Tsu mecniereba

N2 TSUivlisi.2012.July Science qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Taviseburebani Peculiarities of Georgian National Identity: an Historical Viewpoint

"Tbilisuri smogi" da masTan brZolis saSualebebi Combating Smog in Tbilisi kvlevebi "xvalindeli dRisTvis" Research for the “Materials of Tomorrow’’ mecnierebi qarTuli mosapirkeTebeli qvebis srulfasovan bazas qmnian Scientists Create Comprehensive Data Base of Georgian Facing Stones organizebul danaSaulTan brZola saqarTveloSi Fighting Organized Crime in Georgia stigma - uaryofiTi niSani, romelic sxvebisgan gamogvarCevs Stigma – A Negative Sign Distinguishing Us from Others

Tsu mecnierTa marketinguli kvlevis Sedegebi TSU Scientists’ Consumer Marketing Research saqarTveloSi "tkivilTan brZolas" swavloben Georgia’s Fight Against Pain

sarCevi - Contents

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis 4 Peculiarities of Georgian National Identity: Taviseburebani an Historical Viewpoint qarTuli mxatvroba - XVIII saukunis 9 Georgian Painting – From 1750 Until Today meore naxevridan dRemde enciklopedia "antikuri kavkasia" 14 Encyclopedia Antique Caucasus "Tbilisuri smogi" da masTan 19 Combating Smog in Tbilisi brZolis saSualebebi kvlevebi "xvalindeli dRisTvis" 24 Research for the “Materials of Tomorrow’’ "fotostimulirebuli myarsxeulovani 28 Photostimulated Solid State Reaction – reaqcia" - Tsu-s wvlili fizikaSi A Contribution to Physics from TSU "bioragi" - mcenaris vitamini 31 Biorag: An Important New Development in Plant Productivity mecnierebi qarTuli mosapirkeTebeli 34 Scientists Create Comprehensive Data qvebis srulfasovan bazas qmnian Base of Georgian Facing Stones organizebul danaSaulTan brZola 38 Fighting Organized Crime in Georgia saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani nabijebi 43 Important Steps Taken to Establish the mediaciis institutis dasanergad TSU Institute of Mediation Tsu - wamyvani universiteti migraciis 46 TSU – A Leading University in Migration kvlevasa da swavlebaSi Research and Studies gariyulobis daZleva - devnilebis 49 Overcoming Alienation – integraciis sakiTxebi New Approaches to IDP Integration stigma - uaryofiTi niSani, romelic 52 Stigma – A Negative Sign Distinguishing sxvebisgan gamogvarCevs Us from Others poloneli, rumineli da qarTveli 55 Polish, Romanian and Georgian Youth axalgazrdebi evropeizaciasTan Comment on Europeanization dakavSirebiT sazogadoebis ekonomikuri 60 Resolving Tensions in Economic Interests interesebis ierarqiaSi arsebuli Between State and Private Business winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis gzebi Tsu mecnierTa marketinguli kvlevis 64 TSU Scientists’ Consumer Marketing Sedegebi Research Tsu mecniereba TSU SCIENCE biowarmoeba - 68 samecniero-popularuli Jurnali Organic Production: Scientific-Popular Journal saqarTvelos mdgradi the Basis for Georgia’s soflis meurneobis Sustainable Agricultural

saredaqcio sabWo ganviTarebis Development Editorial Board safuZveli

aleqsandre kvitaSvili – ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTveloSi 71 Georgia’s Fight Against reqtori "tkivilTan brZolas" Pain Alexander Kvitashvili – Rector of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State swavloben University levan aleqsiZe – Tsu reqtoris moadgile Levan Aleksidze – Deputy Rector Tanamedrove 75 Modern Research giorgi RvedaSvili – samecniero kvlevebis da kvlevebi sqesobrivi on the Congenital ganviTarebis departamentis ufrosi ganviTarebis Anomalies of Sexual Giorgi Gvedashvili – Head of Department of Scientific Research and Development. Tandayolili Development darejan TvalTvaZe – Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa anomaliebis Sesaxeb fakultetis dekani Darejan Tvaltvadze – Dean of Faculty of Humanities prostatis simsivnuri 78 irakli burduli – Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis The Study of Prostate dekani transformaciis Cancer at TSU Irakli Burduli – Dean of Faculty of Law kvleva Tsu-Si aleqsandre ciskariZe – medicinis fakultetis dekani Alexander Tsiskaradze – Dean of Faculty of Medicine zoologiis unikaluri 81 A Unique Museum of ramaz boWoriSvili – zust da sabunebismetyvelo muzeumi Tsu-Si Zoology at Tbilisi State mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani University Ramaz Bochorishvili – Dean of Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences nodar belqania – socialur da politikur erovnuli samecniero 85 The National Scientific mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani biblioTeka - yvelaze Library – the Biggest Nodar Belkania – Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences akaki xelaZe – ekonomikisa da biznesis didi wignTsacavi Book Depository in fakultetis dekani saqarTveloSi Georgia Akaki Kheladze – Dean of Faculty of Economics and Business nana mamaguliSvili – Tsu sazogadoebasTan Tsu ilia vekuas 88 urTierTobis departamentis ufrosi Ilia Vekua Institute of Nana Mamagulishvili – Head of Public Relations Department saxelobis Applied Mathematics of gamoyenebiTi TSU redaqtori maTematikis Editor instituti Tamar xorbalaZe Tamar Khorbaladze ivane javaxiSvilis 92 Ivane Javakhishvili istoriisa da nomerze muSaobdnen: Institute of History and Contributors: eTnologiis Ethnology mari elen Catvini lela mWedliZe instituti Mary Ellen Chatwin Lela Mchedlidze qeTevan gaboSvili TinaTin tabiZe Tsu paata guguSvilis 95 Paata Gugushvili Ketevan Gaboshvili Tinatin Tabidze ekonomikis instituti naTia aladaSvili Institute of Economics Natia Aladashvili at Tbilisi State University dizaini Design gamarjvebuli 98 zaza gulaSvili Winning Projects Zaza Gulashvili proeqtebi ioseb kacitaZe Ioseb Katsitadze Tsu - saerTaSoriso 102 TSU International konferenciebi - 2012 Conferences – 2012 Tsu sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis departamenti ivnisi, 2012 Tsu gamomcemlobis 105 From Editions of TSU Public Relations Department 2012 wlis TSU Press 2012 June, 2012 gamocemebidan 3

Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo,

Tqvens winaSea me-2 nomeri Tsu samecniero-popularuli Jurnalisa „Tsu mecniereba“, romlis daniSnuleba Tsu samecniero-kvleviTi miRwevebis popularizacia da farTo sazogadoebisTvis gacnobaa. dRevandeli teqnikuri progresi, romelic swrafad ganviTarebad teqnologiaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis Sedegia, mudmivad saWiroebs axal mowyobilobebs gaumjobesebuli maxasiaTeblebiT sazogadoebis mxridan mudmivad mzardi moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. teqnologiaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis safuZveli ki gamoyenebiTi da teqnologiuri kvlevebia, romelic Tavis mxriv karg fundamentur gamokvlevebsac gulisxmobs. amdenad, kargad ganviTarebuli kvleviTi universiteti qmnis myar safuZvels Semdgomi ekonomikuri zrdisa da mdgradobisTvis. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti daarsebis dRidan qmnis axal codnas, inteleqtualur sakuTrebasa da teqnologiebs, es ki Tavis mxriv axali teqnologiuri kompaniisa da bazarze axali produqtis gamoCenis sawindaria; Sesabamisad, gamoyenebi- Ti, teqnologiuri gamokvlevebis moculobis gazrda da maTi Semdgomi komercializacia dRes Tsu-s erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa. Cven vagrZelebT Tsu-Si mimdinare samecniero- kvleviTi­ samuSaoebis gacnobas, amavdroulad perio­ dulad gagacnobT Tsu-Si kvlevis menejmentis mxriv ganxorcielebul nabijebs da samecniero statistikur monacemebs.

D giorgi RvedaSvili Tsu samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis departamentis ufrosi

Dear Readers,

We are glad to present the second edition of our journal, TSU Science, published by Tbilisi State University. The key goal of the journal is to make the latest scientific and research developments and achievements of TSU known to the public. Today’s technical progress, which results from a rapidly developing economy, needs regular updating to meet higher expectations. The basis of a technology-based economy is both applied and fundamental research. Thus, a well-developed research university contributes to further economic growth and sustainability. Since its foundation, the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University has been creating new theories and technologies. Today this is a precondition for new companies and products to emerge in the market. Respectively, an increase in the volume of applied and technological studies and their subsequent commercialization is one of the key tasks of TSU. We will continue presenting the scientific research being carried out at TSU and periodically update you on research results, as well as scientific and statistical data.

Giorgi Gvedashvili Head of Department of Scientific Research and Development

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 4 qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Taviseburebani

