AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

bullemerginge ceramicstin & glass technology JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2020

Ferroelectricity A revolutionary century of discovery

Ceramics Expo 2020 preview | NSF CAREER program–10 years strong | Meet ACerS president When it Comes to Heat, We Sweat the Details!

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Harrop Ad Sweat the Details ACerS Full Size w 100 logo.indd 1 10/31/19 10:05 AM contents January/February 2020 • Vol. 99 No.1

department News & Trends ...... 3 feature articles Spotlight...... 10 Ceramics in the Environment . . 16 Impact of ferroelectricity Research Briefs ...... 17 22 Since the discovery of ferroelectricity 100 years ago, ferroelectric materials are everywhere in our electronics- Advances in Nanomaterials . . 19 based society. Learn how they drive a $7 billion industry. Ceramics in Manufacturing . . 20 by Susan Trolier-McKinstry columns Meet ACerS president Tatsuki Ohji ...... 8 by Eileen De Guire Highlights from ACerS 121st Annual Business Meeting . . . . . 9 Ferroelectricity—A revolutionary century 24 of discovery by Lisa McDonald A century after the discovery of ferroelectricity, we look Business and Market View . . . . . 7 at the physics that makes ferroelectric materials so useful Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics market and the research that got us here. projected to grow at much faster pace through 2024 by Geoff Brennecka, Rachel Sherbondy, by Margareth Gagliardi Robert Schwartz, and Jon Ihlefeld

cover story Deciphering the Discipline . . . .. 48 Ferroelectric nitrides for communications technologies by Daniel Drury

National Science Foundation CAREER meetings 31 Ceramics Program awardees: Class of 2018 and decadal overview Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting As an independent federal agency of the United States government, the National Science Foundation (NSF) (GOMD 2020) ...... 37 funds basic research conducted at America’s colleges and 6th Ceramics Expo preview . . . . . 38 universities. NSF’s Ceramics Program in the Division of Materials Research resides within the Mathematical and Electronic Materials and Physical Sciences Directorate. Applications (EMA 2020)...... 40

by Lynnette D. Madsen 44th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites ...... 42 resources Calendar...... 44 Classified Advertising...... 45 Display Ad Index...... 47

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor [email protected] Lisa McDonald, Associate Editor January/February 2020 • Vol. 99 No.1 Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center Eliana Muccillo, IPEN-SP, Brazil Oomman Varghese, University of Houston As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Customer Service/Circulation Government, industry, academia ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 [email protected] investigate additively manufacturing Advertising Sales cemented carbide parts National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director Additive manufacturing may be an easier way to manu- [email protected] facture cemented carbide parts. The U.S. Army Research ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Laboratory recently submitted a patent application for a selective laser melting process, and collaborations in indus- Europe Richard Rozelaar Credit: ExOne try and academia are investigating binder jetting as well. [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] Read more at www.ceramics.org/carbideparts Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications [email protected] Marcus Fish, Development Director Also see our ACerS journals... Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation Direct and indirect measurement of large electrocaloric effect in [email protected] barium strontium titanate ceramics Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations By G . Dai, S . Wang, G . Huang, et al . [email protected] Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology [email protected] Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec . Assistant Processing and properties of Bi0.98R0.02FeO3 (R = La, Sm, Y) [email protected] ceramics flash sintered at ~650°C in <5 s Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing By E . Gil-González, A . Perejón, P . E . Sánchez-Jiménez, et al . [email protected] Journal of the American Ceramic Society Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership [email protected] Poling tuning: A plausible solution for minimizing microphony Officers and secondary pyroelectric coefficient in ferroelectrics Tatsuki Ohji, President Dana Goski, President-Elect By R . Kiran, A . Kumar, R . Kumar, and R . Vaisht Sylvia Johnson, Past President International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Dielectric and structural studies of ferroelectric phase evolution in dipole-pair substituted barium titanate ceramics Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018–2021 By V . K . Veerapandiyan, M . Deluca, S . T . Misture, et al . Helen Chan, Director 2019-2022 Journal of the American Ceramic Society Monica Ferraris, Director 2019-2022 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 William Headrick, Director 2019-2022 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018–2021 Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing . The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No . 0002-7812) . ©2020 . Printed in the United States of America . ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www .ceramics .org) . Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership . Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150 .* Rates include shipping charges . International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada . *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100 . Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue . December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40 . Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item . POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices . Allow six weeks for address changes . ACSBA7, Vol . 99, No . 1, pp 1– 48 . All feature articles are covered in Current Contents .

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 news & trends

Labor shortage challenges so that’s a challenge,” says Garth Tayler, Those challenges extend beyond brick manufacturing and construc- retired technical director for Acme Brick as well, as many other product segments (Fort Worth, Texas). face similar challenges. tion industries A theme that consistently echoes across diverse markets tied to the con- struction industry is a familiar concern—labor. “The generation that is coming into the workforce is less likely to enter the construction market, so there is a gap in labor that is there for all trades—electri- cal, roofing, insulation, all of it. It’s an issue the entire building industry is try- ing to address,” says Matt Gawryla, insu- lation R&D leader at Owens Corning. In addition to attracting new young workers, other contributing factors to these labor shortages include the aging current workforce as well as shortages of immigrant workers due to changing governmental practices, especially in the United States. The brick industry, for examples, faces a shortage of bricklayers and masonry workers, which drives up the cost of brick installation and puts additional pressure on the industry. “So the brickmaker is struggling against increased alternative products plus increased cost to lay brick into the wall, Credit: Needpix.com Many factors—including aging current workforce, attracting new young work- ers, and shortages of immigrant work- ers—contribute to a labor shortage in the manufacturing and construction industries.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends

just consumer options—thin bricks are 15.4 watts of power to a powered device easier and quicker to install than stan- via twisted pair cabling. In 2009, PoE dard brick, perhaps a creative solution to power increased to 30 watts. Today, a shortage of skilled bricklayers. many PoE-enabled Ethernet switches Many other industries have also devel- provide 60 watts of power, but on Sept. oped diverse solutions that all converge 27, 2018, the latest PoE standard—IEEE on the theme of easier-to-install prod- 802.3bt—was ratified and approved, ucts, a trend that is likely to continue which supports 100 watts of power. into the future. n PoE offers major advantages to build- ing owners compared to traditional elec- Power over Ethernet: The trical wiring systems, including • Reduced installation costs— Credit: Michael Coghlan, Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0) Thin bricks are one example of labor- wire(not)less future of Ethernet cables cost less than traditional saving materials being used in the con- smart buildings electrical wiring, and Ethernet is often struction industry, in part to account for Despite Silicon Valley’s push for wire- already installed in buildings. the labor shortage. less as it aims to realize the Internet of • Safer installation—PoE Type 3 volt- “Everyone is looking for long-term Things (IoT), in the case of smart build- ages are typically less than 60 volts, and solutions to combat the labor shortage ings, Ethernet may be the best way to Type 4 less than 90; conduits and metal that’s challenging the manufacturing and achieve IoT. cladding are not required. construction industries,” says Lucas J. Traditionally, Ethernet is a more reli- • Responsive deployment—An entire Hamilton, manager of applied building able (and generally faster) cable-based network does not need to be brought science for Saint-Gobain Corp. “Some option to Wi-Fi for computers. But down to add or subtract devices; PoE specific examples of the industry response transmitting data is not the only use for devices can be easily moved and recon- to workforce issues include a focus on Ethernet cables. nected at the switch level. how to properly address energy concerns Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a net- In addition to these advantages, prob- and stay on top of product innovations, working feature that lets Ethernet cables ably the biggest advantage to PoE is its while doing so in a manner that instal- carry electrical power over an existing data-gathering capabilities. lation is easy and efficient for laborers. data connection. Ethernet gives users the ability to We understand the future of construc- PoE was first approved for use assign an IP address to each connected tion must be lean, and Saint-Gobain and by IEEE in 2003 via IEEE standard device. These IP addresses help simplify CertainTeed are becoming more agile to 802.3af. This standard allowed power management, configuration, and mainte- set the example of what lean construction sourcing equipment to transmit up to nance of connected devices, as network means in North America.” Because much of the labor is required for installation, lean often translates into easier-to-install products that reduce the skill, time, and thus cost of installation. Easy-installation building products are emerging in many markets, including brick, insulation, and roofing. In the roofing market, for example, labor-saving materials such as roofing membranes with peel-and-stick adhesive backings and insulated metal panels reduce the time and skill required for installation, and they are gaining accep- tance. Even some innovations in more traditional materials such as asphalt shin- gles are directed toward making installa- tion easier, including shingles with more

visible reinforced nailing strips. Credit: David Davies, Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0) Similarly, the innovation of thin brick In the case of smart buildings, Ethernet cables may be the best way to achieve the in the brick industry is about more than Internet of Things.

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 administrators and system integrators can immediately see and troubleshoot Corporate partner news errors in the system when issues arise. Recently, The Sinclair, a new Bullen wins Manufacturing Business of the Year luxury lifestyle hotel in Fort Worth, Bullen Ultrasonics was recently named the 2019 Manufacturing Business Texas, opened its door to the public of the Year by the Dayton Business Journal. The Business of the Year on October 31. It is the first hotel in awards program has celebrated the region’s best in business for 17 years. n the world to power its lights, window shades, smart mirrors, and minibars with PoE technology. “With PoE, the Sinclair will power more than 2,000 lights and ameni- ties via an IP address on a computer network,” an Architectural Digest article explains. “If a light or other PoE device goes out anywhere between the hotel’s basement restaurant and the rooftop bar, the Sinclair will be alerted through an immediate notification.” Additionally, vendors were asked to create products that would run on PoE. This request resulted in the motors for window shades, minibars, and smart Credit: Bullen Ultrasonics mirrors being put on PoE; plans to make PoE air-conditioning units and TVs; and in-development exercise machines that would allow guests to power the hotel through 20 minutes or A world leader in bioactive and more of cardio workouts. n custom glass solutions

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 5 news & trends

Business news

PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES for computer modelling studies of beginning to tackle these challenges. Schott invests e30M to open new glass- Forglass’ furnace designs. https:// https://prnewswire.com/news-releases ceramic facility in Germany www.glass-international.com/news Specialty glass manufacturer Schott Many glass and glazing materials see opened a state-of-the-art CNC Rare earths industry welcomes new only slight changes in October competence center for its glass-ceramic US-Australian deal to ensure critical Many of the prices for materials used Zerodur in Mainz, Germany. The minerals supply in glass and glazing manufacturing investment amounts to more than e30 A newly signed deal between Australia changed only slightly in October 2019 million, and up to 70 qualified specialists and the United States focusing on or not at all according to the latest will be employed at the site. critical minerals could be the push to Producer Price Index from the U.S. https://optics.org/news create a thriving rare earths industry in Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, Australia and, more specifically, central most prices are up year-over-year. Allied Mineral Products opens second Australia, according to some mineral https://www.usglassmag.com manufacturing facility in Tianjin, China experts and rare earths industry players. Allied Mineral Products opened its https://www.abc.net.au/news Thermal interface materials 2020– second manufacturing facility in Tianjin, 2030: Forecasts, technologies, China. The newly constructed plant Magment, Purdue to pursue electric opportunities measures 19,600 sq.m (210,972 sq.ft) transportation pilot projects at In a new report by IDTechEx and will provide optimal production Discovery Park District researchers, they studied thermal space needs, as well as an expansive Magment Concrete Wireless Power and interface materials (TIM) markets workspace. https://alliedmineral.com/ Purdue University officials announced and technologies and developed category/announcements an innovation partnership to advance a detailed view of the key market electric transportation pilots at Purdue’s trends, for example, how 5G affects Groot Glass secures $650 million Discovery Park. They will work on TIM requirements and how the energy funding for two glass plants several test cases including micro- storage market drives change. Namibian company Groot Glass mobility scooters, autonomous electric https://www.idtechex.com secured $650 million funding for the utility vehicle equipment, and robotic construction of a glassmaking hub. It shop floor delivery systems. Gates, Bezos invest in flow battery plans to construct two separate glass https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom technology, a potential rival to big bets manufacturing factories: one 350tpd on lithium-ion Groot Glass Container Factory for the Tesla and GM are betting on lithium- beverages sector, and a 600tpd Groot MARKET TRENDS ion batteries for energy storage systems and electric vehicles, but Glass Float Factory for the construction New materials in high demand to meet Breakthrough Energy Ventures, the industries. https://www.glass- rapid rollout of 5G technology across group of private investors led by Bill international.com/news the globe Gates and fellow billionaires Jeff In a recent report, Lux Research details Bezos, Michael Bloomberg, Richard the progress made on the rollout of ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS Branson, and Jack Ma, invested 5G networks and technologies to date, in iron-flow battery maker ESS in Forglass partners with CelSian on identifies unmet material needs for November. https://www.cnbc.com n mathematical modelling mmWave technology, and reviews Polish glass melting technology the current technology options and provider Forglass partnered with emerging alternatives, with a focus Dutch company CelSian Glass & on innovative groups that are already Solar to provide its GTM-x software

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 business and market view

A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry.

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics market projected to grow at much

By Margareth Gagliardi faster pace through 2024 Table 1. Global market for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, by application, through 2024 ($ millions) he global market for • Availability of new ceramic for- mulations providing better piezoelec- Application 2017 2018 2019 2024 CAGR% piezoelectric devices T tric properties, 2019–2024 is estimated to be valued • General good market growth of Electronics and industry sectors in which these materials optoelectronics 39 46 54 148 22.3 at $25.1 billion in 2019 find application, Transportation 34 39 46 117 20.5 and projected to expand • Greater utilization of LFPECs in Industrial 33 37 43 101 18.6 at a compounded annual energy harvesting technologies as well as Others 22 25 29 77 21.6 in wearable devices, and Total 128 147 172 443 20.8 growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% • Growing opportunities in the field ing BNT and modified bismuth titanate through the next five years. of virtual and augmented reality. formulations. The third group, which Currently, lead-free piezoelec- Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) supplies KNN-based piezoelectric ceram- based piezoelectric ceramics represent ics, includes 11 suppliers, and the fourth tric ceramics (LFPECs) repre- the largest share of the LFPEC market, group of five companies supply other sent a very small share of this at 37.2% of the total in 2019. Currently, types of piezoelectric ceramics, such as these LFPECs find application mainly as bismuth ferrite and niobate-based ceram- market (an estimated value sound and vibration sensors, and auto- ics (other than KNN), and zinc oxide or of $172 million in 2019), motive sensors. Barium sodium titanate aluminum nitride thin films. The total but their sales are projected (BNT) based piezoelectric ceramics are count is 47, rather than 37, because sev- the second-largest segment of the market eral firms are suppliers of more than one to rise at a CAGR of 20.8% at 29.7% of the total in 2019, and these type of piezoelectric material. from 2019 to 2024, reaching products are primarily used as actuators Most U.S. firms (50.0%) produce for inkjet printers and as precision posi- BT-based piezoelectric ceramics, while global revenues of $443 mil- tioning devices. Sales of barium titanate European manufacturers specialize pri- lion in 2024. (BT) based piezoelectric ceramics are marily in BiT-based products (75.0% of Electronics and optoelectronics cur- expanding at a CAGR of 14.6% through total European firms). In the Asia-Pacific rently account for the largest share of the 2019. They are being introduced mainly region, KNN-based piezoelectric ceram- market, at an estimated 31.4% of the total for ultrasonic applications including ics are produced by 37.0% of companies. in 2019. Within this segment, LFPECs cleaning, welding, grinding, emulsifica- The Asia-Pacific region currently are being used primarily for fabrication tion, cooling, and drug extraction. accounts for the largest share of the of inkjet printers and electronic compo- The basic fabrication process of market at 36.3% of the total, and it also nents such as MEMS and surface acoustic LFPEC materials involves several steps represents the fastest growing segment wave devices. By comparison, LFPECs that generally speaking are typical of with a CAGR of 6.6% during the next for transportation represent a share of ceramic manufacturing. Recently, a new five years. This region is projected to gen- 26.7% of the total. This segment has been forming process was introduced for erate revenues of $12.5 billion by 2024, expanding at a 16.3% CAGR since 2017, fabrication of LFPECs consisting of 3D or 36.9% of the total. n mainly driven by the use of LFPECs for printing by stereolithography. Additive production of automotive sensors. In the manufacturing is gaining strong interest About the author industrial sector, sales of LFPECs for fab- as a forming technique for rapid pro- Margareth Gagliardi is a research rication of ultrasonic cleaning systems and totyping and manufacturing of compo- analyst for BCC Research. Contact other ultrasonic equipment are generating nents with complex shapes. Gagliardi at [email protected]. revenues of $43 million, corresponding to The leading players in the LFPEC mar- a 25% share in 2019. ket are sorted in four groups. The first Resource Relevant factors that will contribute group includes producers of BT-based M. Gagliardi, “Lead-free piezoelec- to LFPEC market expansion include piezoelectric ceramics, with a total of 16 tric ceramics: Technologies and global • Stricter environmental and health players. The second group of 15 players opportunities” BCC Research Report safety regulations aimed at limiting the includes suppliers of bismuth titanate NAN063A, November 2019. use of lead worldwide, (BiT) based piezoelectric ceramics, includ- www.bccresearch.com. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 7 Meet ACerS president Tatsuki Ohji By Eileen De Guire

had the opportunity to talk with president Tatsuki Ohji during the 2019 I Annual Meeting about his background and goals for his year at the Society’s helm. I hope you enjoy getting to know Ohji as much as I did.

