UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES «*< UNIVER'l \- iraoD LOB ANULUH UBKAitf CQinburgfj GEQitton CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XVI THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC PART II The Edinburgh Edition of ' Canada and its Provinces ' is limited to $75 Impressions on All- Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number l.3..ii>. mBHBM^BV i I o z i— W o P o J *. I—M < » , » > » » I > > » » I % > » > • > » , » ] • > 1 * ' CANADA* *, AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XVI PROVINCE OF QUEBEC EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. W A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 .i «>' O' 3 Copyright in ail countries subscribing to the Berne Convention — F CONTENTS , PAGE EDUCATION IN CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH REGIME. By Abbe A E. Gosselin I. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ...... 323 Education in France in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Cen- turies— Social Condition and Education of the Colonists—The ' Petite Ecole' of the Jesuits—School founded by Monseigneur de Saint-Vallier— Schools for Boys in the Quebec District School of the Sulpicians at Montreal—The Charon Brothers — Boys' School at Three Rivers—Country Schools in the Eighteenth Century—Education of Girls—The Ursulines of Quebec—The Ursulines at Three Rivers— Hopital General de Quebec—Congregation of Notre Dame— Programme of the Primary Schools II. SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 361 History of the Jesuit College— Course of Instruction in the Jesuit College—Technical Education, Mathematics and Hydrography—Schools of Arts and Trades—The Latin Schools—The Little Seminary of Quebec FRENCH EDUCATION, 1763-1913. By Abbe Adelard Desrosiers 397 I. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 1763-1824 .... 398 II. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 1 824-46 .... 412 III. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 1846-76 .... 424 IV. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 1876-I913 .... 433 ENGLISH EDUCATION. By GEORGE W. Parmelee IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . -445 THE ROYAL INSTITUTION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING 450 GENERAL STORY OF EARLY ENGLISH EDUCATION. 455 THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ...... 469 V1U THE PROVLNCE OF QUEBEC PAGE CITY SCHOOLS AFTER 1S46 . 479 PRE-CONFEDERATION QUESTIONS 482 TRAINING OF TEACHERS 48s SUBSIDIARY TRAINING OF TEACHERS 488 SPECIAL TEACHERS 490 ADMINISTRATION 491 UNIVERSITIES . 495 SPECIAL SCHOOLS 499 GENERAL REMARKS 500 THREE CENTURIES OF AGRICULTURE. By J. C. Chapais GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . 5°S THE FIRST HABITANTS S05 ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN QUEBEC 5°7 ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH SETTLERS IN QUEBEC 509 CONTEMPORARY COLONIZATION IN QUEBEC 5u CLIMATIC AND ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN QUEBEC 5" AGRICULTURE IN QUEBEC IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 512 THE INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 5'3 LATER IMPORTATIONS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 5i4 LAND-CLEARING AND TILLAGE OF THE SOIL 5i5 DISTRESS IN QUEBEC BETWEEN 1760 AND 1S50 5i7 THE HOMES, IMPLEMENTS AND CLOTHING OF THE QUEBEC FARMER ..... 5i8 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND ASSOCIATIONS 521 AN ERA OF REGENERATION AND PROGRESS IN QUEBEC AGRICULTURE .... 523 THE DAIRYING INDUSTRY IN QUEBEC 525 FOREST RESOURCES. By E. T. D. CHAMBERS THE EXTENT OF THE TIMBER LANDS 53i EARLY HISTORY OF FORESTRY IN QUEBEC 532 THE MANAGEMENT OF TIMBER RESOURCES 534 A VALUABLE PROVINCIAL ASSET 539 THE PREMIER PULPWOOD PROVINCE OF CANADA 54i THE PRIVATE WOODLANDS OF THE PROVINCE 545 DANGER OF EXHAUSTION 546 THE PROVINCIAL FORESTRY SERVICE 55° CONTENTS ix FACE THE FISHERIES. By E. T. D. Chambers DURING THE FRENCH REGIME ..... 555 THE FIRST GREAT FISHERY COMPANY UNDER BRITISH RULE . 556 THE FISH OF QUEBEC . -557 FISHERIES . THE GOVERNMENT AND THE . -559 INLAND AND SPORTING FISHERIES ..... 561 HISTORY OF MINING IN THE PROVINCE. By Frank D. Adams character of the country . -571 early explorations . -573 mineral products : general statistics . 574 IRON ORE ........ 576 CHROMITE ..... ... 580 GOLD ......... 581 COPPER ORE AND IRON PYRITES ..... 582 APATITE ........ 588 MICA ......... 589 ASBESTOS ........ 591 GRAPHITE ........ 592 OCHRE ......... 594 CEMENT ........ 595 STONE, BRICK, ETC. ....... 596 ALUMINIUM ........ 596 CALCIUM CARBIDE ....... 596 CONCLUSION ........ 597 ILLUSTRATIONS HABITANT PLOUGHING .... Frontispiece From the painting by Huot JAMES M C GILL Facingpage 496 From the engraving in the Library of M': Gill University LUMBERING IN QUEBEC (OTTAWA VALLEY) 534 INTERIOR OF A LUMBER SHANTY . 