 4G networks. In April, three South Korean carri- Now, 4G networks operate in the ers and Verizon in the United States spectrum of frequencies below 6 GHz. launched their 5G networks just hours However, as of today, networks strain apart from each other while Britain under current demand in this range. carrier EE followed with their launch 5G networks will help alleviate this

at the end of May. British carriers crowding by operating in two different Credit: CNET, YouTube Vodafone and Three UK plan to launch bands: a lower frequency below 6 GHz 5G promises to connect us to the inter- their networks in July and August, (for long-distance links), and a higher net at speeds faster than ever before— respectively, while the Chinese govern- millimeter wave 20–100 GHz region but will 5G disconnect us from receiving ment is coordinating with three state- (for super-fast communication in cities). reliable weather forecasts? backed carriers to bring commercial 5G Ideally, 5G will lead to higher data rates, ents a materials challenge. For now, net- service to 40 Chinese cities in October. low latency, and increased connectivity. work carriers are most interested in mil- These first 5G networks will initially Creating devices that operate in the limeter wave frequencies in the 20 GHz operate in conjunction with existing 4G millimeter wave region, though, pres- and 30 GHz region because designing

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends

materials that can process the lower end those frequencies are “empty,” specifical- look like in the near future. This ability of the millimeter wave region is more ly frequencies in the 20–30 GHz range. is essential to providing adequate warn- immediately achievable than designing Weather satellites work by detecting ing to areas about to be hit by severe materials that can process frequencies in electromagnetic radiation emitted by the weather events, such as hurricanes. the region’s middle or higher end. earth’s surface and atmosphere. When While ground and water vapor emit But there is a problem with this plan— combined with other forms of informa- electromagnetic radiation all along the just because cell service does not use tion, such as photographs, meteorolo- frequency spectrum, water vapor emits frequencies above 6 GHz does not mean gists are able to predict what weather will relatively strongly at 23.8 GHz. This sig-

Business news Europe) inaugurated a new monolithics revenue. The growth is due to increasing production line at its Katni, Madhya demand for glass molds from various end- PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES Pradesh manufacturing plant. The new use industries such as food and beverage, Encirc invests in world’s first intelligent production line is “first-of-its-kind” in healthcare, and others. https://apnews.com glass line and increased capacity India and equipped to manufacture a U.K. glass container manufacturer range of monolithic products. https:// Significant growth foreseen by and bottler Encirc is set to boost glass www.foundry-planet.com refractories during 2026 production capacity at its site in Elton, An XploreMR report forecasts that the Cheshire by building a world-first ‘Industry ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS global refractories market is expected 4.0-Ready’ glass production line. The new Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre to witness an attractive revenue growth line will see the plant’s hot end digitally signs sixth Tier 1 partner over the period 2018–2026. There has connected to the cold end. https://www. Gerdau, a Brazilian steel company, is the been an increasing demand from the glass-international.com sixth company to sign a Tier 1 partnership steel industry at a global level, which has with Graphene Engineering Innovation driven refractories demand for various Schott invests in its glass tubing Centre. The collaboration will focus on applications. https://www.xploremr.com manufacturing plant in India anti-corrosion coatings, composites for German technology group Schott invested the automotive industry, membranes, and Sprayed concrete market driven an additional double-digit million-Euro energy storage devices. https://www. by tech-intensive processes in figure into a new glass tank at its tubing manchester.ac.uk/discover/news construction industry manufacturing plant in Jambusar, India. The global sprayed concrete market The expansion follows recent investments South Korea to establish joint nuclear is expected to exhibit a 7.93% CAGR at the site, including the construction of an research center in Saudi Arabia between 2018–2023, according to a additional tank facility last year. South Korea plans to set up a joint Market Research Future report. The https://www.glass-international.com nuclear energy research center in Saudi market is driven by growing awareness of Arabia, the South Korean Ministry of benefits offered by sprayed concrete over United States Steel to invest a billion Science and Technology says. The traditional pouring processes, and growing dollars in new plant agreement came at the bilateral nuclear demand for new construction in developed United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, will commission meeting held in Riyadh, and developing countries. https://www. invest more than $1 billion to construct at which there was broad exchange globenewswire.com a new sustainable endless casting and on SMART, or the System-Integrated rolling facility at its Edgar Thomson Plant Modular Advanced Reactor program. Global glass recycling market will grow in Braddock, Pa., and a cogeneration https://www.middleeastmonitor.com at a CAGR of 5% during 2019–2023 facility at its Clairton Plant in Clairton, Pa., Technavio’s research report on Global both part of the company’s Mon Valley MARKET TRENDS Glass Recycling Market for forecast Works. https://www.asminternational.org/ period 2019–2023 estimates global glass web/hts/news/newswire Global glass mold market to surpass recycling market size will grow by more US$1,042.0 million by 2027 than US$916 million, at a CAGR of more Dalmia Seven inaugurates ‘first-of-its- The global glass mold market was valued than 5%. The concept of green buildings kind’ monolithics production line in India at US$802.5 million in 2018, and is is gaining popularity worldwide and is Dalmia Seven (a JV between Dalmia projected to exhibit a CAGR of 3% over the being increasingly adopted in developing Bharat Group and Seven Refractories of forecast period 2019–2027, in terms of countries. https://apnews.com n

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 nal is still weak, though, and requires fine-tuned instruments to a risky precedent: “[I]f the U.S. expands into the 24 GHz band, accurately pick it up. other countries will follow suit and thus impacts will eventually be And this signal is the reason the National Oceanic and worldwide, concentrated near densely-populated areas.” n Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and other parts of the scientific community currently are embroiled in a fight with Corporate Partner news the Federal Communications Commission. In March, FCC began auctioning frequencies in the millimeter wave region to mobile carriers preparing for 5G. And part of the spectrum auctioned by FCC begins at 24.25 GHz. In theory, signals at 24.25 GHz would not interfere with signals at 23.8 GHz. In practice, signals are like bell curves—a specific frequency has the strongest signal, but the signal tapers off over a range of frequencies. This frequency spillover could have serious effects on weather forecasting. Acting NOAA administrator Neil Jacobs warned From left, Joe Annese, president; Mark Annese, shop fore- in a House Science Committee hearing on May 16, “[These man; and Theresa Annese, operations. out-of-band emissions] would degrade the forecast skill by up to Credit: Bomas 30 percent … This would result in the reduction of hurricane Bomas celebrates their 60th anniversary track forecasts’ lead time by roughly two to three days.” Bomas Machine Specialties celebrates its 60th anniversary The World Radiocommunication Conference, a major meeting this year. Started in 1959 by Pat Annese to service the niche of the world’s spectrum regulators, is set for the end of October, industry of ceramic machining, Bomas continues to provide during which limits on out-of-band emissions will be negotiated. advanced ceramics machining for wear applications in all An internal United States Navy report warns the U.S. could set types of environments. n

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 5 business and market view

A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry.

5G chipset market expected to witness tremendous growth over forecast period 2019–2024 By Sinha G. Gaurav he 5G chipset mar- • Healthcare: Service improvements amounts in comparison to other wafers as all sorts of medical devices are IoT that have silicon as the base material. T ket for 5G chipset enabled, assisted by 5G technology; Asia Pacific garnered the highest rev- was valued $490 million • Retail: Customer experiences and enue in the 5G chipset market in 2018 at engagement shaped through mobile $334.23 million, and it is expected that in 2018 and is expected phones; and it will continue to dominate the revenue to reach nearly $10.9 bil- • Logistics: Sophisticated IoT track- share with a value of $7.2 billion in 2024. lion in 2024, growing at a ing sensors could completely transform However, the North America region held logistics operations from end to end. the second largest share of the global CAGR of 65.7% during the Many elements of the current 5G market and is expected to offer substan- forecast period. technology are built on 4G networks, tial market potential for the 5G chipset The major factors driving 5G chipset which means mobile operators can take market, expanding at a CAGR of 66.1% growth are an increasing demand for an evolutionary approach to the overall during the forecast period from 2019 the Internet of Things and Machine to infrastructure investment. through 2024 to reach $2.2 billion in Machine connections coupled with an The 5G technologies primarily 2024 from $99.03 million in 2018. ever-increasing demand for high-speed require three major frequency ranges High demand for advanced tech- mobile data services and rapid develop- to operate: the lower frequency range nologies such as artificial intelligence, ment in automated devices. (below 1 GHz); the high frequencies machine-to-machine communication, Among all the deployment types of (1–6 GHz); and the very high frequen- and connected cars will provide huge 5G technologies, smart phones held the cies (above 6 GHz). opportunities for the development of the highest share of the market in 2018 and The below 3 GHz band held the larg- 5G chipset market in North America. commanded a market share of more est share of the network infrastructure than 54% in the global 5G chipset mar- market globally in 2018 with a value About the author ket. However, the other devices segment of $56.81 million, and it is expected to Sinha G. Gaurav is a research analyst is expected to witness the fastest growth reach $1.2 billion by 2024, growing at for BCC Research. Contact Gaurav at rate during the forecast period, grow- a CAGR of 65.2%. The fastest grow- [email protected]. ing at a CAGR of 70.2% from 2019 ing market, however, is forecast to be through 2024 (Table 1). the 5–6 GHz spectrum band type. The Resource One of the key areas the fifth genera- 5–6 GHz spectrum band market for S.G. Gaurav, “5G Chipset: Global tion of wireless networking technology network infrastructure deployment type Markets to 2024” BCC Research is aimed at addressing is the Internet of was valued at $5.64 million in 2018 Report SMC117A, July 2019. n Things (IoT). 5G technology promises and is expected to reach $135.32 million www.bccresearch.com. to build a more IoT friendly ecosystem, by 2024, growing at a CAGR of 67.9%. with tremendous improvements over the The chipset market can be segmented current capabilities offered by 4G. A few into the following types: gallium nitride Table 1. Global market for 5G chipset by industries where IoT and 5G can bring (GaN) based chipset, gallium arsenide deployment type, through 2024 ($ millions) about disruptions include (GaAs) based chipset, indium phosphide (InP) based chipset, silicon nitride (SiN) Deployment type 2018 2019 2024 CAGR%, • Autonomous Vehicles: Sensors 2018–2024 based chipset, silicon-based chipset, and attached in self-driving or autonomous Network vehicles can generate vast amounts of others. Of these, GaN-based semiconduc- infrastructure 93.94 167.13 2,107.74 66.0 data to help to assess traffic conditions, tors are widely adopted across the world Smart gadgets 69.22 124.00 1,617.09 67.1 GPS location, temperature, and weather, for its thermal efficient performance; Smart phones 265.29 468.41 5,690.16 64.8 among others; GaAs-based chipsets have their applica- Routers/modems 43.25 77.09 980.16 66.3 • Smart Cities: Wider applications tion in the space and defense industries Others 18.30 33.37 476.05 70.2 in smart city management from traffic due to high radiation hardness; and SiN- Total 490.00 870.00 10,871.20 65.7 monitoring to waste management; based chipsets are mostly used in small

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 acers spotlight

SOCIETY AND DIVISION NEWS

Corporate Partner news 2019-2020 ACerS officers Art, Archaeology and Welcome ACerS newest Sapphire The new slate of ACerS officers has Conservation Science Division Corporate Partner: been determined. There were no con- Chair: Patricia Marie McGuiggan tested offices and no write-in candidates, Vice chair: Glenn Gates automatically making all nominees Secretary: Marie Jackson “elected.” ACerS rules eliminates the Treasurer: Jamie Weaver We are pleased to welcome the fol- need to prepare a ballot or hold an elec- Trustee: Ed Fuller lowing Corporate Partners: tion when only one name is put forward Basic Science Division – Ferro-Ceramic Grinding Inc. for each office. The new term will begin – GrainBound LLC Chair: John Blendell October 3, 2019, at the conclusion of Chair-elect: Kristen Brosnan – Ivoclar Vivadent AG the Annual Meeting/MS&T. – Lancaster Products Vice chair: Yiquan Wu – Paul O. Abbe ACerS President-elect Secretary: Wolfgang Rheinheimer – Sunrock Ceramics Company To serve a one-year term October 3, 2019 Secretary-elect: Edwin García – Gorka Corporation to October 8, 2020 Bioceramics Division Dana Goski – Jadco Manufacturing Chair: Roger Narayan For more details contact Kevin ACerS Board of Directors Chair-elect: Julian Jones Thompson at 614-794-5894 or To serve three-year terms October 3, 2019 Vice chair: Ashutosh Goel [email protected]. n to October 2022 Secretary: Bikramjit Basu In memoriam Helen Chan Cements Division Monica Ferraris Triplicane Parthasarathy Chair: Denise Silva William Headrick Robert Baier Chair-elect: Shiho Kawashima James Cloud Division and Class Officers Secretary: Dimitri Feys Eric “Lou” Vance To serve a one-year term October 3, 2019 Trustee: Maria Juenger Edwin Childs to October 8, 2020, unless otherwise noted Education and Professional Thomas Prokopowicz Some detailed obituaries can also be found at Development Council www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Cochair: Janet Callahan Cochair: TBD Accuracy is just a tap away.

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Society and Division news (continued)

ACerS delegates visit European Ceramic Society leaders Electronics Division Chair: Jon lhlefeld Chair-elect: Alp Sehirlioglu Vice chair: Claire Xiong Secretary: Jenny Andrew Secretary-elect: Ed Gorzkowski Trustee: Steven Tidrow The ECerS conference took place in Torino, Italy, on June 16–20. Left to right: Pavol Engineering Ceramics Division Sajgalik, ECerS secretary and past president; Tatsuki Ohji, ACerS president-elect; Alex Michaelis, president, German Ceramic Society; Moritz von Witzleben, ECerS immedi- Chair: Surojit Gupta ate past president; Anne Leriche, treasurer and ECerS past president; Sylvia Johnson, Chair-elect: Valerie Wiesner ACerS president; Francis Cambier, ECerS president elect; Jon Binner, ECerS president; Vice chair/Treasurer: Hisayuki Mark Mecklenborg, ACerS executive director; Richard Todd, senior editor, JECS. Suematsu Secretary: Palani Balaya President Sylvia Johnson forms are available at https://ceramics. Trustee: Michael Halbig attends conferences in China org/acers-spotlight/mst19-registrations- Parliamentarian: Dileep Singh distinguished-life-emeritus-and-senior- Glass & Optical Materials Division members, and should be submitted to Chair: Jincheng Du Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ Chair-elect: John Mauro ceramics.org. n Vice chair: Sabyasachi Sen Volunteer Spotlight Secretary: Gang Chen ACerS is pleased to Manufacturing Division announce that Mr. Fred Chair: Matthew Creedon Stover has been selected Chair-elect: Steven Jung Sylvia Johnson, ACerS president (left) and Ruiping Gao, president of the for Volunteer Spotlight. Vice chair: William Headrick Chinese Ceramic Society (right) Fred is currently the trea- Secretary: Weston Wright surer of the Michigan/ Johnson attended the International Stover Nuclear & Environmental Workshop on Ceramics for Sustainable Northwest Ohio Section Technology Division Society at the Guangdong University of of ACerS. Additionally, Fred was named Division chair: Phil Edmondson Technology in Guangzhou, hosted by a Fellow of The American Ceramic Vice chair: Kyle Brinkman H-T Lin; CiCC-11, hosted by the orga- Society in 2012. For more information Secretary: Krista Carlson nizers, and IMR in Shenyang hosted by go to https://ceramics.org/stover. Advisor: Kevin Fox Jingyang Wang. Johnson gave talks on ACerS is pleased to the history of thermal protection systems announce that Ashley Refractory Ceramics Division at all three events. n (term begins March 2019) Hampton has been selected for Volunteer Chair: Ashley Hampton Spotlight as well. Vice chair: Steven Ashlock MS&T19 registration for ACerS Hampton first joined Secretary: Dawn Hill Distinguished Life and Senior, Hampton Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. ACerS in 2013 and volun- Emeritus members teered at the Refractory Ceramics Division Structural Clay Products Division ACerS again offers complimentary as program cochair of the 53rd Annual (term begins March 2019) MS&T19 registration for Distinguished Symposium on Refractories in 2017. For Chair: Mike Walker Life Members and reduced registra- more information go to https:// Chair-elect: Jed Lee tion for Senior and Emeritus members. ceramics.org/hampton. Vice chair: Holly Rohrer These special offers are only available We extend our deep appreciation to Secretary: Jim Krueger through ACerS and are not offered on Stover and Hampton for their service to Trustee: John Dowdle n the MS&T registration site. Registration our Society! n

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Society and Division news (continued)

Names in the news Credit: The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University Credit: Steeve Morency alumnus Delbert Day, inventor, and The Centre for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL) at Université Laval, in Quebec materials scientist, (right) accepts a 2019 City, Canada, hosted the first North American Summer School on Photonic Materials, Distinguished Alumni Award, the high- June 16–21. From left to right: Younès Messaddeq, professor at COPL, International est honor the University bestows upon Congress on Glass president Alicia Durán; Kathleen Richardson, ACerS past president its alumni, from The Pennsylvania State and COPL director Réal Vallée. Details of the school’s program, including lecture and University president Eric Barron (left), at experimental plans, can be found at www.nasspm.org. a ceremony on May 31, 2019.