`qarTuli identoba xasiaTdeba RiaobiT, anu igi mimRebia. es Tviseba Camoyalibda istoriuli mizezebiT. saqarTvelo yovelTvis mravaleTnikuri da mravalenovani qveyana iyo, magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia misTvis Seeqmna qarTuli saxelmwifo. qarTul identobas amgvarad moqnili xasiaTi rom ar hqonoda, is saxelmwifos verasodes Seqmnida. Cven CamoyalibebaSi Cveni kulturuli faseulobebi da istoriuli maxsovroba dagvexmara. swored am kulturuli resursis gamo CamovyalibdiT erad aseT araxelsayrel garemoSi~, – aseTia qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawilis pasuxi qarTveli eris identobasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebze. TinaTin bolqvaZe - filologiis mecnie- rebaTa doqtori, Tsu zogadi da Seda- ras niSnavs koleqtiuri, nacionaluri identoba? ra aris qarTuli rebiTi enaTmecnierebis institutis nacionaluri identobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor profesori; misi kvlevis sferoebia: icvleboda igi droTa ganmavlobaSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema enaTmecnierebis istoria, semiotika da enaTmecnierebis Teoria, qarTve- filologTa da istorikosTa samecniero jgufma XIX saukunis luri enebi, poetika, sociolingvis- meore naxevarSi qarTvel inteleqtualTa mesaWis, cnobili tika, nacionaluri identobis prob- sazogado moRvawisa da redaqtor-gamomcemlis ilia WavWavaZis 1877 lemebi. aris sami monografiis, sami aTeuli samecniero statiisa da eqvsi wels dafuZnebuli `iveriis~ magaliTze gadawyvita. saskolo saxelmZRvanelos avtori qa- rTul enasa da literaturaSi. Tsu-Si muSaobs 1990 wlidan. sxvadasxva dros sagranto proeqti `beWduri media da qarTuli nacionaluri identobis filologiisa da humanitarul mec- wrTobis procesi: ilias `iveria~ SoTa rusTavelis erovnulma samecniero nierebaTa fakultetze mihyavda da am- fondma daafinansa. proeqti 2008-2010 wlebSi ganxorcielda, romlis far- Jamadac kiTxulobs Semdeg saleqcio kursebs: Zveli qarTuli ena, qarTuli glebSi sami monografia momzadda. TinaTin bolqvaZis `qarTuli naciona- saliteraturo enis istoria, Zveli luri identobis wrToba: ilias `iveria~, mariam CxartiSvilisa da qeTevan qarTuli teqstis lingvistika, enaT- manias `qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis asaxva beWdur mediaSi; `ive- mecnierebis Sesavali, zogadi enaT- ria~ da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo~ da zaal kikviZis `ena, genderi da nacio- mecniereba, lingvisturi semiotika, enaTa kontaqtebi, sociolingvistika. nalizmi~. am mecnierTagan Tsu-s profesorebi arian TinaTin bolqvaZe da mariam CxartiSvili. zaal kikviZe quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo uni- versitetis sruli profesoria, xolo qeTevan mania soxumis universitetSi muSaobs. mecnierTa SefasebiT, am kvlevisTvis `iveria~ konkretuli mizezis Tinatin Bolkvadze – Doctor of Philological Sciences; gamo SeirCa. gazeTi TiTqmis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTdroulad asaxavda da Professor at the TSU Institute of General and Comparative Linguistics. Dr. Bolkvadze ayalibebda kidec sazogadoebriv azrs garkveuli erovnuli ideis mixed- has worked at TSU since 1990. The spheres viT. proeqtis farglebSi momzadebuli naSromebi erTnairad sainteresoa, of her research include the history of lin- rogorc specialistebisTvis, ise mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebisTvis. amjerad guistics; semiotics and linguistic theory; proeqtis im monawileebs gavesaubreT, romlebic Cveni univerisitetis pro- Kartvelian languages; poetics; and sociolin- guistic problems of national identity. She is fesorebi arian. the author of three monographs, dozens of `proeqti miznad isaxavda gamogvekvlia, Tu rogor daibada qarTuli na- scientific articles and six school textbooks in cia ruseTis imperiis marwuxebSi, ra winaaRmdegobebis gadatana mouwia saqa- Georgian language and literature. She has read lectures on the following subjects: Old rTvelos mosaxleobas miznis misaRwevad da rogor Camoyalibda qarTuli Georgian; History of Literary Georgian; nacionaluri identoba am winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaze~, _ acxadebs Linguistics of Old Georgian Texts; Intro- proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori duction to Linguistics; General Linguistics; TinaTin bolqvaZe. Linguistic Semiotics; Language Contacts; Sociolinguistics. proeqtis menejerma Tsu-s humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis srulma profesorma, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma mariam CxartiS- vilma kvlevis safuZvlad britaneli mecnieris entoni devid smiTis Teoria airCia. misi TqmiT, es Teoria kargad aRwers erebis eTnikur ganviTarebas, radgan e. smiTi aCvenebs, rom axal droSi dabadebis miuxedavad, erebi eTni- kuri safuZvlidan amodian. aseve fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs beWduri mediis kvlevisTvis benediqt andersonis Teorias warmosaxviTi sazogadoe- bebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria proeqtSi momuSave yvela mkvlevarma gamoiyena. mariam CxartiSvili ambobs: `koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis ganmsazRvreli koleqtivis kulturaa. koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis gamovlenis formaa nacionaluri da eTnikuri identobebi. `ilias epoqaSi gaCnda mamulis kulti, romlisTvisac msaxureba wminda saqme iyo. Sesabam- isad, `qarTveloba~ niSnavda ara imdenad ekonomikuri, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, sakraluri niSniT aRbeWdili erTobis wevrobas~. ra aris qarTuli nacionaluri identobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi ”iv-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 5 Peculiarities of Georgian National Identity: an Historical Viewpoint “Georgian identity is characterized by openness, i.e. it is a recipient. This peculiarity was established for historical reasons. Georgia has always been a multiethnic and multilingual country, but this has never hampered the creation of Georgian state. If Georgian identity had not had such a flexible character, it would have never eriis~ publikaciebze dafuZnebuli been able to create a state. Our cultural values and historic memory have helped kvlevidan gamomdinare? us in establishing the state. Owing to this cultural resource, we managed to create mariam CxartiSvilis azriT, `bevri fiqrobs, rom Cven saerTo genetikuri a nation under unfavorable conditions.” This is how a team of TSU scientists warmomavloba gvaerTianebs. Tumca, responds to questions about Georgian national identity. This is a short summary realurad, am SemTxvevaSi mTavari of the research “Print Media and the Process of Shaping Georgian National makonsolidirebeli faqtori aris Identity: Iveria by Ilia” conducted by a team of TSU scientists on the theme of idea. Nrodesac adamiani sakuTar Tavs “national identity”. What does ‘collective national identity’ mean? What are the key romelime naciasa da eTnikur jgufSi characteristics of Georgian national identity? How did it change over the course of moiazrebs, amis safuZveli yovelTvis time? The group of Georgian scientists, mostly philologists and historians, decided kulturaa. qarTuli identobis um- to address these questions by studying a famous newspaper called Iveria founded Tavresi markerebia `mamuli, ena, sarw- in 1877 and edited by Ilia Chavchavadze, a famous Georgian public figure who munoeba”, agreTve, TviTsaxelwodeba, inspired Georgian intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century. istoriuli maxsovroba. droTa gan- mavlobaSi am markerebis socialuri The project “Print Media and the Process of Shaping Georgian National Identity: Iveria by Ilia” `wona~ icvleba. anu erT epoqaSi erTi was funded by the Rustaveli National Science Foundation and implemented from 2008 to 2010. markeria ufro mTavari, sxva epoqa- It resulted in three monographs: Si meore. xSirad icvleba aqcentebi “Shaping Georgian National Identity: Iveria by Ilia” by Tinatin Bolkvadze; situaciis mixedviTac~, _ miiCneven “National Consolidation of Georgians in Print Media; Iveria and Its Reader, Georgia” by Mar- mariam CxartiSvili da qeTevan mania. ian Chkhartishvili and Ketevan Mania; proeqtis xelmZRvaneli TinaTin and “Language, Gender and Nationalism” by Zaal Kikvidze. Tinatin Bolkvadze and Mariam bolqvaZe Tavis monografiaSi spe- Chkhartishvili cialur Tavs uZRvnis sakiTxs `ilia da All are professors at the Tbilisi State University except Zaal Kikvidze, who is full professor globalizacia~. ra Tvisebebi hqonda at the Akaki Tsereteli State University, and Ketevan Mania who works at Sokhumi University. ruseTis imperias, rogorc globalur According to these scientists, the newspaper Iveria was selected for the research since for al- most 30 years it analyzed issues and established public opinion using a very specific idea of saxelmwifos da ra roli Seasrula “nation”. The works prepared in framework of this project are interesting for both experts and iliam qarTuli nacionaluri iden- the wider public. tobis maxasiaTebelTa gaaqtiurebis Project Director and Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Tinatin Bolkvadze said, “The saqmeSi. igi cdilobda, qarTuli project aimed to ascertain how the Georgian nation was born under the reign of the Russian sazogadoebisTvis eCvenebina, rogor Empire, what kind of resistance the Georgian population had to undergo to achieve its goal and saxelmwifoSi uwevs mas cxovreba da how Georgian national identity was established while coping with this resistance.” ra saxis safrTxe elis qarTul na- Dr. Mariam Chkhartishvili, the Projector Manager is Full Professor in Historical Sciences at cias. amisTvis daafuZna iliam `ive- the TSU Faculty of Humanities. The team selected the theory of the British scientist Anthony ria~. erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi T. David Smith as the basis of their research. According to her, this theory describes the ethnic bolqvaZis monografiaSi aris omis development of nations quite well. For example, Smith notes that although born in a new era, roli nacionaluri konsolidaciis all nations have dominant ‘ethnic cores’. The research team used this theory as the basis of their sakiTxSi. `omis dros xde­ba ada­mi­a­nu­ work. “The Nation as Imagined Community” by Benedict Anderson was another important ri da sxva re­sur­se­bis mo­bi­li­za­cia, reference when carrying out print media research.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 6