How did you find your way to a career as Composites, which was held in Cocoa a ceramic materials researcher? Beach then, but now is in Daytona Beach. TO: I am currently a Fellow scientist ECD people like Jay Singh strongly (Credit: ACerS.) of the National Institute of Advanced encouraged and pushed me to do so. I Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), think without their strong encourage- which is one of the biggest national ment and help, I would not have been research institutes in Japan. AIST deals able to get involved like I am now, and with a variety of research fields related to I am most grateful to them for their industrial technologies, including energy, encouragement and support. I owe a environment, bio, IT, materials, chemistry, lot to The American Ceramic Society, electronics, manufacturing, geological sur- and it is my great pleasure to work for this vey, and metrology. Society and return the favor. dence place, and I am pleased to let you When I was a graduate student of know that of the 33 appointments, 15 are What are your goals for your presiden- women, 12 are from abroad, and 16 are mechanical engineering, I took a civil tial year? service examination of the Japanese govern- from industry. What I have found is we TO: ACerS strategic plan already have so many capable members who are ment, and I luckily passed it. I was given a provides several goals, but I have some list of positions which the government was willing to serve ACerS’s committees. goals upon which I would like to place The last goal that I would like to filling, and one of them was a researcher special importance during my term. position on “mechanical property charac- emphasize is about encouraging volunteer- One of the most important matters ing. Volunteering is one of the best ways terization of advanced ceramics” in AIST. during my presidency will be MS&T20 It looked very interesting to me because to get connected with ACerS. I myself was and our Annual Meeting, which will be able to create an invaluable worldwide advanced ceramics were called “new dream held October 2020 in Pittsburgh. Our materials” at that time, so I took it. human network through voluntary works goals are to brand ACerS Annual Meeting for ACerS, and it was possible because I How did you learn about ACerS, and as a key component of MS&T; create a had strong encouragement and support what has been your experience as a warm, friendly, and inclusive ACerS com- from my friends. I strongly hope that Society leader? munity environment; engage Divisions as ACerS members, particularly young mem- TO: More than 30 years ago I first primary programming units; and encour- bers, will have similar great opportunities submitted my paper to the Journal of the age Divisions to coorganize symposium and invaluable experiences volunteering American Ceramic Society. When I received with other Divisions and societies. with ACerS and will create their own the review, I was so amazed and moved The next goal is about globalization. global human networks. to see a lot of valuable, informative, and As you see from the fact that I have suggestive comments on my work, and become the president, The American Please tell us about your life outside the I truly appreciated the kind help of an Ceramic Society is truly an interna- world of ceramics. unknown reviewer, who shared their pre- tional organization representing an TO: My wife’s name is Sami. We have cious time for an unknown young person international community. It is critically two sons. The eldest son is also married outside of the United States like me. I important for us to foster and fortify and has two kids, a boy and a girl. I am a strongly hoped that I would become such solidarity and friendship with other grandpa. a person. Since that time, this Society ceramic communities worldwide. I make a point of swimming every day has been the best Next is about in a public swimming pool nearby to my “mentor” to me. I diversity and inclu- house. I have two purposes. One is to main- have been raised and “I have been raised and sion. As you know, tain health. The other is to be relaxed. I feel trained as a scientist trained as a scientist by we are striving to very relaxed after swimming. No matter how by this Society. this Society.” achieve diversity and busy, I try to swim every day. My first voluntary inclusion in ACerS My motto is “Do your best.” As some work for ACerS was leadership. When I know, I am a stammerer. When I was organizing a symposium in the Engineering nominated 33 committee members this a young child I was a heavy stammerer, Ceramics Division’s International May, I worked to create a balance in but as I grew up, it was gradually cured, Conference on Advanced Ceramics and terms of gender, work sector, and resi- at least when speaking Japanese. But in

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 English my stammer has not yet been ful to me. During such long rehearsal, In life there are many obstacles to cured, particularly when presenting a I can improve the presentation. I can overcome. I think that trying to do your paper in an international conference. deepen discussion on the results and can best for surmounting an obstacle always The mechanism of stammering has not prepare answers for various potential brings something wonderful to you that yet been well clarified. But, the only questions. I can clarify significance and you do not get if you do not have that solution for not stammering is practice. weakness of that research and identify obstacle and do not try to surmount it. n I have found this has been very use- the next step.

Highlights from ACerS 121st Annual Business Meeting By Lisa McDonald (Credit all images: ACerS)

Iowa State University distinguished professor Steve Martin talks about how climate change is a “catalysis for change” during the comment period following the Annual Business Meeting.

That evening (Sept. 30, 2019), ACerS recognized the achievements of its members at the Annual Awards Banquet, including 20 members elevated Tatsuki Ohji (left) accepts the ACerS presidency from Sylvia Johnson with the transfer of the to Fellow Status and three members awarded the ceremonial ceramic gavel. distinction of Distinguished Life Member. he American Ceramic Society held its 121st Annual Business Meeting, a part In addition to the Annual Business Meeting, the of ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T, in Portland, Ore. ACerS Annual Meeting at nearly week-long Annual Meeting contained TMS&T brings together members from the whole Society as the meeting’s tech- various opportunities for updates on different nical content spans all aspects of ceramic and glass science, from refractories and parts of the Society, including meetings of the aerospace to bioceramics and more. Board of Directors, division executive committee At the Annual Business Meeting, the ACerS president reports on the state of the Soci- and business meetings, and meetings of ACerS ety, and the new president outlines plans for the coming year. President Sylvia John- working committees and subcommittees. The son reported on the Society’s “ongoing process” of promoting diversity and inclusion Society’s student leadership group, the Presi- in the Society, for example, by adding a diversity statement to the ACerS Constitution dent’s Council of Student Advisors, also holds and implementing new antiharassment and code of conduct policies. its annual meeting during that week. This year PCSA includes 42 students from 28 universities, Treasurer Stephen Houseman reported that the Society’s financial position is strong, representing five countries. and the Society carries no debt. New officers were sworn-in, and out-going officers were recognized and thanked for their service. Incoming president Tatsuki Ohji View images from the many activities that oc- outlined his vision and goals for his year as president (see details on previous page). curred during the Annual Meeting on ACerS Flickr During his opening speech, Ohji noted how his election represents ACerS commit- website at http://bit.ly/ACerSAnnualMeeting2019. ment to diversity. “The fact that I became president shows we are a truly international ACerS 122nd Annual Meeting at MS&T20 will take society,” Ohji says. place Oct. 4–8, 2020, in Pittsburgh, Pa. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight

SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS

Remembering former president James R. Johnson Former ACerS president and Distinguished Life Member research and a strong sense of James Johnson died Oct. 18, 2019, at the age of 96. Johnson dedication to the U.S.A. He was earned his Ph.D. in ceramic engineering from The Ohio public spirited,” says Wachtman. State University and worked for 3M Company for 23 years, After retirement, Johnson completing his career with 3M as director of physical sciences went on to teach as an adjunct and executive scientist. He joined the Society in 1947 and was professor at two universities, a member of ACerS Basic Science Division, serving as chair including the University of 1955–1956. In 1961, Johnson was elevated to Fellow, and Wisconsin–Stout, which awarded he served as president of the Society 1973–1974. In 1981, him an honorary Ph.D. He the Society awarded him Distinguished Life Membership, its was a member of the National highest honor. Academy of Engineering, A keen researcher, Johnson held 54 patents. John (Jack) belonged to the 3M Carlton Wachtman (also an ACerS Fellow and Distinguished Life Society, and contributed as a Member) recalls meeting Johnson at conferences and dis- board or committee member for cussing future directions for ceramic research and the role numerous nationwide technol- of ceramics in technology. “Jim was a strong believer in ogy organizations. initiative and creativity and self-reliance,” Wachtman recalls. Johnson’s wife, Virginia, Although the proprietary nature of Johnson’s research pre- survives him, along with five vented him from sharing details, he nonetheless “seemed children, 13 grandchildren, and A cartoon by Johnson from the Bulletin Vol. 52 Iss. 8 to me to have a broad dedication to the field of ceramic nine great-grandchildren. n “President’s page” article.

If you are unsure of your current Corporate Partner news membership status or expiration date, We are pleased to welcome the check out your “Personal Snapshot” Are you a “webinista”? following Corporate Partners: when you log in to the ACerS website ACerS wants you to share your knowl- – Object Research Systems, Inc. at www.ceramics.org. You may contact edge with your fellow members by – Pacific Ceramics, Inc. [email protected] or call us participating as a presenter in the 2020 at 614-890-4700. n ACerS Webinar Series. For more details contact Kevin Some of the requested topics include: Thompson at 614-794-5894 or th Learning from Failures in Research; Wo- n St. Louis Section/RCD 56 [email protected]. men in Science: Trials and Tribula- Annual Symposium on tions; The Decision to do a Ph.D.; and Planning to attend an ACerS Refractories set for March 24–26 Public Policy. meeting in 2020? The 56th Annual Symposium on If you are interested in present- Refractories takes place in St. Louis, Mo., ing on a topic mentioned above—or ACerS members receive discounted at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel on you have levelled up to ‘expert’ on a rates to attend all ACerS-hosted meet- March 24–26, with the theme “Properties ceramic/glass specific topic—reach out ings, which saves you more than the cost and Performance of Refractory Ceramics to Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ of membership. Check your membership —A Tribute to Richard C. Bradt.” Plan ceramics.org to be a potential webinar status before you register. If you wish to attend the kickoff event on March 24. presenter in 2020. All we ask is that to register and renew your membership Coprogram chairs are Kelley Wilkerson your proposed topic is educational and at the same time, the Registration + and Jeff Smith (Missouri University of not promotional in nature. Membership Renewal option will allow Science & Technology). ACerS members have access to view you to do so with a single payment. For complete details visit http://bit. recordings of past webinars as a benefit Nonmembers will want to join ACerS ly/56thRCDSymposium. Contact Patty of your membership at ceramics.org/ prior to registering to receive the same Smith at 573-341-6265; fax, 573-341-2071; webinars. n membership discounts. or [email protected] with questions. n

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS

Volunteer Spotlights Alumina Sapphire Quartz ACerS is pleased to announce Victoria L. Blair and Brian Gilmore have been selected for November and December’s Volunteer Spotlight, a program through which we recognize a member who demonstrates outstanding service to The American Ceramic Society through volunteerism. Blair received her Ph.D. in ceramics from High Purity Laser Laser Alfred University (New York State College of Powders Marker Machining Ceramics) in 2014. She joined the Army Research Lab as a post-doctoral fellow in June 2014 and has conducted research on solid Http://www.advaluetech.com state materials for lithium-air batteries, mag- Blair netic field processing of transparent alumina, Your Valuable Partner in Material Science! and synthesis of transparent nanocomposites as a laser host material. Now a staff materials engineer at ARL, Blair focuses Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 on the area of transparent ceramics for Army applications, Email: [email protected] primarily infrared transparent windows for sensor protection. 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A As a volunteer for ACerS, Blair served in several roles, first as a founding member of the President’s Council of Student

Advisors and now as the mentor-at-large for the PCSA. She is R R also the cochair of the Washington DC/Maryland/Northern Starbar and Moly-D elements Virginia Section of ACerS. n are made in the U.S.A. Gilmore is a staff engineer at Pioneer Natural with a focus on providing Resources. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy in ceramic engineering from Missouri University of the highest quality heating elements Science and Technology. and service to the global market. For the past nine years, Gilmore served on the Keramos Professional Fraternity Board of Gilmore Directors. Additionally, he volunteered to judge the undergraduate student speaking contests and helped orga- nize the student mug drop and disc golf competitions at each ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T. He also participated in the ACerS Education Integration Committee (EIC) and Education and Professional Development Council (EPDC) over the past five years. We extend our deep appreciation to Blair and Gilmore for their service to our Society! n

2 In memoriam I R -- 56 years of service and reliability Edna Dancy Joanna McKittrick James R. Johnson Fred Stover I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Burton Kushner Victor Tennery Fax: (716)542-2100 Some detailed obituaries can be found on the ACerS website, 56 1964 - 2020 www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Email: [email protected] www.isquaredrelement.com

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight

Society, Division, Section, and Chapter news (continued)

Names in the news AWARDS AND DEADLINES Last call for 2020 award nominations Nominations for most ACerS Society awards, including Distinguished Life Member, Morgan Medal and Global Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation, Kingery, Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional, Jeppson, Coble, Corporate Achievement, Spriggs, Friedberg, and Fulrath, are due Jan. 15, 2020. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/awards or contact Erica Zimmerman at [email protected]. Please note that the 2020 Purdy Award will be for papers published in 2018. Nomination details can be found at: ceramics.org/awards. n

Credit: AZU Art, Archaeology & Conservation Science Division announces new Alexandra Navrotsky joined the faculty of Arizona State University and celebrated award the opening of the new Navrotsky Eyring The Anna O. Shepard Award honors pioneering work in the analysis and descrip- Center for Materials of the Universe in tion of pottery and ceramics from 1930 to 1973. The award is presented to an October 2019. individual(s) who has made outstanding contributions to materials science applied to art, archaeology, architecture, or cultural heritage. The contributions could be Manoj Choudhary deliv- an artistic creation, an archaeological study, or significant materials research. The ered the prestigious Atma deadline for nominations is Jan. 15, 2020. For more information visit http://bit.ly/ Ram Memorial Lecture at AnnaOShepardAward. n the Central Glass and Ceramic Research (CGCRI) Institute in ECD best poster winners from ICACC 2019 Choudhary Kolkata, India, on The Engineering Ceramics Division has announced the best poster winners from Oct. 15, 2019. CGCRI is the national the ICACC 2019 meeting held last January in Daytona Beach, Fla. The awards will research institute under the Council of be presented during the plenary session at ICACC 2020. Congratulations to the Scientific and Industrial Research authors of these award-winning posters. (CSIR), India. 2019 Best Poster Awards Kathleen A. Richardson First place received the 2020 SPIE + Preparation and characterization of cation substituted Na3SbS4 electrolyte with Na ion Maria J. Yzuel Educator conductivity Award for outstanding N. Masuzawa, S. Yubuchi, A. Sakuda, A. Hayashi, and M. Tatsumisago contributions to optics Second place education by a SPIE Diamond-ceramic composites by reactive hot-pressing Richardson instructor or an educator J. LaSalvia, K. D. Behler, A. A. DiGiovanni, T. Shoulders, S. D. Walck, and in the field. L. Vargas Harry Tuller received Joint third place the Thomas Egleston Residual stress free joining of liquid-phase sintered SiC ceramics using a SiC tape Medal this past May 30, Y. Kim and Y. Kim 2019, from Columbia University Engineering Using AE energy and frequency analysis to characterize damage in SiC/SiC minicomposites Alumni Engineering A. J. Gorven, A. S. Almansour, and J. D. Kiser Tuller Association. The Medal Trustee Award recognizes distinguished achievement Preparation of nanoceramic materials by needleless electrospinning in engineering or applied science. n I. Shepa, E. Mudra, M. Vojtko, J. Dusza, and V. Medvecka n

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 AWARDS AND DEADLINES • Journal Workshop: Expand your impact, Jan. 28, Noon – 1 p.m. Preregistration is requested. 2018–2019 Global ambassador awardees • Shot Glass Competition (organized by ACerS PCSA), The Global Ambassador Program recognizes dedicated Jan. 28, 6:45 – 8 p.m. ACerS volunteers worldwide who demonstrate exceptional • Student and Industry Failure Trials (SIFT) Competition leadership and/or service that benefits the Society, its mem- (organized by ACerS PCSA), Jan. 29, 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. bers, and the global ceramics and glass community. • The Lunch with a Pro program will be offered on Monday, Jan. 27 at noon, and Wednesday, Jan. 29 at noon. ACerS 2018–2019 president Sylvia Johnson selected the Register to participate. following nine volunteers for the Global Ambassador Award: • Share your comments, photos, videos, selfies, and other – Dileep Singh, Argonne National Laboratory shareworthy content on Facebook or Twitter using the hashtag – Toshihiro Ishikawa, Tokyo University of Science #ICACC20 and you will be entered to win a $50 gift card! We – Henry Colorado, Universidad de Antioquia will give away one per day (Jan. 27–29). – Steven Tidrow, Alfred University • Finally, be sure to connect with fellow attendees by indi- – Jon Binner, University of Birmingham cating your attendance via the ICACC Facebook event page. – Kyoung Il Moon, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Search “ICACC 2020” on Facebook to find the event. – Marissa Reigel, Savannah River National Laboratory See: https://ceramics.org/student-events-icacc20 n – Dana Goski, Allied Mineral Products, Inc. – Kristen Brosnan, GE Global Research Center n

STUDENTS AND OUTREACH Attention students and young professionals: Going to ICACC20 or EMA20? Don’t miss these events, especially for you Make sure to attend the student and young profes- sional activities being offered at the Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA 2020) conference and the 44th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC 2020).