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight

AWARDS AND DEADLINES

Deadlines for upcoming September 1, 2019 For complete nomination instruc- nominations Nominations for Varshneya Frontiers tions, visit: http://ceramics.org/ of Glass Lectures awards/global-distinguished-doctoral- August 15, 2019 Submit nominations for the two dissertation-award Submit nomination materials elec- Engineering Ceramics Division secretary Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass lectures that will be presented tronically or by mail. If submitting elec- nominations tronically, send to Erica Zimmerman at The ECD Nominating Committee at the GOMD meeting in May 2020 in New Orleans, La. [email protected]. Electronic invites nominations for the incoming nominations are preferred. n 2019–2020 division secretary candidate. The Frontiers of Glass Science and Nominees will be presented for approval the Frontiers of Glass Technology lec- at the ECD Annual Business Meeting at tures are designed to encourage scien- Congratulations to 2019 GOMD MS&T19 and included on the ACerS tific and technical dialog in glass topics student poster awardees! of significance that define new hori- spring 2020 division officer ballot. The Glass & Optical Materials Nominations and a short description of zons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate the potential to develop Division awarded best student poster the candidate’s qualifications should be prizes to the following students at its June submitted to: Chair: Mrityunjay Singh, products and processes for the benefit of humankind. meeting. Special thanks to Corning, Inc. Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn for sponsoring the annual contest. Research Center, [email protected]; Submit nominations to Erica st Jingyang Wang, Institute of Metals Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics. 1 place Research, [email protected]; or Andy org. Additional information: http:// María Helena Ramírez, Federal Ericks, University of California Santa ceramics.org/?awards=darshana-and-arun- University of São Carlos, Brazil n Barbara, [email protected]. For more varshneya-frontiers-of-glass-lectures Unmasking the breakdown of the classical information, visit ceramics.org/divisions. nucleation theory January 15, 2020 Nominations for ACerS 2020 Class 2nd place ACerS and Morgan Advanced of Fellows Junjie Zhao, Zhejiang University, China ACerS 2020 Class of Fellows will be Materials Global Distinguished Molecular dynamics simulation study of cool- presented at the ACerS Annual Meeting Doctoral Dissertation Award ing rate effect on fluoride phase separated at MS&T20. This award recognizes a distinguished SiO -Al O -BaF glass Fellows should be “persons of good doctoral dissertation in the ceramics 2 2 3 2 reputation who have reached their 35th and glass discipline. The awardee must 3rd place birthday and who have been members of have been a member of the Global Kuo-Hao Lee, The Pennsylvania State the Society for at least the past five years Graduate Researcher Network and University have completed a doctoral dissertation continuously at the established nomina- Crack initiation in an indented metallic glass as well as all other graduation require- tion deadline date. They shall prove quali- with embedded nanoparticle fied for elevation to the grade of Fellow ments set by their institution for a doc- Honorable Mentions by reason of outstanding contributions toral degree within 12 months prior to to the ceramic arts or sciences; through the application deadline. Moritz Bernd Karl Fritzsche, broad and productive scholarship in Nominations should be made by a per- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms- ceramic science and technology, by con- son familiar with the student’s work such Universität Bonn, Germany spicuous achievement in ceramic industry as the research supervisor. It is expected The interface-coupled dissolution-reprecip- or by outstanding service to the Society.” the student will collaborate in the prepara- itation model of aqueous glass corrosion Contact Erica Zimmerman at tion of the nomination package. considering a solution boundary layer and [email protected] if you have The award is sponsored by Morgan inter-diffusion any questions about the Fellows nomi- Advanced Materials and will be pre- nation process. Visit http://ceramics. sented at the Awards Banquet at the Zhen Zhang, University of Montpellier, org/?awards=society-fellows to review the Society’s Annual Meeting. It consists France criteria for nomination and to download of a $1,000 honorarium, certificate, A comparative study of melt-formed and the nomination form. n and complimentary meeting registra- fracture surfaces of silicate glasses using large tion at the Annual Meeting. scale computer simulations n

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE

Engineered Solutions AWARDS AND DEADLINES FOR POWDER COMPACTION

Congratulations to the 10th Advances in Cement- CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Based Materials Meeting Poster Session and Easy to Setup and Flexible for YouTube Video Contest Awardees Simple to Complex Parts Poster Session Awardees Robbie Damiani, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Mechanical property of foam concrete with recycled crumb rubber Christina Siakati, KU Levuen, Belgium HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Modelling the impact of chemical variability on the nanostructure Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. of iron-rich slags Sarah Williams, University of Colorado Boulder Engineered living mortars: Structural hydrogel scaffolds that enhance microbial biocementation COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Baishakhi Bose, Purdue University Featuring Dry Bag Pressing Influence of silica-polyacrylamide hydrogel particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of internally cured cement paste

Aniruddha Baral, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 814.371.3015 Self-cleaning and NOx removal of photocatalytic cements [email protected] www.gasbarre.com POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS YouTube Research Video Contest Awardees Karthik Pattaje, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Controlling 3D printable concrete with vibration Nima Hosseinzadeh, University of Miami Hydration, strength and shrinkage of cementitious materials mixed with brine n STUDENTS AND OUTREACH 4th Annual PCSA Creativity and Microstory Competition submissions Alumina Sapphire Quartz ACerS President's Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) has organized an innovative-artistic initiative in the form of a creativity and microstory competition for students. The microstory portion of the competition serves to encourage the harmonious coexistence of art and science in the ceramics and glass community. Students who dabble in ceramic and glass-related arts either for their research or just for fun High Purity Metallization Laser are encouraged to share their talent. Find out more informa- Powders Machining tion about the PCSA Creativity and Microstory Competition by visiting www.ceramics.org/pcsacreative and submit your Http://www.advaluetech.com entries by July 31. n

Outstanding Student Researcher Award Your Valuable Partner in Material Science The Outstanding Student Researcher Award recognizes exem- plary student research related to the mission of the Nuclear and Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: [email protected] Environmental Technology Division. Applicants must have an 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A accepted abstract for MS&T19. It is strongly encouraged that

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight

Students and outreach (cont.)

undergraduate submissions present extra- visit www.matscitech.org/students. Non- MS&T19 student contests curricular projects only, i.e., research con- U.S. citizens: All application materials The following are student contests at ducted outside the normal scope of one’s must be submitted by August 2. If you MS&T19 this year in Portland, Ore.: coursework. Instructions, templates, and have any questions, please contact Yolanda • Undergraduate Student examples can be found at: www.ceramics. Natividad at [email protected]. n Poster Contest org/netd_osr. Applications will be accepted • Undergraduate Student until July 31. n NEW - PCSA Humanitarian Pitch Speaking Contest Competition at MS&T19 • Graduate Student Poster Contest ACerS student tour to Pacific • Ceramic Mug Drop Contest The President’s Council of Student Northwest National Laboratory • Ceramic Disc Golf Contest Advisors will host the Humanitarian • NEW! Humanitarian Students will have an opportunity to Pitch Competition for students to pitch Pitch Competition attend a tour at the Pacific Northwest ideas to a panel of judges about how to For more information on student National Laboratory in Richland, use materials science to address a chal- activities at MS&T19, visit Wash., on Wednesday, October 2, lenge that a community is experiencing. www.matscitech.org/students, or con- 2019, during MS&T19. The ACerS Teams may have up to four partici- tact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ student tour to PNNL will be an all-day pants, both undergraduate and graduate ceramics.org. n event and is open to all MS&T19 stu- students. Visit www.ceramics.org/pitch- dent registrants. comp for further details and submit your Space is limited and registration is on abstracts by September 1. n a first come, first served basis. To register

Discover the potentials of Advanced Ceramics

CeramTec High-Performance Ceramics open up new potentials in a wide range of applications worldwide, such as in medical technology, the automotive industry, electronics, energy and environmental technology, and mechanical and plant engineering. We will take you further. www.ceramtec.com THE CERAMIC EXPERTS

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Students and outreach (cont.) Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: Ceramographic Competition and Roland B. • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings Snow Award • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing It is time to start working on your entry for the 2019 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at

MS&T19 in September in Portland, Ore., is an annual poster Unsurpassed thermal and exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis deposition uniformity as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Each system custom designed to Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner suit your specific requirements of the competition. Winning entries are also featured on the Laboratory to Production back cover of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Read Exceptional automated control systems providing improved more about the rules of entry for this year’s competition here: product quality, consistency www.ceramics.org/roland_b_snow_award n and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service

100 Billerica Ave, CGIF receives scholarship support from Allied www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 Allied Mineral Products, [email protected] headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, recently became the first corporate donor to support scholarships for the new two-year Ceramic Engineering Technology Program under development at Central Ohio Technical College Credit: ACerS (COTC) in Newark, Ohio. Allied’s Doug Doza (left) presents Allied’s executive vice the check to Marcus Fish of the president, Doug Doza, pre- CGIF for the Ceramic Engineering sented a $5,000 check to Technology Program. Marcus Fish, development help with acquiring the necessary director of CGIF, to build a schol- lab equipment and machinery. arship fund for future students of COTC is a fully accredited, public the program. college dedicated to provid- The new Ceramic Engineering ing high-quality, accessible Technology program will be the programs of technical educa- only two-year degree program in tion in response to current and the United States. The program is emerging employment needs. being developed through a public- In addition to the equipment and private partnership between ACerS, machinery needed for the new The Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic lab, donations for internships Foundation, and COTC to build a and scholarships are crucial. If skilled workforce for the ceramic you would like to provide a gift industry. ACerS and the CGIF have to the scholarship fund or would committed to promote the program like a complete list of equipment to industry partners, assist with needs, please contact Marcus fundraising for scholarships, and Fish at 614-794-5863. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 13 research briefs

The many types of bricks Even though bricks have been used as building materials for thousands of years, many modern homeowners are surprised to find there are many types of bricks to choose from, and not all of these bricks are made of clay. Traditionally, brick refers to a small unit of building material consisting primarily of clay. The mineral content of the clay determines the brick’s color—clays rich with iron oxide turn reddish, while clays containing a lot of lime have a white or yellow hue. In current times, the definition of brick has expanded to refer to any small rectangular building unit that joins to other units via cementitious mortar (larger building units are called blocks). Clay is still one of the main brick materials,

but other common materials are sand and lime, concrete, Credit: Cam Miller, Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) and fly ash. A brick can be a small red clay building unit—but it can be many other colors and materials as well. Sand lime bricks These advantages make concrete a good choice for aesthetic Calcium silicate bricks, popularly known as sand lime purposes. However, for a sturdy material that lasts, clay bricks bricks, contain high amounts of sand—about 88–92%. The may be a better option. Concrete shrinks over time while clay remaining 8–12% is mainly lime. Unlike traditional clay expands, ultimately giving clay brick walls a tighter seal than bricks, which are fired in kilns, sand lime bricks form when walls made of concrete bricks. Additionally, clay bricks have the constituent materials bond together by a chemical reaction better thermal insulation, which can result in significant ener- that occurs as wet bricks dry under heat and pressure. gy cost savings over time. Compared to other bricks, sand lime bricks are more uniform in color and texture, and they require less mortar. Fly ash bricks However, they cannot resist water nor fire for long periods of Fly ash is a byproduct of burning coal, and it can have time, so they are not suitable for laying foundations or build- harmful health and environmental impacts. As such, there are ing furnaces. many ongoing efforts to keep fly ash from entering the environment, including careful disposal or reuse in other products, Concrete bricks including bricks. Compared to clay bricks, concrete bricks offer much more Fly ash bricks consist mostly of fly ash and cement. They in the way of design options. Concrete bricks can be easily weigh less than concrete and clay bricks and, due to low formed in a variety of shapes—squares, triangles, octagons—and absorption rates, withstand heat and water quite well. How- pigment additive can change a concrete brick’s color. Addi- ever, high concentrations of fly ash in the brick can result in tionally, concrete bricks have superior acoustic insulation com- extended set times and slower strength development during pared to clay. brick construction. n

Research News

Virtual substrate opens path to oxide films on silicon for Antennas of flexible nanotube films an alternative for electronics application in 5G Researchers at Rice University’s Brown School of Engineering tested Researchers at The Pennsylvania State University found a way to grow thin antennas made of “shear-aligned” carbon nanotube films and discovered films of complex oxides using a “virtual” substrate. Until now, the ability that not only were the conductive films able to match the performance of to use complex oxides as thin films for electronics and sensors has been commonly used copper films, they could also be made thinner to better stymied by either a slow growth rate or a lack of stoichiometry control. handle higher frequencies. The researchers said the new antennas could The researchers grew thick layers of complex oxides on top of a silicon be suitable for 5G networks but also for aircraft, especially unmanned wafer. This thick layer, referred to as a “virtual substrate,” is structurally aerial vehicles, for which weight is a consideration; as wireless telemetry and chemically compatible with the targeted complex oxide thin film layer, portals for downhole oil and gas exploration; and for future “internet of thus mimicking the function of a real bulk oxide substrate. The researchers things” applications. For more information, visit http://news.rice.edu. n demonstrated growth rates of about two angstroms per second. For more information, visit https://www.mri.psu.edu/mri/news. n

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 FURNACE CO,INC Color-tunable gallium nitride LEDs A team of scientists from Lehigh University, West Ches- ter University, Osaka University (Japan), and University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), recently developed a new technique to generate color-tunable LEDs. “This work could make it possible to tune between bright white and more comfortable warmer colors in commercial LEDs,” senior author Volkmar Dierolf says in a Lehigh Uni- versity press release. “It could pave the way for monolithic inte- XLC2448 set up for Pyrolysis gration for simple color tuning of a light bulb. It would also with Multizone Heating Banks, Inert Atmosphere, be beneficial for micro-LED displays, since it allows for higher and Rapid Cooling density of pixels.” If you have high-value loads to process, look no further than L&L Special Furnace. Our Precision Pyrolysis & furnaces are the most reliable Debinding Furnaces on the market – at any price! Each one is Special! for Ceramic Matrix Composites & Additive • Precision Manufacturing • Uniformity • Value L&L CAN MEET THE STRICTEST PROVISIONS OF AMS2750E FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS 20 Kent Road Aston, PA 19014 Phone: 877. 846.7628 www.llfurnace.com

Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens

Credit: West Chester University • Horizontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, Top row: A GaN:Eu LED, which can be tuned from red-yellow Single and Multi-Zone due to red and green light mixing from different Eu states. Mid- dle and bottom rows: A GaN:Eu LED with added Si/Mg, which • Box Furnaces & Ovens adds blue emission. • Temperatures up to 1700°C • Made in the U.S.A. • Available within Research News Two Weeks

SmartControl Touch 5G-ready lithium nanotube battery with 2.5X run time Screen Control System Nokia Bell Labs developed a lithium nanotube-aided battery that promises as much as 2.5 times the longevity of today’s best alternatives, even in thin button-like form factors. According to the published study in science journal Nature Energy, they and researchers at Trinity College Dublin’s AMBER center developed thick new battery electrodes using a composite of carbon nanotubes and lithium storage materials. This design enables energy to be transferred at near-theoretical peak efficiency levels. As a result, the batteries charge quickly and make the most of whatever physical volume they consume. For more information, visit https://venturebeat.com. n www.thermcraftinc.com • [email protected] +1.336.784.4800

