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Chapter 1 Introduction Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/35424 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Pop, E.A.L. Title: Neandertal adaptations to Interglacial conditions : a case study from the Eemian site Neumark-Nord 2 (Germany) Issue Date: 2015-09-22 1. Introduction 1.1 HOMININ ADAPTATIONS TO PLEISTOCENE ago (Hublin, 2014). Around that time, the European ENVIRONMENTS continent was colonized by Homo heidelbergensis- like populations, from which Neandertals eventually Evidence for hominin presence in Europe goes back evolved. When this divergence took place is still more than one million years before present (Arzarello uncertain, but Neandertal features are already visible et al., 2009; Carbonell et al., 2008; Garcia et al., 2013; in the 400 ka old fossils from Sima de los Huesos, Muttoni et al., 2013; Toro-Moyano et al., 2013). which are generally ascribed to Homo heidelbergensis Over one million years, hominins in Europe have (Arsuaga et al., 2014). The oldest “classic” Neandertal been exposed to several glacial/interglacial cycles fossils can be dated to around 200 ka (Hublin, 2009), of increasing amplitude, characterized by extreme after which their more or less continuous presence in climatic conditions ranging from polar deserts to warm, Europe can be traced to about 40 ka (Higham et al., forested conditions comparable to our current warm 2014; Hublin, 2014). This large time period covers period, the Holocene. Before half a million years ago the Saalian complex with both interstadial and stadial evidence for hominin presence is limited, while the (full glacial) conditions, the Eemian Interglacial evidence is more substantial for the following half a characterized by climatic conditions comparable to the million years (Roebroeks, 2006, 2001; Roebroeks and current interglacial, and the Weichselian glacial. The Van Kolfschoten, 1994), despite featuring some of the distribution of Neandertal fossil remains covers an area PRVW VHYHUH FOLPDWLF ÀXFWXDWLRQV RI WKH 3OHLVWRFHQH IURP3RUWXJDOLQWKHZHVWWRWKH$OWDL0RXQWDLQVLQWKH HSRFK 0F0DQXV 7KHVHFOLPDWLFÀXFWXDWLRQV east, and from the Netherlands/Germany in the north VLJQL¿FDQWO\ DIIHFWHG WKH GRPLQDQW YHJHWDWLRQ RI to Israel in the south (Villa and Roebroeks, 2014). European landscapes and, higher up in the food chain, Based on the age and distribution of the Neandertal IDXQDO FRPPXQLWLHV WKDW URDPHG WKHVH 3OHLVWRFHQH sites known at the time, Gamble (1987) suggested that environments. These climatic and environmental Neandertals were, despite their inferred physiological FKDQJHV PXVW KDYH KDG D VLJQL¿FDQW LPSDFW RQ DOO cold adaptations (Holliday, 1997; Trinkaus, 1981), facets of hominin life, including subsistence, mobility only able to maintain themselves in intermediate and technology. How did hominins deal with these conditions, between full glacials and full interglacials, environmental changes? During the last half a million during which the landscape was dominated by a very years, the material legacy (predominantly the remains productive steppe-tundra. The environmental rigidity of butchered animals and the stone tools used) of of Neandertals proposed by Gamble was challenged two hominin lineages can inform us on hominin by Roebroeks and colleagues (1992) who showed adaptations to environments of which some seem that Neandertals were present in a wide range of quite “agreeable”, i.e. richly vegetated environments environmental settings, including interglacial ones. characterized by temperate climatic conditions, while others appear to be harsh and unforgiving, The range expansion of modern humans from their glacial environments with little vegetation and soils African homelands into Eurasia took place somewhere sometimes frozen solid by permafrost. These two between 125 and 50-60 ka (e.g. Armitage et al., 2011; hominin groups and their material remains, which Mellars et al., 2013) and the earliest sites in Europe have been studied extensively over the last few suggest that they arrived there around 50 ka (Hublin, centuries, are Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertals) 7KHROGHVWGDWHGIRVVLOIURP3HúWHUDFX2DVH and Homo sapiens (modern humans). has an age of 42–37.8 kyr cal. %3 7ULQNDXV HW DO ,Q(XURSH8SSHU3DODHROLWKLFPRGHUQKXPDQV Neandertals are the probable descendants of an “Out replaced the resident Neandertal population and the of Africa” event taking place roughly a million years associated Mousterian technocomplex. Despite their 1 Introduction African origin, anatomically modern humans were provided their own unique set of challenges (Bailey able to thrive under relatively harsh conditions of the et al., 1989; Gamble, 1986). During the current pleni- (or “full”) -glacial (MIS 3 and 2). They were the interglacial, the Holocene, the presence