On Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures

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On Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures On Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures Bei der Fakultät für Maschinenbau der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von: Dipl.-Ing. Benjamin Gramüller aus: Ingolstadt eingereicht am: 09. Juni 2016 mündliche Prüfung am: 19. September 2016 Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Hühne Prof. Dr.-Ing. Horst Baier 2016 Abstract I Abstract The herein presented investigations address the implementation of a holistic design process for Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures (PACS) and include their realization and characterization. Similar to the motion of nastic plants, the actuation principle of these biologically inspired shape- variable structures bases on the controlled expansion of pressurized volumes. The advantages of fluidic actuation are combined with an adaptive single-curved structure that deforms continuously and with controllable stiffness between predefined states of shape. Benfits from the utilization of such a structure are expected within the fields of aeronautical, automobile, power and civil engineering. The herein presented research bases on the so far purely theoretical investigations of Pagitz et al. [1]. Their work covers the description of the functional principle, the implementation of a numerical structural model, an approach for the shape-optimization procedure and the identification of structural characteristics. The preceding studies are limited to the numerical simulation on the basis of two- dimensional truss-structures. The effects of model assumptions and the validity of the underlying methods are so far not evaluated. Some substantial structural subsystems are not yet described or identified and their influence on the overall structure is not examined. The identification of open issues, the development and the validation of design methods, as well as the evaluation of the performance of the concept of PACS are realized in consideration of the holistic system. A substantial aspect of the herein presented procedure is the verification of these methods for different system levels by numerical simulation and experimental examination of functional models at an early stage. The following core issues are addressed: An alternative structural model is developed that provides a high grade of flexibility for the adaption of model assumptions and structural boundary conditions. It is used for the issue of shape optimization, for the computation of the highly geometrical nonlinear deformations and for the stress analysis. With utilizing the approach of virtual work (AVW), the influence of model assumptions on the deformation accuracy and on the computational efforts can be determined. Examinations about the deformation behaviour, the resulting structural stresses and ultimately the operational envelope are thereby performed. The shape-optimization process, which bases on the same structural model, profits from the model’s expandability for external forces and allows for the consideration of external loads. The target deformation can thus be reached also under the influence of specifiable load conditions. Following this, the implementation of an approach for the automated load-based design of the PACS’s cross section allows reducing structural stresses and deviations of deformation. A novel concept for sealing the shape-variable structure allows increasing the PACS’s performance due to its low rigidity and the load-based design. It is described together with the underlying methods for the computation of the cell closure’s shape. Conceptual limitations due to the manufacturing and assembly processes are identified. The investigation of alternative production processes for PACS and the development of the selected variants allow for the reduction of these limitations. In order to verify and improve the design methods, numerical and experimental investigations are performed at the subsystem level. The combination of partial solutions to a holistic design process for PACS allows for the realization of a fully-functional test specimen and thus for the experimental validation of the entire system A holistic solution for the design of PACS is successfully implemented and applied for the profound investigation on an experimental basis. The foundation for the evaluation and utilization of such shape- variable structures is thus laid. II Kurzfassung Kurzfassung Die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen befassen sich mit der Entwicklung eines ganzheitlichen Entwurfsprozesses für Druckaktuierte Zelluläre Strukturen (PACS, engl.: Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures), sowie deren Realisierung und Charakterisierung. Ähnlich dem Vorbild nastischer Pflanzen, basiert das Antriebsprinzip