iba­de­ba so­li­da­ro­bis grZno­ba, iqmne­ ba­ sa­o­ma­ri pro­pa­gan­da, po­zi­ti­u­ri (Cven) da ne­ga­ti­u­ri (mte­ri) ste­re­o­ti­pe­bis ganvi­ ­Ta­re­biT Z­li­e­rde­ba na­ci­o­na­liz­ mis ma­xa­si­a­Teb­le­bi. sa­xelmwi­ fo­ ­ebs So­ris mimdi­ ­na­re omi xels uw­yobs Za­lis cen­tra­li­za­ci­a­sa da in­sti­tu­ci­o­na­li­za­ci­as da sa­fuZvlad­ ede­ba is­to­ri­ u­li iden­to­bis gan­cdas. `ive­ria~ far­Tod mimo­ ­i­xi­lav­da ru­seT-os­ma­le­Tis 1877-1878 wlebis­ omis faqtob­ ­ri­vad yve­la de­tals. am om­ma mo­sax­le­o­bis erT na­wilSi­ ru­sul-qar­Tu­li er­To­bis gancda­ ga­am­Zaf­ra musli­ ­ma­nu­ri os­ma­le­Tis wi­na­aR­mdeg, ro­melsac­ mi­ta­ce­bu­li hqon­da sa­qar­Tve­los mi­we­bi. swo­red aq isa­ xe­bo­da `ive­ri­is~ mizne­ ­bi: Tu ru­se­Ti os­ma­leT­Tan oms mo­i­gebda,­ sa­qar­Tve­los ubrundeboda os­ma­le­Tis­ mier­ war­Tme­u­li te­ri­to­ria Ta­vi­si mo­sax­le­o­biT. iqaur mosaxleobas Secvli­ li­ hqon­da re­li­gia da na­wi­lob­riv enobri­ ­vi cno­ bi­e­re­ba, mag­ram gaaCnda is­to­ri­u­li er­To­ba saqarTvelosTan. ilia Wav­Wa­va­ ZisTvis es iyo sa­qar­Tve­los po­li­ti­ku­ri mi­ze­ze­biT da­So­re­bu­li na­wi­le­bis Se­er­Te­bis safuZveli~, _ aRniSnavs TinaTin bolqvaZe. Aamave dros `iveria~ aqtiurad exmaureboda ruseTis mier me-XIX sa­u­ku­nis me­o­re na­xe­var­Si ruseTis mier gatarebul saganmanaTleblo politikas. Ti- mariam CxartiSvili – istoriis mecniere- naTin bolqvaZis naSromSi detalurad aris mimoxiluli ruseTis saganmana- baTa doqtori; Tsu sruli profe- sori; humanitarul mecnierebaTa Tleblo politikis gamo me-XIX saukunis bolo ocwleulSi wamoWrili prob- fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriis lemebi: sa­qar­Tve­los mo­sax­le­o­bis asi­mi­la­cias emsaxureboda samegreloSi saswavlo-samecniero institutis qarTulis ucxo enad gamocxadeba da misi swavlebis akrZalva. amas megru­ ­lad xelmZRvaneli; sadoqtoro pro- gramis „saqarTvelos istoriis wy- Tar­gmnili­ re­li­gi­u­ri teq­ste­bis Ca­we­risa da ga­moq­vey­ne­bis, meg­ru­le­no­va­ni aroTmcodneoba da istoriogra- ga­ze­Tisa da sa­megre­ ­los sko­le­bisTvis­ megru­ ­li sa­xelmZRva­ ­ne­lo­e­bis gamo- fia“ xelmZRvaneli; samagistro programis „saqarTvelos istoria“ cemis mizniT megruli `anbanis~ Seqmna mohyva. ruseTis mier Catarebul aR­ xelmZRvaneli; istoriisa da eT- we­reb­Si ara­qar­Tve­le­bad iTvle­ bod­ ­nen, ara mxo­lod um­wer­lo­bo qar­Tve­lur nologiis samecniero-kvleviTi enebze­ (megrulsa da svanurze) mo­la­pa­ra­ke­ni, ara­med qar­Tu­li enis di­a­leq­ institutis saqarTvelos Sua sau- kuneebis istoriisa da wyaroTmcod- teb­ze mo­saubrenic ki. ase hyof­dnen mos­wav­le­ebs sko­leb­Sic, rac XIX sa­u­ku­ neobis ganyofilebis gamge, mTavari nis bo­los sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si qar­Tu­li sko­le­bis Seq­mnas uSlida xels. monogra- mecnier-TanamSromeli; Jurnalis fiaSi dokumenturadaa naCvenebi, Tu rogor aRudga qarTuli sazogadoeba „qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba“ gamom- cemeli da Tanaredaqtori; Jurna- inteleqtualebis xelmZRvanelobiT am miznebs. gaanalizebulia `iveriaSi~ lis „saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis gamoqveynebuli statiebi, romlebic `aSordizmis~ Sedegebs aprotestebda~. istoriis sakiTxebi“ redaqtori; saqarTvelos istoriis institutis ruseTma ver SesZlo qarTvelTa da megrel-WanTa erTobis daZleva da maTi Jurnalis “Sromebi” Tanaredaqtori; politikurad daSoreba. saerTaSoriso samecnieri qselis „via mecnierTa TqmiT, XIX sa­u­ku­nis dasasrulis qar­Tu­li na­ci­o­na­liz­mi Sei- egnatias“ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri; mra- Zleba da­xa­si­aT­des iri­den­tu­lad da gamaerTianeblad. ru­se­Tis im­pe­ria mi­ vali saerTaSoriso konferenciis is­wrafo­da sa­xelmwi­ fos­ saz­Rvre­bis ga­far­To­e­bi­sa­ken da am saq­me­Si qar­Tvel­ organizatori da monawile; mravali Ta efeq­tianad CasarTavad qarTvel­ Ta­ da megrel-Wan­ ­Ta er­To­bas iye­nebda.­ am sagranto proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, menejeri da monawile; 170-ze meti pe­ri­o­dis qar­Tu­li na­ci­o­na­liz­mi ga­ma­er­Ti­a­ne­be­li iyo, iqidan gamomdinare, samecniero naSromis avtori saqarT- rom sazogado moRvaweebi beWduri mediis saSualebiT es­wraf­o­dnen qar­Tu­li, velos istoriis, wyaroTmcodneobis kul­tu­ru­lad ho­mo­ge­nu­ri te­ri­to­ri­e­bis ga­er­Ti­a­ne­bas da yo­velna­ ­i­rad cdi­ da istoriografiis dargSi. lob­dnen ma­Ti po­li­ti­ku­ri da­yo­fisTvis­ xelis­ SeSlas,­ _ acxadebs TinaTin bolqvaZe. proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvanelma yuradReba gaamaxvila zaal kikviZis Mariam Chkhartishvili – Doctor of Historical Sci- naSromze, romelic genderlingvistikuri problematikis pirveli mono- ences; Full Professor at TSU; Head of the Educational-Scientific Institute of Georgian grafiuli kvlevaa. naSromSi warmodgenili da ganxilulia enobriv-gende- History of the TSU Faculty of Humanities; ruli aspeqtebi, maTi povniereba, raoba da Taviseburebebi qarTuli nacio- Head of the PhD program “Georgian Source- naluri wrTobis procesSi. am aspeqtebis gamovlena da maTze dakvirveba Study and Historiography”; Head of master’s program “History of Georgia”; chairperson/ SesaZlebeli gaxada `iveriis~ furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis chief scientist at the Department of Middle Tematikam. Ages History and Source-Study of Georgia in miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli konsolidaciisa da identobis Sesaxeb mec- the Scientific-Research Institute of History and Ethnology; publisher and co-editor of the jour- nierebi saukuneze meti xnis winandeli publikaciebis safuZvelze saubroben, nal Source Study; editor of the journal Issues es sakiTxi, maTi azriT, dResac aqtualuria. `erad Camoyalibeba procesia, ro- of Middle Ages History of Georgia; co-editor melic cvlilebas ganicdis. SesaZloa manamde aqcenti keTdeboda eTnikur war- of the journal Works issued by the Georgian Institute of History; co-founder and member momavlobaze, Aaxla ufro moqalaqeobaze keTdeba. xSirad gaigonebT termins of the Supervisory Board of Via Egnatia In- `qarTveli ebraeli”, `qarTveli ukraineli~ da. a.S. anu sityva `qarTveli~ iZens ternational Scientific Network; organizer and participant in numerous international confer- ufro moqalaqeobriv azrs. sabWoTa periodSi qarTulma identobam es Tviseba ences; director/manager of numerous grant garkveulwilad dakarga, magram axla igi kvlav ganviTarda. perspeqtivaSi ise projects; author of over 170 scientific works in Cans, rom termini `qarTveli”, romelic axla umetesad eTnikurad qarTvels the spheres of Georgian history, source study and historiography. aRniSnavs, gadaiqceva saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis aRmniSvnel sityvad, miuxe- davad misi eTnikuri warmomavlobisa~, _ aseTia `iveriis~ Seswavlis Sedegebze dafuZnebiT mariam CxartiSvilisa da qeTevan manias daskvna. maTive miTiTebiT, qarTuli gamocdileba MmniSvnelovania sxvebisTvisac imitom, rom qarTvelma erma eTnikuri birTvidan nacionalur erTobamde uwyveti ganviTarebis gza gan- vlo.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 7