of modern ¿UVWKRPLQLQVSHFLHVWRFRORQL]HPDUJLQDODUHDVOLNH humans in these forested environments is well- arctic and subarctic latitudes, except for the coldest established by numerous sites of Mesolithic hunter- part of the Weichselian, when even the northern plains gatherers (e.g. Bailey and Spikins, 2008); a way of seem to be devoid of human presence (Housley et life that persisted until the advent of agriculture. al., 1997; Roebroeks, 2000; Verpoorte, 2009). They Adaptations to these new environments are thought to also colonized strongly continental (Klein, 2009) and have affected subsistence strategies, mobility patterns, tropical environments (Aubert et al., 2014). After the lithic technology, and land-use strategies (e.g. Holst, very cold conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum 3ULFH6WUHHWHWDO 7KH/DVW (MIS2), modern human populations were confronted Interglacial, the Eemian, has been well-studied from a with a major transition to interglacial climatic climatological and environmental point of view, due to conditions and forested environments. As modern the current interest in climate change and its similarity humans only show gradual physiological changes to the present interglacial. As with the Mesolithic, during their 200 kyr existence (ibid.), their ability the transition to the environmental conditions of the to adapt to a plethora of environments and climatic Last Interglacial is a large departure from the tundra conditions has been attributed to technological and and steppe environments that covered most of Europe social developments associated with modern human during the preceding glacial. behaviour, whether this was the result of a gradual process or a punctuated event (d’ Errico and Stringer, How did Neandertals maintain themselves in these 2011; Klein, 2009; Klein and Edgar, 2002; Marean et fairly different Eemian interglacial environments? In al., 2007; McBrearty and Brooks, 2000). order to answer this question we need to rely on two datasets. First of all, the environmental record of this Due to the dominance of cold climatic conditions period, including (but not limited to) data on climatic GXULQJWKH0LGGOHDQG8SSHU3OHLVWRFHQHDVZHOODV conditions, vegetation, as well as faunal communities. colder conditions characterizing the time period of the These environmental conditions reconstructed from replacement of Neandertals by modern humans, a lot them offered both opportunities as well as challenges of attention has been paid to environmental tolerances that may have affected hominin behaviour. In order on the “cold” side of the climatic spectrum. These to understand how Neandertals adapted to Eemian long (moderately-) cold periods are interspersed by Interglacial environments, we have to rely on a second the short and warm interglacial periods, which are dataset: the archaeological record of this relatively characterized by a forested vegetation type as well as VKRUW³VOLFH´RI3OHLVWRFHQHWLPH different faunal communities. These environmental conditions, from a modern-day temperate-climate Large-scale excavations at Neumark-Nord 2 (Saxony- perspective may seem a major improvement over $QKDOW *HUPDQ\ ¿JXUH KDYH XQFRYHUHG DQ the glacial conditions during the Saalian (MIS 6) and extremely rich archaeological record that could be Weichselian (MIS4-2), but interglacial conditions dated to the Eemian Interglacial (Sier et al., 2011). The (Weichselian) N Lehringen Amsterdam Berlin Figure 1: Geographical position (Saalian) Gröbern Grabschütz of Neumark-Nord 2 and other Neumark-Nord 2 Rabutz Eemian sites mentioned in the Neumark-Nord 1 Burgtonna text (circles: sedimentary basin Brussels Taubach sites, stars: travertine sites) rela- tive to the maximum ice extents of the Saalian and Weichselian Prague JODFLHUV0RGL¿HGDIWHU 6SHOHHUV 2000). 2 Introduction ¿QHJUDLQHG LQ¿OO RI WKLV SRVWJODFLDO EDVLQ \LHOGHG on the basis of their mollusc content, focus shifted PXOWLSOH ¿QG OHYHOV WKDW FRQWDLQHG ODUJH IDXQDO DQG to the palynological content of equivalent terrestrial lithic assemblages, as well as a rich environmental deposits. These were shown to consistently contain a record that can be correlated with the archaeological pollen sequence that was characteristic of developing ¿QG OHYHOV *DXG]LQVNL:LQGKHXVHU HW DO woodlands, most notably with Corylus (hazel) in early Gaudzinski-Windheuser and Roebroeks, 2014). With stages and Carpinus (hornbeam) later on (Jessen & its large archaeological and environmental record, Milthers 1928). In contrast, the preceding Saalian the site Neumark-Nord 2 allows a detailed study and succeeding Weichselian deposits yielded pollen of hominin behaviour in an Eemian environmental characteristic of an open steppe vegetation. The context. This recently excavated site will therefore be occurrence
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