Canadians, Americans, and the Prohibition -Era Northwest
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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 Bootlegging and the borderlands: Canadians, Americans, and the Prohibition -era Northwest Stephen T. Moore College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, International Law Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Moore, Stephen T., "Bootlegging and the borderlands: Canadians, Americans, and the Prohibition -era Northwest" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623992. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-321n-x156 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. BOOTLEGGING AND THE BORDERLANDS CANADIANS, AMERICANS, AND THE PROHIBITION-ERA NORTHWEST A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Stephen Timothy Moore 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9999054 Copyright 2001 by Moore, Stephen Timothy All rights reserved. UMI” UMI Microform9999054 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVALSHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Stephen T. Moore Approved, August 2000 Edward P. (Cppol Carol Sheriff Judith Ewell Michael K. Green Eastern Washington University ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ABSTRACT vii INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I. CREATING THE SMUGGLERS PARADISE THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST TO 1914 10 CHAPTER II. HOW PROHIBITION CAME TO THE NORTHWEST 39 CHAPTER III. REFUGEES FROM VOLSTEAD 65 CHAPTER IV. THE HALCYON DAYS OF RUMRUNNING 82 CHAPTER V. THE LIMITS OF DIPLOMACY 116 CHAPTER VI. THE CASE OF THE BERYL G 144 CHAPTER VII. CUSTOMS SCANDALS AND SECOND THOUGHTS 164 CHAPTER VIII. A CONSENSUS FOR COOPERATION 185 CHAPTER IX. THE BRITISH COLUMBIAN ORIGINS OF AMERICAN REPEAL 206 CONCLUSION 222 BIBUOGRAPY 229 ili Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is because the dissertation process can often seem a solitary endeavor that I am especially eager to acknowledge the significant assistance provided by so many institutions and people. I could never have completed this project without generous financial support. The Department of History and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the College of William and Mary provided numerous research and conference grants, as well as a generous stipend, to ftind dissertation research. A graduate student research award from the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C. provided funds to explore the rich holdings of Canadian institutions, while the Canada-United States Fulbright Foundation enabled me to spend a year in Canada where, free from distraction, this dissertation was completed. Many institutions and individuals eagerly opened their holdings and helpfully responded to (sometimes vague) inquiries. These include the British Columbia Archives, the City of Vancouver Archives, the Eastern Washington University Library, Glenbow Archives in Calgary, the Gonzaga University Library, the Legislative Library of British Columbia, the College Park and Seattle branches of the National Archives and Records Administration, the National Archives of Canada, the National Library of Canada, the Seattle Museum of History and Industry, the Seattle Public Library, the Spokane Public Library, the Vancouver Public Library, the University of British Columbia Library, the University of Victoria Library, and the University of Washington Library. While many people at these institutions provided invaluable assistance, a number deserve special recognition: Kenneth Hager at the National Archives in College Park; Sue Karren at the Pacific Northwest branch of the National Archives; and Gary Mitchell and his staff at the British Columbia Archives. Other individuals provided important assistance. Professor Carlos Schwantes of the University of Idaho generously donated a beautiful fall afternoon to discuss my project in detail. Equally important have been my fellow graduate students in the history department at William and Mary, especially the “comps” class of 1997, whose insights and support have been almost as valuable to me as their friendship. No acknowledgment would be complete without recognizing the contributions of my dissertation committee. Edward P. Crapol quickly agreed to supervise my project and offered me a great deal of independence. He has since proven a constant, but always gentle, critic. Carol Sheriff and Judy Ewell have been not only valuable readers but, like Ed Crapol, excellent teachers and important contributors to my development as iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. a graduate student and historian. It was Mike Green who first suggested there might be something in prohibition and the Pacific Northwest borderlands. Mike has been a mentor, a trusted-advisor, and a constant champion ever since my undergraduate days at Eastern Washington University. He even generously donated the use of his cabin on Kootenay Lake in British Columbia. Never have I written in such a beautifully distracting place! It is thus an honor for me that he agreed to serve as a reader. Finally, to my wife Jackie do I owe the greatest debt. Her support has always been unconditional, unquestioning, and unfailing. Her patience never ceases to amaze me. Likewise, baby Sarah has waited patiently to enter our lives. She is a constant reminder that there are more important things in life than a dissertation. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCA British Columbia Archives, Victoria CAR Canadian Annual Review ofPublic Affairs DCER Documents on Canadian External Relations FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States GA Glenbow Archives, Calgary NAC National Archives of Canada, Ottawa NAPNW National Archives—Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle NARA National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland NLC National Library of Canada, Ottawa RCCE Record Group 33/88, Royal Commission on Customs and Excise, 1926- 1927, NAC RG 13 Records of the Department of Justice, NAC RG 25 Records of the Department of External Affairs, NAC RG 36 Records of the United States Customs Service, Puget Sound Collection District, NAPNW RG 56 Records of the Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Prohibition, NAPNW RG 59 General Records of the Department of State, NARA UW University of Washington Special Collections, Seattle WSU