to the issue “Ilia and Globalization,” in particular the peculiarities of the Russian Empire as a globalized state and the role Chavchavadze played in activating the characteristics of Georgian national identity. He tried to demonstrate to Georgian society what kind of state they should live in and what threats the Georgian nation was facing. That is why he founded the newspaper Iveria. One important issue in T. Bolkvadze’s monograph is the role of war in national consolidation. “During wars, human and other resources are being mobilized; a feeling of solidarity is born; martial propaganda is created; the characteristics of nationalism are strengthened through the development of positive (us) and negative (enemy) stereo- types. War that erupts between states promotes the centralization and in- stitutionalization of forces and becomes the basis for a feeling of historic identity. Iveria widely reviewed all details of the 1877-1878 Russian- Turkish war at the time. This war strengthened the feeling of Russian- Georgian unity within one part of the population against the Ottoman Empire, which had invaded Georgian territories. This is precisely where the goals set by Iveria were reflected: If Russia had won the war against the Ottoman Empire, the territories invaded by the Turks and its popula- tions would have been reintegrated into Georgia. However, those popu- lations had already changed their religion and, partially, their linguistic consciousness, even though they had a historical unity with Georgia. For Ilia Chavchavadze this was a basis for reintegrating Georgian territories separated for political reasons,” said Bolkvadze. At the same time, Iveria was actively responding to problems arising from the educational policy pursued by Russia. These are thoroughly discussed in Tinatin Bolkvadze’s monograph. The key goal of Russia in declar- ing Georgian as a foreign language in Samegrelo and to prohibit learning it, was to assimilate the Georgian populations into local culture. This was followed by the creation of a Mingrelian alphabet, in order to publish religious texts translated into Mingrelian, Mingrelian newspapers and textbooks for the schools in Samegrelo. In the censuses conducted by Russia, not only were the Kartvelians without a written language (Min- grelian and Svanetian) considered non-Georgian, but also those speaking in Georgian dialect were not considered Georgians. This policy was also illustrated by the division of schoolchildren at schools. This hampered the establishment of Georgian schools until the end of the 19th century. The monograph provides documentary materials on how Georgian society, led by intellectuals, resisted these policies, illustrated by articles published in Iveria. It shows that Russia failed to disunite Georgians and Mingrelian- Chans physically or politically. According to the scientists, by the end of the 19th century Georgian na- tionalism was characterized as unifying. The Russian Empire was striving to expand its state borders by using Mingrelian-Chan unity. Georgian nationalism of that period was unifying because public figures through print media were striving for the unification of Georgia and for culturally homogenous territories. They were doing their utmost to prevent political segregation. The Scientific Project Manager paid attention to Zaal Kikvidze’s work, Chkhartishvili said that collective culture is a determinant of collective which is the first monographic research of gender-linguistic issues. The cultural identity. Additionally national and ethnic identities reflect col- work presents and discusses linguistic-gender factors in the process of lective cultural identity. “A cult of the motherland emerged in Ilia’s time shaping Georgian national identity, as illustrated by articles published in and it was a sacred duty to serve it. Accordingly, ‘being a Georgian’, first Iveria. and foremost, meant having membership united under a sacral sign rather Although this research team examined national consolidation and identity than an economic unity.” on the basis of publications created over a century ago, in their opinion What are the major characteristics of Georgian national identity under these questions are still very important. Based on data from the issues of the research based on the newspaper Iveria? In Chkhartishvili’s opinion, Iveria, Marian Chkhartishvili and Ketevan Mania conclude, “Establish- “Many people think we are united by a common genetic origin. However, ing a nation is a process that changes. Previously, special emphasis was in fact an ‘idea’ is the key consolidating factor in this case. When a person laid on ethnic origin. Now, the focus is on ‘citizenship’. One hears terms categorizes himself as belonging to a certain nation and ethnic group, it is like ‘Georgian Jew’ or ‘Georgian Ukrainian’ quite frequently. The word always culture that serves as the basis for it. The key markers of Georgian ‘Georgian’ has acquired the meaning of ‘citizenship’. During the Soviet identity are “Language, Motherland, Religion,” as well as the name itself, period Georgian identity partially lost this custom, but now it has devel- an example of historic memory. The social ‘weight’ of these markers has oped again. It seems that over time the term ‘Georgian’, which usually changed gradually. One particular marker is more important in one epoch means ‘an ethnic Georgian’ now, will incorporate all Georgian citizens, and another marker appears as more important in another epoch. Mariam regardless of their ethnic origin”. They also note that this example is very Chkhartishvili and Ketevan Mania believe that emphasis also changes fre- important for other countries because the Georgian nation has passed quently, according to situations. through stages of continuous development from an ethnic core to national In her monograph, Project Director Tinatin Bolkvadze dedicates a chapter unity.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 8