EMA 2020 student events • Student and Young Professional Networking Mixer, Jan. 23, 5:30 – 6:30 p.m. • Journal Workshop: Expand your impact, Jan. 22, 12:30 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. Preregistration is requested. • We hope to offer the Lunch with a Pro program again this year. Keep an eye out for more information delivered to your inboxes and posted on social media. • Finally, be sure to connect with fellow attendees by indi- cating your attendance via the EMA Facebook event page. Search “EMA 2020” on Facebook to find the event. See: https://ceramics.org/student-events-ema20

ICACC 2020 student events • Student and Young Professional Networking Mixer, Jan. 27, 7:30 – 9 p.m.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 13 acers spotlight

Student and Outreach (continued)

Post-MS&T19 Conference students tour national laboratory Register today for ACerS Annual Winter Workshop ACerS Winter Workshop, sponsored by The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, is being held in con- junction with the 44th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Jan. 24–28, 2020, in Daytona Beach, Fla. The ACerS 2019 Student Tour attendees on the grounds of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) alongside PNNL staff, including Suresh Baskaran, director of Winter Workshop provides a combina- research partnerships (left). tion of technical and professional devel- opment sessions designed specifically After a successful ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T19, 18 undergraduate for students and young professionals. and graduate students participated in a tour organized by the ACerS President’s Find out more or register at https:// Council of Student Advisors at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) ceramics.org/winter-workshop-2020. located in Richland, Wash. The students, representing 11 universities from across Students attending EMA20 are welcome the country, were welcomed by Suresh Baskaran, director of research partnerships to attend. Contact Belinda Raines at at PNNL, along with PNNL scientists who represent diverse fields of cutting-edge [email protected] for information. n research. The students were introduced to PNNL’s interdisciplinary, collabora- tive culture, as well as career opportunities, internships, and the Distinguished ACerS GGRN for young ceramic Graduate Research Programs where graduate students can conduct part of their dis- and glass researchers sertation research in collaboration with PNNL. Students received an overview of materials science at PNNL and toured several Global Graduate Researcher Network laboratories located on campus. One of the laboratories visited was the Wasteform (GGRN) aims to help graduate students Development Lab, the key to the nation’s quest for the safe, long-term storage of • Engage with The American nuclear waste. The students also toured the Environmental Molecular Sciences Ceramic Society (ACerS), Laboratory, the Atomic Force Microscopy, and Advanced Battery Facility. • Build a network of peers and con- Throughout the day, the students learned about advanced equipment used by tacts within the ceramic and glass com- PNNL scientists as well as the unique environment where these tools are used to munity, and characterize a variety of materials from inorganic nanoparticles and battery materi- • Have access to professional develop- als to biological samples. ment tools. For many, this tour was their first visit to a national laboratory. The visit was Are you a current graduate student organized in partnership with The American Ceramic Society. n who could benefit from additional net- working within the ceramic and glass community? Visit www.ceramics.org/ ggrn to learn what GGRN can do for you, or contact Yolanda Natividad at “The tour offered students the chance to see the [email protected]. n national laboratory’s cutting-edge scientific instru- mentation and unique facilities for research and development on advanced batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, glass and ceramic wasteforms, and more” — Suresh Baskaran, PNNL, director of www.ceramics.org/ research partnerships ceramictechtoday

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 ACerS members volunteer for teacher outreach The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) recently partici- pated as an exhibitor at the National Science Teaching Association (NSTA) Regional Conference which took place Nov. 14–16, 2019, in Cincinnati, Ohio. We are grateful for the following ACerS members who volunteered their time and expertise at the event: Tom Arbanas (Du-Co Ceramics), Stephanie Chapman (Emerson Electric), Jake Wieland and Paul Kramer-Arndts (AluChem), Victor Arulapppan Pushparaj (Wright State University), Ian Prendergast (retiree), and Tulsi Patel (Air Force Research Lab). The volunteers helped teachers understand ceramic and glass scientific concepts and demonstrated lab activities from A teacher is wowed by a materials science demo. the CGIF’s Materials Science Classroom Kit at the conference. The CGIF appreci- ates the dedication Left to right: Tulsi Patel, Tom Arbanas, and of these volunteers Victor Arulapppan Pushparaj. who share our com- mitment to student Custom Designed and teacher outreach, as we all strive to encourage more students to become involved in ceramic and glass science and engineering. Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings Similar volunteer opportunities will be available in April 2020: the • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components NSTA National Conference in Boston (April 2–5) and the USA Science • Sintering, Debind, Annealing and Engineering Festival in Washington, DC (April 24–26). If you think you may be interested in participating, contact Belinda Raines at [email protected]. n Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service

100 Billerica Ave, www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 Paul Kramer-Arndts, left, and Jake Wieland, right. [email protected]

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 15 ceramics in the environment

Optical fibers for earthquake monitoring head undersea Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory researchers have now taken their research using optical fibers to monitor seis- mic quakes undersea. In February, Berkeley Lab researchers led by Jonathon Ajo-Franklin reported on using “dark fibers,” installed fiber- optic cables that currently lay unused, to detect earthquakes on land. Specifically, they investigated using dark fibers for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a sensing system that measures strain by relying on fiber-optic cables’ high sensitiv- ity to deformations. The results from that experiment were promising. However, monitoring seismic quakes on land is only part of construct- ing a robust seismographic network. “One of the blank spots in the seismographic network worldwide is in the oceans,”

Ajo-Franklin says in a recent University of California, Berkeley Credit: Official U.S. Navy Page, Flickr (CC BY 2.0) press release. United States Navy personnel remove corroded zinc anodes from an undersea cable. Traditionally used to transmit data, Marine waters cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, undersea cables could offer a way to monitor underwater seis- and some of the largest tsunamis are caused by subduction of mic quakes closer to the source. tectonic plates far away from land. In some cases, land-based seismometers monitoring these regions are more than 100 While using dark fibers for seismic monitoring holds a miles away, hindering prediction speed and accuracy, accord- lot of potential, Ajo-Franklin and Lindsey hope to take the ing to Columbia University professor Spahr Webb in an article research a step further by using lit fiber-optic cables for seis- in The Atlantic. mography. Monitoring seismic quakes caused by plate tectonics closer Lit fiber-optic cables refer to fiber-optic cables actively used to the source would greatly improve tsunami prediction. But for data transmission. To use lit fiber-optic cables for seismic “it is challenging to put instruments like seismometers at the monitoring, laser pulses need to be able to travel through one bottom of the sea,” UC Berkeley professor Michael Manga says channel in the fiber without interfering with other channels in the press release. Fortunately, just as fiber-optic cables detect carrying independent data packets. seismic waves on land, fiber-optic cables could be used for Ajo-Franklin and Lindsey are conducting experiments DAS underwater as well. now with lit fibers, and they also plan to conduct fiber-optic Ajo-Franklin (now a professor at Rice University) and his monitoring of seismic events in a geothermal area south of colleagues Nathaniel Lindsey (graduate student under Manga, Southern California’s Salton Sea, in the Brawley seismic zone. UC Berkeley) and T. Craig Dawe (technical support manag- The paper, published in Science, is “Illuminating seafloor er, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) employed 20 faults and ocean dynamics with dark fiber distributed acoustic km (12.4 mi) of a 52-km undersea fiber-optic cable as a seis- sensing” (DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5881). n mic array to study the fault zones under Monterey Bay. The cable normally supports the Monterey Accelerated Research System, but it was off during a four-day maintenance period in March 2018. As explained in the press release, the researchers “were Ceramic Tech Today blog able to measure a broad range of frequencies of seismic waves from a magnitude 3.4 earthquake that occurred 45 kilometers www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday inland near Gilroy, California, and map multiple known and previously unmapped submarine fault zones, part of the San Gregorio Fault system.” They also detected steady-state ocean Online research, papers, policy news, waves and storm waves, and their measurements matched interviews and weekly video presentations those gathered by buoy and land seismic monitors. “This research shows the promise of using existing fiber- optic cables as arrays of sensors to image in new ways,” Manga says.

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 research briefs

Developing sturdier bioglass capsules for RFID tracking devices Researchers from Florida A&M University took on the chal- lenge of understanding the causes of the high failure rates of track- ers implanted in blackbuck antelopes at a local wildlife preserve. The trackers are based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID devices are widely used in data stor- age applications, as they have larger memories than barcodes. In RFID devices, a transponder receives power via electromagnetic radio waves emitted by an electronic reader, and then the tran- sponder sends back the requested information to the reader. For tracking highly active animals, RFID devices are implanted into the animals. Not only must the implanted con- tainer protect the device from physical damage and corrosion, it must also be biocompatible to prevent harming the animal. Bioglass meets these requirements, and bioglass encapsu- lated RFID devices have been successfully deployed in pets

for quite some time. But the brittleness of bioglass is a serious Credit: Godwingk, YouTube shortcoming when implanted into animals that butt heads for Bioglass-encapsulated RFID devices used for tracking animals dominance, like sheep and oxen. that butt heads may be less brittle in the future, based on The Florida A&M researchers chose three-point bending research published in a recent ACerS journal. for failure testing the bioglass-encapsulated RFID devices. Even with specially designed clamps and static loading, they noted a wide variation in flexural strength of the bioglass capsules. With the flexural strength of the capsule, and the peak forces produced by the antelope while fighting, the researchers used finite element analysis to stress maxima within the cap- sules. They used three different force distribution models to represent possible force modes in the animals: • Three-point bending for a single point of external contact on a capsule perched on two bones, • Forces distributed across both sides for broad contact on Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens a capsule laying on a flat spot, and • Force distributed on one side against two contact points • Horizontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, to simulate a mixture of the other two situations. Single and Multi-Zone Not surprising, all models show that stresses in the capsule • Box Furnaces & Ovens exceeded the flexural failure strength when the maximum fight- • Temperatures up to 1700°C • Made in the U.S.A. Research News • Available within Two Weeks

A record-setting transistor SmartControl Touch Screen Control System University of Delaware researchers created a high-electron mobility transistor, a device that amplifies and controls electrical current, using gallium nitride with indium aluminum-nitride as the barrier on a silicon substrate. Among devices of its type, this transistor has record-setting properties, including record low gate leakage current (a measure of current loss), a record high on/off current ratio (the magnitude of the difference of current transmitted between the on state and off state), and a record high current gain cutoff frequency (an indication of how much data can be transmitted with a wide range of frequencies). For more information, visit https://www.udel.edu/udaily/research. n www.thermcraftinc.com • [email protected] +1.336.784.4800

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 17 research briefs

ing force is applied. Interestingly, all three models also showed stress concentration at the ends of the capsules where the tube meets the hemispherical cap. However, the capsules broke more toward the middle of the capsule than at the ends, which is predicted by the distributed force models. The researchers proposed and tested several new designs for the capsules to improve reliability by reducing the inter- nal stresses. One design emerged that met the dimensional requirements for the transponder while reducing stresses to below the failure strength limits. The open-access paper, published in the International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science, is “Understanding the failure of Bioglass 8625 transponder capsules used in tracking black- buck antelopes” (DOI: 10.1002/ces2.10027). n Credit: Chen and Wu, Journal of the American Ceramic Society High-entropy fluoride-based transparent ceramics, sintered at High-entropy transparent ceramics hold high 700°C and 750°C by vacuum hot pressing. potential They chose to investigate high-entropy fluoride-based ceram- A paper recently published by two Alfred University ics due to the advantages fluoride ceramics offer to optical researchers in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society reports applications, including their nonhygroscopic nature (does not the development of a transparent high-entropy fluoride ceramic readily absorb/retain moisture), relative ease of machining and for the first time, which has great potential application as a polishing, high thermal conductivity, and high doping concen- laser material. tration. Already, “fluoride materials see application in such High-entropy materials (HEMs) are defined as solid solu- areas as lasers, scintillators, windows, and ultraviolet (UV) and tions that consist of five or more elements of approximately vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lenses,” they add in the paper. equimolar composition. A solid solution is a multicompo- In an email, Wu says that single-phase fluoride ceramics nent system in which all components remain in a single have been investigated before, but not high-entropy fluoride homogeneous phase. In the case of HEMs, the elements ceramics, making this study the first investigation of high- remain in one phase because the structure is “entropy sta- entropy fluoride ceramic characteristics. bilized,” that is, HEM structure is stable due to entropy (a To create the first high-entropy fluoride transparent ceramic, measure of disorder). Chen and Wu synthesized CeNdCaSrBaF12 nanopowders via a In studies, HEMs exhibit unique mechanical, physical, and coprecipitation method using commercially sourced products. chemical properties. However, the optical properties of HEMs The resulting powder was then consolidated under a vacuum have not been explored and studied fundamentally yet. So hot-pressing method to reach full densification. Then, the Xianqiang Chen and Yiquan Wu, post-doctoral researcher and researchers measured the ceramic’s optical properties. professor, respectively, at Alfred University, explored optical “The work shows that the CeNdCaSrBaF12 transparent properties in their study. ceramics possess broad excitation bands in the visible and NIR regions, which are advantageous for its application as a laser material and will reduce its dependency on pumping Research News wavelengths which, in turn, reduce the need for temperature control of the laser diodes,” Wu says. “This [property] will make the high-entropy laser ceramic an attractive candidate for Researchers develop an optical fiber made of cellulose developing miniaturized laser devices.” Researchers from the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland were able to In the future, Wu says they plan to investigate the atomic transmit light in wood-based fiber. The core of the new optical fiber is made level microstructures of the high-entropy laser ceramics to of cellulose, modified for the purpose using ionic solvents developed by VTT. understand the local atom environments of the dopant and A cladding made out of cellulose acetate surrounds the core. Cellulose-based the host materials. fiber will not compete with glass-based optical fibers in telecommunications The paper, published in Journal of the American Ceramic Soci- applications but is best suited for sensors that benefit from the biodegradability of the material. The R&D is still in its initial phases, so the researchers do not ety, is “High-entropy transparent fluoride laser ceramics” (DOI: yet know all the applications for the new optical fiber. For more information, 10.1111/jace.16842). n visit https://www.vttresearch.com/media/news. n

18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 advances in nanomaterials

Graphene: Softer through bending In a recent paper, researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan aimed to understand what factors determine bending stiffness in graphene. Since Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov, and their collab- orators unambiguously produced and identified graphene in 2004, major advances have been made in both how the mate- rial is studied and how it is produced. Yet some of graphene’s most fundamental properties—like bending stiffness—still are not completely understood. “The bending stiffness of a material is one of its most funda- mental mechanical properties,” Edmund Han, materials science and engineering graduate student at the University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), says in a university press release. Credit: Blanka Janicek (Pinshane Huang Lab), University of Illinois Researchers from the U.S. and Japan found bending stiffness of “Even though we have been studying graphene for two decades, graphene depends on how much you bend it. we have yet to resolve this very fundamental property.” The reason for this uncertainty comes from the fact that dif- new classes of highly curved nanosystems such as nanoelectro- ferent research groups have come up with different values for mechanical systems, stretchable electronics and origami struc- bending stiffness—values that span across orders of magnitude. tures made from 2D materials,” they add. “For monolayer graphene, literature values for its bending The paper, published in Nature Materials, is “Ultrasoft slip- stiffness range from 0.83 to 10,000 eV,” write Han and his col- mediated bending in few-layer graphene” (DOI: 10.1038/ laborators in the paper. “Furthermore, the reported bending s41563-019-0529-7). n stiffness of bilayer graphene ranges across two orders of mag- nitude, from 3.4 to 160 eV, while values for trilayer graphene range from 7 to 690 eV.” In the paper, the researchers aimed to understand why such discrepancies in bending stiffness measurements exist. To do so, they fabricated heterostructures of few-layer graphene and draped it over atomically sharp steps of hexagonal boron nitride, which allowed them to systematically vary the thick- ness and degree of curvature in the graphene. Through testing numerous curvature configurations and building atomic-scale models, they discovered why previ- ous research efforts disagreed on bending stiffness. “They were either bending the material a little or bending it a lot,” Jaehyung Yu, mechanical science and engineering graduate student at UIUC, says in the press release. “But we found that graphene behaves differently in these two situations.” “When you bend multilayer graphene a little, it acts more like a stiff plate or a piece of wood,” Yu continues. “When you bend it a lot, it acts like a stack of papers where the atomic lay- ers can slide past each other.” In the press release, UIUC professor Arend van der Zande explains how exciting it is that despite the supposed disagree- ments, the results show everyone was actually correct. “Every group was measuring something different,” he says. “What we have discovered is a model to explain all the disagreement by showing how they all relate together through different degrees of bending.” In the paper’s conclusion, the researchers note that though they focused on the properties of graphene, their conclusions should generalize to other van der Waals-bonded materials. Additionally, “these results will be important for the design of

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 19 ceramics in manufacturing