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs

The team developed the novel LED The scientists’ secret to making color- “Using intentional co-doping and out of gallium nitride (GaN), a mate- tunable LEDs was not GaN, however, but energy-transfer engineering, we show rial that has been increasingly studied another element with which they doped that all three primary colors can emit recently by the electronics community. GaN—rare-earth element europium (Eu). due to emission originating from two GaN is already present in some modern Their research shows that by control- different excited states of the same Eu3+ LEDs, so this new development could ling different excited states of Eu3+ ions ion (about 620 nm and about 545 nm) further extend the material’s reach into in doped GaN, a single LED can emit mixed with near band edge emission the lighting world by affording GaN varying colors of light without signifi- from GaN centered at about 430 nm,” LEDs even greater flexibility. cantly impacting the device’s efficiency. Dierolf explains in the release. “The intensity ratios of these transitions can be controlled by choosing the current injection conditions such as injection current density and duty cycle under ACERS – NIST pulsed current injection.” Although the scientists acknowl- PHASE EQUILIBRIA edge their work is preliminary, they note that the results pave the way for DIAGRAMS development of monolithic LEDs that NIST STANDARD REFERENCE DATABASE 31 are completely color-tunable, allowing development of more natural LED Produced jointly by ACerS and NIST under the ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria for Ceramics program lighting options. Plus, the technique can be integrated into commercial strategies to produce GaN LEDs, while previous efforts to develop color-tunable LEDs have been incompatible. An exciting aspect of the work is that the researchers say the development is not limited to Eu-doped GaN but extends further, opening many TRUSTED. bright new possibilities for the future of LED lighting. COMPREHENSIVE. “The main idea of this work—the simultaneous active exploitation of mul- CONVENIENT. tiple excited states of the same dopant— is not limited to the GaN:Eu system, but SMART. is more general,” lead author Brandon Mitchell says in the release. “The pre- PORTABLE. sented results could open up a whole new field of tunable emission of colors UNIQUE. from a single dopant in semiconductors, which can be reached by simple injec- UP-TO-DATE. tion current tuning.” The paper, published in ACS Photon- AFFORDABLE. ics, is “Color-tunablility in GaN LEDs based on atomic emission manipula- tion under current injection” (DOI: n ONE-TIME FEE: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01461). Single-user USB: $1,095 Multiple-user USB: $1,895 Equilibria Diagrams www.ceramics.org/buyphase

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 ceramics in biomedicine

Fabricate bioactive glass-ceramics using additive manufacturing Credit: Elsayed et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Society /Wiley Morphology of 3D–printed scaffolds: A) green bodies after 3D printing and B) glass–ceramic samples after heat treatment at 1,000°C. Researchers from the University of Padova (Italy), the National Research Centre (Egypt), the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil), and The Pennsylvania State University conducted a recent study aimed to explore the low-cost fabrication of bioactive glass-ceramics with complex geometries and foams. One method for improving the mechanical properties of bioactive glass—crystallization to glass-ceramic—can lead to reduced or delayed bioactivity, thus hindering growth of new bone. In contrast, Biosilicate® glass-ceramics successfully unite the bioactivity of glass with the strength of glass-ceramics, and ensure easy machinability and workability. In their study, the researchers, including ACerS Fellows Edgar D. Zanotto and Paolo Colombo, used polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) to obtain bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds through 3D-printing and direct foaming. PDCs have the potential to reduce raw material and processing costs and cut emissions of volatile organic compounds. Also, the single-step firing of PDCs shorten cycle times and improve reproducibility. Starting from inexpensive commercial silicone resins, calcium and sodium carbonates, and sodium phosphate dibasic, the researchers produced compositions similar to Biosilicate. They then employed direct-ink 3D-printing and direct foaming to create complex glass-ceramic scaffolds and molded foams. Their fired test parts had high porosities (60% to 75%) and compressive strengths around 7 MPa for scaffolds and in the range of 1.5–6 MPa for foams. As the researchers note in their conclusion, “… we demonstrated that preceramic polymers containing suitable oxide precursor fillers could be employed for the direct synthesis of Biosilicate glass–ceramic in a fast and simple route, with nearly identical crystalline phases.” The paper, published in Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is “Biosilicate® scaffolds produced by 3D-printing and direct foaming using preceramic polymers” (DOI: 10.1111/jace.15948). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 17 ceramics.org/ema2020

CALL FOR PAPERS ABSTRACTS DEADLINE SEPTEMBER 6, 2019

ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2020) ORGANIZED BY THE ACERS ELECTRONICS AND BASIC SCIENCE DIVISIONS

January 22 – 24, 2020 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla., USA ceramics in manufacturing

Optical fibers provide new twist on traditional 3D printing process In a couple of recent papers, ACerS member Edward Kinzel and his colleagues explore fiber-fed laser-heated additive manufacturing, a new method for continuous deposition of void- free, transparent glass. Kinzel, associate professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering at the University of Notre Dame, became interested in glass AM in 2012 when he began working at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He wanted to print gradient-index optics, and he and his previous Ph.D. student Junjie Luo initially experimented with powders and frits but had issues with bubble entrapment. Kinzel and Luo saw the use of lampwork “stringers” at the Missouri S&T hot-glass shop and began to experiment with hand feeding these thin glass fibers into a laser generated melt pool. “This allowed us to print fully dense transparent glass forms by avoiding the consolidation issues with the powder-bed direct laser melting approach,” Kinzel explains in an email. Credit: Edward Kinzel, Joseph Drallmeier Their work with stringers led to further investigation of A freestanding spiral structure made from GE214 quartz tubing fused filament fabrication techniques, which in turn led printed by previous Missouri S&T student Joseph Drallmeier. to numerous collaborations with partners from industry Quinine in tonic water flowing through the open tube fluoresces (Lockheed Martin; Schott Glass), government (Air Force under UV illumination. Research Laboratory; Los Alamos National Laboratory), and academia (Missouri S&T). higher working temperature glasses such as fused silica. This The fiber-fed AM technique they developed uses optical also significantly complicates printing fully dense forms out fiber as a feedstock. Optical fibers are widely available, rela- of glass,” Kinzel explains. “In the filament [fiber] fed process tively cheap sources of high-quality, low-loss glass that comes we can still push the molten region with the filament as well in spools kilometers long, allowing continuous, uninter- as heating the glass locally to the point that it can reflow and rupted deposition. Additionally, optical fiber’s inherent core- form solid forms without seams.” cladding design allows light to be guided down the length of The conference proceedings from the 2018 Annual the material, which is the basis for many communication and International SFF Symposium are “Fiber-fed printing of free- sensing technologies. form free-standing glass structures.” John Hostetler, Kinzel’s previous master’s student, per- The conference proceedings from 2019 SPIE Photonics formed experiments to determine optimal process parameters West are “Direct write of photonics using a filament-fed laser- n for 3D printing optical fibers. The results are published in con- heated process” (DOI: 10.1117/12.2510345). ference proceedings from the 2018 Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium. In conference proceedings from this year’s Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Photonics West conference, the researchers dug deeper into whether core-cladding integrity is preserved during the process. The researchers Ceramic Tech Today blog concluded that the laser heating process does not significantly affect the core-cladding boundary, due in large part to the fact www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday that heating of the optical fiber can take place in free-space without supports. Kinzel sees the fact that fiber-fed AM can take place in Online research, papers, policy news, free-space as an improvement to previous AM methods. “The interviews and weekly video presentations approaches that MIT (gravity fed orifice) or Micron3DP (fused filament fabrication) developed both require physically contact- ing the glass when it’s very hot. This limits the ability to use

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 19 bulletin cover story Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems

n the world of wireless communica- Ition, 5G has become almost a pop- culture reference. It is a term frequently used to describe improved handsets, devices, and infrastructure enabling faster speeds and more bandwidth. This article presents a cursory overview of what 5G is, what are the technical pillars of By Michael D. Hill and David B. Cruickshank 5G systems, and finally, the role ceramic materials will play in 5G technology. To recount the history of wireless telephony, 1G systems, intro- duced in the 1980s, were full analog systems. These were very large, expensive devices that were essentially luxury items. 2G systems launched in 1991, and these systems were the first to use digital signals in GPRS and EDGE technologies. 3G systems launched in 2001 and had faster data rates and increased use of digital signals relative to 2G. The 2G and 3G systems featured a device called an auto-tuned combiner in the base station that selected frequen- 5G technologies will soon reach the market. cies with the use of an ultra-low loss tangent microwave dielectric material for both the analog band (< 1 GHz) and the digital band Ceramic materials will play an important role in (near 2 GHz). The current 4G technology came into play around realizing the technology. 2011 and did not use the auto-tuned combiner. Metallized ceramic dielectric rods are used for filters in the base stations for this technology. As of today, networks strain under by the current demand in the 700 MHz–2.7 GHz range. New technologies need to be deployed to utilize faster data rates needed for modern wireless communication including the Internet of Things (IoT). Figure 1 shows a schematic illustrating features of 5G communication. Among the benefits of 5G communication are higher data rates (10 times faster than 4G), low latency (no delays between transmit and receive signals or no dropped calls), and increased connectivity (including humans and machines). In fact, 5G systems are expected to be able to handle more than 1,000 times the num-

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Credit: Courtesy of Skyworks Solutions

Figure 1. Representation of advantages of 5G systems over current systems. ber of connected devices that exist today. frequencies. Attenuation is a term used to below 3 GHz use acoustic wave filtering. One fundamental technical feature of describe how the strength (amplitude) of It is possible that this technology may be 5G systems is the use of spectrum at a signal decays over distance. This attenu- pushed into the 3–6 GHz frequency band. frequencies above which current 4G ation is a frequency-dependent phenom- However, a different type of filtering tech- systems operate. The 5G system will enon for electromagnetic waves; that is, nology would be needed for applications operate in two different bands: a lower the higher the frequency, the greater the in the millimeter wave region. frequency band at 3–6 GHz, and a attenuation and the shorter the distance Massive MIMO antennas: The type higher frequency band in the millimeter the wave may travel. Attenuation has of antenna technology used for 5G wave region (20–100 GHz). This lower major implications on how 5G infra- systems is likely to be vastly different frequency band is adjacent to spectral structure will be deployed. Currently, for regions currently used for 4G systems. systems operating below 3 GHz, large Capsule summary Although there will be some modifica- base station towers spaced on the order tions in the technology used in the lower of fractions of miles apart are sufficient to 5G TO THE RESCUE band relative to 4G systems, the modi- handle wireless traffic in 4G systems. If, fications will not be as drastic as the in fact, millimeter wave systems are put in Compared to current 4G technologies, 5G com- technological changes required to make place, the range would be much less and munication offers higher data rates, low latency, millimeter wave handsets and devices. the size of the base station (or repeater, and increased connectivity. in this case) will have to be reduced. It is 5G requirements possible that centralized towers may still MATERIALS FOR 5G Millimeter waves: There are a number connect base stations to each other in the Compared to polymeric materials, ceramics 3–6 GHz range, and each tower would be of key technologies for 5G systems. The provide a wider range of dielectric constants, surrounded by a number of short-range millimeter wave region is attractive in that better mechanical stability in thin sections, and there is so much “spectrum” available repeaters operating at millimeter wave fre- the relative ease of metallization. above 10 GHz. Bandwidth considerations quencies. Or, there may just be a myriad of decentralized small base stations dot- therefore cease to be an issue for the time 5G’S ‘WILD WEST’ being. Among the frequencies being exam- ting the landscape, connecting with one ined for devices are 28 GHz and 39 GHz. another. At this point, it is too early to tell Early versions of 5G will be high frequency varia- However, along with this “open range” how 5G infrastructure will be deployed. tions of 4G technology. However, it will take several Filtering becomes another concern of spectrum come some serious technical years to solve technical challenges and fully realize for 5G systems, particularly for handset challenges. One of the largest challenges networks operating in mm-wave frequencies. involves the signal range at these higher applications. Currently systems operating

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 21 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems Credit: Davin Phelps and Mike Hill, Trans-Tech Inc. (Skyworks RF Ceramics) Figure 2. SEM micrograph of intergrowth phases at antiphase domain boundaries in barium zinc cobalt niobate. as well. Rather than a single antenna such as circulators. Full duplexing tech- Filtering technology for 5G systems transmitting and receiving signal in all nology would involve simultaneously is very likely to involve ceramic mate- directions, 5G architectures will have an transmitting and receiving at the same rials as well. Currently, microwave enhanced directionality. A directional frequency and would require a “nonre- dielectrics are used in filters for base beam will result in reduced power con- ciprocal” device such as a circulator. stations while acoustic wave filters sumption because all radio frequency (bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and sur- (RF) signals will be targeted toward Antennas, filters, and resonators face acoustic wave (SAW)) are used in a receiving unit and not scattered in Ceramic materials are likely to play handsets. In the 3–6 GHz 5G band, all directions. A directional beam is a role in many 5G systems in both significant changes in the filtering obtained by using an array of antennas frequency bands.1 Consider individual technology for 5G base stations are rather than a single antenna. This array, antennas in use for MIMO applica- not expected. In the handsets, there called multiple-input and multiple- tions. As previously stated, MIMO tech- are efforts underway to advance BAW output (MIMO), allows for guiding the nology will demand multiple individual technology up to the 5–6 GHz range beam through a combination of con- antenna elements in closely spaced although it is questionable whether structive and destructive interference to base stations. There will certainly be a this technology can be pushed to these conserve power and focus the signal on a demand for inexpensive antennas and higher frequencies. For the mm-wave specific device. The efficiency and band- for low dielectric constants to improve space, however, the nature of filtering width of an individual antenna is a func- the efficiency and bandwidth. Polymers will certainly be drastically different tion of its dielectric constant. A lower and ceramic-filled polymers have the than for sub 6 GHz bands. dielectric constant material will lead to a advantage of being inexpensive and It is uncertain exactly what type of more efficient antenna. As there will be having low dielectric constants as well filtering will be used for handsets or for arrays of multiple antennas embedded as being easily conformal and integrate- base stations in the mm-wave region. It is in multiple dispersed base stations, there able with established low temperature certain that it would involve electromag- will be a large number of individual processes. However, ceramic materials netic field-based devices rather than piezo- antennas required for 5G networks. have the advantage of reduced dielec- electric (acoustic) devices. Waveguide tric losses, temperature stable dielec- filters or any number of a wide range of Half and full duplexing: For past tric constants, and improved thermal architectures may be used for mm-wave cellular systems up to 4G, different conductivity for thermal management. filters. A focus at Skyworks is to predict frequencies are used for the transmit Depending on thermal requirements of the nature of the dielectric materials and receive signals, in a technique the architecture and design of the base expected for mm-wave applications, called diplexing. On the other hand, station, polymer-based or ceramic-based determine the gaps in the suite of known if the same frequency is used for both technology will likely be favored. Low dielectric materials, and initiate develop- transmitting and receiving, the tech- temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) ment efforts on these currently undiscov- nique is called duplexing. Time domain type materials will likely play a large ered materials. The predictions for the duplexing (TDD) or half duplexing is a role in some integrated systems contain- types of materials required are 1) ultra-low technology to be utilized in 5G systems. ing MIMO antennas. Other advantages loss tangent materials with dielectric The same frequency is used for both of ceramics over polymeric materials constants below 30, and 2) temperature transmitting and receiving but they oper- include the ability to provide a wider stable, low dielectric loss tangent materi- ate at different times. TDD technology range of dielectric constants, better als with dielectric constants below 15. requires fast semiconductor gallium mechanical stability in thin sections, For the first item, it is useful to bring nitride switches (particularly at mm-wave and the relative ease of metallization. up the Qf product rule for dielectric frequencies) or nonreciprocal devices