Teodor horSelti - "qarTveli biWi CoxaSi". q. akv. 20X16, 1850-iani wlebi in Boy “Georgian Horschelt, Theodore clothes)”, national (Georgian Chokha 1850 c. 20X16, watercolor, paper,

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 9 qarTuli mxatvroba - XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde Georgian Painting – From 1750 Until Today

informacia qarTul mxatvrobaze XVIII saukunis meore maia ciciSvili - Tsu humanitarul mec- nierebaTa fakultetis asocire- naxevridan XXI saukunis aTian wlebamde, 500-ze meti buli profesori; xelovnebaTmcod- ilustracia, 300-mde mxatvari erT gamocemaSi _ aseT neobis doqtori. g. CubinaSvilis sax. mniSvnelovan Sedegzea gaTvlili xelovnebis istoriisa da qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli Teoriis institutSi mimdinare proeqti „qarTuli mxatvroba centris ufrosi mecnieri-TanamS- _ ganviTarebis istoria“. gamocemaSi warmodgenili iqneba romeli; saqarTvelos kulturisa dRemde ucnobi namuSevrebi, gansxvavebuli, Tanamedrove da ZeglTa dacvis saministros moZ- ravi Zeglebis saeqsperto komisiis TvalTaxedvidan ganixileba bevri nacnobi Semoqmedi. aq Tavmjdomare; mopovebuli aqvs 12 SexvdebiT informacias pirveli qarTuli portretuli lokaluri da saerTaSoriso granti, mxatvrobidan axali emigraciis warmomadgenel qarTvel aris mravali samecniero proeqtis xelmZRvaneli; saerTaSoriso da xelovanTa CaTvliT. naSromi moicavs mTlianad mxatvrobas - adgilobrivi konferenciisa da sim- ferweras, grafikas, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobas. proeqti poziumis monawile; aris 50-mde sa- samwliania da xorcieldeba qarTvelologiis, humanitaruli mecniero naSromis da 5 monografiis da socialuri mecnerebebis fondis (rusTavelis fondi) avtori. mxardaWeriT. 2010-2012 wlebis ganmavlobaSi proeqtze momuSave jgufma mniSvnelovani samuSao gaswia. proeqtis xelmZRvanelis, Maia Tsitsishvili – Associate Professor of the TSU Tsu profesoris mecnierebaTa doqtoris maia ciciSvilis Faculty of Humanities; Doctor of History of Art; Senior scientist at the G. Chubinashvili gancxadebiT, es iqneba am masStabis pirveli qarTulenovani National Center of Georgian Art History and naSromi. proeqtis pirvel etapze naSromSi 150 mxatvris Monument Protection; Chairperson of the Seyvana iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. magram wyaroebis moZiebisa da Expert Commission of Movable Monuments of the Ministry of Culture and Protection of mxatvruli masalis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi raodenoba 300- Monuments. Professor Tsitsishvili has re- mde gaizarda. ceived 12 local and international grants and heads numerous scientific projects. She participates regularly in international and local conferences and symposiums and has authored about 50 scientific works and five Information about Georgian painting from the second half of the 18th monographs. century until the first decade of the 21st century will include over 500 illustrations and 300 painters in one publication as a result of the project “Georgian Painting – a History of its Development”, taking place at the Institute of Art History and Theory. The publication will illustrate previously unknown works and many famous artists, all discussed from a contemporary standpoint. The publication offers information from Georgian portraiture to Georgian artists who are part of a new wave of emigration. The publication covers painting and pictorial art, graphics, as well as theatre and cinema art. The Rustaveli Foundation for Georgian Studies, Humanities and Social Sciences is supporting this three-year project. From 2010-2012 the project team made significant advances in their work. Project Director, TSU Professor Maia Tsitsishvili, affirms it will be the first comprehensive study of its kind written in Georgian. At the first stage of the project the work will cover 150 painters, and then further sources and art materials will be processed to increase the total to 300 painters. She explained that the work starts from the second half of 18th century, when the first easel art and portraits appeared in Georgia.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 10

„es iqneba yvelaze moculobiTi da rac mTavaria Tavi- „miCneulia, rom es namuSevrebi Sesrulda ZiriTadad suflad dawerili naSromi axal da Tanamedrove qarTul evropuli paraduli mxatvrobis mibaZviT. aq gamosaxulni mxatvrobaze, yovelgvari cenzuris gareSe. aq saubari arian ZiriTadad samefo ojaxis wevrebi. namuSevrebi Ses- iqneba im saxelovnebo procesebis Sesaxeb, romelTa kvl- rulebulia ZiriTadad ruseTSi, sadac qarTveli mefeebi eva da gamoaSkaraveba SeuZlebeli iyo saqarTveloSi 1990 da batoniSvilebi iyvnen gadaxvewilebi. portretebs as- wlebamde. naSroms eqneba enciklopediuri xasiaTi. mxat- rulebdnen mefis amalaSi myofi mxatvrebi. yvela namuSe- vrebisa da nawarmoebebis SerCevis kriteriumia, upirveles vari xelmouwerelia, ucnobia avtorTa vinaoba. kvlevis yovlisa, maRali mxatvruli done da maTi roli qarTuli Sedegad erTaderTi avtori dadginda _ nikoloz afxazi, mxatvrobis ganviTarebaSi. masala moviZieT rogorc Tbili- romelsac xuTi wlis gogona bagration-daviTaSvili hyavs sis, aseve regionul samuzeumo fondebsa da arqivebSi. daxatuli“. aRmovaCineT iseTi masalac, romelic cnobili mizezebis qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriaSic da naSromSic e.w. gamo, qarTveli xelovnebis istorikosebis kvlevis sagani paradul portrets „tfilisuri portretuli skola“ ver gaxdeboda. ukve Seswavlilia saqarTveloSi arsebuli cvlis. am skolas aqvs Taviseburi damaxasiaTebeli sti- TiTqmis yvela wyaro, ramdenime kerZo koleqciis garda. li, Sesrulebis manera. am skolis mier Sesrulebul kvlevis process Tan sdevda moulodneli aRmoCenebi, portretebSi 20-25 sxvadasxva erovnebis mxatvris xeli magaliTad, raWaSi dacul fondebSi soc-realisturi xe- dasturdeba. portretebze asaxulia, upiratesad Ta- lovnebis araerTi sagulisxmo nimuSi dagvxvda, rogoric vadaznaurebis fena. namuSevrebis zomac mcirdeba. maT TbilisSi ukve iSviaTobas warmoadgens. proeqtis ori wevri hqondaT memorialuri mniSvneloba. xSiria wyviladi por- saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministroSi tretebi (ded-mama, mama-Svili, romlebic erTmaneTisken vmuSaobT, ramac saSualeba mogvca damatebiT gavcnobodiT iyurebian). mecxramete saukunis 70-ian wlebSi dagero- kerZo koleqciebis masalas, gadagveRo da Segveswavla is tipi da mere fotografia gaCnda, ris gamoc, rogorc Cans nawarmoebebi, romlebic oficialurad iqna gatanili saqa- tfilisurma portretulma mxatvrobam dakarga Tavisi rTvelodan. mxatvrebis Sesaxeb monacemebs vagrovebT saqa- funqcia. rTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis raritetul „pirveli qarTveli mxatvari, romelmac profesiuli ganyofilebaSic, vecnobiT periodikas. 2011 wels proeqtis samxatvro ganaTleba ruseTSi miiRo, iyo aleqsandre wevrebma monawileoba miviReT g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli WavWavaZis yma grigol maisuraZe. garkveuli drois Semdeg xelovnebis istoriis da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli ruseTsa da evropaSi saswavleblad axali qarTuli mxat- centris saerTaSoriso simpoziumSi TbilisSi, xolo 2012 vrobis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebic gaemgzavrnen: wels romualdo del biankosa da samxatvro akademiis saer- aleqsandre beriZe, romanoz gvelesiani, aleqsandre mrev- TaSoriso kongresSi florenciaSi. aman saSualeba mogvca liSvili, daviT guramiSvili da sxv. Tanamedrove qarTuli SevxvedrodiT evropel da rus kolegebs, erTmaneTisT- mxatvrobis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli miuZR- vis gagveziarebina Sexedulebebi, gagvecvala informacia, viT amave Taobis warmomadgenlebs gigo gabaSvilsa da mose magaliTad ruseTis aRmosavleTis xelovnebis muzeumSi ToiZes. maT axali qarTuli mxatvroba, ara marto Janro- Zalian didi masalaa qarTuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb, xolo brivad gaamdidres, aramed Seqmnes Tanadrouli evropuli iqauri TanamSromlebi dagvpirdnen daxmarebas masalebis mxatvrobis Sesatyvisi nawarmoebebi“ _ ambobs proeqtis gacnobaSi“ _ ambobs proeqtis xelmZRvaneli. xelmZRvaneli. maia ciciSvilis ganmartebiT, naSromi iwyeba meTv- naSromSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti gakeTdeba qarTul ramete saukunis meore naxevridan, rodesac saqarTveloSi modernistul mxatvrobaze, romelic udavod erT-erTi pirveli dazguri mxatvroba, portretebi Cndeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi.