Cold sintering offers financial, environmental benefits to ceramic manufacturing In an open-access paper coauthored by researchers from The Pennsylvania State University and colleagues in the United Kingdom, Norway, and Malaysia, the advantages the cold sintering process (CSP) offers to industry both financially and environmentally are investigated. CSP is a dual-process technology that significantly reduces energy use in ceramic manufacturing by combining heat, pressure, and water to lower tem- peratures required to produce ceramics from more than 1,000°C to less than 300°C. Penn State researchers, led by ACerS Fellow Clive Randall, developed CSP in 2016. They and other groups have continued to refine CSP over the past few years. In the paper, the researchers explain their reason for the study. “Despite the upsurge in research interests relating to Credit: Jennifer M. McCann, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University An artistic interpretation of cold sintering of ceramic particles (white) and polymer developing low temperature sintering strands (green) using low heat to evaporate added water molecules (blue). process, techno-economic analyses of CSP alongside existing sintering tech- cost-effectiveness of each sintering tech- ing: A techno-economic analysis of niques such as traditional and spark nique at the level of the laboratory, it energy efficient sintering technologies in plasma sintering (SPS) is lacking,” they was established that CSP is the most eco- the functional materials sector” (DOI: write in the paper. “Understanding nomically attractive sintering technique, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.08.011). n the potential techno-economic impact indicating lower capital costs, best return of sintering techniques, manufactur- on investment and a considerable reduc- ing routes and materials composites is Using sucrose as binder for tion in CO2 emissions … even under essential, … [and] This research need is projected mass production scenarios,” MgO-C refractories addressed in this paper using a robust the researchers conclude. Researchers from China University of techno-economic analysis framework The researchers do note that transi- Geosciences and Hunan University of derived from ranking mechanisms of tioning CSP from laboratory to industry Humanities, Science and Technology in marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) faces some challenges, including requiring China investigated using a sucrose solu- and Pareto optimisation.” hugely different facilities and instrumen- tion instead of phenolic resin as binder The researchers considered three tation as well as relevant property/per- in MgO-C refractories. functional ceramics in their analysis: formance validation. However, based on Magnesium oxide is a widely used zinc oxide (ZnO), lead zirconate titanate the results of this analysis, the researchers refractory material in furnaces and (PZT), and barium titanate (BaTiO3). urge industry to consider adoption. kilns due to its high melting point and Data for the duration of sintering opera- “We find that there are clear financial strong corrosion resistance to alkaline tions and manufacturing routes for each and environmental benefits if the ceram- slag. However, because of its large ther- ceramic under different sintering tech- ics industry was to take the cold sintering mal expansion coefficient, MgO refrac- niques were obtained from published process out of labs and into commercial tory products exhibit poor thermal research articles; capital costs and power manufacturing,” Taofeeq Ibn-Mohammed, shock stability. ratings of equipment for each sintering first author and assistant professor at To make MgO refractory products technique were estimated based on cur- the University of Warwick, says in a less susceptible to cracking, MgO is often rent market prices as well as a mix of University of Warwick press release. combined with graphite to form MgO-C, literature and heuristic information. The open-access paper, published in a refractory material with improved poros- “By using pounds per tonne of CO2 Journal of the European Ceramic Society, ity and thermal shock resistance. saved as a figure of merit to measure the is “Decarbonising ceramic manufactur- Phenolic resin is a commonly used

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 The researchers then compared flexural and compressive strengths of sucrose-bonded MgO-C refractories to refractories bonded with phenolic resin. “Comparing the flexural strength and com- pressive strength of MgO-C refractories prepared with phenolic resin as binder, it can be seen that the flexural strength and compressive strength of the specimens obtained with phenolic resin as binder are slightly higher than those obtained with sucrose as binder after curing at lower tem- perature,” the researchers write, “but overall, the difference was not large.” “Therefore, it is feasible to substitute phe- nolic resin with low-cost and environmentally friendly sucrose solution as binder for MgO-C refractories,” they conclude. The open-access paper, published in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,

Credit: David Goehring, Flickr (CC BY 2.0) is “Preparation and properties of MgO-C Sucrose may be an environmentally friendly alternative to phenolic resin bind- refractories using sucrose as binder” (DOI: ers in MgO-C refractories. 10.1088/1757-899X/678/1/012092). n binder for MgO-C refractories. However, during the heat treat- ment process, phenolic resin releases pollutant gases, such as methyl aldehyde and phenols, which have harmful effects on both health and the environment. ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS Replacing phenolic resin with an environmentally friendly FOR POWDER COMPACTION binder would be ideal, and sucrose is a possible option. The researchers created refractories using fused magne- sia and flake graphite as the main raw materials and added GASBARRE ELECTRIC metal aluminum powder as an antioxidant. They prepared PRESSES refractories with both phenolic resin and sucrose as binders Precision & Efficiency with to compare. a Light Footprint The researchers first studied the carbonization behavior of the sucrose binder using infrared spectroscopy and differential thermogravimetry. “[I]t is known that free water and some easily decompos- able substances in sucrose are decomposed in the temperature range from room temperature to 320°C; sucrose decomposes HYDRAULIC PRESSES Simple to Complex Parts, into CO2 and H2O in the temperature range from 320 to 800°C, and thermogravimetric curves are basically stable in Intuitive & Flexible Setup the temperature range from 800 to 1400°C, indicating that sucrose has been decomposed, and carbonization completely produces a stable carbon structure in this temperature range,” they write. MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC Knowing this information helped them understand flexural ISOSTATIC PRESSES strength and compressive strength measurements. Specifically, Featuring Dry Bag Pressing sucrose-bonded MgO-C refractories showed higher flexural

(5.59 MPa) and compressive (44.50 MPa) strengths when 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 814.371.3015 | [email protected] heat-treated at 180°C, lower strengths when heat-treated at POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS 1,000°C, and increased flexural (4.51 MPa) and compressive www.gasbarre.com (37.00 MPa) strengths when heat-treated at 1,500°C.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 21 erroelectric materials are ubiq- Fuitous in electrical and elec- tromechanical components and systems. Ferroelectricity is associated with large dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients, particularly when the composition is adjusted to position the solid near a phase boundary. This characteristic allows high volumetric efficiency dielec- tric charge storage, as well as high dis- placement actuators at modest voltages. The ability to reorient the spontaneous polarization between crystallographically- defined states is essential in allowing poling of ceramic materials to obtain net Impact of piezoelectric or pyroelectric responses.

Capacitors The largest industrial use of ferroelectric materials is in ferroelectricity multilayer ceramic capacitors. The poor availability of mica- based crystals during World War II spurred development of By Susan Trolier-McKinstry air- and moisture-stable, high volumetric efficiency dielec- trics. The subsequent dawn of the electronics age led to pro-

duction of several trillion BaTiO3-based capacitors around Since the discovery of ferroelectricity 100 years ago, the world on an annual basis, with hundreds to thousands used in each current generation smart phone or computer. ferroelectric materials are everywhere in our electronics-based The size of this market is approximately $6 billion. Among society. Learn how they drive a $7 billion industry. the major capacitor suppliers around the world are Murata, Taiyo Yuden, Samsung Electromechanics, Kyocera (AVX), TDK, Yageo, and Kemet.

Medical ultrasound is the second most widely adopted imaging modality in medicine. It works thanks to ferroelectric materials.

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 The relatively closely-spaced ferroelectric phase transitions in BaTiO3 enable a high relative permittivity over a broad Before temperature range. Equally important is the processing science that fostered progressive miniaturization of the dielectric layers thickness over the last several decades—the so-called Moore’s law of capacitors—which has helped enable miniaturization of many electronic devices, including cellular phones. Industrial production is dominated by tape casting, elec- troding, and lamination to produce multilayer components at progressively decreasing case sizes. At present, commercial parts with layer thicknesses less than one micron with thin, highly-conductive nickel metal layers are readily available, with projected future miniaturization down to dielectric thicknesses of about 0.3 micron. The rich defect chemistry of these systems allows production of high reliability parts, even in the case where low oxygen partial pressure firing induces a high con- centration of oxygen vacancies.

Piezoelectric applications A second major use of ferroelectric materials is in piezo- electric ceramics, single crystals, and composites for actuators, sensors, and transducers. In the future, it is possible that fer- roelectric piezoelectrics will also be widely adopted for kinetic After energy harvesting systems for distributed low-power systems, including emplaced sensors for the Internet of Things. The world-wide piezoelectric ceramics market is approximately $1B annually. This market is dominated by lead zirconate titanate- based (PZT) materials; numerous formulations are utilized to tailor the piezoelectric responses, the coupling coefficients, and the field-induced hysteresis. Among the main uses of these piezoelectrics are precise positioners, sonar systems, fish finders, medical ultrasound transducers, fluid flow meters, ultrasound systems for nonde- structive testing, high precision accelerometers, transformers, and many other applications. Of these, medical ultrasound is the second most widely adopted imaging modality in medicine and offers tremendous capability in high resolution imaging of subsurface features without necessitating ionizing radiation (see image of infant). At this point, an enormous number of lives have been saved through the use of medical ultrasound Credit: DeVRIES, R.C. and BURKE, J.E. (1957), Microstructure of barium titanate ceramics. Journal the American Ceramic Society , 40: 200-206. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1957.tb12603.x employing ferroelectric–polymer composite transducers. Microstructure of barium titanate (a) before and (b) after Notably, the diversity of form factors and compositions needed application of an electric field. The ferroelectric response of barium titanate causes reorientation of its domain for this range of applications of piezoelectric materials means structure, most easily seen in the circled areas. that production for any given component in the piezoelectrics markets tend to be smaller. There are numerous suppliers of piezoelectric ceramics, including Channel Technologies, tive temperature coefficient of resistance thermistors for self- Murata, American Piezoceramics, Piezo Kinetics, Meggitt limiting heaters; pyroelectric based room occupancy sensors (Ferroperm), Morgan Electroceramics, TDK, PI Ceramics, and fire detectors; and computing memory elements (including

Sinocera, and many others. In other cases, ferroelectric single PZT and SrBi2Ta2O9). crystals are used for domain engineered high strain piezoelec- trics, or for surface acoustic wave devices. About the author While capacitors and piezoelectrics comprise two of the Susan Trolier-McKinstry is professor of ceramic science and largest uses of ferroelectric materials, many other electrooptic engineering at The Pennsylvania State University and codirector of the Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics. Contact Trolier- components are also of commercial importance, e.g., LiNbO3 for frequency doublers, optical modulators, and more; posi- McKinstry at [email protected]. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 23 bulletin cover story

Prenatal ultrasound (left) and cardiac ultrasound (above).

magine a young couple Ithat has just “seen” their Ferroelectricity— infant still in the womb for the first time after a routine ultra- sound scan. What joy! This news A revolutionary is worth sharing, so they click an image of the monitor on their smartphones and send it to grand- century of discovery parents, family, friends, and their By Geoff Brennecka, Rachel Sherbondy, Robert Schwartz, and Jon Ihlefeld entire social media networks. Meanwhile, across the medical campus, a recent retiree undergoes a cardiac procedure A century after the discovery of ferroelectricity, we look at the physics that guided with real-time ultrasound scans to repair makes ferroelectric materials so useful and the research that got us here. a blockage discovered, also with ultrasound. What relief! This patient just found out he will be a grandfather and now confidently awaits that day with anticipation.

Capsule summary

A SALTY START VERSATILE USES FUTURE FERRO University of Minnesota graduate student The switchable spontaneous polarization that In the past 10 years, two new structural

Joseph Valasek gave the first presentation on defines ferroelectricity directly enables applica- classes—including fluorite-structured HfO2 ferroelectricity in Rochelle salt in 1920. He tions such as nonvolatile ferroelectric random and wurzite-structured (Al,Sc)N—joined the could scarcely have predicted how his careful access memory, but many other applications, ferroelectric family and bring with them some measurements would end up playing a funda- such as multilayer ceramic capacitors, are potential technological superiority to tradi- mental role in many of today’s technologies. enabled by ferroelectric materials even without tional materials. directly using the switchable polarization.

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 FERROELECTRIC These routine activities of modern life are possible because of piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, many thou- TIMELINE sands of ferroelectric multilayer ceramic capacitors, and a host of other electronics, sensors, actuators, and devices In the ferroelectrics based on ferroelectric materials. In the world Ferroelectrics have intrigued materials scientists since community their first report in 1920 and first publication the following 1912 1900 year.1 The label “ferroelectric” can be slightly misleading, as THE PREDICTION COMMERCIAL RADIO only a small fraction of ferroelectric compositions contain Erwin Schroedinger proposes the Radio receivers become more iron. Rather, the nomenclature was adopted in recognition word “ferroelectric” (“ferroelek- practical and radio becomes a of the parallels between the newly discovered phenomenon trisch” in German) as the analogy household item of ferroelectricity and the already-familiar ferromagnetism, of ferromagnetism for spontaneous which originally was thought to be tied exclusively to iron. electrifying of liquids when cooling 1914–1918 The defining characteristic of a ferroelectric material is WWI 1920 World War I stretches from the existence of spontaneous dipoles within its crystal struc- THE DISCOVERY July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 ture whose direction can be reoriented by the application Joseph Valasek, graduate student of an electric field. In other words, all materials belonging at the University of Minnesota, gives 1939–1945 to a polar point group are potentially ferroelectric, but it fi rst presentation on ferroelectricity WWII takes a demonstrated polarization reversal for the material in Rochelle salt at the Meeting of the World War II stretches from Sept. 1, to earn the title.2 (See sidebar, “Genesis of hysteresis…” ). American Physical Society on April 23 1939, to Sept. 2, 1945, stimulating This strict definition highlights an important conundrum: spending for the military sector a variety of phenomena can produce polarization-vs-field 1944–1946 measurements that suggest ferroelectricity, but they are PEROVSKITES ENTER 1942 instead artifacts masquerading as polarization reversal.3 At T. Ogawa and S. Waku (Japan, DIGITAL COMPUTERS The fi rst digital computer (as the same time, only a small fraction of the applications 1944), B. Wul and J.M. Gold- man (Russia, 1945), and A. von recognized by the U.S. Patent offi ce) enabled by ferroelectric materials directly take advantage of Hippel (U.S., 1946) investigate ferro- is completed. The Atanasoff-Berry the switchable polarization. Instead, as summarized here, computer (ABC) is started in 1937 electricity in BaTiO3; R.B. Gray (U.S., the tremendous utility of ferroelectric materials in modern 1945) showcases fi rst operating and work continues until 1942 life typically arises from phenomena associated with, but poled BaTiO transducer not necessarily directly leveraging, the full reorientation of 3 1947 this spontaneous dipole. 1950–1955 TRANSISTORS PZT Bell Laboratories successfully Discovery and early developments Groups, including those of demonstrates the fi rst transistor on In 1919, Joseph Valasek began his Ph.D. work at the Shirane, Takeda, and Sawaguchi in December 23 Japan, explore the PbTiO : University of Minnesota under professor W.F.G. Swan, 3 PbZrO solid solution system 1969 who suggested that Valasek investigate the curious crys- 3 ARPANET DEBUT tals of Rochelle salt (KNaC4H4O6∙4H2O). These crystals 1952 The Advanced Research Projects were relatively straightforward to grow and were already FERAM PROPOSED Agency Network (ARPANET) debuted known to be piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and optically active. Ferroelectric random access memory in the United States and made the Annoyingly, they were also very sensitive to humidity, and (FeRAM) is proposed in Dudley Allen technical foundation for the internet. nearly all of their interesting properties seemed to depend Buck’s master’s thesis Thus began the race for semicon- on everything, including temperature, electric field, and ductors and optics technology previous history. 1971 Valasek’s first task was to develop sensitive measure- HIGH VALUE PZT 1996 ments that could finally pin down the properties of this B. Jaffe’s group explains the HANDHELD COMPUTERS The fi rst handheld computer (Palm mischievous Rochelle salt. Valasek’s thesis and the associ- importance of phase transitions in PbTiO :PbZrO Pilot) is available for purchase ated publications are a veritable treatise on crystal physics 3 3 and careful measurements. It is interesting to note that of 2000s 2000 Valasek’s five papers in Physical Review on Rochelle salt, he LEAD-FREE FLASH DRIVES is the sole author on four of them, and the seminal paper1 Interest in identifying lead-free USB fl ash drives become an alter- reporting the first ever ferroelectric hysteresis loop received piezoelectric materials increases native to the fl oppy disc and CD for just over 200 citations in the ensuing century. The scien- across the globe portable data storage tific enterprise certainly has changed! Reading Valasek’s papers, it is clear he imagined this new phenomenon would lead to new functionality and new Figure 1. Timeline presenting development of ferroelectric materials devices, but he could scarcely have predicted how his care- alongside global advances at the time.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 25 Ferroelectricity—A revolutionary century of discovery ful measurements of nonlinear dielectric tion of submarines. To this day, needs the size of components, and deploying response of finicky Rochelle salt crystals for improved materials for sonar remain them in new and novel applications. would end up playing such a fundamen- a strong driver of ferroelectric and piezo- Much of that research was—and contin- tal role in so many technologies a cen- electric materials development. In fact, ues to be—reported in ACerS publica- tury later. Figure 1 presents an approxi- World War II spurred development tions. The sidebar “Historically signifi- mate timeline of the development of of BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and Bi4Ti3O12 cant ferroelectrics papers” highlights key ferroelectric materials from prediction based ferroelectrics roughly simultane- papers over the years that advanced the in 1912 to discovery in 1920 to the first ously in isolated groups in the United science and art that led to the implemen- ceramic transducer in 1945 through to States, Japan, and Russia. This develop- tation of ferroelectric components in the present time’s search for eco-friendly ment, discussed in more detail below, devices we enjoy today. compositions. This history, juxtaposed is an excellent example of how the phe- It is worth noting that ferroelectric against global advances at the time, gives nomenon of ferroelectricity enables oth- polymers, most notably polyvinylidene interesting context to the significance of erwise unachievable performance even fluoride, do exist and find significant ferroelectric devices to the evolution of when the switchable polarization itself is application. However, in this article we digital technology. only indirectly related to the application. focus on inorganic, nonmetallic (i.e., One thing that has not changed In the century since Valasek first ceramic) ferroelectrics, which are both significantly since Valasek’s time is discovered the ferroelectric effect, enor- more numerous and more widely used that much of the funding devoted to mous research effort went into under- than their squishier counterparts. development of new materials is driven standing these extraordinary materials by potential military applications. In and how to make them better, control- Fundamentals of ferroelectric Valasek’s case, the interest was in detec- ling their properties precisely, shrinking ceramics One of the most significant char- Genesis of hysteresis in ferroelectric materials acteristics of ferroelectric ceramics is their ability to exhibit single crystal-like Polarization reversal is the defining char- behavior even when fabricated as poly- acteristic of ferroelectric materials, and the B crystalline ceramics. In addition to typi- hysteretic response is often represented as a C cally being significantly less costly and plot of polarization vs. electric field, as shown D A Electric easier to produce than single crystals, schematically here. Diagrams A-G show how G field the domain structure responds to applied fabrication of polycrystalline ceramics field in a single grain at different stages on F also introduces opportunities for micro- the hysteresis loop. The colored regions E structure engineering and formation of represent domains in which all of the unit complex shapes. Use of polycrystalline cells are collectively polarized in the direction ceramics as piezoelectrics depends upon of the arrow. In the initial unpoled state (A), the ability to break full isotropic symme- the domain structure forms to minimize total try through the application of a poling energy, balancing charge, strain, and the field and thus relies on extrinsic effects energy penalty associated with formation of domain walls themselves. Application of an (domain wall motion) in ferroelectrics. electric field gradually aligns domains (B) via The sidebar “What does symmetry have the motion of domain walls to increase the to do with it” reviews the importance of volume of material polarized along with the crystallographic symmetry to piezoelec- external field; this maximum polarization is tricity and ferroelectricity.