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 resonators. Although this is not exactly tangent features are not present. applied in any known material, it is a In ordered perovskites, antiphase method of getting a crude prediction of domain boundaries are particu- the loss tangent for a particular mate- larly problematic as reported by rial at a given frequency. The Q of a Davies et al.2,3 Not only do they resonator is the value of the center of create a natural discontinuity to the resonant frequency band divided by the structure within a particular the width of the resonance 3 dB below grain, but they may act as a sink the maximum value. In real devices, the for point defects. One strategy Q is a function of the loss tangent of used for barium zinc cobalt nio- the dielectric material as well as the size bate is to nucleate a low-loss- of the cavity, the method of affixing the tangent second phase at these microwave dielectric to the cavity, the antiphase domain boundaries. proximity to metal, and countless other The staple-like features shown in design related items. Taking the hypo- Figure 2 are an example of a high thetical case of the infinite cavity, the Q Q microstructure with stabilized would be equal to the reciprocal of the domain boundaries. loss tangent (or dielectric loss) of the For the second item, it is material and thus by the “Qf product useful to know that for a given rule” frequency/loss tangent = constant. frequency, the size of a dielectric As a result, it would be desirable to have resonator (the basic building

ultra-low loss tangent materials (high block of a dielectric filter) decreas- Credit: From Skyworks RF Ceramics App Note 202840B – Use of ferrimagnetic material in circulators Q) for mm-wave applications. A mate- es in proportion to the square Figure 3. Schematic of circulator operations. rial with a low loss tangent of 0.00001 root of the dielectric constant. at 1 GHz would have the considerably Therefore, at 1 GHz, to miniatur- for a filter will drift over temperature). more modest loss tangent of 0.00028 at ize a dielectric resonator, it would make Most materials with dielectric constants 28 GHz (Q of 3,571 in the hypothetical sense to switch from a resonator ceramic below 10 have positive temperature infinite-sized cavity). Therefore, to get with a dielectric constant of 30 to a reso- coefficients of dielectric constant. 5G materials with appreciable loss tangents nator ceramic with a dielectric constant technologies are likely to need inexpen- in the mm-wave space, it is necessary to of 75. (Of course, there are other consid- sive, temperature stable materials with look at materials with extremely high Q erations such as the temperature stability dielectric constant values below 10 and values near 1 GHz. of the dielectric constant and the loss Qf products greater than 50,000. In the days of 3G technology, a key tangent as mentioned above.) However, component for cellular base stations was in the mm-wave space (for example, at 28 Circulators or switches: 5G’s the auto-tuned combiner. 3G technolo- GHz), materials with a dielectric constant ‘wild west’ gies made use of an analog band for voice near 75 would be extremely small to the Magnetic oxides are currently used transmission below 1 GHz and a digital point that machining these ceramics to in nonreciprocal devices such as circu- band near 2 GHz. Q values near 50,000 tight dimensions would be extremely chal- lators. Microwave dielectric materials were required for the materials used for lenging. At some of the higher frequen- are likely to be involved in filtering for the digital band (corresponding to Qf cies, even the “super-Q” materials with mm-wave devices as well, and ceramic products near 100,000). In addition to the dielectric constants between 25–35 would powders may be used as fillers for low loss tangents, the material had to have require an extremely small, difficult-to- polymer ceramic composite substrates a temperature-stable dielectric constant machine resonator. Therefore, there is and antennas. One critical area where as well. Some of the highest Q materi- a need for improved materials with very ceramic materials were enabling the als were complex ordered materials with low dielectric constants. operation of cellular base stations was in the perovskite structure based on barium To be clear, there are many examples the area of circulators. Figure 3 shows magnesium (dielectric constant 25), zinc of very low loss tangent materials a schematic of a circulator device in tantalate (dielectric constant of 30), or with dielectric constants 15 or below. a cellular base station. The circulator barium zinc cobalt niobates (dielectric con- Electronic grade alumina with a dielec- acts as a “traffic circle” for RF energy stant 33–36). Peter Davies in particular has tric constant close to 9 has low loss tan- in a base station enabling the signal to published extensively on the mechanisms gents comparable and possibly exceeding travel in one direction around the rotary leading to high Q in these materials.2 In those of the complex perovskite materi- and preventing the travel in the other short, it involves stabilizing defects of all als. However, alumina has a positive direction. This device prevents high dimensions (e.g., point defects, antiphase temperature coefficient of dielectric con- power signals from damaging sensitive domain boundaries) and creating ordered stant (in device terms, this means that electronics by regulating the direction of microstructures where extremely high loss- the resonant frequency or the pass-band travel. Circulators consist of an insulat-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 23 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems

to the use of bismuth as a substituent ing technology used to create sintered, ion for yttrium in the formulation. This monolithic composites of magnetic and material has the thermal stability of dielectric oxide materials. This effort yttrium iron garnet, with a slightly high- started at Skyworks when problems er saturation magnetization and much with intermodulation distortion (IMD) higher dielectric constant values. The occurred. As stated earlier, magnets are magnetic loss can be decreased by the applied to a ferrite disk to saturate the substitution of zirconium and therefore ferrite and bring about the directional

Y3-x-yBixCayFe5-yZryO12 is a state-of-the-art (nonreciprocal) effect. However, if the ferrite product branded by Skyworks as magnet is the same diameter as the fer- TTHiE-1950.4,5 rite, it may be difficult to completely For mm-wave circulators, the architec- saturate the far edge of the ferrite disk, ture and the materials used will be differ- leading to IMD issues. This problem ent from those used in 4G and previous was initially solved by gluing a dielectric systems. For one, the triplate designs ring to the outer edge of the ferrite disk will no longer be used and microstrip so that the diameter of the permanent (below 20 GHz) or substrate integrated magnet is greater than the diameter of waveguide (SIW) based circulators will the ferrite. In this manner, the outer Credit: D. Firor Skyworks RF Ceramics Figure 4. Representation of cofire pro- be needed. At these frequencies the edge of the ferrite disk is completely cess to produce ferromagnetic dielectric magnetic material would need to have as saturated by the permanent magnet. composites. high a saturation magnetization as pos- However, there are some difficulties sible so that the lower loss garnet ferrites with the use of polymer-based adhesives, ing magnetic disk (ferrite) connected to could be replaced by high magnetization including high dielectric losses and the three ports. Permanent magnets can be nickel zinc ferrite based spinels. inability to deposit metal over the glue placed above and below (triplate design) One technology battle that may bond. As a result of this, the “cofiring” on one side (microstrip design) of the occur in mm-wave technology would be process was developed.6 In this case (See ferrite disk. The influences of the mag- between circulators and high-power galli- Figure 4), a ferrite rod is sintered close netic field allow for good RF conduction um nitride (GaN) based switches. For 5G to theoretical density. After firing, the in one rotary direction (TM +) and good technology, particularly in the mm-wave ferrite is placed in a cylinder of unfired RF absorption in the opposite direction space, duplexing rather than diplexing dielectric and the dielectric is sintered (TM -) due to Lenz’s Law. technology is likely to be used. For TDD around the ferrite so that it “shrink- For 5G materials, the nature of the (half-duplexing), some type of device will wraps” onto the ferrite to form a cosin- circulator will need to change to accom- need to be used to switch between the tered composite. The composite rod is modate operation at higher frequen- transmit function and the receive func- then sliced into disks and each disk is cies. For the 3–6 GHz band, the higher tion. The switch is a logical choice but used for an individual isolator. These frequency would require changes to the may be subject to high insertion loss at composite disks contain no glue line design of the circulator, but not drastic these frequencies. However, a circulator and can be readily metallized. changes to the ferrite materials used in may be used as well for this application. There are a number of challenges the device. The industry standard circu- In addition, a switch would be unable to inherent in this cofiring process. lator ferrite materials are based on yttri- be used for full duplexing whereas a circu- These include um iron garnet (Y Fe O ). Substituent 3 5 12 lator would be able to readily handle full • the dielectric must fire at a lower elements such as calcium and zirconium duplexing. With the abundance of spec- temperature than the ferrite rod, are frequently added to improve the trum available in the mm-wave space, full • lossy phases should not form at the magnetic losses of the material and thus duplexing is not likely to be necessary for magnetic–dielectric interface, improve the insertion loss of the circula- some time and therefore it would likely • the thermal expansion coefficients tor device. Nonetheless, standard garnet be considerations of loss and heating dic- of the two materials must match, and structured ferrite materials have dielec- tating whether switches or circulators will • firing shrinkages need to be care- tric constant values between 12 and 15. be used. As the mm-wave technology is fully controlled. However, there is a class of materi- likely to be the “wild west” for some time, As a result, there is a limited suite of als developed at Skyworks that have one technology may dominate for a time materials that are mutually compatible dielectric constant values up to 31. This only to be quickly supplanted by a differ- for this ceramic “shrink-wrap” process. enhanced dielectric constant for these ent technology. In addition, there is a need for materials ferrite materials enables miniaturiza- with a range of dielectric constants to tion of the circulator to make it more Solving processing challenges accommodate different frequency values. suitable for use in smaller base stations. Moving back to ceramics, it is worth This “shrink-wrap” process sets a limit The increased dielectric constant is due mentioning a “shrink-wrap” or cofir- on the number of ferrite materials that

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 need to be developed because frequency selection can be done by varying the dielectric constant of the nonmagnetic dielectric ring. One likely direction for 5G technology is the integration of various functional components into a module. This can be done readily with polymeric platforms or even planar LTCC materials. Our direction is to take the “cofiring” process a step further and integrate multiple components on a ceramic substrate. The core of the device is a microstrip circulator with the ferrite cofired onto a microwave dielectric material. This material can be LTCC based or a tailored material with a higher dielectric constant than most currently available LTCC materials (which rarely have dielectric constants greater than 10). This ceramic substrate may allow for surface mounting of additional devices, including low noise amplifiers and GaN power amplifiers (Figure 5), and may connect with antennas through vias in the ceramic substrate.7

5G— An evolving network Credit: Courtesy of D. Firor, Iain Mac Farlane, and Dave Cruickshank (Skyworks RF Ceramics) In the mm-wave space, there may be Figure 5. Photographs of integrated cofired mm-wave circulator devices. a range of architectures used depend- wave space, the technical challenges are About the authors ing on the frequency of operations. Up certain to be much greater; therefore, to 20 GHz, microstrip circulators may there will be several years before these Michael D. Hill is technical director of be used. However, above 20–30 GHz, systems are deployed. It remains to be R&D for Skyworks RF Ceramics, and radiative losses become significant so seen what type of materials will be used David B. Cruickshank is engineering microstrip circulators become untenable. in antennas and substrates although director emeritus and a consultant for Therefore, for these higher frequencies, an educated guess would include both Skyworks RF Ceramics. Contact Hill at substrate integrated waveguide-based polymer- and ceramic-based systems [email protected]. circulators are needed, ones where the (with ceramic based systems favored circulator is surrounded by a metallized for higher power application in which References 7 “cage” to prevent radiative losses. waste heat management is an issue.) 1Cruickshank, D.B. (2012). Microwave The above is an overview on what Additionally, there is a question of Materials for Wireless Applications. Norwood, we at Skyworks envision as likely com- which duplexing technology will domi- MA: Artech House. ponents in 5G technology. While there nate in the mm-wave space, whether 2Davies, P.K., Tong, J., and Negas T. (1997). are considerable technical challenges it be GaN switches or ceramic ferrite- Effect of ordering-induced domain bound- with regard to operating in the lower based substrate integrated waveguide aries on low-loss Ba(Zn1/3Ta 2/3)O3–BaZrO3 frequency band of 3–6 GHz, much of based circulators. In addition, there perovskite microwave dielectrics. JACerS, the technology would consist of higher are semiconductor-based circulator 80(7), pp. 1727–40. frequency variants of current 4G tech- technologies being developed, which 3Chai, L. and Davies, P.K. (1997). Formation nology. It is certain that systems will be may be better solutions than the biased and structural characterization of 1:1 ordered deployed in this frequency range within perovskites in the Ba(Zn Ta )O –BaZrO ferrite technologies widely used below 1/3 2/3 3 3 system. JACerS, 80(12), pp. 3193–98. a year or two—some have already been 10 GHz. In short, there will likely be a deployed at various frequencies. In this rapid evolution of different technolo- 4US Patent 8696925. range, we would expect to see magnetic gies over a short timeframe. However, 5US Patent 9527776. oxide circulators, some microwave with the large area of spectrum avail- 6US Patent 7687014. dielectrics in base station filters, as well able and the projected demand, 5G 7Cruickshank, D.B. (2017). Microwave materi- as ceramics in polymer ceramic compos- technology will become critical for the ites (such as titanium oxide). For mm- als applications: Device miniaturization and inte- global information age infrastructure. gration. Norwood, MA: Artech House. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 25 he speed, frequency, and 5G—connecting Tdemand for more and faster data has created demand for the next generation when it comes smartphones to cellular networks—5G. While limited 5G networks began rolling out in 2018, 5G networks are expected to launch world- through ceramics wide by 2020. 5G will be much faster than current networks. Estimates indicate that 5G will bring 100-times faster downloads than existing 4G networks, allowing entire movies to be down- and glass loaded in a matter of seconds.1 Beyond sheer speed, the 5G network is predicted to enable explosions in not only mobile technologies but also adjacent technologies like autonomous vehicles and the Internet of Things. IoT connections are predicted to reach 25 billion worldwide by 2025, representing a threefold increase from 2017.2 The 5G network partially owes such lightning speed to millimeter wave band transmission, a higher frequency that ultimately provides higher capacity for data transmission. However, smaller wavelengths have more trouble passing through obstacles like By April Gocha walls, providing a shorter signal range. Limited range is one of the challenges of the new network—5G will require five-times as many towers as the 4G network to transmit The nascent 5G network is about more than just faster videos its signal. That means the new networks will require a cadre of smaller, more spread-out towers, rather than the larger, more interspersed and uploads—it holds significant potential for impact on the towers that 4G runs on. So, simply building the 5G infrastructure is ceramic and glass materials that are involved in smartphone a major challenge to fully implementing the new network. device design and infrastructure. Plus, each tower will need to pack more antennas into each station to support the increased amount of data and users. Whereas most current towers contain about a dozen antenna ports, new 5G towers will switch to massive multiple-input, multiple-output antennas that will allow about 100 antenna ports per station—sup- porting up to 22-times greater network capacity.3 Track more antennas and faster transmission speeds one more step down the line, and it is evident that the 5G network is driving significant investments in fiber infrastructure, too, which will be

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 required to deliver that higher capacity.4 high-performance option for Fiber infrastructure will be needed both 5G services.” in between the increased amount of cell Ceramics are primed for towers and within buildings themselves. these materials challenges “Additionally, legacy copper-based because of their high-frequen- infrastructures won’t be able to keep cy performance, particular up with 5G bandwidth. To keep up, low temperature cofired smart buildings will undergo their own ceramics (LTCC). “As the fiber-in-the-horizontal transformation,” electronics industry continues