helene frankeni - "Cixtikopiani qali". q. akv. 49X39, 1888. national (Georgian Chikhtikopi with Woman Franken, Helene 1888 49X39, watercolor, paper, dress), head giorgi gabaSvili - "SiSveli qalebi". q. akv. 25X40, 1890-iani w lebi. 1890 c. 25X40, watercolor, paper, Women, Naked Gabashvili, Giorgi

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 11

“It will be the most voluminous and original uncensored written work According to Tsitsishvili, “The first Georgian painter to receive a pro- on modern and contemporary Georgian painting. This encyclopedic style fessional artistic education in Russia was Grigol Maisuradze, who was publication will discuss creative processes that could not be studied or Alexander Chavchavadze’s bondman. Later, older generations of Geor- exhibited in Georgia before the 1990s.” Criteria for selecting the painters gian painters also left for Russia and Europe to study. These included and works included both a high artistic level and their impact on the de- Alexander Beridze, Romanoz Gvelesiani, Alexander Mrevlishvili, Davit velopment of Georgian painting. We have researched materials in Tbilisi Guramishvili and others. Others of the same generation--Gigo Gabashvili as well as regional museums and have discovered materials that formerly and Mose Toidze--significantly contributed to the establishment of mod- could not be researched by Georgian art historians. Almost all artistic ern Georgian painting, not only by genre but of a quality corresponding to sources existing in Georgia have been studied except for some private modern European painting,” collections. The research process yielded unexpected discoveries. For The publication will put a special emphasis on Georgian modernist example we found some remarkable pieces of socialist-realist art in the painting, which the Director believes undoubtedly takes a very im- Racha protected archives – these types of art are a rarity in Tbilisi. Two portant place in the history of Georgian art. Significant developments members of our team also work at the Ministry of Culture and Protection in almost all branches of arts and sciences took place during those of Monuments, which enabled us to access some private collections, take two-and-a-half years in the early 1900s when Georgia was indepen- photos and study works that were legally taken out of Georgia. dent, Maia Tsitsishvili says. “A chapter is dedicated to this issue in We are studying periodicals and collecting data about painters at the Rar- the publication. Georgian modernism created in the first decades of ity Department of the National Library of the Georgian Parliament. In the 20th century and is a multi-cultural phenomenon. German, Pol- 2011the project team participated in the international symposium of the ish, Armenian and other nationalities have contributed very much to Chubinishvili National Research Centre for Georgian Art History and the establishment of Georgian modernist art. Local artists and poets Protection of Monuments, and in 2012 we took part in the International were joined by those who arrived from Russia. Their choice was not Congress of Romualdo Del Bianco and the Academy of Art in Florence, accidental--besides a better political environment and favorable eco- Italy. This gave us an opportunity to meet our European and Russian nomic conditions--in Georgia the artistic milieu was intense and intel- colleagues, share our views and exchange information. For example, the lectually fulfilling. Issues of avant-garde art were discussed in literary Russian Museum of Eastern Art stores extensive materials on Georgian salons and art cafes. The walls of these cafes and salons were covered art and an official of the museum assured their support for our team to with a wide array of pictures painted by local and non-local artists, research those materials.” including K. Zdanevych, S. Sudeikin, L. Gudiashvili, D. Kakabadze, Tsitsishvili described how Georgian painting evolved. “It is believed that S. Valishevsky, S. Sorin, I. Zdanevych, M Toidze and others.” these works were often created imitating European ceremonial art. Basi- The new publication will show how many previously existing assess- cally the members of Royal families are portrayed here and the first works ments about old Soviet painters have been revised. Separate chapters are are mostly produced in Russia, where Georgian Kings and their children dedicated to the painting of the fifties-sixties, the seventies-eighties and had immigrated. Portraits were painted by court painters but none are the last twenty years. signed, so the names of painters are unknown. Only one painter was iden- Tsitsishvili concludes, “This book will be different from others. Volumi- tified -- Nikoloz Abkhazi--who painted a five-year-old girl, Bagration- nous studies on Georgian fine arts have already been published in Russian Davitashvili.” (for example by V. Beridze and N. Ezerskaya, “Art of Soviet Georgia “Ceremonial portraits” in Georgian art history were replaced by the Por- 1921-1970”, 1975). Much has changed and a lot of new sources and ma- trait School of Tiflis at the beginning of the 19th century. This school had terials have appeared. Today, new art processes and authors should be a typical style and way of working. Portraits produced by this school were analyzed and researched from different perspectives. For example, we made by various artists from 20-25 nationalities and mostly portray nobil- discovered that Gigo Gabashvili made some paintings in the symbolist ity. The portraits were of a smaller format than regular easel paintings style and we found some of his unknown works--about 100 pictorial and and they are of great importance for recording history. ”Double portraits” graphic works at the National Museum of Georgia. Nothing was known were very frequent--for example, father-mother, father-son-- who were about them and it seems the painter never exhibited them.” Today many looking directly at each other. In the 1870s, daguerreotype --and then pho- Georgian painters work abroad. “We are looking for materials about them tography-- began, which caused the Tiflis Portrait School to decline, as it so we can acquaint the Georgian public with them and their work,” she lost its principle function. says.