known as the saturated polarization (Psat). Intrinsic piezoelectricity is linear When the external field is removed, the under small fields, so applying a +5 V material relaxes (C) and some of the domain field in one direction will produce equal volume reorients to minimize strain and and opposite strain to applying –5 V in charge, but some residual net polarization is retained and is referred to as the remanent the same direction. In a typical sintered polycrystalline ceramic, even if each of polarization (Pr). When an external field of the opposite polarity is applied, some volume of the billions of individual grains is piezo- the domains reorient accordingly.The point at electric, they all collectively cancel out which the net polarization on the sample is their neighbors, and the net result is Credit: Ihlefed zero (D) is the coercive cield, Ec, referring to zero macroscopic piezoelectric response. the field required to coerce the sample into This fact is why quartz piezoelectrics, switching. Further increases in this polarity of field lead to a P , and removal of the applied field sat such as those used for timekeeping in lands the polarization at a value of –P . Subsequent field reversal will trace out an approximately r watches, must be single crystals. symmetric hysteresis loop without ever returning to a stable net zero polarization unless, or until, the sample is ‘depoled,’ for example, by heating above the Curie temperature. Therefore, to use polycrystalline mate- rials as piezoelectrics, the macroscopic

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 32 point groups 20 point groups 10 point groups Experimental Equilibrium subset Equilibrium Figure 2. Of the crystal- Equilibrium line or polycrystalline materials that exhibit piezoelectric behavior, some are pyroelectric, and of those, some are Crystalline materials Piezoelectric materials Pyroelectric materials ferroelectric. Materials (point symmetry) Non-centrosymmetric Polar Ferroelectric materials are classified into these (induced dipole) (permanent dipole) categories based on the (switchable dipole) symmetry of their unit Applied stress/Electric field cell, which in turn dictates how they interact with thermal, electrical, and mechanical energies. Applied and removed Equilibrium Electric dipole electric field Credit: Sherbondy random symmetry of the grains must be Historically significant ferroelectrics papers broken in some way. One option is to H. Jaffe, (1958) Piezoelectric Ceramics, JACerS, 41(11), 494–498. force the grains to all (or at least mostly) grow in a coordinated direction. This H.A. Sauer and J.R. Fisher, (1960) Processing of positive temperature coefficient thermistors, JACerS, 43(6), 297–301. approach is used for AlN thin films in G.H. Haertling and C.E. Land, (1971) Hot-pressed (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O ferroelectric ceramics for elec- MEMS resonators and clever ceramic 3 processing approaches such as templated troopic applications, JACerS, 54(1), 1–11. grain growth.4 Another option is to start R.B. Atkin and R.M. Fulrath, (1971) Point defects and sintering of lead zirconate titanate, JACerS, with a crystallographically random poly- 54(5), 265–270. crystalline ceramic sample and break the K.A. Klicker, J.V. Biggers, and R.E. Newnham, (1981) Composites of PZT and epoxy for hydro- macroscopic symmetry in some way, such static transducer applications, JACerS, 64(1), 5–9. as with the application of a large electric N.H. Chan, R.K. Sharma, and D.M. Smyth, (1981) Non-Stoichiometry in undoped BaTiO3, JACerS, field. The applied field aligns crystallo- 64(9), 556-562. graphic dipoles, and this “poling” process A.I. Kingon and J.B. Clark, (1983) Sintering of PZT Ceramics 1: Atmosphere Control, JACerS, is enabled by the field-induced alignment 66(4), 253–256. of spontaneous dipoles, in other words, ferroelectricity (Fig. 2). S.L. Swartz, T.R. Shrout, W.A. Schulze, and L.E. Cross, (1984) Dielectric properties of lead- magnesium niobate ceramics, JACerS, 67(5), 311–315. The outstanding properties of fer- roelectric materials for piezoelectric and Y. Sakabe, (1987) Dielectric materials for base-metal multilayer ceramic capacitors, ACerS charge storage applications arise from a Bulletin, 66(9), 1338–1341. combination of intrinsic and extrinsic W. Pan, Q. Zhang, A. Bhalla, and L.E. Cross, (1989) Field-forced antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric contributions. Ceramics based on barium switching in modified lead zirconate titanate stannate ceramics, JACerS, 72(4), 571–578. titanate (BaTiO3) dominate the capaci- R. Waser, T. Baiatu, and K.H. Härdtl, (1990) DC electrical degradation of perovskite type titanates tor market while lead zirconate titanate 1: Ceramics, JACerS, 73(6), 1645–1653. (Pb(Zr,Ti)O , PZT) based ceramics are the 3 W.L. Warren, K. Vanheusden, D. Dimos, G.E. Pike, and B.A. Tuttle, (1996) Oxygen vacancy motion most widely used piezoelectric ceramic for in perovskite oxides, JACerS, 79(2), 536–538. more than six decades, finding applica- D. McCauley, R.E. Newnham, and C.A. Randall, (1998) Intrinsic size effects in a barium titanate tions in medical ultrasound transducers, glass-ceramic, JACerS, 81(4), 979–987. sonar, micropositioners, and more. These materials are cubic and thus nonferroelec- C.A. Randall, N. Kim, J.P. Kucera, W.W. Cao, and T.R. Shrout, (1998) Intrinsic and extrinsic size tric at temperatures above T (the Curie effects in fine-grained morphotropic-phase-boundary lead zirconate titanate ceramics JACerS, C 81(3), 677–688. temperature) and transform to a lower symmetry polar state below this tempera- D. Damjanovic, (2005) Contributions to the piezoelectric effect in ferroelectric single crystals and ture. Figure 3 shows how the ferroelectric ceramics, JACerS, 88(10), 2663–2676. phase transition occurs in the prototypic J. Rödel, W. Jo, K.T.P. Seifert, E.M. Anton, T. Granzow, and D. Damjanovic, (2009) Perspective on the development of lead-free piezoceramics, JACerS, 92(6), 1153–1177. ferroelectric, BaTiO3 (Fig. 3).

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 27 Ferroelectricity—A revolutionary century of discovery

The change in shape and the result- P ing spontaneous polarization along the P P s s (by definition) c-axis occurs in every unit P s cell in the sample, and of course each Pr unit cell unit cell is influenced by those around it. Having all of the unit cells transition E in the same direction would be both a Ec tremendous coincidence and a higher energy state than having some disorder.

domain wall domain Thermodynamic free energy minimiza- tion drives the formation of domains

Credit: Geoff Brennecka to reduce both elastic (strain) and elec- Figure 3. During the phase transition that results upon cooling through the Curie tempera- trostatic (charge) energies. Domain sizes and distributions depend on boundary ture, the BaTiO3 unit cell expands by roughly 1% in the polar direction while shrinking accordingly in the two perpendicular directions. Displacement of the cation species (the conditions and defects, but the ability to Ba2+ and Ti4+) and anion species (O2-) in opposing directions results in a polar (tetragonal) configure and reconfigure these domains crystal structure and the presence of a small electrical dipole, a spontaneous polariza- by applying electric fields is both the tion, within each unit cell. While the dimensional changes associated with this phase defining property of ferroelectrics and transition are relatively small (about 0.1 Å), the lower symmetry is the key to enabling the source of extrinsic contributions that ferroelectricity and its derivative properties. often dominate the properties. It is worth noting that in recent What does symmetry have to do with it? decades, researchers have found that elec- trically driving single crystal piezoelectrics Differences in atomic packing and bonding in different crystallographic directions influence a along nonpolar directions can produce material’s mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, all of which can very large extrinsic contributions to elec- be direction-dependent. The symmetry principles that govern the categorization of crystal- tromechanical strain, taking advantage of line materials into seven crystal systems and 32 point groups also reflect in the symmetry of similar mechanisms to those described the material’s properties. This simple but powerful concept that the properties of a crystal- line material must exhibit at least the same symmetry as the underlying crystal structure is here for polycrystalline ceramics. Neumann’s principle.S1 Some of the same factors that enable large piezoelectric responses in ferroelec- All crystalline substances, neglecting quasicrystals, belong to one of 32 crystallographic trics also contribute to large permittivi- point groups. Eleven of those point groups possess an inversion center, which means that for any point (x,y,z) in the crystal, the corresponding point (-x,-y, -z) is completely identical. ties, which is of great importance for In other words, if you pick any point in space and turn the crystal “inside out” through that charge storage in capacitors. Relative point, it will look and behave exactly the same as when you started. Of the remaining 21 permittivity (also referred to as dielectric point groups, 20 are piezoelectric (the combination of other symmetry operators prohibits constant, though it is anything but con- piezoelectricity in point group 432), which simply means that applying a stress to the crystal stant in the materials discussed here) is will create a net separation of positive and negative charges in the crystal, hence the name proportional to the change in polariza- piezoelectric, which translates simply to pressure-electric. This polarization results in the tion with an applied electric field. When buildup of charges at the crystal surface. The converse is also true: applying an electric field a small electric field is applied to a ferro- to pull the positive and negative charges apart will produce a net strain in a piezoelectric electric, the intrinsic response discussed material. It is this intrinsic coupling of electrical and mechanical energies that makes piezo- electricity such a useful phenomenon. above results in a change in polarization that is typically much larger than in lin- Of the 20 piezoelectric point groups, 10 are spontaneously polarized, meaning they have a built- ear dielectrics, such as silica or alumina. in (spontaneous) dipole even without the presence of an applied field. These are the polar point This change in polarization leads to a groups, and because the magnitude of the spontaneous dipole changes with temperature, such polar materials are also known as pyroelectric (temperature-electric) materials. If the direction large relative permittivity and a high vol- of this spontaneous dipole can be reoriented through the application of an electric field, the umetric capacitance. Additional extrinsic material is a ferroelectric. This fact means that ferroelectrics are an experimental subset of effects, small motions of domain walls, pyroelectric materials. If a material undergoes dielectric breakdown (essentially a lightning bolt) lead to even larger changes in polariza- before the applied electric field is sufficient to reverse its polarization, it is not ferroelectric, or at tion and even higher relative permittivi- least it was not, before you and your lightning bolt destroyed it. ties. These attributes make ferroelectrics Therefore, all ferroelectric materials are pyroelectrics, and all pyroelectrics are piezoelectric, but well-suited for many capacitor applica- not all piezoelectric materials are pyroelectric, and not all pyroelectrics are ferroelectric. If that tions. For example, the relative permit- is confusing, just remember that all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares. tivity of BaTiO3-based dielectrics in the S1. Neumann’s principle. Online Dictionary of Crystallography. http://reference.iucr.org/dictionary/Neu- multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC, mann's_principle. Accessed Dec. 2, 2019. Fig. 4) that are present in our cell phones, computers, and other electron-

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 ics, is greater (often much greater) than peratures approach- 1,000. For comparison, silica has a rela- ing their Curie tive permittivity value of just 3.9. temperature where the coercive fields Abundant applications are lower. Doping Sophisticated ceramic processing and with magnesium microstructure engineering enabled reduces the coercive scaling of ferroelectric-containing field and increases MLCCs, such that today our electronics the laser dam- operate with dielectric layer thicknesses age threshold of far less than one micron packaged into LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 capacitors with more than 100 active by compensating layers. Packaged MLCC devices today for the lithium defi- Credit: Wikimedia, Jens Both Elcap, CC BY-SA 3.0 can be many times smaller than a grain ciency inherent in Figure 4. Schematic structure of a multilayer ceramic capacitor. of salt. In fact, MLCC scaling over the melt-grown LiNbO Layers are (1) dielectric ceramic, (2) outer ceramic layer, (3) 3 electrode, and (4) contact surface. past 50 years rivaled—and often out- and LiTaO3 crystals. paced—the aggressive transistor scaling Creating an array single crystals fabricated into specific of the semiconductor industry known of inverted domains with periodicity geometries for best performance. To as Moore’s Law. related to the wavelength of an incident affect technologies at smaller size scales, As discussed in the sidebar “What laser beam enables a variety of clever such as millimeter-scale robotics, RF does symmetry…”, polar crystals exhibit manipulations of the beam as it passes switches, and actuators for inkjet print- the pyroelectric effect, or a change in through the PPLN or PPLT crystal, and ers, the device sizes must also decrease. polarization magnitude with a change in the high coercive fields ensure that once This requirement has driven significant temperature. While all polar materials the material is poled, it will stay that efforts into development of ferroelectric possess this property, ferroelectrics may way during operation, even under large piezoelectric thin films and micro-electro- have pyroelectric coefficients that are optical powers and occasionally large mechanical systems (MEMS) devices that much larger than their nonferroelectric applied electric fields. can perform at reduced dimensions—a counterparts, often in the proximity of One technology that utilizes the full field known as piezoMEMS. Figure 5 a ferroelectric phase transition. This switching of polarization, the very hall- shows an example piezoMEMS device property makes ferroelectric pyroelectrics mark of ferroelectricity, is ferroelectric designed to imitate dragonfly flight.6 particularly well-suited for thermal sen- random access memory, FeRAM. In The most broadly studied material for sors. A wide variety of ferroelectrics are this technology, the polarization of the piezoMEMS is PZT. In approximately used for pyroelectric sensors, but some ferroelectric represents a binary bit of 30 years of piezoMEMS study, the piezo- of the most common are single crystal information (i.e., 1 or 0). When coupled electric performance of PZT thin films

LiNbO3 or LiTaO3 owing to their com- in series with a transistor, the amount substantially improved through advances bination of high pyroelectric coefficient, of current flowing through the channel in processing and understanding of the low losses, and low relative permittivity, when the transistor is activated allows roles of mechanical boundary conditions. which increases the measurable voltage differentiation of the positive or nega- While PZT and other lead-based fer- for a given amount of charge produced. tive polarization (memory) state of the roelectric piezoelectrics demonstrate

LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 single crystals ferroelectric capacitor. A voltage pulse is the most utility for electro-mechanical also find tremendous use in the optics then used to set the polarization of the applications, the looming European sector, often in the form of periodically ferroelectric for the next stored bit. The Union Restriction on Hazardous poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and peri- result is a nonvolatile memory that can Substances (ROHS) requirements drive odically poled lithium tantalate (PPLT), maintain its state for timescales up to 45 the search for reduced lead in materials structures for waveguides, phase match- years.5 FeRAM has advantages over other and has also led to the study of lead-free ing, difference frequency generation, memory technologies in terms of the piezoelectric ceramics and films. The and many others. This periodic poling number of read/write cycles possible and piezoelectric coefficients of the lead-free takes advantage of the nearly strain-free the energy required for each switching materials, such as (K,Nb)NbO3 and 180-degree domain walls in these crys- event, though its physical scaling into Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 to date lag tals as well as their large coercive fields. the tens of nanometer range remains a behind those of lead-based systems and In fact, the coercive fields of as-grown significant challenge. represent a large area of current and

LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals at room While ferroelectric and related materi- future study and growth. temperature are often very close to the als dominate the high strain piezoelec- breakdown strengths of the crystals, so tric technologies of sonar, ultrasound, Frontiers of ferroelectricity the pure materials are often poled as and micro- and nano-positioners, these In the first 90 years of ferroelectrics they are pulled from a melt or at tem- technologies rely on bulk ceramics or research, attention focused on a few

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 29 Ferroelectricity—A revolutionary century of discovery

oxides, but recent the scenes, facilitating critical functions efforts have identi- and systems. fied promising nitride ferroelectrics. About the authors

Suspension Primary among Geoff Brennecka is associate professor and Traces them is (Al,Sc)N.8 of metallurgical and materials engineer- MEMS resonators ing and Fryrear Chair for Innovation

