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Oral Health Status and Oral Health Care Model in China Jian Liu1#, Shan Shan Zhang1#, Shu Guo Zheng1, Tao Xu1, Yan Si1

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Oral Health Status and Oral Health Care Model in China Jian Liu1#, Shan Shan Zhang1#, Shu Guo Zheng1, Tao Xu1, Yan Si1 Oral Health Status and Oral Health Care Model in China Jian Liu1#, Shan Shan Zhang1#, Shu Guo Zheng1, Tao Xu1, Yan Si1 Objective: To review the current oral health status and oral health care models in China in an effort to provide recommendations for the future implementation of these models. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. The Medline, EMBASE, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched for English and Chinese articles reporting relevant data from 1949 to the present. Data from three national oral health epidemiology surveys, Chinese government reports and national statistics yearbooks from 2011 to 2015 were also included. Results: The oral health status of preschool children were significantly improved over the past 10 years, while caries experience among 35 to 45-year-old and 65 to 74-year-old groups showed an increase in 2005. The status of poor oral hygiene was observed for both adolescent and elderly groups. The ratio of dentist-to-population in China was reported as 1:10,000 in 2009, which was much lower than that of developed countries. The workforce of the dental service is distributed unevenly and remains insufficient for such a highly populated country. Although the need for dental treatment was perceived as high, the true demand for dental ser- vice in China was relatively low and not seen as critical. This situation clearly did not reflect so well with true oral disease conditions. There are several basic social medical insurance systems available in China, which covered most of the population’s need for medical attention, but seldom covered dental treatment. Conclusion: National oral health policy in China should emphasise oral health promotion, especially in school education for children and young adults, to further strengthen daily tooth- brushing, use of fluoride toothpaste and dental floss, and actively promote annual oral health examination. Oral health management should focus on cost-effective primary and secondary prevention with the long-term goal of maintaining oral health. Key words: China, oral health care model, oral health status, literature review Chin J Dent Res 2016;19(4):207–215; doi: 10.3290/j.cjdr.a37145 ral disease conditions are prevalently chronic 9,600,000 square kilometers of territory and a popula- Oand collectively affect 3.9 billion people global- tion of 1.37 billion, oral disease has a large burden on ly1. In the People’s Republic of China, a country with the government healthcare system and is an even greater economic burden on individuals2. Unlike preventive-ori- 1 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and entated dental care in many developed countries, seeking Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital oral health care in China is mostly driven by disease- and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China. induced pain and suffering. The dental care in China is # These authors contributed equally to this work and should be consid- insufficient not only because of individual awareness but ered as co-first authors. also due to the shortage of dental professionals3. While the national strategy for healthcare has been changing Corresponding author: Dr Yan SI, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguan- gradually towards prevention-orientated care, oral health cun South Avenue, HaiDian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China. Tel: care should also follow this lead and transform from a 86-10-82195561, Fax: 86-10-82195561, Email: [email protected] treatment-orientated care to a prevention-orientated care. Prof. Tao XU, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University In order to reduce the burden of oral diseases, it is essen- School and Hospital of Stomoatolgy, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, HaiDian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China. Tel: 86-10-82195561, Fax: tial to understand the current oral health care model in 86-10-82195561, Email: [email protected] China. Such an approach will aid efforts in designing a The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 207 Liu et al lems of the current system and prospects of oral health care in China were further discussed. Results Oral health status in China Three national oral health surveys were conducted in China over the last three decades. As shown in Table 1, the first survey was conducted in 1983, which included 383,265 students (7, 9, 12, 15 and 17-year-olds) from 29 provinces5. Oral examination was clinically focused on information regarding Caries, Periodontal Diseases, Dental Fluorosis and Tetracycline-Stained Teeth. The second National Oral Health Survey was conducted in 1995. In total, 140,712 subjects, with ages between 5, 12, 