En Eventstudie Av Flyulykkers Påvirkning På Selskapers Markedsverdi

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En Eventstudie Av Flyulykkers Påvirkning På Selskapers Markedsverdi Gunhild Markegård Stine Hafstad Stordahl ________________________________ En eventstudie av flyulykkers påvirkning på selskapers markedsverdi Masteroppgave i økonomi og administrasjon Handelshøyskolen ved HiOA Sammendrag I denne oppgaven benytter vi eventstudie som metode for å undersøke hvordan flyulykker påvirker de involverte flyselskapenes unormale avkastning. Utvalget består av 98 hendelser. I likhet med tidligere forskning finner vi i tidsrommet rundt ulykken en negativ kortsiktig påvirkning på aksjekursene. Resultatene viser en signifikant negativ akkumulert unormal avkastning på 2,02 %. Videre finner vi signifikante funn på varig negativ akkumulert unormal avkastning ett år etter ulykken på 18,03 %. Denne langsiktige påvirkningen er imidlertid et nytt funn, og resultatene tyder på brudd på halvsterk markedseffisiens. Videre analyseres årsakene til ulykkene og antall omkomne. Årsaksanalysen avdekker kraftigst negativ avkastning ved menneskelig svikt. I analysen av antall omkomne bekreftes tidligere funn om at det er størst påvirkninger ved ulykker med høyest antall omkomne. I tillegg finner vi at ulykker hvor ingen dør gir negativ avkastning. Det er ikke identifisert tidligere studier som understøtter funnet. Abstract The following thesis is an event study that examines how accidents in the commercial aviation industry influence the affected airlines’ abnormal returns. The sample consists of 98 incidents. Like previous research we find a negative short-term affect on rates within the immediate time after the accident. The results show a significant cumulative abnormal return of 2.02 %. Furthermore the study discloses significant findings on continuous negative cumulative abnormal return up to one year after the accident of 18.03 %. This long-term affect is however a new finding, and the results suggest violation of semi-strong market efficiency. Conditions to what caused the accidents and human fatalities are included in the analysis. This study supports findings in previous research that show that human fatalities have the most significant impact on rates. In addition we find that accidents without deaths also cause negative returns, this finding is however yet to be supported. Handelshøyskolen ved HiOA Oslo 2016 Forord Denne masteroppgaven er skrevet som en avsluttende del av masterstudiet i økonomi og administrasjon ved Handelshøyskolen HiOA, med fordypning i finans og økonomistyring. Ideen til avhandlingen oppsto etter en gruppeoppgave i faget finansiell økonometri våren 2015. På denne tiden preget den katastrofale Germanwings-ulykken nyhetsbildet. 150 menneskeliv gikk tapt da en Airbus-maskin uten forvarsel styrtet i de franske alpene. Som utgangspunkt for gruppeoppgaven studerte vi moderselskapet Lufthansa. Her falt aksjen med 1,96 % samme dag som ulykken skjedde (Hegnar 2015). Vi ønsket å finne ut hvordan denne ulykken påvirket det berørte flyselskapets finansielle situasjon. Vårt utradisjonelle valg av oppgave har bydd på noen ekstra utfordringer underveis, blant annet en særlig tidkrevende datainnsamlingsprosess. Til tross for dette har det spennende temaet holdt motivasjonen vår oppe. Vi vil takke våre medstudenter for gode samtaler og råd i forbindelse med arbeidet, i tillegg til å være trofaste lunsjpartnere. Samtidig ønsker vi å takke familiemedlemmer og venner for gjennomlesing og nyttige tips. Vi vil rette en ekstra stor takk til vår veileder, førsteamanuensis Helge Nordahl, for hans faglige kunnskap, konstruktive tilbakemeldinger og tilstedeværelse underveis i prosessen. Oslo, 26.05.2016 Gunhild Markegård og Stine Hafstad Stordahl Innholdsfortegnelse KAPITTEL 1: INNLEDNING ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BAKGRUNN OG PROBLEMSTILLING ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 OPPGAVENS STRUKTUR ................................................................................................................. 3 KAPITTEL 2: FLYINDUSTRIEN ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1 FAKTA OM FLYINDUSTRIEN ........................................................................................................... 4 2.2 KODEDELING OG FLYSAMARBEID .................................................................................................. 4 KAPITTEL 3: FINANSIELLE MARKEDER .................................................................................... 6 3.1 MARKEDSEFFISIENS ....................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 KAPITALVERDIMODELLEN ............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 REGRESJONSANALYSE ................................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1 Dummyvariabler i regresjonsanalyse .................................................................................. 10 KAPITTEL 4: METODE .................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 INTRODUKSJON TIL EVENTSTUDIE ............................................................................................... 11 4.2 MODELLER FOR ESTIMERING AV NORMALAVKASTNING ............................................................. 11 4.2.1 Statistiske modeller .............................................................................................................. 12 4.2.2 Økonomiske modeller ........................................................................................................... 13 4.2.3 Valg av modeller .................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.4 Trade-to-trade ...................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 TIDSLINJE FOR EVENTSTUDIE ....................................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Begivenhetsdag .................................................................................................................... 15 4.3.2 Eventvindu ............................................................................................................................ 15 4.3.3 Estimeringsvindu .................................................................................................................. 15 4.3.4 Post-eventvindu .................................................................................................................... 16 4.4 ESTIMERING AV MARKEDSMODELLEN ......................................................................................... 16 4.5 UNORMAL AVKASTNING (AR) ..................................................................................................... 17 4.6 KUMULATIV UNORMAL AVKASTNING (CAR) .............................................................................. 18 4.7 FASTSLÅ STATISTISK SIGNIFIKANS .............................................................................................. 19 4.8 CLUSTERING ................................................................................................................................ 20 KAPITTEL 5: TIDLIGERE FORSKNING ...................................................................................... 21 5.1 Oppgavens vinkling ................................................................................................................. 23 KAPITTEL 6: DATAUTVALG ......................................................................................................... 24 6.1 FASTSETTELSE AV UTVALG ......................................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Innhenting av data ................................................................................................................ 24 6.1.2 Børsnotering, eierforhold og tilstrekkelig data .................................................................... 25 6.1.3 Clustering ............................................................................................................................. 26 6.1.4 Aksjekurser ........................................................................................................................... 26 6.1.5 Referanseindekser ................................................................................................................ 27 6.1.6 Risikofri rente ....................................................................................................................... 27 6.1.7 Trade-to-trade ...................................................................................................................... 28 6.1.8 Kodedeling ........................................................................................................................... 28 6.1.9 Ulykkesoversikt .................................................................................................................... 28 6.2 BESKRIVELSE AV UTVALG ........................................................................................................... 29 6.2.1 Årsak til ulykke ..................................................................................................................... 29 6.2.2 Antall omkomne ...................................................................................................................
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