Credit: U.S. Army Research Laboratory based on AlN thin at Colorado School of Mines. Rachel Figure 5. U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s prototype PZT films dominate the Sherbondy is a Ph.D. candidate at piezoMEMS dragonfly with stroke and pitch actuated wing wireless communica- Colorado School of Mines. Robert design. The image on the right shows a platform suspended on tions market since Schwartz is professor emeritus of ceramic 7 the dragonfly between individually controllable wings. the early 2000s, and engineering at Missouri University of primary crystal structures and materi- in recent years, such Science and Technology. Jon Ihlefeld is als populating those structures at the resonators showed improved piezoelectric associate professor at the University of forefront for commercial applications. response via alloying with ScN or other Virginia in the Department of Materials These include the perovskite ferroelec- transition metal nitrides. Increasing the Science and Engineering and the concentration of scandium in (Al,Sc)N Department of Electrical and Computer trics LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 described previously; layered structures, such as reduces the c/a ratio of the polar AlN Engineering. Contact Brennecka at wurtzite structure, gradually pushing the [email protected]. SrBi2Ta2O9; and dihydrogen phosphates, unit cell closer to the nonpolar hexagonal such as KH2PO4. However, in the past 10 years, two new structural classes have BN-type structure in which the cation References joined the ferroelectric family and bring sits in the same plane as the anions. At 1J. Valasek (1921) Piezo-electric and allied phenom- with them some potential technological sufficiently high scandium contents, ena in Rochelle salt, Phys. Rev. 17, 475. superiority to traditional materials on the amount of electric field required to 2S.B. Lang (2004) A 2400 year history of pyroelec- the basis of chemical compatibility with switch the polarity of this structure can tricity: from Ancient Greece to exploration of the be less than the breakdown strength of solar system, British Ceramic Transactions 103(2), dominant semiconductor technologies. 65–70. the sample, and the material is ferro- These include fluorite-structured HfO2 3J.F. Scott (2008) Ferroelectrics go bananas, J. Phys.: and wurzite-structured (Al,Sc)N. electric. In large part due to the size of Condens. Matter 20(2), 02100. the MEMS industry already established In 2011, Boscke et al. first reported 4G.L. Messing, S. Trolier-McKinstry, E.M. Sabolsky, ferroelectricity in fluorite-structured around AlN thin films for radio frequen- C. Duran, … K.S. Oh (2004) Templated grain 7 cy communications, ferroelectric (Al,Sc)N growth of textured piezoelectric ceramics, Critical silicon-doped HfO2 thin films. The observation of a switchable polarization films and their derivatives have attracted Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 29(2), tremendous attention for a number of 45–96. in this material surprised the community 5 integrated devices, but the enormous N. Setter, D. Damjanovic, L. Eng, G. Fox, ... S. and generated a great deal of excitement. Streiffer (2006) Ferroelectric thin films: Review of This excitement was driven largely by the driving force for phase separation makes materials, properties, and applications, Journal of inherent silicon compatibility of hafnia reliable fabrication rather challenging. Applied Physics 100(5), 051606. and the fact that the first observation of Recent predictions suggest ferro- 6G.L. Smith, J.S. Pulskamp, L.M. Sanchez, D.M. electric behavior in nitride perovskites, Potrepka, ... R.G. Polcawich (2012) PZT-based ferroelectric response in HfO2 occurred 9 piezoelectric MEMS technology, Journal of the in films that were only 10 nm thick just including LaWN3. Calculations point to a polar structure with a sufficiently American Ceramic Society 95(6), 1777–1792. shortly after HfO2-based gate dielectrics 7 low energy barrier between anti-aligned T.S. Boscke, J. Muller, D. Brauhaus, U. Schroder, emerged in commercial integrated cir- and U. Bottger (2011) Ferroelectricity in hafnium polarities to make it a strong candidate cuits. HfO2-based ferroelectrics are poised oxide thin films, Applied Physics Letters 99(10), 10 to enable scaling of existing ferroelectrics- for ferroelectricity, but these await 102903. based technologies, such as FeRAM, to experimental confirmation. Similarly, 8S. Fichtner, N. Wolff, F. Lofink, L. Kienle, and even smaller dimensions. In addition ferroelectricity reported in several of B. Wagner (2019) AlScN: A III-V semiconduc- to demonstrated and commercialized hybrid halide perovskites took the photo- tor based ferroelectric, Journal of Applied Physics voltaic world by storm, though the verac- 125(11), 114103. ferroelectric thin film technologies, the 9 ity of the genuine ferroelectric nature R. Sarmiento-Pérez, T.F. T. Cerqueira, S. Körbel, integrated circuit process compatibility S. Botti, and M.A.L. Marques (2015) Prediction and the potential role(s) of the sponta- of HfO2 positions it to enable other of stable nitride perovskites, Chemistry of Materials new devices, such as negative differen- neous polarization on the properties of 27(17), 5957–5963. tial capacitance field effect transistors these materials remains controversial. 10Y.W. Fang, C.A.J. Fisher, A. Kuwabara, X.W. (NC-FETs) and ferroelectric-FETs, which We will not pretend to know exactly Shen, … C.G. Duan (2017) Lattice dynamics and may offer continued performance increases what lies ahead for the second century ferroelectric properties of the nitride perovskite LaWN , Physical Review B 95(1), 014111. ■ to silicon based integrated circuits. of ferroelectricity, but it is a safe bet that 3 All of the commercially relevant fer- ferroelectrics will continue to play the roelectric ceramics discussed so far are role of enabler, quietly operating behind

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 National Science Foundation CAREER Ceramics Program awardees: Class of 2018 and decadal overview

By Lynnette D. Madsen

he National Science Foundation’s understanding of the fundamental interactions that occur at the interfaces between atomically-thin magnetic oxide films TFaculty Early Career Development and other polar and nonpolar perovskite materials in order (CAREER) program supports junior faculty to establish a link between the observed interactions and the physical properties of these systems (Figure 2). A combination who exemplify their roles as teacher–scholars of first principles theory, high-resolution electron microscopy through excellent research and education. and temperature-dependent magnetic, transport, and element- The NSF CAREER award series1–9 gives vis- specific synchrotron X-ray magnetic dichroism measurements is used to design novel oxide heterointerfaces for achieving the ibility to these junior professors and their confinement of ferromagnetism in two-dimensional oxide lay- work in the ceramics and glass community ers. This information is needed to understand why some oxide materials lose their useful magnetic properties when their and inspires academic careers of ceramic thicknesses are reduced to a few atomic layers.10 researchers and educators. Incoming junior Broader impacts include: faculty sustain and grow the field—they are • Exciting applications for design of novel materials and indeed the future as well as the guardians of devices for information processing, quantum computing and low-powered sensors. the future work force. • Education of undergraduate and graduate students in the Quite often, the CAREER award represents the launch of development of next generation of advanced nanoscale materi- support for these young faculty researchers. In recognition of the 10th year of this series, this article includes an overview, which has a snapshot of where they are now in their "Applying for the CAREER grant academic careers (Table 1). For the most part, has enabled me to think cre- Ceramics Program CAREER awardees do atively about integrating my not move institutions until after completion long-term research and educa- of their CAREER awards; several of them tional goals. To be successful, have picked up joint appointments with other the proposal should provide departments and/or senior leadership roles in sufficient background informa- addition to progressing in the faculty ranks. tion to demonstrate that you FY 2018 CAREER grantees have started thinking critically It is my honor to present the four 2018 about your broader impact as CAREER awardees from the Ceramics a researcher, educator, and Program of the Division of Materials mentor. The proposal should Research at NSF. clearly articulate how these activities will be propelled by CAREER: Confining magnetism to two- the CAREER grant." dimensions in transition metal oxide — Divine Kumah atomic layers

Divine P. Kumah, North Carolina State Credit: Divine Kumah University (Figure 1) — NSF Award 1751455 Figure 1. Kumah in his lab, which focuses on growth and characterization of atomically- This research seeks a comprehensive thin magnetic complex oxide films.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 31 National Science Foundation CAREER Ceramics Program awardees: Class of 2018 . . .

This research focuses on understand- ing how face-to-face heterostructured interfaces can be created and controlled in layered materials (Figure 4). The aim is to produce 2D oxide-based het- erostructures with high electron and ion transport leading to greater energy storage capabilities in Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries. Layered transition

Credit: Divine Kumah metal oxides show high redox activity Figure 2. High-resolution electron density profile of a crystalline oxide film obtained in intercalation reactions and relatively from synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Combining crystalline atomic layers of transition high working potentials, making them metal oxide materials allows for the formation of heterointerfaces with novel electronic, magnetic, and orbital phases. Using synchrotron X-ray based diffraction and spectros- especially attractive for use as cathodes copy combined with first-principles theory, the novel interfacial phases are probed to in energy storage devices. However, understand their physical origin and identify pathways for designing heterostructures the low electronic conductivity of most with specific magnetic and electronic properties for device applications. oxides limits their performance. To overcome this limitation, layered oxides als is enhanced through exposure to a relevant crystalline materials. are combined in unique heterostruc- wide range of cutting-edge research tools Companies with a potential inter- tured architectures with electronically such as the state-of-the-art synchrotron est: Sector of advanced computing and conductive 2D compounds by control- X-ray facilities at the Argonne National information storage devices. lably alternating atomically thick layers Laboratory and the Berkeley National of different individual materials. The Laboratory. 2D heterostructure electrodes are con- • Providing low-cost tools for CAREER: Controlling two-dimension- structed using a sol-gel assisted transition visualizing complex atomic and elec- al heterointerface in layered oxides metal oxide synthesis process through tronic structures and abstract concepts for electrodes with advanced (1) chemical pre-intercalation of organic related to crystallography for classroom electrochemical properties molecules followed by pyrolysis, or (2) instruction and public outreach to Ekaterina Pomerantseva, Drexel addition of solid nanoflakes of con- K-12 schools and fostering the public’s University (Figure 3) — NSF Award ducting phases (graphene or MXene) understanding of new technologically- 1752623 during the sol-gel process. Combining

"When writing this proposal, I was inspired by outstand- ing research published by my mentors and colleagues. With so many talented scientists in the field of energy storage, I feel privileged to be selected to shed more light on the ways to solve one of the biggest issues of oxide electrodes—their poor electronic conductivity. My passion is to make new materials that potentially can facilitate intercalation. So, when you think about crys- tal structures of the materials, the structures that favor intercalation properties the most are so-called layered structures. We have layers of the host materials that are separated by these two-dimensional channels. This is the channel that is available for ion intercalation. It seems favorable to have these layers being expanded, because we can put more ions in, and the capacity will be higher. What’s most interesting for me in this research is that two-dimensional oxide heterostructures with controlled order of the layers have never been synthesized before for large scale production of cathode materials necessary Credit: DEkaterina Pomerantseva for energy storage applications." Figure 3: Pomerantseva assembling an autoclave for the hydrothermal synthesis of two-dimensional oxide heterostruc- — Ekaterina Pomerantseva tured materials for use as electrodes in intercalation batteries.

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 layered metal oxides and carbon-based with tunable structures and composi- developed in this work are also relevant compounds in high quality layer-by-layer tions possible. Synthesized materials to a wider range of applications, includ- architecture offers an opportunity to will exhibit high ion storage capability, ing electrochromics (responsible for discover and investigate new phenomena rapid electron and ion transport, and reversible changes of color), sensing, occurring at interfaces.11 enhanced electrochemical stability. actuation (or control of movement), Broader impacts include: There is potential to create batteries and water treatment. • Tailored 2D heterointerfaces make with improved energy and power capa- • Integration of synthesis and the design of new ceramic materials bilities. The materials and methods properties of 2D structures into the

Table 1. Ten years of CAREER awardees in the NSF Ceramics Program, Division of Materials Research. Class Year Name Position/Title* Current Organization Organization Changed? 2009 Tabbetha Dobbins Associate professor Rowan University yes 2009 Robert Klie Professor University of Illinois at Chicago no 2009 Haiyan Wang** Basil S. Turner Professor Purdue University yes 2010 Shriram Ramanathan Professor Purdue University yes 2010 Erica Corral Distinguished Scholar Associate Professor University of Arizona no 2010 Javier Garay Professor University of California, San Diego yes 2011 Miladin Radovic Professor Texas A&M University no 2011 Ricardo H.R. Castro Professor University of California, Davis no 2011 Bilge Yildiz Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology no 2011 Matthew Dawber Associate professor State University of New York at Stony Brook no 2011 Ying Shirley Meng Zable Endowed Chair Professor University of California, San Diego no 2011 Junqiao Wu** Professor University of California, Berkeley no 2012 Steven J. May Professor Drexel University no 2012 Jennifer S. Andrew Associate professor University of Florida no 2012 Brady Gibbons Professor Oregon State University no 2012 Jie Lian Professor Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute no 2012 Lane W. Martin** Professor University of California, Berkeley yes 2013 Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb Harris Saunders, Jr. Chair and Professor Georgia Institute of Technology no 2013 Shen J. Dillon Associate professor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign no 2013 Liping Huang Professor Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute no 2013 Alexander Orlov Associate professor State University of New York at Stony Brook no 2013 Xueyan Song Professor West Virginia University no

2014 Corinne Packard Associate professor Colorado School of Mines no 2014 James LeBeau** Associate professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology yes

2015 Hui (Claire) Xiong Associate professor Boise State University no 2015 William Chueh Associate professor Stanford University no 2016 Yiquan Wu Professor Alfred University no 2016 Claire White Associate professor Princeton University no 2016 Wei Lai Associate professor Michigan State University no 2016 Candace Chan Associate professor Arizona State University no 2016 Geoff Brennecka Associate professor Colorado School of Mines no 2017 Matthew McDowell** Assistant professor Georgia Institute of Technology no 2017 Luiz G. Jacobsohn Associate professor Clemson University no 2017 Jessica A. Krogstad Assistant professor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign no 2018 Divine P. Kumah Assistant professor North Carolina State University 2018 Ekaterina Pomerantseva Associate professor Drexel University 2018 Min Hwan Lee Associate professor University of California, Merced 2018 Nicholas C. Strandwitz Associate professor Lehigh University

* Joint/cross and leadership appointments not listed ** Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) nominated by NSF and other Federal agencies

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 33 National Science Foundation CAREER Ceramics Program awardees: Class of 2018 . . .

based setup with a microscale heater (Figure 6). There are three significant aspects: 1) demonstrating a new high temperature scanning probe-based approach for in situ nanoscale character- izations of electrochemical surface reac- tion and charge transport kinetics under operating oxygen activities; 2) pioneering novel time-resolved nanoscale character- ization of thermally-activated processes; and 3) providing deeper insight regard- ing the ORR/OER and related charge Credit: DEkaterina Pomerantseva transport at the nanoscale. Figure 4. Transmission electron microscopy images of layered oxide materials syn- thesized in Pomerantseva's group demonstrating an ability to tune interlayer distance Broader impacts include: by controlling synthesis conditions. These materials were obtained via chemical pre- • Extensive research opportunities intercalation of potassium (a) and sodium (b) ions into the interlayer region of bilayered for graduate and undergraduate students vanadium oxide, a high-capacity cathode material in intercalation batteries. (including underrepresented minority engineering curriculum. Creation of dictated by local material properties and students) for their future employment in educational videos on synthesis and geometry, the electrochemical proper- the energy technology sector. electrochemical properties of materials ties have been mostly analyzed through •Curricula enhanced by incorporat- enrich outreach programs. bulk (volume-averaged) measurements. ing research into seminars and courses. • A variation on the gameshow To obtain a breakthrough in electrode •Effective education for K-12 stu- Family Feud focused on electrochem- design, a more thorough understanding dents from the local and surrounding istry is being used to attract more stu- of the underpinning mechanisms of the rural communities in the Central Valley dents to science, technology, engineer- reactions at the nanoscale is needed. through the on-campus Engineering ing, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This research12–13 stands to advance the Service Learning. Companies with an interest: Because understanding of ORR/OER processes Companies with a possible interest limited charge storage capacity of the through in situ nanoscale observations include those in the energy sector. cathode materials remains a barrier that by leveraging a novel scanning probe- does not allow achieving breakthrough improvements in battery performance, Pomerantseva’s research on creating two-dimensional oxide-based cathode heterostructures is of interest to multi- ple national and global companies that require portable power.

CAREER: Probing oxygen-mediat- ed electrochemical processes of “The preparation for a CAREER proposal was oxides at high spatial and a great opportunity to think through my long- temporal resolution term research plan. Being explicit about inno- Min Hwan Lee, University of vative components of your proposed research California, Merced (Figure 5) — NSF on an important current technological mission, Award 1753383 I think, is one of the key components for a Solid oxide fuel cells—devices that successful proposal. In addition, a discussion produces electricity directly from oxi- dizing a fuel—offer clean and efficient on alternatives in case the original plans do energy conversion. The performance not work out is likely to give you even higher of SOFCs and electrolyzers are largely chance of winning.” affected by the kinetics of oxygen — Min Hwan Lee electrochemical reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). While each Credit: Min Hwan Lee Figure 5. Lee performs a nanoscale electrochemical measurement on a solid oxide- elementary process of the reaction is based cell in front of an atomic force microscopy system located in his laboratory at intrinsically a nanoscale phenomenon the University of California, Merced.