Kara Mullaley, manager of global FTTx its dramatic changes and 5G/ Credit: Qualcomm marketing for Corning Inc., writes in a IoT devices and applications Qualcomm has developed the first mmWave antenna. Cabling Installation & Maintenance arti- become more prevalent, References cle.5 “5G will most certainly be an evolu- innovative ceramic interconnection 1 tion of today’s networks, but the impact substrate technology is becoming a key S. Woo. “Why Being First in 5G Matters.” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 2018. https:// will likely be even more significant. enabler,” according to an article by The www.wsj.com/articles/why-being-first-in-5g-mat- Beyond being evolutionary, 5G is poten- International Electronics Manufacturing ters-1536804360 tially revolutionary. The possibilities are Initiative (iNEMI).9 “Ceramic substrates 2GSMA. The Mobile Economy 2018. https:// virtually unlimited, but a smart, fiber- offer a tool set that will enable adopt- www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/ deep infrastructure will be paramount to ers to realize a competitive advantage uploads/2018/05/The-Mobile-Economy-2018.pdf making the vision real.” through increased functionality, 3D 3A. Nordrum, K. Clark, IEEE Spectrum Staff. And that is just the infrastructure to integration, and portability demanded by “5G Bytes: Massive MIMO Explained.” IEEE make it happen. 5G electronic systems packaging require- Spectrum, June 17, 2017. https://spectrum.ieee. 5G devices, set to arrive in 2019, will ments.” org/video/telecom/wireless/5g-bytes-massive- also require shifts in smartphone design According to an iNEMI—a electronics- mimo-explained that pose new material challenges. focused R&D consortium of manufactur- 4B. Lavallée. “5G wireless needs fiber, and lots Because shorter wavelengths have lower ers, suppliers, associations, government of it.” Ciena, May 31, 2016. https://www.ciena. com/insights/articles/5G-wireless-needs-fiber- penetration, “smartphone manufacturers agencies, and universities—ceramics are and-lots-of-it_prx.html are going to have to design in multiple key because the materials offer low-cost 5K. Mullaley. “5G networks’ impact on fiber- antennas, which could change what mate- solutions. Established technologies such optic cabling requirements.” Cabling Installation rials devices are made from, as well as their as multilayer ceramic interconnections & Maintenance, August 1, 2018. https://www. shape and size,” according to a Boy Genius are attractive as mature technologies, cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-26/ Report article.6 “Metal backs are likely to although ceramics also offer new possibili- issue-8/features/design/5g-networks-impact-on- vanish altogether, and even the metal sides ties as well. “Next-generation disruptive fiber-optic-cabling-requirements.html that are a staple of modern flagship smart- materials, especially core-shell powders, 6C. Mills. “How 5G is going to make smartphones could be designed out.” will allow lower-cost manufacturing of phones ugly again.” Boy Genius Report, June 2, While these new 5G-ready phones have previously expensive LTCC modules.” 2018. https://bgr.com/2018/06/02/5g-smartphones-release-date-cost-design yet be released, suppliers are certainly So, 5G is more than just faster 7 developing the hardware that will make YouTube videos or Facebook uploads—it Qualcomm. “Qualcomm Delivers Breakthrough 5G NR mmWave and Sub-6 GHz them possible. Qualcomm has developed holds significant potential for impact on RF Modules for Mobile Devices.” Qualcomm, the first mmWave antenna, which con- the ceramic and glass materials that are June 23, 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/ sists of a penny-sized array of four anten- involved in smartphone device design, news/releases/2018/07/23/qualcomm-delivers- nas—small enough to embed into a bezel— smartphone components, antenna infra- breakthrough-5g-nr-mmwave-and-sub-6-ghz- to search out the nearest 5G tower.7 structure, optical fiber, manufacturing, rf-modules-mobile Many other companies are also rede- and more. 8Resonant Inc. “Resonant Inc. to introduce new signing individual components for 5G “5G networks threaten to exponen- 5G RF filter breakthrough at the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium in Kobe, compatibility. For instance, Resonant Inc. tially multiply the scale at which market Japan, on October 24th.” Resonant, October 9, is working on a 5G-specific resonator, leaders will be forced to innovate,” 2018. https://www.resonant.com/news-awards/ called XBAR. “The high bandwidth 5G according to an article in It Is Innovation, press-releases/detail/314/resonant-inc-to-intro- data services will operate at frequencies of the membership publication of the duce-new-5g-rf-filter-breakthrough-at 3.5–6 GHz and higher, but today’s best Consumer Technology Association.10 9H. Imhof. “iNEMI Roadmap Points to filter technologies have limitations operat- “These advances will enable brands to Ceramic Technology as a Key Enabler for 5G ing at these frequencies,” CEO George B. disrupt entire industries from virtually Devices.” iNEMI, July 17, 2017. https://www. Holmes says in a Resonant press release.8 anywhere on the planet using a con- inemi.org/blog/ceramics-2017roadmap “The early results from our XBAR ini- nected device.” 10S. Steinberg. “How will 5G Revolutize tiative are very promising and we are A device, and infrastructure, made Tech?” It Is Innovation. Sept/Oct 2018, p. 44. Consumer Technology Association. n working hard to provide a cost-effective, possible by ceramic and glass materials.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No.6 | www.ceramics.org 27 Carbon fiber- reinforced

carbon Credit: Shaw AFB, 2000

Figure 1. Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite composites for composite brake assembly of C17 Globe Master III.

DC-8 Jet Trader as example.3 During this maneuver, the aircraft brakes eight brake assemblies must deliver a total of 40,500 horse- power to stop the 163-ton aircraft at a velocity of 286 km/h (178 mph) in under 30 seconds. The kinetic energy absorbed By R. Gadow and M. Jiménez by the braking system in this situation is similar to simultaneously braking 833 mid-sized passenger cars at a speed of 96 km/h (60 mph). The demanding requirements of aircraft brake rotor systems Brake rotor system design for aircraft is completely different than for passenger and sports cars, in which a single require entirely different designs than passenger and sports rotor for each wheel operates in an open environment, with cars—designs in which carbon fiber-reinforced carbon compos- the special challenge of high-cycle intensive air cooling and ites are particularly well-suited. easy access of environmental media. The traditional brake system of modern aircraft is a mechanically closed system that consists of an assembly of static and rotating discs (Figures 1 and 2), which are pressed together by a set of hydraulic cylinders under pressures up to uring a normal aircraft landing, 206 bar (3,000 psi) during braking operation.1,3 This brake Dthe wheel brakes afford about configuration has become the standard assembly due to its 40% of the total braking energy.1 The rest compact design and ability to generate very high braking torques. In comparison with drum brakes, the brake disc is assumed by aerodynamic braking (30%), solution exhibits higher lightweight performance and faster reverse thrust of jet engines (20%), and rolling cool-down. Today drum brake systems are only used for small aircraft. friction (10%). However, according to regula- The main requirements for brake disc material are excel- tions of this transport sector, the wheel brakes lent tribological behavior, elevated thermal capacity, high must be able to stop the aircraft without sup- thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, as well as high impact resistance and strain to port of any other braking system. This require- failure.4 The need for lightweight engineering inspired devel- ment must be fulfilled for loads generated opment of innovative brake materials fulfilling the previously mentioned features and further exhibiting much lower densi- at the maximal landing and rejected take-off ties than steel and conventional brake lining assemblies. 2 speeds for maximum weight of the airplane. Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite (C/C) com- Further, wheels and tires must not ignite nor posites meet all these needs with an outstanding low density of less than 1.8 g/cm3 and high thermomechanical stability. explode, even in an emergency situation. Table 1 compares mechanical and thermophysical properties Stanton illustrated in 1968 the order of magnitude of brak- of C/C composites with two traditional brake rotor materials: ing loads generated during a rejected take-off, using a Douglas steel and copper. C/C composites exhibit more than twice

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Capsule summary BIG DEMANDS CARBON SOLUTIONS NEW HEIGHTS Aircraft braking systems must successfully Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite The principal change from hydraulic power to and repeatedly handle high-magnitude brak- composites meet the materials demands for electromechanical brake systems—afforded ing loads. The need for lightweight engineer- aircraft braking systems—the materials offer by carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite ing has inspired development of innovative excellent tribological behavior, high thermal composite materials—has allowed aircraft brake materials with excellent thermal proper- capacity, high thermal conductivity, good braking systems to achieve new heights. Further, ties as well as much lower densities than mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, new kinds of tailored interfaces provide potential conventional assemblies. and high impact resistance and strain to failure. for future technical improvements to take off. the specific heat of steel with a fourth of To solve this issue, the following treat- assembly. Transmission of the immense its density. Replacement of steel by C/C ments have been successfully applied to brake torque requires sophisticated design has enabled important weight savings not C/C brake discs: and engineering, including removable only on the Concorde (~600 kg in total) • Silicon carbide (SiC)-based coatings torque bars, clips, clamps, and washers, but also on bigger aircraft, such as the on the outer component surface, all made from refractory or superalloys to 1 Boeing 747 (~1,200 kg) and C-17 Globe • Internal surface protection by oxi- withstand high thermal loads. Master III. dation inhibitors in the matrix, mostly The MRCA Tornado strike fighter From the viewpoint of materials impregnated with inorganic salt solutions, plane has been the backbone of engineering with C/C composites, one • Glassy sealants on top of the SiC European air forces in the past decades. should separate carbon fiber/carbon layer, and This fighter plane has a completely dif- with intermediate temperature treat- • SiC or Si3N4 top layer on glassy ferent brake design, with segments of ment below 1,600°C and carbon fiber/ coatings.7 gray cast iron and attached brake lining graphite—the graphitized version with A further challenge is mechanical segments on the stator counterpart discs. ultrahigh-temperature-stable carbon integration of composite discs as the It is difficult to imagine gray cast iron fibers (high modulus and ultrahigh main friction material in the total brake in a system with lightweight engineering modulus)—and carbon matrices treated up to 2,500°C. One of the most outstanding properties of C/C composites is their thermal stability up to temperatures of about 2,500°C in the case of ultrahigh temperature-treated high modulus fibers and graphitized carbon matrices, maintaining good frictional properties over the entire application temperature range.5 This aspect is quite determinant considering the extreme brake temperatures during landing. According to Stimson and Fisher,4 a C/C brake assembly achieves temperatures of 500°C in a normal landing operation and up to 1,300°C in the case of rejected take-off. Awasthi and Wood6 maintain that disc surfaces can heat up to 3,000°C due to friction Credit: Shaw AFB, 2000 between rotating and stationary discs. Figure 2. a) C17 Globe Master III; b) landing gear; and c,d) rotor and stator discs. Therefore, thermal shock resistance of the Table 1. Mechanical and thermal properties of different brake disc materials4 brake disc material is a further essential requirement for this application. C/C composite Steel Copper An important challenge considering Density 1.68–1.72 7.8 8.9 the service conditions of aircraft brakes Specific heat [J/g·K] 1.42 0.59 0.42 is oxidation resistance of discs. Carbon Tensile strength (MPa) 66 410 240 materials exhibit low oxidation resistance if there is no protective treatment Impact resistance (J) 0.7 110 55 on the component surface.5,7 The first Strain to failure (%) 0.55 33 40 generation of C/C brake discs had a dis- Thermal conductivity (J/m·s·K) 10–150 59 346 tinct tendency to oxidize over long expo- Coefficient of linear expansion (E–6/K) 0–8 14 18 sure times, which impaired service life.5

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 29 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes requirements, but approval by multina- and ultimately polyaromate mesophase The final properties of C/C compo- tional authorities can mean a 20-year (PAM) pitch-based fibers opened a much nents are not only influenced by the origi- certification process. In this system with higher performance range. nal fiber and matrix properties but are distinct access of air, C/C is not the pre- Today, PAN-based fibers are the pre- further controlled by fiber architecture, ferred alternative—materials engineered ferred option due to important handi- fiber volume content, adhesion at the for sports cars instead provide chopped caps of alternative carbon fiber types.7 interface, and compatibility during manu- carbon fiber-reinforced SiC [ceramic On the one hand, pitch-based filaments facturing and in application (Figure 5). matrix composite (CMC)] in the same feature extremely high stiffness but are Following the logical design process of puzzle segment design (Figure 3).8,9 quite expensive, and the number of a composite material, the next discussion suppliers is limited. On the other hand, point is fiber architecture. Strength and Fundamentals of C/C composites rayon-based fibers have relatively poor stiffness of C/C composites—as well as for Fiber reinforcement mechanical performance and critical all composites in general—in unreinforced The production process of a C/C porosity for this application. directions is similar to that of the matrix component starts with selection of the Today, commercial PAN and PAM material. In the specific case of C/C com- most suitable reinforcing carbon fibers. carbon fibers have high tenacity with posites, flexural strength rapidly decreases For the earliest generation of C/C com- tensile strength of 3,000–7,000 MPa. with increased angle between load and posites in the 1960s, the only alterna- Depending on thermal treatment and fiber direction due to limited mechanical tive was microporous and low modulus with respect to microstructure, they fea- properties of the monolithic carbon. rayon-based carbon fibers.10 Later devel- ture quite different high moduli of Several studies have investigated the opment of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based 220–800 GPa (Figure 4). Thermal con- influence of fiber architecture on strength ductivity can vary from 30–1,100 W/m∙K. of C/C composites. In 1994, Neumeister et al.11 studied the influence of six different fiber architectures mainly based on unidirectional, orthogonal 2D, and quasi-isotropic 2D patterns. According to that work, samples manufactured from unidirectional tapes show the highest values of tensile strength but catastrophic or semi-catastrophic failure mechanisms. The highest toughness of all investigated reinforcements was measured for 8-har- ness satin weave in orthogonal and quasi- isotropic directions. Thus, there are two important advantages of 2D in compari-

Credit: Rainer Gadow, 2006 son with unidirectional reinforcements: Figure 3. Brake rotors in segment configuration: (top) carbon fiber-reinforced SiC and enhanced toughness and higher proximity (bottom) gray cast iron. to isotropic mechanical behavior. The necessity to develop C/C composites with quasi-isotropic mechanical behavior for applications such as aircraft brakes has led to development of multidirectional reinforcements. 3D reinforcements are more suitable than 2D if the structural component is subjected to multiaxial loading. These structures can be customized to accommodate design loads of the intended application. Fitzer et al.12 underlined in 1998 that 3D woven preforms had gained much attention in the C/C production industry due to higher levels of out-of- plane strength and interlaminar shear strength compared with 2D architectures. There was actually a strong boost in the United States from the 1970s onwards

Credit: Rainer Gadow to develop 3D multidirectional fiber Figure 4. Mechanical properties of different types of carbon fibers. reinforcement composites.10 However,