15, 18, 35 to 44 and 64 to 75 years, from 11 provinces were evaluated6. Information was collected by oral health examination and a questionnaire survey. The results showed that after 10 years of oral health promotion, the oral health knowledge amongst 12-year- old children was better than other age groups. However, Fig 1 Caries experience (DFMT) among 5- and 12-year-olds permanent teeth caries amongst 12-year-old children in 1983, 1995 and 2005 (A) and the 35 to 44- and 65 to 74-year- increased, with a DMFT score of 0.89, a caries preva- old groups in 1995 and 2005 (B). lence of 46%, of which 90% were pit and fissure caries. Based on the findings the Chinese government began the pilot project of caries prevention with pit and fis- sure sealant6. The third National Oral Health Survey , new system to better serve the future4. The aim of this which included 93,826 subjects (5, 12, 35 to 44- and paper is to review the current oral health status and oral 64 to 75-year-olds) from 30 provinces was carried out health care models in China, and to provide recommen- in 20057. In addition to oral health examinations and a dations for the future implementation of new models. questionnaire survey, data about fluoride concentration for the sampled regions were also collected. The third National Oral Health Survey examined oral mucosa sta- Materials and methods tus for the 35 to 44-year-old and the 64 to 75-year-old A literature review of published studies, previous oral groups, which had not been investigated before7. The health epidemiology survey reports, government reports oral health status of preschool children had significantly and statistical yearbooks was conducted to gather infor- improved over the past 10 years based on preliminary mation on oral health status and oral health care mod- findings from the on-going survey. The fourth National els in China. Electronic databases including Medline, Oral Health Survey was started in 2015, for which data EMBASE, CNKI and Wanfang were searched with key- collection is now being conducted. words such as ‘oral health care’, ‘oral health status’, Figure 1 shows the comparison of caries experience ‘dental care’, ‘oral health care model’ and ‘China’ from among 5, 12, 35 to 44 and the 65 to 74-year-old groups English and Chinese articles. Government reports and in 1983, 1995 and 2005, respectively. Caries prevalence yearbooks of national statistics were further scanned for and the DMFT score of primary teeth among 5-year-old relevant information. National survey reports and refer- children was 76.6% and 4.48 in 1995, which decreased ence lists were hand-searched to add valuable informa- to 66.0% and 3.50 in 2005, respectively. However, tion. Articles published between 1949 and 2016 were when compared with the developed countries, the caries included, and relevant information was extracted from experience level in China remained higher, especially the selected studies. The results summarised the current given that more than 80% of the caries teeth would oral health status and oral health care model. The prob- need treatment. It was clear that the prevention and 208 Volume 19, Number 4, 2016 Liu et al treatment of dental caries continued to be critical. The findings suggested that the caries prevention should focus on one-third of children with severe caries to improve the effect of prevention. The caries experiences of 12-year-old children remained at a low level since 1983 and continued to decrease over the past 10 years. Most of the caries lesion involved the first molar, which provided positive evidence caries can be prevented with pit and fissure sealant treatment. When compared with ingival bleeding, calculus, the results from the second National Oral Health Survey G in 1995, caries experience including coronal and root oot); R caries among 35 to 45-year-old and 65 to 74-year-old groups increased after 10 years, indicating the preven- tion of caries among adults and elderly people should be ealth knowledge/ belief/ behavior; strengthened. The primary results of the third National H The Third National Oral Health Survey (2005) The Third Oral Health Survey (2005) were summarised in Table 2, 30 provinces; 23508 people for group; 23365 people for the 5-year-old 23538 people for 35 to 44-year-old group; 12-year-old group. 23415 people for the 65 to 74-year-old group; pocket depth, attachment loss); Oral mucosa status; Dental fluorosis; Oral hygiene status; Missing teeth and restoration. survey: Questionnaire Oral Diet habits; Dental service utilization; quality of life. Oral health related Fluoride concentration Oral health examination: Caries (Coronal/ Periodontal diseases ( where poor oral hygiene status was observed for both adolescent and elderly people, indicating a higher cal- culus and gingival bleeding rate, which suggested the inclusion of oral health promotion in good oral hygiene habits. As shown in Table 2, all age groups developed a habit of brushing teeth at least once per day, which was a significant improvement compared to 10 years ago.
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