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 epitaxial architectures Broader impacts include: that are integral to • Control of atomic scale structure in next generation elec- ultra-thin films on nonplanar substrates tronics. Therefore, is critical to next generation optical, elec- this work sets out to trical, biological, and magnetic materials separate the precur- and devices. In particular, nanoscale sor chemisorption control of materials is essential to enable steps (ALD com- further decreases in the feature sizes and ponent) (Figure 8) growth of materials in three-dimensional that result in amor- (nonplanar) architectures in develop- phous layers from ment for applications such as logic cir- Credit: Min Hwan Lee thermal processing cuitry, memories, and photovoltaics. Figure 6. Conceptual drawing of scanning probe-based setup for in situ observations of oxygen-mediated electrochemical that provides energy • Research findings are integrated reactions at true nanoscale. Microheater embedded half cells needed to induce into a university-level thin film course, a and custom-made all-Pt tips are integrated into a scanning crystallization in the hands-on equipment laboratory, and an probe system of controlled gas environment. Insets show a model material sys- industrial outreach effort. custom-fabricated all-Pt tip (upper left) and a micro-heater tem gallium oxide. • Mentorship and outreach are con- embedded half cell (lower left). Importantly, electron ducted through the Booth Scholarship diffraction is probing Program, Mountaintop Experience, and CAREER: Probing crystallization of in real time the structural transforma- a local science center. atomic layers using in situ electron tions that occur to reveal the effect of Companies with a possible interest in Nicholas C. Strandwitz, Lehigh ambient atmosphere, substrate structure, this research include those in the semi- University (Figure 7) — NSF Award and orientation with adlayer thicknesses conductor manufacturing sector. 1752956 in the range of 0.5–10 nm. Analytical Experience speaks—Advice from In these studies, the fundamental electron microscopy is providing precise senior researchers transformations that occur during atom- structural and compositional details of On-going success at getting research ic layer deposition (ALD) and annealing the films and film-substrate interfaces support is critical to surviving in U.S. are elucidated by utilizing in situ reflec- including defect characteristics. This academia at research-intensive universi- tion high energy electron diffraction research captures a slow-motion picture ties. Accordingly, I reached out to three (RHEED). Current ALD processes are of the structural changes that occur dur- senior investigators to hear their advice. often limited in terms of the structural ing many traditional thin film epitaxy Jonathan Stebbins, Stanford control available (due to the precursor techniques and yields new relationships University, has received 24 NSF awards decomposition at high temperatures), that control crystallization of ultrathin to date, including those for instrumenta- which presents a significant barrier to layers and thus impacts the thin film/ tion and research awards in ceramics and precisely controlled three-dimensional epitaxy communities. geosciences (reflecting his dual appoint- ment on campus). Stebbins intentionally keeps his research program small, which helps him stay close to the action. “Due to the incredible support of our research, we’ve been able to focus on studies that seem fundamental to long-standing ques- tions involving silicate and oxide materi- als important to a wide range of scientific problems but have kept our programs “The basics concepts behind the ideas that relatively small. That way I’ve been able this CAREER award supports have been to stay closely involved with all of the bouncing around in my head for probably work in our labs, from sample syntheses to data collection to paper and proposal five years. The fact that I kept thinking about writing. This has continued to make the them and developing the concept was proof research personally rewarding. Big, multi- to me that this is a worthwhile endeavor.” disciplinary programs are important and — Nicholas Strandwitz exciting, but ‘small’ can be very ‘beauti- ful’, too!,” he says.

Credit: Nicholas C. Strandwitz Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University, Figure 7. Strandwitz and Ph.D. student Alexandra Howzen discuss reactor design and has received 17 NSF awards as PI so far. the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating RHEED and ALD. His awards have come from DMR, the

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 35 National Science Foundation CAREER Ceramics Program awardees: Class of 2018 . . .

These senior researchers provided some overlapping advice: “Try to submit your ideas to a program that has just started; the competition can become stiffer with the age of the pro- gram," and "Collaboration with experts outside your field is intellectually rewarding and enriching. Of course, you must become world's expert on some topic first, so that others would want to collaborate with you.” Success begins with the solicitation. My advice for applying to NSF is to read the solicitation carefully and seek guidance when needed. Additional details are provided in a previous article.14

About the author Lynnette D. Madsen has served as program director, Ceramics, at NSF since 2000. Contact her at [email protected].

Acknowledgements This article would not have been possible without input from Profs. Faber, Jain, Kumah, Lee, Pomerantseva, Stebbins and Strandwitz; their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.

References 1L.D. Madsen, “NSF recognizes three assistant professors with 2009 CAREER Awards in Ceramics,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 88 [3] 30–33 (2009). 2L.D. Madsen, “An update on the National Science Foundation Ceramic Credit: Nicholas C. Strandwitz CAREER Awards: Class of 2010,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 91 [6] 22–23 (2012). Figure 8. Schematic of (left) conventional ALD, where cyclic depo- 3 sition of precursors results in films lacking long range order due L.D. Madsen, “Class of 2011 National Science Foundation CAREER to insufficient thermal energy for atomic motion of chemisorbed Awards in Ceramics,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 91 [8] 27–29 (2012). species and (right) thermally modulated ALD where heating 4L.D. Madsen, “Where are the Ceramic CAREER Awards: Class of steps are inserted in between ALD growth cycles and the struc- 2012?” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 92 [1] 30–31 (2013). tural rearrangements probed using RHEED. 5L.D. Madsen, “NSF’s CAREER Program: New opportunities and the Ceramics Class of 2013,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 92 [8] 34–37 (2013). Engineering Directorate, the Education and Human Resources 6L.D. Madsen, “NSF’s CAREER competition and the Class of 2014,” Am. Directorate, and the Office of International Science and Ceram. Soc. Bull., 93 [8] 34–37 (2014). Engineering. Jain encourages proposal writers to let their curi- 7L.D. Madsen, “NSF’s CAREER Class of 2015 in ceramics and cross- osity and enthusiasm show. “For someone at the beginning of cutting programs,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 94 [8] 36–39 (2015). a career in curiosity-driven scientific research, there is probably 8L.D. Madsen, “Five new National Science Foundation CAREER Ceramic no better organization than US National Science Foundation awardees: Class of 2016” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 96[1] 42-45 (2017). where one can expect a fair evaluation of one’s ideas. The dif- 9L.D. Madsen, “National Science Foundation CAREER awardees in ficult part for many young researchers is getting the message Ceramics: Class of 2017”, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 97(1), 31-34 (2018). of their proposal at the level that the reviewer can appreciate 10S. Koohfar, A.B. Georgescu, A. Penn, J.M. LeBeau, E. Arenholz readily and get excited about it. Reviewers get excited about and D.P. Kumah, “Confinement of magnetism in atomically-thin innovative and transformative ideas, but it does not mean that La0.7Sr0.3CrO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructures” NPJ Quantum Materials 4, everyone needs to run after what is ‘fashionable’ at a given 25 (2019). time. A well-articulated, novel solution to a long-standing prob- 11E. Pomerantseva, F. Bonaccorso, X. Feng, Y. Cui and Y. Gogotsi, lem can generate just as much excitement,” he says. “Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials,” Science, Katherine Faber, California Institute of Technology, is 366(6468), eaan8285, (2019) (review paper). recipient of 20 awards to date from NSF today with the major- 12H.-S. Kang, S. Grewal, H. Li, M. H. Lee, “Effect of surface-specific treat- ment by infiltration into LaNi Fe O cathodic backbone for solid oxide fuel ity coming from DMR. However, her topics cover a significant 6 4 3-d cells,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166(4), F255-F263 (2019). range from microcracking, to SiC-based ceramics, to compos- 13 ites. Her advice is to allow yourself to be open to the unex- A. Karimaghaloo, J. Koo, H.-S. Kang, S. A. Song, J. H. Shim, M. H. Lee, “Nanoscale Surface and Interface Engineering of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells pected. “One of the beauties of NSF support is the flexibility by Atomic Layer Deposition,” International Journal of Precision Engineering afforded by awards. If research results take an unexpected and Manufacturing–Green Technology, 6(3), 611-628, 2019 (review paper). turn, follow your nose to a new area. There is no penalty for 14L.D. Madsen, “A Guide to NSF Success”, ScienceCareers.org (July 27, moving in a different direction as research evolves. Cross- 2007), https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2007/07/guide-nsf-success program opportunities also abound,” she says. (accessed Aug. 30, 2019) n

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 2020 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS Hotel Monteleone DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING New Orleans, La. May 17–21, 2020 www.ceramics.org/gomd2020

Join ACerS’s Glass & Optical Materials Division for GOMD 2020, May 17–21, 2020, Preliminary Schedule in New Orleans, La., for a program featuring four symposia: Fundamentals of the Glassy State, Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Glass Technology and Sunday, May 17, 2020 Cross-Cutting Topics, and a brand-new symposium on glass and water, Aging and Registration 4 – 7 p.m. Degradation of Amorphous Materials. Technical sessions consisting of both oral and Welcome reception 6 – 8 p.m. poster presentations led by technical leaders from industry, national laboratories, Monday, May 18, 2020 and academia will provide an open forum for glass scientists and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances in various Registration 7 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. aspects related to glass science and technology. Stookey Lecture of Discovery 8 – 9 a.m. Students are encouraged to enter their presentations in the annual student Concurrent sessions 9:20 a.m. – 5:40 p.m. poster competition for professional recognition and cash awards. Students Lunch on own Noon – 1:20 p.m. attending GOMD 2020 are also invited to attend a career roundtable discussion GOMD general business meeting 5:45 – 6:30 p.m. with scientists from industry, national laboratories, and academia about career Poster session and student poster opportunities and other topics in a casual environment. GOMD 2020 will provide 6:30 – 8:30 p.m. competition a unique opportunity for students to learn, interact, and win! Tuesday, May 19, 2020 Hotel Monteleone is located right in the French Quarter of New Orleans, among Registration 7:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. a variety of specialty shops selling art and antiquities from around the world, George W. Morey Award lecture 8 – 9 a.m. and restaurants serving authentic New Orleans Cajun cuisine. Tourist attractions are located just steps from the hotel, including Jackson Square, Bourbon Street, Concurrent sessions 9:20 a.m. – 6 p.m. the French Market, and the Riverwalk. New Orleans itself is steeped in European The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Noon – 1 p.m. traditions and Caribbean influences. The Big Easy offers visitors sweet sounds Scholars and savory aromas fueled by three hundred years of history. Lunch on own Noon – 1:30 p.m. The GOMD Executive Committee, program chairs, and volunteer organizers sincerely Conference banquet 7 – 10 p.m. hope you will join us in New Orleans for GOMD 2020 to find new collaborative Wednesday, May 20, 2020 opportunities and to exchange ideas in the international glass community. Registration 7:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. We look forward to seeing you in New Orleans! Darshana and Arun Varshneya 8 – 9 a.m. Frontiers of Glass Science lecture PROGRAM CHAIRS: Concurrent sessions 9:20 a.m. – 5:40 p.m. Lunch on own Noon – 1:30 p.m. Jessica Rimsza Delia Brauer Sandia National Otto Schott Institute of Thursday, May 21, 2020 Laboratories Materials Research Registration 7:30 a.m. – Noon Albuquerque, N.M. Friedrich Schiller University Darshana and Arun Varshneya [email protected] Jena, Germany 8 – 9 a.m. Frontiers of Glass Technology lecture [email protected] Concurrent sessions 9:20 a.m. – Noon

2019–2020 GOMD OFFICERS Chair Chair-elect Vice chair Secretary Jincheng Du John Mauro Sabyasachi Sen Gang Chen University of North Texas The Pennsylvania State University University of California, Davis Ohio University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

HOTEL MONTELEONE 214 Royal St, New Orleans, LA 70130 | (504) 523-3341 Based on availability (Prevailing government rate): Single/double: $199 plus tax | Triple: $224 plus tax | Quad: $249 plus tax Reserve your room by April 20, 2020 to secure the negotiated conference rate. Visit the hotel and travel page at ceramics.org/GOMD2020 to reserve your room today.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 37 Advanced ceramics: Enabling a clean, efficient, and electrified future May 5–6, 2020 • I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

eramics Expo returns to that keep clean energy flowing and expect to get the big reveal. Ceramics Cleveland, Ohio, for its 6th that create dynamic, alternative are proven in fuel cells, battery Cyear, bringing the entire modes of transport for land, air, and systems, solar energy, wind power, advanced ceramic industry together sea, and the ceramic component hydropower, and power distribution, to source cutting-edge innovations innovators that make it all possible. supply, and transmission generally. in materials and manufacturing, learn Our future harnessing of energy and the latest trends in processes and low carbon footprint existence rely at The actual products vary greatly applications, and network with more every step on the high performance, as they are called upon to solve than 3,000 professionals from across reliability, durability, green credentials, engineering challenges in everything the supply chain. and ability to adapt offered by from generators, turbines, and advanced ceramics. reactors to supercapacitors, Backing for Ceramics Expo 2020 insulators, thermal energy storage has been boosted by participation ENERGY HARVESTING AND units, and e-mobility. from several modern powerhouse STORAGE manufacturing industries—industries Advanced ceramics and glasses will Many leading names at the cutting that are innovating at a tremendous continue to be pivotal in the effective edge will demonstrate just how wide pace and on which the more delivery of this industry sector and the expertise is in this area, with traditional sectors increasingly rely. there will be no shortage of examples, organizations such as 3M, Superior demos, and conference sessions in Graphite, STC, Kerafol, Blasch, It is the reason that Enabling a Cleveland to prove the point. FineWay Ceramics, Haiku Tech, clean, efficient, and electrified Höganäs, Oasis Materials, Mo-Sci, future is right there on the masthead Clean energy and alternative power and Precision Ceramics already for 2020—it is an affirmation of the generation strategies lay down a assured for the Expo. extremely close relationship that has marker for ceramic innovators and been forged between the producers Ceramics Expo is where we can

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 ELECTRONIC PACKAGING AND Ceramics Expo exhibitors are ASSEMBLY pushing these specialty materials to These elements lie at the beating the next level, widening the potential heart of systems without which our for industrial adoption, and raising interconnected world would cease the performance bar at the same very quickly to function. Consumer time. Typical of this approach is the electronics, of course, but also new boron nitride (BN) CeraGlide knowledge, telecommunications, coatings from Saint-Gobain, energy, motion, and heating/ developed with the aim of solving cooling networks that are crucial for challenges related to lubrication, space/aerospace technology, the application: everything from auto protection, and mold release, automotive industry, measurement body and marine craft protection; particularly under high temperature and control, the medical field, and enhanced wear and corrosion conditions. BN coatings are used to optoelectronics, to name but a few. resistance in harsh industrial coat parts, launders, troughs, ladles, environments (steel production, and spoons, among others, during A variety of advanced ceramics oil and gas exploration, chemical operations such as casting, pressing, and glasses play a crucial role due pumping, and more); battery forging, and extrusion. Other uses to their dielectric characteristics coatings for electric vehicles; special are in superplastic and quick (capacitors and inductors, for steel plate coating (in boilers, for plastic forming, or anywhere high instance), as insulators, and offer instance); and ultrahydrophobic temperature protection, lubrication, special sealing, heat sink, and wider nanoceramic glass coating, such and release are paramount. thermal management properties. as found on solar panels. A Market Some of the commonly found JOIN US IN CLEVELAND – Research Future report says it materials are modified alumina and MAY 2020 expects a CAGR of 7.6% for global low temperature cofired ceramics The exhibition and conference ceramic coatings, resulting in sales (substrates), silicon carbide, silicon are free to attend—register for hitting over $18 billion in 2023. nitride, glass fiber, and borosilicates. your free pass at http://www. Ceramic coatings generally bring ceramicsexpousa.com. If you would Every type of operation, from niche with them benefits in terms of like to showcase your products and players through to multinationals, gets superior hardness, corrosion services and meet new buyers, book involved in helping to map the future protection, wear resistance, thermal one of the last remaining spaces at for ceramics in this sector and names shock resistance, durability, low the exhibition. If you are an ACerS such as Kyocera, Corning, Johnson friction, and can offer high electrical Corporate member, take advantage Matthey, Saint-Gobain, Cerix, resistivity. Several materials will of the exclusive $200 discount on Materion, QSIL, Skyworks Solutions, be featured prominently, including booth space—contact the team at and YJC are already confirmed to be alumina, titania, zirconia, alumina- [email protected] to find at Ceramics Expo 2020. magnesia, hafnia, silicon carbide, out more. n There will be much to discuss, silicon nitride, boron nitride, and not least the continuing transition boron carbide. from silicon to silicon carbide (SiC) technology—which is important in supporting the growing electric vehicle, 4G/5G mobile and industrial markets, and the announcement in the past few weeks of the construction in the United States of the world’s largest SiC device manufacturing facility.

CERAMIC COATINGS There are many areas where advanced ceramic coatings find an

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 39 January 22 – 24, 2020 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla., USA ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2020) Organized by the ACerS Electronics and Basic Science Divisions

EMA 2020 is designed for researchers, engineers, technologists, and students interested in basic science, engineering, and applications of electroceramic materials. Speakers include an international mix of university, industrial, and federal laboratory participants exchanging information and ideas on the latest developments in theory, experimental investigation, and applications of electroceramic materials. Students are highly encouraged to participate in the meeting. Prizes will be awarded for the best oral and poster student presentation.

Please join us in Orlando, Fla, to participate in this unique experience!

PLENARY SPEAKERS WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 22 THURSDAY, JANUARY 23 8:30 AM | ROOM: ORANGE A 8:30 AM | ROOM: ORANGE A A.J.H.M. (Guus) Rijnders Elizabeth Dickey Professor, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Professor, Kyocera Professor, associate head of University of Twente, Netherlands Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Title: Novel functionalities in atomically North Carolina State University, USA controlled oxide heterostructures by pulsed Title: Defect disorder and dynamics in laser deposition functional oxides Abstract: Complex oxides of the transition metals Abstract: Lattice defects play an important role in Rijnders Dickey are of great importance and interest both from a the dielectric and conductivity properties of ceramic fundamental science as well as a technological point of view. With regards materials, and thus great effort is expended on controlling point defect to fundamental science, complex oxides show an interplay between strong equilibria via doping, oxygen activity, and temperature control during electron correlations, band behaviour, as well as a rich repertoire of order- processing. In device applications, because lattice defects are typically ing phenomena in the spin and orbital sectors making them an enduring charged, applied electric fields provide a strong driving force for defect focus of theoretical and experimental investigation. migration, and their spatio-temporal redistribution depends on the elec- Recent progress in epitaxy-based thin film growth approaches has added tric potential distribution and the interfacial exchange kinetics. Ultimately a dimension to complex oxide research, providing opportunities to this process leads to spatially varying conductivity profiles and often a improve experimental control over the properties of the system. We now concomitant macroscopic increase in leakage current in many dielectric possess a number of tools that can be used to design novel functional- materials. While this leakage current enhancement is detrimental in ities in complex oxides. devices such as capacitors, the phenomenon can be utilized to form novel functional behaviors such as resistive switching in metal-oxides. Further- We have demonstrated recently that strong oxygen octahedral coupling at more, the use of electric fields in processing ceramic materials, e.g., flash interfaces transfers the octahedral rotation from one oxide into the other at sintering, can lead to analogous electromigration processes resulting in the interface region. As a result, we possess control of magnetic and elec- long-range chemical and microstructural gradients. This talk will review tronic properties by atomic scale design of the oxygen octahedral rotation. our current understanding and implications of point defect electromigra- In this contribution I will highlight recent work on magnetic anisotropy tion in important electroceramic materials. in manganites, as well as the control of the metal-to-insulator transition temperature in nickelate heterostructures and superlattices. I will furthermore highlight some recent new insights in the “physics” of pulsed laser deposition of complex oxides, as well as the large-scale inte- gration of epitaxial oxides on silicon-wafers up to 200 mm in diameter.