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 their fabrication technologies and manufacturing process chains are complex and expensive, and impregnation of multidi- mensional arrays is quite challenging. The easiest multidirectional preform configuration is based on a 3D orthogonal design with yarn bundles located on Cartesian coordinates (x, y, and z). However, even this pattern presents weak- ness in nonfiber directions, such as 45° to the x- and y-axes.10 To solve that issue, Credit: Rainer Gadow, 1998 Figure 5. Influencing factors composite material design and performance. automatized weaving techniques enable 4-, 5-, 7-, and 11-directional patterns in Depending on the secondary carbon create a network of felt fabric layers. The which fiber orientations deviate with deposition process, the matrix can pres- resulting fiber pattern will be the reinforc- respect to x, y, and z orthogonal axes. ent different microstructures and, there- ing architecture of brake discs.13 The most common kinds of reinforce- fore, different mechanical properties. Phase 2: Carbonization ments used in C/C brake discs are:6 If secondary carbon is deposited from The 61-cm (2-ft)-wide fabrics feed • Carbon fabric laminates, the liquid phase and from a thermoset- continuously into a 9.14-m (30 ft)-long • Semi-random chopped carbon ting resin, the structure of the carbon oven above 1,000°C, which thermally fibers, and matrix can be completely anisotropic. degrades binders and noncarbon byprod- • Laminated carbon fibers mattes In contrast, resulting matrices of pitch ucts. This process can be considered siz- with cross-ply reinforcement. impregnation and carbonization have ing removal and functionalization of the Matrix deposition microtextures, fiber filament orientation, carbon fiber surface. To prevent oxida- The carbon matrix of the C/C material and a graphitic lattice structure. If the tion of carbon fibers, this heat treatment can be deposited by two different routes: matrix is deposited by CVD, it can be is performed in an inert atmosphere. 5 liquid phase impregnation (LPI), based on either isotropic or anisotropic. Waste gases are properly filtrated before viscous carbon precursor resins and pitch- being expelled into the atmosphere. The es; and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Industrial processing and manu- efficiency of the process is enhanced by based on gaseous or vaporized carbon-rich facturing heat exchangers, which reduce consump- reaction gas mixtures for impregnation of In industrial size and series manufac- tion of combustibles.13 the microporous fiber skeleton by chemi- turing, Meggitt’s multistep manufactur- Phase 3: Cutting, lay-up, and compres- cal vapor impregnation (CVI). In addi- ing process chain can be a reference sion forming tion, there is an intermediate manufactur- technology. This manufacturer empha- From then on, Meggitt’s brake disc ing technology that first combines a liquid sizes the importance of the role of brakes production branches in two different precursor phase impregnation of fibers in an airplane by the following citation:13 kinds of products. and subsequent carbonization with final The brake discs in an aircraft land- • For 85% of production, robots cut densification via CVI.5 ing gear can withstand temperatures up fabrics into annular layers and place The glassy carbon matrix is obtained to 2,000°C and absorb millions of foot them in the most suitable orientation, by carbonization of a high-carbon-yield pounds of kinetic energy on every land- which depends on required strength and resin or alternatively by thermal treating. When you come in to land after a wear resistance. The robot also places ment of PAM pitch and chemical trans- short flight, probably the last thing on the discs on a scale in this step. formation to highly oriented graphite. your mind is how the brake discs on the • For 15% of discs, they are pro- Today, the series production process of wheels below you were made. cessed with a different fiber architecture. C/C brake rotors is based on pyrolytic Phase 1: Fabric manufacture The manufacturer defines it as discs carbon matrices via CVD.6 This process chain begins in Phase 1 “built up by hand from smaller fabric The LPI process begins with infiltra- with fabric manufacture, which uses tows segments.”13 This enhanced structure tion of the carbon fiber reinforcement of aerospace acrylic PAN-based carbon provides the discs improved strength and with a resin, such as coal tar/petroleum fibers as feedstock material. To increase higher wear resistance. pitches or thermosetting resins (i.e., phe- efficiency of the production process, Brake discs are weighed at every stage nolic resin). This liquid phase acts as a heavy tows—rovings of over 24,000 fila- of the process to ensure their density at preliminary binder for the shaping and ments—are preferred. These filaments are the end of manufacturing.13 curing process. Subsequently, the precur- initially crimped and chopped and sub- Layers of laid-up fabric move to the sor is converted to secondary carbon sequently fed into a carding machine, in next stage in the process. Traceability formed during a controlled high-temper- which a series of rollers comb and align is determinant in such a safety-relevant ature treatment in inert atmosphere, the fibers. Chopped fibers are joined with component. Each disc has a quality his- carbonization process.5 continuous PAN-based carbon fibers to tory ID with a unique serial number ref-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 31 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes erencing raw material batch, weight, and ment process that transforms highly 1998, Goodrich successfully flew a full- the operators who have worked on it at disordered quasi-isotropic carbon micro- authority electromechanical brake system each stage of the process. Data is stored structures into highly oriented 3D crystal on a U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft. offsite in triplicate for 25 years to com- structures of pure graphite. Every disc In 2007, Goodrich became the first ply with high quality control standards.13 then undergoes a thermal conductivity supplier to have a full-authority electro- Discs are laid-up on graphite jig plates test to assure highest quality. mechanical brake system in production to be compressed. Inserted spacers Discs are coated to reduce catalytic with the introduction on a military ensure discs are compressed to the cor- oxidation from contaminates such as unmanned aircraft. rect thickness. It can take several weeks runway deicing agents and to prevent This experience helped develop the to create sufficient quantity of discs for thermal oxidation at the high tempera- world’s first commercial application CVI in the furnace and several days to tures they experience—according to this of this technology for the Boeing 787 load discs into the furnace.13 manufacturer, brake discs can reach Dreamliner. The Goodrich 787 electro- Phase 4: Carbon infiltration temperatures from up to 2,000°C dur- mechanic brake system is expected to be The next step is matrix deposition by ing rejected take-off. Last but not least, smarter, more durable, and easier to main- CVI. Carbon preforms are transferred U-shaped clips are fitted to protect rotor tain. Reliable electric controls and modu- into a 9.14-m (30-ft)-deep vacuum fur- discs as the surrounding wheel rotates.13 lar actuators provide high dispatch reli- nace at temperatures over 1,000°C. This ability and ease of maintenance. On-board matrix deposition process may extend Aircraft brake applications maintenance systems automatically report over several weeks or even months. To Meggitt brake wear and system health.15 homogenize the density of every single In 1973, Meggitt—at that time under System safety and electric brake stop- rotor, it is very important to carefully the Dunlop brand—provided the first ping performance meets or exceeds orient the discs inside the furnace. C/C brake assemblies for an initial trial equivalent requirements of traditional A challenging aspect of CVI is achieving on a Vickers VC10 aircraft.4 One year hydraulic braking systems. DURACARB a uniform deposition of carbon within the later, the famous supersonic Concorde carbon heat sink material provides preform. The rate of deposition must be was the first commercial aircraft equipped improved lifetime and increased perfor- much lower than the rate of infiltration of with carbon brakes. This first-generation mance. Factory-installed wheel torque the gas into the porous preform.10 Internal of C/C brake discs was designed and bar bushings decrease overhaul times cavities and pores tend to close due to the manufactured at Meggitt’s Coventry site. and maintenance costs.15 bottleneck effect generated in outer inter- The competitor braking material system Honeywell row spacings.12 Therefore, a particular fea- at that time was Dunlop lightweight Honeywell Aerospace has experience ture of C/C composites densified by CVI beryllium brakes, which had been already in wheels and braking system design and is the presence of elliptical closed pores proven but were abandoned in favor of manufacturing since the 1920s. Its history formed when the gas deposition closes nar- C/C.14 Today, more than 30,000 aircraft started with company founder Vincent row pore necks.10 perform 15 million landings per year on Bendix, who had a rich legacy in the The combination of heat and vacuum Meggitt wheels and brakes.13 history of aviation technology and air rac- activates carbon atoms in the C-spender UTC Aerospace Systems ing. Research into braking systems began gas (methane, ethane, hexane, etc.) to Market leaders such as UTC Aerospace under the Bendix brand name as early diffuse, infiltrate, and react to solid Systems provide products and aftermarket as 1923. Charles Lindbergh used Bendix carbon in the open porous structure of services for aircraft wheel and braking wheels on his Ryan Brougham aircraft.16 compressed fiber compacts in the jigs. systems for civil and military aircraft appli- Manufacturing at Bendix’s main facil- The carbon matrix of the C/C material cations. Recent developments include ity in South Bend, Ind., started in 1943 is pure pyrolytic carbon deposited via electric and hydraulically actuated brakes, to support the World War II effort. The CVD. This process includes isothermal featuring steel or carbon/carbon friction first Carbenix carbon-matrix brake was CVD in industrial-size hot wall furnaces. material, brake control systems, tire pres- produced in 1988, after which Bendix In R&D, pressure gradient and tem- sure monitoring systems, and brake tem- became AlliedSignal. Knowing that it perature gradient CVI are promising but perature monitoring systems. Innovative serves a vital function in thousands of complicated alternatives with improved breakthroughs in brakes include daily cycles and critical missions of aircraft efficiency and densification. In some DURACARB carbon friction material, landing, taxi, and take-off, the company cases, the matrix consists of a combination EDL and electromechanical braking tech- focused on design, manufacturing, and of pyrolytic and glassy carbon.6 The latter nology, and systems integration.15 servicing aerospace wheels and brakes.16 is obtained by carbonization of a high- Boeing’s 787 aircraft was first to fly Honeywell’s Carbenix® friction mate- carbon-yield resin, such as phenolic resin. UTC Aerospace Systems’ electric brakes, rials have further benefits, as the carbon Phase 5: Graphitization, machining, with eight wheels in the main landing brakes lower greenhouse gas emissions testing, painting, and clipping gear assembly and five C/C composite and enable higher aircraft availability Discs are machined into their final rotors each. Electric brake technology through longer maintenance intervals. shape after graphitization, a heat treat- launched more than a decade ago. In They also provide high reliability,

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Table 2. Honeywell wheel and C/C braking systems in various aircrafts16 Aircraft Wheel and braking system Airbus A330-200/-300, A340-200/-300, A340-400/-500, A380 excellent results with respect to oxida- Boeing 717, 737 Classic, 737-600/700/800/900/900ER, 747-400, 777-200/-300, 767-300, tion and corrosion resistance as well 767-200, 747-100/-200, DC8, MD-11, MD80 as to tailor the friction coefficients of Embraer E130/145 rotors and discs.22 COMAC C 919 The market for heavy commercial Military Boeing F -15 , F -18 , KC-46A, B-52, KC-135 and military aircraft brake systems will Lockheed Martin F-22 , F-35 remain dominated by C/C composite Northup Grumman B-2 friction materials. For lightweight or Eurocopter AS 332 small aircraft, C/SiC-based CMC rotors and much more cost-effective hybrid improved weight savings, and lower over- cial adhesion and oxidation resistance. composites as an intermediate between all lifecycle costs. Besides the continuous CVD fiber polymer matrix composites and CMC, Ranging from industry-leading coating with ceramic and carbon layers (i.e., carbon or basalt fiber-reinforced energy absorption on the world’s largest on fibers and fabrics, the liquid phase SiOC composites) are an interesting airliner, the Airbus A380, to demand- coating process was developed to pilot future option with long-term thermal ing military missions of the advanced plant standard.17,18 With respect to the stability up to 650°C.8,9,23,24 Summarizing F-35 joint strike fighter, Honeywell’s carbon or graphite matrix in C/C, there materials and manufacturing engineering Carbinex carbon brakes demonstrate was intensive R&D in advanced CVD will further contribute to the progress reliable performance and industry- technology with temperature and/or and performance of high-temperature leading durability based on develop- pressure gradient concepts for assembly composite-based aircraft brake systems. ment of core carbon-matrix materials and operation in the reactor. The principal change from hydraulic and protective antioxidant coatings to These concepts improve material to electromechanical brake systems is a provide leading landing per overhaul properties and shorten production cycle success story of the market leaders. life matched to versatility of the air- times in laboratory sample sizes, but With a look to the latest research in craft service conditions (Table 2). The application is restricted to simple even sports and racing car brakes, the next gen- antioxidant coating technologies have or radial symmetric geometries because eration of calipers and pressure delivering proven performance against carbon of the required heat transfer and temper- systems based on piezoceramic multilayer oxidation caused by deicing fluids and ature distribution on one side, and the elements is on its way to practice. other contaminants. need for gastight fixation during coating An alternative type of material is operation for different pressures on the About the authors used in Honeywell’s Cerametalix® bottom and top of the component on Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. mult. R. brakes, which provide proven robust- the other side. Gadow is chair and managing direc- ness and greater total value than car- With that experience in mind, it tor of the Institute for Manufacturing bon alternatives and are preferred and may be promising again to follow liquid Technologies of Ceramic Components installed on the largest 737-700/-800 phase impregnation with tailored PAM and Composites at the University of fleets in the world. Honeywell continues pitches with extremely high carbon Stuttgart and M. Jiménez is head of the to optimize the Cerametalix friction yield and the option to use micro- or Composite Materials Department of the material family to improve thermal capa- nanosize carbon powder fillers in resin same institute. Contact Gadow at rainer. bility and wear performance while ensur- or pitch suspensions for prepreg fabrica- [email protected]. ing shortest gate turn times in the indus- tion, based on felts and woven fabrics. try. Honeywell has modernized manufac- In R&D of advanced carbon materials, References turing processes and control technologies a further option is use of high-purity 1 to ensure Cerametalix brakes continue semi-cokes with sintering ability such G. Roloff, B. Flugzeugbremsen Ohly. In to provide reliability, performance, and as CarboSint or similar precursors such Bremsenhandbuch: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Fahrdynamik, 5th ed. Edited by excellent maintainability. as CarboRes (both Rütgers Chemical, B. Breuer, K.H. Bill. Springer Vieweg: Germany) to manufacture carbon and Wiesbaden, pp 313–332 (2017). ISBN New developments and outlook graphite articles in complex geometries 9783658154899. C/C composites today are reliable and with high accuracy by elaborated 2I. Zverev, S.S. Kokonin. “Design of air- performance friction materials for air- ceramic forming and shaping processes, craft wheels and braking Systems (NASA craft brake systems. Carbon fibers and such as warm form-pressing in precision Technical Translation NASA TTF-15,764).” PAN fibers as one of their prominent dies and ceramic injection molding.19–21 Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1973). precursors are well established in a com- Although there are obvious cost 3G.E. Stanton. “New designs for commercial petitive market. However, application of restrictions in the aircraft market, protec- aircraft wheels and brakes.” Journal of Aircraft, thin solid films as tailored interfaces on tive coatings will remain an important 5, 73–77 (1968). the carbon fiber surface provide poten- R&D field. In contrast to slow CVD 4I.L. Stimson, R. Fisher, R. “Design and engi- tial for technical improvement. These processes, fast and versatile advanced neering of carbon brakes.” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. technologies can further improve interfa- plasma spray technologies have shown Lond. A, 294, 583–590 (1980).

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 33 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes

5G.R. Devi, K.R. Rao. “Carbon-carbon com- 12E. Fitzer, L.M. Manocha. Carbon Cocoa Beach, Florida. Edited by E. Ustundag, posites: an overview.” Defence Science Journal, Reinforcements and Carbon/Carbon Composites. G. Fischman. American Ceramic Society: 43, 369–383 (1993). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg (1998). ISBN Westerville, Ohio; pp. 571–577 (2011). 6S. Awasthi, J.L. Wood. “Carbon/carbon 9783642637070. 19R. Gadow, F. Kern, W. Boenigk, M. composite materials for aircraft brakes.” 13Meggitt PLC. “How do you make carbon Levering, C. Boltersdorf. “Sinterable semi- Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on brakes?: Happy Landings.” https://www.meg- coke powder with high bulk density.” US Composites and Advanced Ceramic Materials: gitt.com/insights/how-do-you-make-carbon- Patent 8,613,801 B2. Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. brakes. Accessed February 14, 2019. 20F. Kern, R. Gadow. “Nanostructured car- John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, NJ; pp. 14“Concorde brakes by Dunlop are carbon/ bon and graphite—ultra lightweight engineer- 553–560 (1988). carbon composite.” Aircraft Eng & Aerospace ing materials.” AST, 45, 1495–1504 (2006). 7T. Windhorst, G. Blount. “Carbon-carbon Tech, 48, 22–26 (1976). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.45.1495 composites: a summary of recent develop- 15Collins Aerospace. “Goodrich 787 Electro- 21R. Fischer, R. Gadow. “Rheology and CIM ments and applications.” Materials & Design, Mechanical Brake: Selected by Airlines around processing for net shape carbon components.” 18, 11–15 (1997). the Globe.” https://repairsearch.utcaerospace- Advanced Ceramics and Composites=Neue kera- 8R. Gadow, M. Speicher. “Multilayer C/SIC systems.com/cap/Documents/SYSTEM%20 mische Werkstoffe und Verbundwerkstoffe/6th composites for automotive brake systems.” In FACT%20SHEET_Wheels%20and%20 Interregional European Colloquium on Ceramics Ceramic materials and components for engines. Brakes%20787%20Product%20Fact%20 and Composites, Rainer Gadow (ed.), Expert- Edited by J.G. Heinrich, F. Aldinger. Wiley- Sheet.pdf. Accessed on February 14, 2019. Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim, 95–98 (2000). VCH: Weinheim; pp. 565–570 (2007). 16Honeywell. “Wheels and braking systems: ISBN 3-8169-1830-1. 9R. Gadow, M. Speicher. “Manufacturing Delivering safe and reliable wheels and brak- 22C. Friedrich, R. Gadow, M. Speicher. and CMC-component development for ing systems with lower lifecycle cost of own- “Protective multilayer coatings for carbon– brake disks in automotive applications.” ership.” https://aerospace.honeywell.com/ carbon composites.” Surface and Coatings rd In 23 Annual Conference on Composites, en/~/media/aerospace/files/brochures/ Technology, 151-152, 405–411 (2002). Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures c61-1547-000-000-wheelsandbrakingsystems- doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01655-3 A[-B]: January 25-29, 1999, Cocoa Beach, bro.pdf. Accessed on February 14, 2019. 23P. Weichand, R. Gadow. “Basalt fibre Florida. Edited by E. Ustundag, G. Fischman. 17F. Kern, R. Gadow. “Liquid phase coating reinforced SiOC-matrix composites: American Ceramic Society: Westerville, process for protective ceramic layers on car- Manufacturing technologies and char- Ohio; pp. 551–558 (2011). bon fibers.” Surface and Coatings Technology, acterisation.” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 35, 10R. Taylor. “Carbon matrix composites.” 151-152, 418–423 (2002). doi:10.1016/S0257- 4025–4030 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.jeurce- Comprehensive Composite Materials, 4, 387–426 8972(01)01644-9. ramsoc.2015.06.002 (2000). 18R. Gadow, S. Kneip, G.W. Schfer. “Fluid 24K. Berreth, R. Gadow, M. Speicher. “Fibre- 11J. Neumeister, S. Jansson, F. Leckie. “The coating process for protective coatings of reinforced ceramic body and method for pro- effect of fiber architecture on the mechanical carbon fibers.” In 23rd Annual Conference ducing same.” US Patent 6,666,310 B1. n properties of carbon/carbon fiber compos- on Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, ites.” Acta Materialia, 44, 573–585 (1996). and Structures A[-B]: January 25-29, 1999, NEW & CONVENIENT ACerS Live Online Course Introduction to Ceramic Science, Technology, and Manufacturing with Carl Frahme, Ph.D., FACerS NOW ONLINE!