536 From the painting by William Cruikshank A LOG JAM 542 From the painting by William Cruikshank LUMBERING IN QUEBEC (OTTAWA VALLEY) 588 MINING IN QUEBEC 59° (i) QUARRY AT HULL (2) MILL AT THE STANDARD QUARRIES AT BLACK LAKE MINING IN QUEBEC 592 (1) GRAPHITE IN THE TOWNSHIP OF BUCKINGHAM (2) ASBESTOS QUARRIES AT THETFORD XI EDUCATION IN CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH REGIME VOL. XVI EDUCATION IN CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH REGIME i ELEMENTARY EDUCATION Education in France in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries order rightly to understand education in Canada IN under the French regime it is necessary to ascertain the degree of culture possessed by the ancestors of the French-Canadian people when they arrived in the country. On this question historians, even in our own day, do not agree. In 1881 the Abbe Allain wrote as follows : The question of the origin of primary education in France has been keenly discussed for several years past. It has been the theme of many controversies in the press, in deliberative assemblies, and even in clubs and public meetings. In nearly every case it has been boldly affirmed that primary education in France dates only from our own century, and that our fathers had no acquaintance with anything of the kind. This view, however, is entirely erroneous, and very mis- leading. Thanks to careful studies that have been made, to works of great value that have been written, to informa- tion gathered from the best sources, not only by Catholics, but by non-Catholics such as Duruy and Taine, the historian can now produce evidence to show that, long before the Revolution or even before its principles were thought of, as far back as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, popular 323 324 EDUCATION UNDER THE FRENCH REGIME instruction in France was more widespread, and sometimes more thorough, than in the years that followed it. ' Normandy,' writes the Abbe Allain, ' was at all times distinguished by its zeal for primary education. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it maintained in this respect the place it had won in the Middle Ages, that is to say, the first.' ' In the country parts,' observes de Beaure- paire, speaking of the same province, ' provision had been made for popular instruction by the establishment of a multi- tude of schools kept, in one place, by the cure, in another by the vicar, and elsewhere by clerks in minor orders and masters —schools that were often free, thanks to foundations made out of church funds or by pious individuals.' In 1746 the Abbe Terrisse, vicar-general of Rouen, went so far as to say that, in the country parts of Normandy, ' everybody was educated.' In most of the French provinces there were numerous schools, and this was clearly the case in Picardy, Ile-de- France, Artois, French Flanders, etc. In the diocese of Chalons-sur-Marne alone there were, between 1724 and 1732, 235 schools for 319 parishes. In the dioceses of Reims and Meaux there was, at the time of the Revolution, an average of one school per parish. In Champagne, Lorraine, Franche-Comte, Bretagne, Bourgogne, Savoie, Dauphine, Provence and other provinces education was held in honour, and the Abbe Allain could therefore write with perfect truth that ' in a great number of provinces most of the parishes had their schools ; in the others the cities, towns and larger villages were provided with them.' ' These facts,' he added, ' are in perfect accord with the testimony of contemporaries.' Finally we may quote from Taine's great work, Les Origines de la France Contemporaine : Before the Revolution, the little schools were innumer- able ; in Normandy, Picardy, Artois, French Flanders, etc., there were nearly as many schools as parishes, in all probably from 20,000 to 25,000 for the 37,000 parishes in France ; and these were well attended and efficient, for in 1789 forty-seven per cent of men and twenty-six ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 325 per cent of women knew how to read and write, or at least to sign their names. We shall not go so far as to claim that popular educa- tion was then by any means what it is to-day ; but it was much more general than has commonly been supposed ; and it may at least be said that most of those who desired to learn to read and write had the means of doing so. These means of instruction and education were, in great part at least, the gift of the church and the clergy to the people. What it had done for the education of children in the Middle Ages and in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church did in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. And the fact should not be overlooked that its attention was not given solely to moral and religious training, but was bestowed as well on education in its restricted sense, the development of the intelligence. Schools aided by the churches, maintained by the religious communities, and taught most frequently by the clergy, regular or secular, were very numerous during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. As the Abbe Allain notes, they were rela- tively, but not absolutely, free. They were provided for out of legacies, foundations and donations, due to the generosity of the clergy or of pious and charitable persons. Thanks to these benefactions the poor could avail themselves of the advantages of education. The clergy aimed at encouraging popular education by kindling the ardour of parents and masters, by exciting emulation among the children, by becoming schoolmasters themselves.