40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 January 22 – 24, 2020 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla., USA

www.ceramics.org/ema2020

ACERS JOURNAL WORKSHOP: EXPAND ACERS STUDENT AND YOUNG YOUR IMPACT (ORGANIZED BY ACERS JOURNALS TEAM) PROFESSIONAL NETWORKING MIXER WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 22 | 12:30 – 1:30 P.M. | THURSDAY, JANUARY 23 | 5:30 – 6:30 P.M. | This workshop discusses methods for improving the reach of your Join us to meet up and network with fellow students and young publications, including options for sharing your work. Further- professionals! more, the workshop provides insight on the need for and hands- on experience with formulating societal impact language. LUNCH WITH A PRO (ORGANIZED BY THE ACERS YOUNG Lunch will be provided. PROFESSIONALS NETWORK (YPN)) Please register to attend so we have enough for everyone!

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS TECHNICAL PROGRAM TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 2020 S1 Characterization of Structure-Property Relationships in Conference registration 5 – 6:30 p.m. Functional Ceramics S2 Advanced Electronic Materials: Processing Structures, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 22, 2020 Properties, and Applications Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 6 p.m. S3 Frontiers in Ferroic Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, Plenary session 1 8:30 – 9:30 a.m. and Applications Coffee break 9:30 – 10 a.m. Concurrent technical sessions 10 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. S4 Complex Oxide Thin Film Materials Discovery: From Synthesis to Strain/Interface Engineered Emergent Properties Poster session set up 12:30 – 5 p.m. Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. S5 Mesoscale Phenomena in Ferroic Nanostructures: Beyond Coffee break 3:30 – 4 p.m. the Thin-Film Paradigm Poster session & reception 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. S6 Complex Oxide and Chalcogenide Semiconductors: Research Basic Science Division tutorial 7:40 – 8:45 p.m. and Applications THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020 S7 Superconducting and Magnetic Materials: From Basic Science to Applications Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 6 p.m. Plenary session 2 8:30 – 9:30 a.m. S8 Structure-property Relationships in Relaxor Ceramics Coffee break 9:30 – 10 a.m. S9 Ion-Conducting Ceramics Concurrent technical sessions 10 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. S10 Point Defects and Transport in Ceramics Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. Coffee break 3:30 – 4 p.m. S11 New Directions in Sintering and Microstructure Control for Electronic Applications Student & young professionals reception 5:30 – 6:30 p.m. Conference dinner 7 – 9 p.m. S12 Electronic Materials Applications in 5G Telecommunications FRIDAY, JANUARY 24, 2020 S13 Thermal Transport in Functional Materials and Devices Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 4 p.m. S14 Agile Design of Electronic Materials: Aligned Computational Concurrent technical sessions 8:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. and Experimental Approaches and Materials Informatics Coffee break 10 – 10:30 a.m. S15 Functional Materials for Biological Applications Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. S16 Molecular, Inorganic, and Hybrid Ferroelectrics for Failure: The greatest teacher 5 – 6 p.m. Optoelectronic and Electronic Applications

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 41 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON 44 ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES #ICACC20

January 26 – 31, 2020 | Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, Daytona Beach | Florida, USA

The 44th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC) continues a strong tradition as the leading international meeting on advanced structural and functional ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies.

Award and Plenary Speakers JAMES I. MUELLER AWARD GLOBAL YOUNG INVESTIGATOR AWARD William J. Weber, Governor’s Chair Professor, University Sungwook Mhin, senior researcher, Korea Institute of of Tennessee, USA Industrial Technology (KITECH), Korea Title: Ion-beam modification and nanostructure evolution Title: Advantageous crystalline–amorphous phase in ceramics boundary for water oxidation

Weber Mhin

BRIDGE BUILDING AWARD ENGINEERING CERAMICS DIVISION JUBILEE GLOBAL DIVERSITY Toshihiro Ishikawa, vice president, Tokyo University of AWARD Science, Japan Carolina Tallon, Department of Materials Science and Title: Development of precursor ceramics using organic Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing Team, Virginia silicon polymer Polyechnic Institute and State University, USA Title: EMulti-scale thermal protective systems for extreme environments: Design, processing, properties Ishikawa and modeling Tallon PLENARY SPEAKER George T. (Rusty) Gray III, Laboratory Fellow, Los Valentina Casalegno, Institute of Materials Physics and Alamos National Laboratory, USA Engineering, Politecnico di Torino (POLITO), Italy Title: Developing a pathway to microstructure-aware Title: Ceramic and composite joints for nuclear predictive capability for the shock / dynamic response applications of materials

Gray Casalegno PLENARY SPEAKER Hui-suk Yun, Materials Processing Innovation Research Katalin Balázsi, Head of Thin Film Physics Department, Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Korea Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Title: Current technological advances in multi-ceramic additive manufacturing Title: Ceramic biomaterials: From traditional technologies to novel applications Yun Balázsi

ICACC20 Sponsors Event sponsors

42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 Exhibitor Booth 3DCERAM SINTO INC. 318 AdValue Technology, LLC 216

Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of Alfred University 315 The American Ceramic Society American Ceramic Society (The) 100 Anton Paar 301 ceramics.org/icacc2020 AVS, Inc. 307 Centorr Vacuum Industries 200 Ceramics Expo 311 Exhibition Information Cincinnati Testing Labs 314 CM Furnaces 214 Reserve your booth today for the premier international advanced ceramics and EAG Laboratories 317 composites expo. Connect with decision makers and influencers in government FCT Systeme GmbH 319 labs, industry, and research and development fields. ICACC20 is your destina- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic 117 tion to collaborate with business partners, cultivate prospects, and explore new Technologies and Systems IKTS business opportunities. Fritsch Milling & Sizing, Inc. 219 Gasbarre 203 Exhibit hours Haiku Tech 208 Tuesday, Jan. 28, 2020, 5–8 p.m. Harper International 313 Wednesday, Jan. 29, 2020, 5–7:30 p.m. Höganäs 305 Lithoz America LLC 103 Exposition location Materials Research Furnaces, LLC 119 Ocean Center Arena, 101 North Atlantic Avenue, Daytona Beach, FL Netzsch Instruments 300 Nordson SONOSCAN 302 Exhibit space is filling up fast. To reserve your booth, visit www.ceramics.org/ Object Research Systems, Inc. 115 icacc2020 or contact Mona Thiel at [email protected] or 614-794-5834. Oxy-Gon Industries, Inc. 215 Partnership for Research Education 109 STOP BY any vendor booth in our ICACC 2020 Expo and receive a raffle ticket for a in Ceramics and Polymers drawing to win the following exciting prizes: Praxair Surface Technologies 217 Reserved 210 First prize Shanghai Chenhua Science 101 Phase Equilibria Diagrams PC Database, Version 4.4 USB single license ($1,095 value) Technology Corp., Ltd. Second prize Springer Nature 107 ICACC 2021 free registration ($730 value) Taylor & Francis 316 Team Volusia EDC 309 Third prize Tethon 3D 111 “Engineered Ceramics: Current Status and Future Products” technical book ($175 value) Tev Tech 206 Turn your raffle tickets in during exhibit hours at the ACerS booth in the exhibit hall. You Thermcraft, Inc. 303 may turn in as many tickets as you gather from exhibitors, so the more you visit with our Wiley 218 vendors, the better your odds to win! The prizes will be drawn at 6:30 p.m., Wednesday, ZEISS Microscopy 201 Jan. 29, at the ACerS booth. You need not be present to win. This raffle is a great ZIRCAR Ceramics, Inc. 202 opportunity to collaborate with potential business partners and walk away with some- thing useful for your business or career. It can be a win-win, literally. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass 2020 Media sponsors Short Course* Thursday, January 30 | 8:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Friday, January 31 | 8:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Location: Hilton – Coquina Salon C (North Tower) Instructor: George D. Quinn, NIST Additional registration fee is required.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 43 resources

Calendar of events

January 2020 July 2020 January 2021

22–24 EMA2020: Electronic Materials 19–23 Pan American Ceramics 20–22 EMA2021: Electronic Materials and Applications — DoubleTree by Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting and Applications — DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference of the Americas (PACC-FMAs 2020) —­ Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; Hilton Panama, Balboa Avenida Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org/ema2020 Aquilino de la Guardia, Panama City, Panama; 24–29 45th International Conference 26–31 ICACC20: 44th Int’l Conference www.ceramics.org/PACCFMAs and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and August 2020 Composites (ICACC2021) — Hilton Composites — Daytona Beach, Fla.; Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, www.ceramics.org/icacc20 2–7 Solid State Studies in Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org March 2020 Ceramics, Gordon Research Conference — Mount Holyoke College, March 2021 25–26 56th Annual St. Louis South Hadley, Mass.; https://www.grc. Section/Refractory Ceramics Division org/solid-state-studies-in-ceramics- 27-31 The Int’l Conference Symposium on Refractories — Hilton conference/2020 on Sintering 2021 — Nagaragwa St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; 16–21 Convention Center, Gifu, Japan; https://ceramics.org/event/56th- Materials Challenges in https://www.sintering2021.org annual-st-louis-section Alternative & Renewable Energy 2020 (MCARE2020) combined with the May 2021 4th Annual Energy Harvesting Society April 2020 23–28 th Meeting (AEHSM 2020) — Hyatt 14 Pacific Rim Conference 13–17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & on Ceramic and Glass Technology Regency, Bellevue, Wash.; — Exhibit — Phoenix, Ariz.; www.ceramics.org/mcare2020 (PACRIM 14) Hyatt Regency www.mrs.org/spring2020 Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia, 23–27 International Congress on Canada; www.ceramics.org May 2020 — Ceramics (ICC8) Bexco, Busan, September 2021 Korea; www.iccs.org 5–6 6th Ceramics Expo — I-X Center, 14–17 th Cleveland, Ohio.; https://ceramics.org/ October 2020 20 Biennial Worldwide event/6th-ceramics-expo Congress Unified International Technical — 4–8 MS&T20 combined with ACerS Conference on Refractories Hilton 6–7 Ceramic Manufacturing Solutions nd — Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; — 122 Annual Meeting David Conference I-X Center, Cleveland, L. Lawrence Convention Center, www.ceramics.org Ohio; https://ceramics.org/event/ Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org ceramic-manufacturing-solutions- October 2021

conference November 2020 rd 17–21 ACerS 123 Annual Meeting 17–21 2020 Glass and Optical 8–13 7th Int. Conference on with Materials Science & Technology — — Materials Division Annual Meeting Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD 2020) 2021 Greater Columbus Convention Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; — Santa Fe, New Mexico; http://www. Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 engconf.org/conferences/materials- www.ceramics.org June 2020 science-including-nanotechnology/ Dates in RED denote new entry in electrophoretic-deposition-vii- this issue. 7–10 Ultra-high Temperature fundamental-and-applications Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Entries in BLUE denote ACerS Environment Applications V — The 29–Dec. 3 2020 MRS Fall Meeting & events. Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; Exhibit — Boston, Mass.; denotes meetings that ACerS http://bit.ly/5thUHTC www.mrs.org/fall2020 cosponsors, endorses, or other- wise cooperates in organizing.

Ceram an i ic c r S e o m ✯ ✯ ✯ c A i e

e t

y y y

h h

T T T T SEAL denotes Corporate partner  ✯ ✯ ✯  F o u 99 nded 18

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 99, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 47 deciphering the discipline Daniel Drury A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass Guest columnist scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors.

biggest issues are that a) Ferroelectric nitrides current high-performance for communications piezoelectric materi- als such as Al1-xScxN technologies (x=0.06) are unable to meet these demands and Ferroelectric materials exhibit a per- that ferroelectric oxides manent charge separation, or dipole, that are inherently weak is reorientable under an applied electric contenders due to wafer field, making them useful for applications compatibility issues and such as nonvolatile memory. In addi- low mechanical quality tion, because ferroelectrics are a subset of factors. A recent report of ferroelectricity in the piezoelectrics, which couple electrical and b) mechanical energies to either produce Al1-xScxN system at high a charge when stressed or a mechanical scandium contents strain when an electric field is applied, (x>0.30) sparked inter- these same materials can also be useful est in potential multi- for microelectromechanical systems. functional devices that Credit: Daniel Drury With fifth generation (5G) wireless could feasibly offer the Figure 1. (a) Comparison of telecommunication bands by combined flexibility of generation (adapted with permission from N. Orloff, NIST), communications slowly rolling out, many (b) Cross section schematic of an FBAR device. believe ferroelectrics can assist in overcom- ferroelectrics with the ing some technological challenges. The superior high-frequency terization. Combining these techniques 5G standard encompasses several key new resonator performance of AlN.1 forms a rapid and constantly evolving features, including low latency, multiple- Finding a method to stabilize the ferro- learning loop. Our group’s prior expe- rience with piezoelectric Al Sc N will input and multiple-output, and direction- electric phase of Al1-xScxN with x>0.30 will 1-x x al beamforming, as well as an unprece- be a challenging undertaking but one with provide the necessary groundwork for me dentedly wide frequency range designated a potentially enormous payoff. As a fab- to reach a more complete understanding 4 as 5G (F1) and 5G (F2) (Fig. 1a). compatible ferroelectric material that also of the ferroelectric phase. This material Historically, the telecommunications offers the possibility of efficient piezoelectric is at the forefront of innovation and technology and will act as a catalyst for industry embraced the piezoelectric AlN performance, Al1-xScxN will offer tunability system, and only recently began to alloy and memory functionality as well as enable additional discoveries in the ferroelectric AlN and ScN for enhanced piezoelectric a number of other device architectures. The nitride family. response. This material is used to construct search for 5G-enabling materials is heating film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) due up, with a variety of AlN-based and ferro- References 1 to the high quality factor (low losses) and electric HfO2-based materials receiving the S. Fichtner, N. Wolff, F. Lofink, L. Kienle, ease of integration (Fig. 1b). An FBAR majority of interest for integrated devices.2,3 & B. Wagner, Journal of Applied Physics. 125, acts as frequency filter when sending and As a member of the Functional 114103 (2019). receiving data by mechanically oscillating Ceramics group at Colorado School of 2G. Wingqvist, Microsyst Technol. 18, 1213– at a set frequency under an applied electric Mines led by Dr. Geoff Brennecka, I aim 1223 (2012). field; signals incident to the device that to answer what role ferroelectric nitrides 3T. S. Böscke, J. Müller, D. Bräuhaus, U. match the frequency can pass through. will play in the future. With collabora- Schröder, U. Böttger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, For communication devices to operate tors at the National Renewable Energy 102903 (2011). over a range of frequencies, they contain Laboratories and the National Institute 4K. R. Talley et al., Phys. Rev. Materials. 2, hundreds of these fixed-frequency filters to of Standards and Technology, I have a 063802 (2018). minimize interference from nearby emit- reputable network of mentors to assist me ters. However, manufacturing high quality in understanding behavior and stability of Danny Drury is a first-year Ph.D. stu- and reliable films is a difficult and costly these novel materials. dent in the materials science program task when increasing scandium content, so To facilitate progress, we use compu- at Colorado School of Mines. Outside state-of-the-art AlN compositions possess tational predictions to find suitable com- of his school responsibilities, Danny less than 10 at% scandium. positions. These predictions are then enjoys ultimate frisbee, working on his There are active demands for materi- followed up with combinatorial research motorcycle, and exploring the beautiful als that can operate at higher frequencies methodologies that allow for high- scenery Colorado offers with his fiancé with increased energy efficiency. The throughput thin film growth and charac- and puppy. n

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2020 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAs) JULY 19 23, 2020 | PANAMA CITY, PANAMA

2020 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS Organized by: and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS PACCFMAs yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon photonics fused quartz beamsplitters piezoceramics europium phosphors additive manufacturing III-IV semiconductors ITO 1 1 2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process bioimplants Helium YSZ 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 zeolites Lithium Beryllium raman substrates barium uoride Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen FluorinenanoNeon ribbons 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 anode Sodium Magnesium sapphire windows anti-ballistic ceramicsAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon silicates 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 oxides Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton cermet 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

TiCN 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 h-BN 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 ZnS 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 InGaAs 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 Nh 18 18 Mc 18 18 Ts 18 Og 18 Fr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7 8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si3N4 epitaxial crystal growth cerium oxide polishing powder rutile 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 quantum dots Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium spintronics 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 SiALON 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) YBCO Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium GDC transparent ceramics chalcogenides nanodispersions perovskites scintillation Ce:YAG superconductors fuel cell materials laser crystals sputtering targets TM CVD precursors deposition slugs Now Invent. silicon carbide MBE grade materials beta-barium borate alumina substrates solar energy The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs lithium niobate photovoltaics Over 15,000 certi ed high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a magnesia state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of ber optics new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language "Mobile Responsive” platform. thin lm MgF2 dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials borosilicate glass metamaterials

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