To learn more and to register, visit ceramicsorsortcorse

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Annual commodity summary indicates significant impacts due to trade war

By Lisa McDonald

82.2 billion. $ That is the estimated value of total nonfuel mineral production in the United States for 2018. Put in perspective, that value is about the same amount as the fiscal year 2019 budgets of the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the duties by adding products of U.S. origin insights” column4 from the March 2019 Department of Energy combined. to their list of higher import duties. ACerS Bulletin, IMFORMD director Mike This statistic is only one of many The tariffs are significantly affecting a O’Driscoll discussed how a range of factors included within the annual United States number of industries, particularly manu- arising in 2017 and spilling into 2018 sig- Geological Survey Mineral Commodities facturers and farmers. A Reason article2 nificantly compounded the shortage of key Summaries,1 a report which provides a from last year gave a list of companies refractory and other mineral exports from glimpse into the events, trends, and affected by the tariffs, including Alcoa, China, a crisis that continues into 2019. issues taking place in the nonfuel min- which cut its profit forecast ranges by What follows on the next two pages eral industry. $500 million; General Electric, which summarizes salient statistics and trends While estimated value of total nonfuel faces up to $400 million a year in tariff- for a handful of mineral commodities mineral production increased by 3% from induced costs; and Ford, which faces up of particular interest in the ceramic and 2017 to $82.2 billion in 2018, total value to $300 million in extra costs. glass industries. Readers are encouraged of industrial minerals production saw The U.S. ultimately removed a few to access the complete USGS report at an increase of 7% to $56.3 billion. Of commodities from the proposed tariff lists https://on.doi.gov/2siRsvg this total, $25.3 billion came from con- because they are critical materials. Of the struction aggregates production, mainly 35 minerals or mineral material groups References crushed stone, 30%; cement, 20%; and identified as critical, the U.S. was 100% 1Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019, U.S. construction sand and gravel, 15%. net import reliant for 14 of them—arsenic, Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 2019. The year 2018 saw a large number of cesium, fluorspar, gallium, graphite (natu- 2Lincicome, S. “Here are 202 companies import duties being levied by the U.S. ral), indium, manganese, niobium, rare hurt by Trump’s tariffs,” Reason, 2018 Sept. and against the U.S. in retaliation, begin- earth elements group, rubidium, scandi- 14. Accessed May 13, 2019. Retrieved from ning with the U.S. enacting additional um, strontium, tantalum, and vanadium. https://reason.com/2018/09/14/tariff- import duties of 10% and 25% for alu- Many of these critical materials come victims/ minum articles and steel articles, respec- from China. As American Elements chair- 3Silver, M. “China’s dangerous monopoly tively, in March. In July, a list of 818 tariff man and CEO Michael Silver explained on metals,” The Wall Street Journal, 14 April lines became subject to an additional in a Wall Street Journal article,3 around 2019. Accessed May 13, 2019. Retrieved from import duty of 25%, and in August, a 96% of global mining output for rare- https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-danger- second list of 279 tariff lines was added. earth metals comes from within China’s ous-monopoly-on-metals-11555269517 In late September, a third list of 5,745 borders. It is no surprise, then, that 4O’Driscoll, M. “Refractory mineral supply: full and partial tariff lines, including non- China, followed by Canada, supplied the Alternative solutions driven by China supply fuel mineral ores and concentrates and largest number of nonfuel mineral com- squeeze,” ACerS Bulletin, March 2019. n forms, became subject to an additional modities in 2018. 10% import duty. Other countries, most However, China does face supply short- notably China, responded to these import ages of their own. In an “IMFORMD

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 35 USGS MINERALS COMMODITY SUMMARY*

BORON CEMENT GALLIUM INDIUM LITHIUM

End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: Glass, ceramics, abrasives, Construction Integrated circuits, Flat-panel displays, alloys, Batteries, ceramics, cleaning products, optoelectronic devices solders, semiconductors glass, grease insecticides, insulation, Trend in global production: Trend in global production: Trend in global production: Trend in global production: semiconductors 1.2% increase 28% increase 5% increase 23% increase Trend in global production: U.S. production: U.S. production: U.S. production: U.S. production: Cannot be calculated 87.8 million tons of cement; 77.7 million tonnes of clinker 0 0 N/A U.S. production: U.S. import/export: U.S. import/export: U.S. import/export: N/A U.S. import/export: 14% net import reliance 100% net import reliance 100% net import reliance >50% net import reliance U.S. import/export: World reserves: World reserves: World reserves: Net exporter World reserves: Raw materials are abundant Estimate unavailable Estimate unavailable Significant World reserves: Leading producer: Leading producer: Leading producer: Adequate Leading producer: Leading producer:

BAUXITE AND CLAYS FELDSPAR GRAPHITE IRON AND ALUMINA (NATURAL) STEEL

End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: Aluminum smelters, Tile, sanitaryware, absorbents, Glass, tile, pottery Brake linings, lubricants, Construction, transportation abrasives, ceramics, drilling mud, construction, powdered metals, refractory (auto), machinery, equipment chemicals, refractories refractories, paper, proppants Trend in global production: applications, steelmaking 1.2% increase Trend in global production: Trend in global production: Trend in global production: Trend in global production: 2.6% increase for pig iron; 0.8% increase for alumina; 1.9% increase for bentonite; U.S. production: 3.7% increase 6.5% increase for raw steel 450,000 tons (marketable 2.9% decrease for bauxite 5% decrease for Fuller’s earth production) U.S. production: U.S. production: U.S. production: U.S. production: 85.4 million tonnes of cement; 24 million tons of pig iron; 1.5 million tons of alumina 27.0 million tons U.S. import/export: 0 87 million tons of steel (48.1% common clay; 22% net import reliance U.S. import/export: U.S. import/export: U.S. import/export: 27.0% kaolin; 13.7% bentonite; >75% net import reliance for World reserves: 100% net import reliance 24% net import reliance 11.2% other) More than adequate bauxite; 45% net import reli- World reserves: World reserves: ance for alumina U.S. import/export: Leading producer: >800 million tons N/A Net exporter World reserves: Leading producer: Leading producer: 55 to 75 billion tons World reserves: Extremely large Leading producers: Bauxite Alumina Leading producer: Kaolin Bentonite *Based on 2018 data. See Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 USGS MINERALS COMMODITY SUMMARY*

NIOBIUM RARE EARTHS

End use industries: End use industries: Steel industry, aerospace alloys Catalysts, ceramics, glass, metallurgical alloys, polishing Trend in global production: 1.6% decrease Trend in global production: 28.8% increase U.S. production: 0 U.S. production: 15,000 tons (bastnaesite U.S. import/export: Lithium triangle concentrates) • Argentina 100% net import reliance U.S. import/export: • Bolivia World reserves: 100% net import reliance for • Chile More than adequate compounds and metals; Net ex- Leading producer: porter of mineral concentrates World reserves: Relatively abundant in earth’s crust, bust discoverable concentrations uncommon Leading producer:

KYANITE SODA ASH TITANIUM DIOXIDE YTTRIUM ZEOLITES (PIGMENT) (NATURAL)

End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: End use industries: Refractories, abrasives, Glass, chemicals, Paints, plastic, paper, catalysts, Abrasives, bearings and seals, Animal feed, odor control, ceramic products, distributors, etc. ceramics, coated textiles, floor high-temperature refractories, water purification, absorbent, foundry products jet engine coatings, metallurgy, fertilizer, pesticide Trend in global production: coverings, inks, etc. phosphors Trend in global production: 1.9% increase Trend in global production: Trend in global production: Cannot be calculated Trend in global production: No change U.S. production: N/A N/A U.S. production: 12.0 million tons U.S. production: U.S. production: 95,000 tons U.S. production: 95,000 tons U.S. import/export: 1.2 million tons N/A U.S. import/export: Net exporter U.S. import/export: U.S. import/export: Net exporter U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Net exporter >95% net import reliance World reserves: Practically inexhaustible World reserves: World reserves: Significant World reserves: No estimate available Leading producer: Data not available Reserves are sufficient, Leading producer: Leading producer: Leading producer: but worldwide issues may affect production Leading producer:

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37 2019—New format, new exhibitors, more networking opportunities

(Credit all images: ACerS) eramics Expo 2019, featuring a new two-day format, saw 2,868 attendees from 35 countries converged on the I-X Center in Cleveland, Ohio, CApril 30 and May 1. Director of technical content and communications and ACerS Bulletin editor Eileen De Guire kicked off the exposition with an engaging keynote address explaining the importance of the ceramics and glass industry in today’s increasingly technological society.

Day one of Ceramics Expo featured panels discussing and overviewing the advanced ceramic and glass industry, including threats to the global advanced ceramics supply chain. In particular, panelists singled out the tariff war between the United States and China as something that could cause challenges in the short term. Other conference speakers discussed challenges and successes in managing ceramics businesses, how to manufacture different Michael Silver (left) and Eileen De Guire (right) open the Ceramics types of ceramics, and various applications of ceramics, including thermal Expo 2019. management and energy storage.

Ceramics Expo began its second day with several panels focused on advances in different industries, including glass applications, electroceramics, and additive manufacturing. The additive manufacturing panel especially garnered a lot of interest—once seats ran short, attendees stood in the back to listen. The interest in the panel mirrored interest at the ACerS short course on additive manufacturing, which took place before the exposition on Monday, April 29.

The conference finished with two speakers from NASA Glenn Research Center and General Elec- tric Aviation who talked, respectively, about materials for the electrified aircraft market and the importance of ceramic matrix composites for next-generation aircraft.

Plan now to attend next year’s Ceramics Expo in Cleveland, May 5–6, 2020. Read more about Shawn Allan, vice president of Lithoz says in a panel discussion, “Additive manufacturing Ceramics Expo 2019 at http://bit.ly/CEX19Day1 and http://bit.ly/CEX19Day2. View images from gives us the freedom to design almost any- Ceramics Expo at http://bit.ly/CEX19photos. n thing, but it doesn’t mean we should!”

It is not often four past and current ACerS presidents together are in one place! From left to right, Sylvia XJet vice president of healthcare and education Avi Cohen Johnson (current), Stephen Freiman (1998–1999), Mrityunjay “Jay” Singh (2015–2016), and Michael “Mike” (right) shows product samples to expo attendees. Alexander (2017–2018).

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Boston becomes Glass City as it welcomes 900 glass scientists, engineers,

and manufacturers (Credit all images: ACerS) The Technology Fair provided an opportunity for vendors to interact with attendees.

lobal citizens of the glass industry descended on Boston, June 10-14, for the 25th edition of the International Congress on Glass (ICG) and the 100th Annual GMeeting of The American Ceramic Society Glass and Optical Materials Division (GOMD). More than 900 people, including 200 students, from 45 countries attended the Congress. Program chair John Mauro and his committee worked with the International Commis- sion on Glass’ Technical Committees to present a rich smorgasbord of 43 technical sessions, two poster sessions, a Festschrift, eight award lectures, networking recep- tions, and working committee meetings. Richard Brow, Congress president, notes, “John and his committee put together a marvelous program that ranged from basic physics on the quantum scale to challenges with manufacturing thousands of tons of glass per day.” ICG president Alicia Durán welcomes women and “our supporters” Mauro says, “This was such a wonderful opportu- to the Women in Science reception as ACerS president Sylvia Johnson looks on. nity to bring together the global glass community to exchange technical ideas and deepen our sense of camaraderie in the world of glass.” ICG president Alicia Durán echoed that sentiment saying, “This Congress is part of our scientific work and, like science, is a collective effort.” GOMD chair Liping Huang presided over the 100th anniversary segment of the opening ceremony, receiving congratulations and recognition from ICG, Society for Glass Technology, and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft (German Glass Society). The celebration included the Morey and Stookey Huang presented a new ceremonial glass gavel for ICG president Richard Brow lectures, as well as the first awarding of the L. David Pye the GOMD to replace the delicate, hollow glass gavel. welcomes attendees to the A century ago Corning Glassworks made the hollow Lifetime Achievement Award to Charles Kurkjian and John Congress banquet. glass gavel for the ACerS Glass Division. In honor of Douglas Mackenzie, and the Society of Glass Technology’s first the GOMD’s 100th anniversary, Corning Inc. made a awarding of its Michael new ion-exchange strengthened gavel with a black Cable Award and lecture. ribbon of glass-ceramic winding through it. Alfred University professor emeritus Arun Varshneya, affectionately known as the “Glass Guru,” was honored with a four-day Festschrift. Family, former students, and current and former colleagues spoke about the influence of his work in their life, careers in academia, industry, government, and management. The next ICG will be in 2022 in Berlin, Germany. And, save the date for GOMD 2020 in New Orleans, May 17-21. Read more about ICG and Vijay Jain (left) and John Mauro (right) present Arun Varshneya with the actual GOMD at http://bit.ly/ICG2019wrapup. View images from ICG and GOMD Festschrift from the sessions. at http://bit.ly/ICG2019photos. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 39 Breakout sessions, awards, student events (Credit all images: ACerS) highlight successful Cements 2019

he American Ceramic Society’s followed by concurrent technical sessions. Mi- Cements Division hosted their dafternoon, during the Cements Division business T10th Advances in Cement-Based meeting, Division chair David Corr provided a Divi- Materials meeting June 16–18 at the sion update including ACerS supplemental funding University of Illinois Urbana-Cham- and budget usage, and Division membership and paign campus. There were 143 attend- meeting attendance growth. ees at the conference. Highlights from Following the lecture, attendees proceeded to the Beckman Corr also announced The Brunauer Best Paper the event include a SEM Workshop, Atrium to participate in the evening poster session, which Award for the 2018 winning paper: Molecular and ERDC-CERL tour, student event, poster featured over 50 posters. submolecular scale effects of comb–copolymers session, Della Roy Lecture, and 10th on tri–calcium silicate reactivity: Toward molecular years and answered inquiries from the audience. Meeting Anniversary Faculty Panel. design (2017), authored by Delphine Marchon, The day’s sessions included talks on additive Monday’s program opened with Patrick Juilland, Emmanuel Gallucci, Lukas Frunz, manufacturing, computational methods, alterna- keynote speaker Timothy Gangler, and Robert J. Flatt. tive cementitious materials, and an open topic session. The closing awards ceremony announced David Lange of the University of Illinois at Urba- the 2019 YouTube Research Video awardee, as na-Champaign presented his captivating Della Roy well as the poster session awardees. lecture, “Beyond the Science,” a retrospective on major research developments over the years. The Next year’s meeting will be hosted by North- lecture emphasized a somewhat philosophical western University in Evanston, Illinois, and will observation about education, reasoning, and human again provide exciting and thought-provoking relationships. The evening concluded with the Elsevi- topics. Check the ACerS website and the Bulletin er-sponsored Della Roy Reception/Dinner. in early 2020 for further details. Tuesday morning’s keynote speaker, Zachary Gras- Read more about Cements 2019 at http://bit.ly/ Outgoing Cements Division chair David Corr ley, was followed by a panel discussion on changes Cements2019wrapup. View images from Cements and program cochair Nishant Garg (right). and accomplishments during the meeting’s past 10 2019 at http://bit.ly/Cements2019photos. ■

SAVE THE DATE! JULY 20 23, 2020 | PANAMA CITY, PANAMA 2020 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAs) 2020 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS PACCFMAs

40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Structural clay experts converge on Indianapolis for networking, tours, and more at 2019 brick meeting (Credit all images: ACerS) Attendees enjoy the Tuesday evening Suppliers Mixer.

ore than 100 attendees converged in National Brick Research Center meeting again took on the role of host for the downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, June The meeting kicked off with the NBRC Spring Executive hospitality suite. M24–27 to take part in the combined Committee Meeting on Tuesday morning, which provided Read more about the Structural Clay meeting of the ACerS Structural Clay Prod- the members with updates at the center. Products meeting at http://bit.ly/Bricks ucts Division, ACerS Southwest (SW) Section, Technical sessions 2019wrapup. View images from the and Clemson University’s National Brick On Tuesday afternoon and Thursday morning, attend- Structural Clay Products meeting at Research Center (NBRC). The meeting was ees heard from 15 industry experts on a wide range of http://bit.ly/Bricks2019photos. ■ successful due to the combined efforts and topics including emission reduction, block mining, drying teamwork between members of the ACerS practices, 3D printing, plant safety, computerized main- SCPD and SW Section, and NBRC staff. tenance management, regulatory updates, and more. Brick plant tours On Thursday, attendees toured four brick plants— General Shale (Mooresville), Meridian Brick (Terre Haute), Brampton Brick (Farmersburg), and Brickcraft (Center Point). Networking and awards Meeting attendees reconnected with old friends and built new relationships each evening in the hospitality suite, at the Suppliers Mixer reception on Tuesday, and NBRC director John Sanders leads the NBRC’s Attendees tour plant operations at Brampton Brick. at the awards banquet on Thursday. Danser, Inc. once Executive Committee Meeting on Tuesday morning.