dieser biologisch inspirierten formvariablen Strukturen auf der Ausdehnung druckbeaufschlagter Volumina. Die Vorzüge fluidischer Aktuierung lassen sich dabei auf eine einfach gekrümmte Struktur übertragen, welche sich stufenlos und mit kontrollierbarer Steifigkeit zwischen spezifizierbaren Formzuständen deformieren lässt. Potentiale aus der Nutzung einer solchen Struktur ergeben sich unter anderem für die Bereiche Luftfahrt, Automobil- und Energietechnik sowie Bauwesen. Die hier vorgestellten Forschungsinhalte knüpfen an die bislang rein theoretischen Untersuchungen von Pagitz et al. [1] an. Die Beschreibung des Funktionsprinzips der PACS, die Implementierung eines numerischen Strukturmodells und eines Ansatzes zur Formoptimierung, sowie die Ermittlung der Struktureigenschaften wurden darin erstmals behandelt. Die vorangegangenen Arbeiten beschränken sich auf die numerische Simulation auf Basis zweidimensionaler Fachwerke, wobei die Einflüsse von Modellannahmen nicht untersucht, sowie die Gültigkeit zugrundeliegender Methoden bislang nicht nachgewiesen wurden. Einige wesentliche Subsysteme wurden bisher weder beschrieben noch identifiziert und deren Einflüsse auf das Gesamtstrukturverhalten sind nicht untersucht. Die Identifikation offener Problemfelder, die Entwicklung und Validierung von Entwurfsmethoden, sowie die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Konzeptes der PACS erfolgen in dieser Arbeit über eine ganzheitliche Systembetrachtung. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der hierin umgesetzten Vorgehensweise ist die frühzeitige Überprüfung der Entwurfsmethoden anhand numerischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen auf unterschiedlichen Systemebenen. Die folgenden Kernthemen werden dabei behandelt: Ein alternatives Strukturmodell wird entwickelt, welches eine hohe Flexibilität gegenüber der Adaptionen von Modellannahmen und strukturellen Randbedingungen aufweist. Dieses wird zur Formoptimierung, zur Berechnung hochgradig geometrisch nichtlinearer Deformationen, sowie zur Beanspruchungsanalyse verwendet. Unter Verwendung des Prinzips der virtuellen Arbeit kann damit der Einfluss von Modellannahmen auf die Genauigkeit und den Berechnungsaufwand der Struktursimulation bestimmt werden. Untersuchungen zum Deformationsverhalten, zu den resultierenden strukturellen Belastungen und letztlich zur Leistungsfähigkeit der formvariablen Struktur werden damit ermöglicht. Der ebenfalls auf dieses Modell zurückgreifende Formoptimierungsprozess erlaubt durch eine Erweiterung zur Berücksichtigung externer Kräfte und Momente das Erreichen vorgegebener Zieldeformationen auch unter Lasteinwirkung. Ein daran anknüpfender Detailentwurf, welcher auf der Bestimmung lokaler Deformationen und Lastverläufe basiert, ermöglicht die Reduktion von Spannungen und Deformationsabweichungen. Ein neuartiges Konzept zur Abdichtung druckbeaufschlagter formvariabler Strukturen verhindert durch eine geringe Eigensteifigkeit und beanspruchungsorientierte Formgebung die Limitation des Deformations- potentials der Zellstruktur. Die Zellverschlusslösung wird zusammen mit den zugrundeliegenden Berechnungsmethoden beschrieben. Fertigungs- und montagebedingte Randbedingungen werden identifiziert. Zur Verifikation und Verbesserung von Entwurfsmethoden werden numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen auf Subsystemebene durchgeführt. Die Zusammenführung der Teillösungen zu einem ganzheitlichen Entwurfsprozess für PACS erlaubt die Realisierung von Teststrukturen und damit die experimentelle Validierung des Gesamtauslegungsprozesses. Das Konzept der PACS kann durch den Aufbau eines ganzheitlichen Entwurfsprozesses erstmals fundiert und auf experimenteller Basis untersucht werden. Die Grundlagen zur Bewertung und Nutzung solcher formvariabler Strukturen sind damit geschaffen. Preface III Preface This thesis is accomplished at the department of Composite Design as part of the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Braunschweig. Airbus Defence and Space supported this research, which is part of the project Sagitta, with resources and large expertise. The productive cooperation with the participating research institutes allowed handling and overcoming even complex and interdisciplinary issues. The excellent teamwork and support is gratefully acknowledged. The completion of this work is made possible only by the valuable support of great supervisors, advisors, colleagues and friends. In particular, I would like to thank: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Hühne, Institute of Adaptronics and Function Integration (iAF) at the Technical University Braunschweig and department head Composite Design (FA-FLB), DLR, for providing the opportunity to work on this innovative field of research, for the competent supervision, for the professional support and the assistance in
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