3RD ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2019) REGISTER TODAY! SEPTEMBER 4–6, 2019 Falls Church, Virginia USA

Energy harvesting has become the key to the future of wireless sensor and actuator networks for variety of applications, including monitoring of temperature, humidity, light, and location of persons in the building; chemical/gas sensor; and structural health monitoring. TECHNICAL PROGRAM • Energy harvesting (piezoelectric, inductive, • Emerging energy harvesting technologies (perovskite photovoltaic, thermoelectric, electrostatic, dielectric, solar cells, shapememory engines, CNT textiles, SPONSOR radioactive, electrets, etc.) thermomagnetics, bio-based processes, etc.) • Energy storage (supercapacitors, batteries, • Energy management, transmission and distribution; fuel cells, microbial cells, etc.) energy-efﬁ cient electronics for energy harvesters and • Applications (structural and industrial distribution health monitoring, human body • Fluid-ﬂ ow energy harvesting MEDIA SPONSORS network, wireless sensor nodes, • Solar–thermal converters telemetry, personal power, etc.) • Multi-junction energy harvesting systems

THE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY • Wireless power transfer ORGANIZERS

of the American Ceramic Society Incorporating Advanced Ceramic Materials and Communications www.ceramics.org/ehs19

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41

Image Credit: Monofrax JOIN US FOR THE ACerS 121ST ANNUAL MEETING! MST19 #

The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers, and more to discuss current research and technical applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community.

PLENARY LECTURES TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 | 8–10:40 a.m. ASM/TMS DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP IN MATERIALS AND SOCIETY Carolyn Hansson, professor of materials engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada The challenge of 100 year service-life requirement

ACERS EDWARD ORTON JR. MEMORIAL LECTURE Minoru Tomozawa, professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Glass and water: Fast surface relaxation

AIST ADOLF MARTENS MEMORIAL STEEL LECTURE MATSCITECH.ORG

SEPTEMBER 29 – OCTOBER 3, 2019 Wolfgang Bleck, chair, Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, IEHK Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany ACerS SHORT COURSES The fascinating variety of new manganese SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28 alloyed steels 9 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 1

SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 8 a.m. – Noon INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE HOTEL INFORMATION 9 a.m. – 2:30 p.m. SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 2 RESERVATION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 6, 2019 For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 reservation online at matscitech.org/mst19. 8 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND PORTLAND MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT IMPACT, day 1 – ACerS HQ | $209 plus tax/night single or double U.S. Government Rate FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4 Rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government 8 a.m. – Noon ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate. IMPACT, day 2

42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 REGISTER BEFORE AUGUST 30, 2019 TO SAVE! WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG/MST19 THE LEADING FORUM FOR MATERIALS SCIENTISTS Organizers: Co-Sponsored by:

ACerS LECTURES AND AWARDS MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 SPECIAL EVENTS 8:10 – 8:55 a.m. | ACerS NAVROTSKY AWARD FOR SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS 5 – 6 p.m. MS&T WOMEN IN MATERIALS SCIENCE – Alexander Beutl, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry– RECEPTION Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Althanstraße, Austria, A novel apparatus for coulo- 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. ACerS PCSA & KERAMOS RECEPTION metric titrations in lithium containing systems MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 9 – 10 a.m. | ACerS/EPDC ARTHUR L. FRIEDBERG CERAMIC 8 a.m. – 6 p.m. ACerS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMO- ENGINEERING TUTORIAL AND LECTURE GRAPHIC EXHIBIT AND COMPETITION – Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, Redefining material design paradigms for next ST 1 – 2 p.m. ACerS 121 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP generation optical materials MEETING 2 – 4:40 p.m. | ACerS RICHARD M. FULRATH AWARD 5 – 6 p.m. MS&T PARTNERS’ WELCOME RECEPTION SESSION 6:45 – 7:30 p.m. ACerS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS – Manabu Fukushima, National Institute of Advanced BANQUET RECEPTION Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, Engineering cellular ceramics with modulated pore configurations 7:30 – 10 p.m. ACerS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS – Keigo Suzuki, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan, BANQUET Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale dielectrics for the design of advanced ceramic capacitors TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 – Ronald Polcawich, U.S. Defense Advanced Research 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. ACerS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMO- Projects Agency (DARPA), USA, Presentation and title GRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION to be announced 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS – Koichiro Morita, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Japan, Dielec- 11 a.m. – 1 p.m. GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH tric material design and lifetime prediction for PRESENTERS highly reliable MLCCs – Vilas Pol, Purdue University, USA, Engineered Noon – 2 p.m. MS&T FOOD COURT ceramic materials for energy storage 1 – 6 p.m. GENERAL POSTER VIEWING TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 4 – 6 p.m. EXHIBITOR NETWORKING RECEPTION 1 – 2 p.m. | ACerS FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND SOCIETY— RUSTUM ROY LECTURE 4:45 – 5:45 p.m. GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH – Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA, Printing PRESENTERS architected matter in three dimensions 2 – 4:40 p.m. | ACERS GOMD ALFRED R. COOPER AWARD WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 SESSION 7 a.m. – Noon ACerS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMO- Cooper Distinguished Lecture GRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION – Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, 9:30 a.m. – 2 p.m. GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH Function-tailoring strategies for broadband PRESENTERS infrared glasses 9:30 a.m. – 2 p.m. EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS 2019 Alfred R. Cooper Young Scholar Award Presentation – Winner will be announced after selection by the Noon – 2 p.m. MS&T FOOD COURT Cooper Award Committee. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 1 –2 p.m. | ACerS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION ROBERT B. 7 a.m. – Noon ACerS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMO- SOSMAN LECTURE GRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION – Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University, USA, Nanomaterials Born from ceramics: Transformative synthesis of carbons, carbides and nitrides

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 resources

Calendar of events

August 2019 Technology – Okinawa Convention August 2020 Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; 19–23 Materials Challenges in www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 2–7 Solid State Studies in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2019 Ceramics, Gordon Research (MCARE2019) – Lotte Hotel, Jeju 28–31 80th Conference on Conference; Mount Holyoke College; Island, Republic of Korea; Glass Problems – Greater Columbus South Hadley, Mass.; https://www.grc. www.mcare2019.org Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; org/solid-state-studies-in-ceramics- conference/2020 September 2019 www.glassproblemsconference.org 16–21 2–6 November 2019 Materials Challenges in Materials Research Society of Alternative & Renewable Energy Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT 18–20 Indian Minerals & Markets th 2020 (MCARE2020) combined with 2019 and 11 IISS World Round Table Forum 2019 – JW Marriott Mumbai the 4th Annual Energy Harvesting Conference on Sintering – Herceg Novi, Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. Society Meeting (AEHSM 2020)– Hyatt Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs com/get-imformed/forums/india- Regency, Bellevue, Wash.; minerals-markets-forum-2019 www.ceramics.org/mcare2020 4–6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS19) – Falls December 2019 October 2020 Church Marriott Farview Park, Falls Church, Va.; 1–6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting – Hynes 4–8 MS&T20 combined with www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; ACerS 122nd Annual Meeting – David www.mrs.org/fall2019 L. Lawrence Convention Center, 22–27 HTCMC10: 10th Int’l Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org Conference on High-Temperature January 2020 Ceramic-Matrix Composites – Palais November 2020 22–24 EMA2020: Electronic Materials des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; and Applications – DoubleTree by Hilton 29–Dec. 3 www.ht-cmc10.org 2020 MRS Fall Meeting & Orlando at Sea World Conference Exhibit – Boston, Mass.; Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; 23–25 Annual conference of the www.mrs.org/fall2020 www.ceramics.org/ema2020 Serbian Ceramic Society – Belgrade, January 2021 Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety. 26–31 ICACC20: 44th Int’l Conference rs/index.htm and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and 20–22 EMA2021: Electronic Materials 29–Oct. 3 Composites – Daytona Beach, Fla.; and Applications – DoubleTree by Hilton MS&T19 combined with Orlando at Sea World Conference st www.ceramics.org/icacc20 the ACerS 121 Annual Meeting – Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org April 2020 24–29 th October 2019 45 International Conference 13–17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Exhibit – Phoenix, Ariz.; 7-11 4th International Conference on Composites (ICACC2021) – Hilton www.mrs.org/spring2020 Rheology and Modeling of Materials Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, The conference will be held in Bukk in May 2020 Daytona Beach, Fla.; castle hotel Hotel Palota at Miskolc- www.ceramics.org Lillafured. More information, online 17–21 2020 Glass and Optical registration and abstract submission Materials Division Annual Meeting – Dates in RED denote new entry in are available in the conference web- Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; this issue. sites of www.ic-rmmconf.eu www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 Entries in BLUE denote ACerS 13–16 UNITECR 2019: United Int’l June 2020 events. Technical Conference on Refractories – denotes meetings that ACerS Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; 7–10 Ultra-high Temperature cosponsors, endorses, or other- www.unitecr2019.org Ceramics: Materials for Extreme wise cooperates in organizing. Environment Applications V – The Ceram an i ic c r S th e o m ✯ ✯ ✯ c A i e

27–31 e t

y y y h

PACRIM 13: 13 Pacific Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; h

T T T T SEAL denotes Corporate partner  ✯ ✯ ✯  F o u 99 Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass http://bit.ly/5thUHTC nded 18

44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 PROOF of your advertisement for insertion in the FEBRUARY issue

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 47 deciphering the discipline Kaitlin Detwiler A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass Guest columnist scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors.

An interdisciplinary venture: Oxidation studies on stressed SiC/SiC CMCs

The development and implementa- This collaborative effort is training me tion of silicon carbide (SiC)-based ceram- to become a more interdisciplinary ic matrix composites (CMCs) is a story scientist, by leveraging and expanding marked by collaboration. upon my prior knowledge of mechani- In the early days of CMCs, and cal properties and introducing me to continuing today, various government thermochemical behavior and analysis. departments and agencies including In the summer of 2018, I began by NASA, the Department of Defense measuring baseline, fast-fracture tensile labs, and the Department of Energy properties at lower temperatures. I was funded and collaborated with industry fortunate to do this testing at AFRL, as to accelerate our working understanding this allowed me to work with experienced of CMCs, making them more viable for research scientists, seasoned technicians, commercial use. Today, GE Aviation and undergraduate interns. From the and Safran Aircraft Engines have imple- research scientists and technicians, I mented CMCs into their joint venture learned intricacies of tensile testing that LEAP engine,1 and Rolls-Royce current- are not easily gleaned from textbooks or ly is testing CMC components in engine manuals. I was also able to pass on my test programs.2 I joined this community existing knowledge to younger interns at an exciting time as an undergraduate, who are just beginning their research when these components were first being careers. Working in this synergistic envi- implemented. Now, I am able to aid in ronment allowed us to formulate better, Credit: Kaitlin Detwiler pushing SiC/SiC CMC development more advanced ideas, such as refining Figure 1. Elevated temperature tensile test further through my graduate studies. experimental setups (Figure 1). setup with furnace, thermocouples, and As a graduate student at the After conducting these tests, I dis- extensometer rods. University of Virginia, I work with Rolls- cussed the results with researchers at Royce and the Composite Materials material and engine manufacturer Rolls- Performance group at the Air Force Royce. These discussions gave me fur- References Research Labs (AFRL) at Wright- ther information about engine operating 1Steibel, J. (2019). “Ceramic matrix compos- Patterson Air Force Base. Having col- conditions, including loading, relative ites taking flight at GE Aviation.” American laborators within these two groups has humidities, and exposure time and tem- Ceramic Society Bulletin, 98(3), 30–33. kept my work focused on engine applica- peratures. Based on these discussions, 2Pioneering the development of CMCs. tions, while still advancing fundamental I have identified relevant testing condi- (2019, March 8). Retrieved from https:// knowledge of these materials. tions that would have otherwise been www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/ My research focuses on quantify- unknown to me, enabling me to design civil-aerospace/future-products. Accessed 17 ing the oxidation kinetics of stressed, more meaningful test matrices for mate- April 2019. low-temperature oxidation behavior rial application. Kaitlin “Katie” Detwiler is pursuing in SiC/SiC CMCs. Most elevated From these experiences, I have a Ph.D. in materials science and engi- temperature mechanical properties learned that collaboration and part- neering at the University of Virginia and oxidation research has been com- nerships are essential to pushing the and is a 2019 SMART Scholarship pleted near the upper-use temperature envelope on new material development. Awardee. Her work focuses on the of SiC/SiC CMCs. However, due to The decades-long mission to produce, stressed oxidation behavior of SiC/SiC thermal gradients and flight operat- test, and implement SiC/SiC CMCs has CMCs. Outside of the lab, she enjoys ing conditions, SiC/SiC CMC com- been made possible by great minds work- playing basketball, reading, and taking ponents experience a wide range of ing together toward a common goal. By her dog to the park. n stresses and temperatures. continuing this tradition of collabora- The goal of my project is to under- tion, I hope to make lasting contribu- stand the interplay between tempera- tions to SiC/SiC CMC technology for ture, stress, and oxidation behavior. aerospace applications.

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48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 44TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON CALL ADVANCED FOR PAPERS CERAMICS AND ABSTRACTS DUE COMPOSITES JULY 29, 2019

January 26 – 31, 2020 HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT AND OCEAN CENTER

Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division ceramics.org/icacc2020 of The American Ceramic Society yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon photonics fused quartz beamsplitters piezoceramics europium phosphors additive manufacturing III-IV semiconductors ITO 1 1 2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process bioimplants Helium YSZ 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 zeolites Lithium Beryllium raman substrates barium uoride Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen FluorinenanoNeon ribbons 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 anode Sodium Magnesium sapphire windows anti-ballistic ceramicsAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon silicates

19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 oxides Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton cermet 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

TiCN 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 h-BN 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 ZnS 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 InGaAs 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 Nh 18 18 Mc 18 18 Ts 18 Og 18 Fr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7 8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si3N4 epitaxial crystal growth cerium oxide polishing powder rutile 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 quantum dots Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium spintronics 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 SiALON 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) YBCO Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium GDC transparent ceramics chalcogenides nanodispersions perovskites alumina substrates superconductors fuel cell materials laser crystals sputtering targets TM CVD precursors deposition slugs Now Invent. silicon carbide MBE grade materials beta-barium borate scintillation Ce:YAG solar energy The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs lithium niobate photovoltaics Over 15,000 certi ed high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a magnesia state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of ber optics new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language "Mobile Responsive” platform. thin lm MgF2 dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials borosilicate glass metamaterials

American Elements opens a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! superconductors www.americanelements.com indium tin oxide