Salva qiqoZe - "peizaJi". m.z. 20X30, 1917. 1917 20X30, oil, cardboard, landscape, Kikodze, Shalva guram quTaTelaZe - "gviani Semodgoma". t.z. 90X100, 1965. 1961 43X65, pastel, paper, Tbilisi, Akhvlediani, Elene

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 12

xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargisa da mecnierebis gansa- kuTrebuli aRmavloba moxda im orweliwadnaxevris ganmav- lobaSi, rodesac saqarTvelo iyo damoukidebeli _ ambobs maia ciciSvili. 1910-ian wlebSi Seqmnili qarTuli modernizmi multi- kulturuli movlenaa. qarTuli modernistuli xelovnebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili TbilisSi moRvawe germanelma, polonelma, somexma da sxva erovnebis Semo- qmedebmac Seitanes. adgilobriv mxatvrebsa da poetebs ruseTidan Camosuli xelovanebic SeuerTdnen. cxadia, maTi arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iyo, radgan ukeTesi politi- kuri garemosa da ekonomikuri pirobebis garda, maT saqa- rTveloSi daZabuli da savse inteleqtualuri cxovreba egulebodaT. avangarduli xelovnebis sakiTxebi ixilebo- da literaturul salonebSi, artistul kafeebSi. kafeebis da salonebis kedlebze erTmaneTs enacvleboda adgilo- brivi da Camosuli mxatvrebis k. zdaneviCis, s. sudeikinis, l. gudiaSvilis, d. kakabaZis, s. valiSevskis, s. sorinis, i. elene axvlediani - "Tbilisi". q.p. 43X65, 1961. 1961 43X65, pastel, paper, Tbilisi, Akhvlediani, Elene zdaneviCis, m. ToiZis da sxvaTa erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gan- sxvavebuli suraTebi, Tu moxatulobebi“, _ ganmartavs av- tori. amas garda, gadaixeda bevri dRemde arsebuli Sefasebac sabWoTa periodis mxatvrebis Sesaxeb. calke Tavebad gamoi- yofa 1950-60-iani wlebi, 1970-80-iani wlebi da ukanaskneli 20 wlis mxatvroba. „es wigni mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iqneba. qarTul saxviT xelovnebaze didi moculobis naSromia dawerili rusul enaze (v. beriZe, n. ezerskaia, „sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelovneba 1921-1970“, 1975 w.). mas Semdeg bevri ram Seicva- la, mravali axali wyaro da masala gamoCnda. dRes axali kuTxidan unda moxdes mravali saxelovnebo procesisa Tu avtoris gaanalizeba da kvleva. magaliTad, aRmoCnda, rom gigo gabaSvils simbolisturi stilis suraTebi aqvs Ses- rulebuli. misi ucnobi, 100-mde ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevari proeqtze muSaobisas aRmovaCineT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. maT Sesaxeb araferi iyo cnobili, ro- gorc Cans mxatvars isini arasodes gamoufenia“, _ acxadebs maia ciciSvili. irakli farjiani - "abstraqcia". t.z. 150X200, 1989. 1989 oil, linen, 150X200, abstract, Parjiani, Irakli proeqtis xelmZRvanelis TqmiT, araerTi qarTveli mx- atvari dRes sazRvargareT moRvaweobs. maT Sesaxebac mim- dinareobs masalebis moZieba da sasurvelia maTi Semoq- medebis gacnoba qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis. proeqtis didi nawili ukve Sesrulebulia. misi Sedegi iqneba qarTuli mxatvrobis ganviTarebis istoriis or- tomeulis momzadeba. pirvel tomSi teqstobrivi nawili ganTavsdeba, aseve mxatvrebis biografiebi da bibliogra- fia. meore tomi ki Tavidan eleqtronuli versiis format- Si momzaddeba da masSi vizualuri masala Seva. proeqtis xelmZRvaneli maia ciciSvili varaudobs, rom mTlianad proeqti 2013 wlis martisTvis iqneba mzad, amis Semdeg ki meore tomis dasastambi Tanxis moZieba daiwyeba.

A large part of the project has already been completed and will result in two published volumes on the history of the development of Georgian art. The first volume will contain written materials, painters’ biographies, and bibliographic references. The second volume will initially be prepared in an electronic format and made up of visual materials. The first volume and online version of the second volume are planned for March 2013. After that date the team will seek funding to print the second volume.

giorgi gabaSvili - "angelozebi". q.akv. 25X40, 1890-iani wlebi. 25X40,1890ies watercolor, paper, Angels, Gabashvili, Giorgi

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 Tsu muzeumis sagamofeno darbazi ofHall Exibition Museum TSU 14

enciklopedia "antikuri kavkasia" Encyclopedia Antique Caucasus

`yvela adamianis ocnebaa, ganaxorcielos iseTi saqme, romelsac, frTosani gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT, `ganZi samaradJamo~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. me da Cems kolegebs mogveca SesaZlebloba, SevWidebodiT samecniero proeqts, romelsac Cveulebrivi samecniero monografiebisgan gansxvavebiT, bevrad ufro xangrZlivi cxovreba uweria. es aris antikuri kavkasiis pirveli enciklopedia~, _ ase afasebs enciklopedia `antikuri kavkasiis~ mniSvnelobas Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori, Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutis direqtori, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori rismag gordeziani.

enciklopediaze ”antikuri kavkasia” muSaoba 2010 wels rac Seexeba geografiul sazRvrebs _ enciklopediaSi daiwyo da pirveli tomi ukve gamoica. Tsu humanitarul warmodgenilia is areali, rasac dRes moicavs cneba kavka- mecnierebaTa fakultetis klasikuri filologiis, bizan- sia; agreTve misi mimdebare is teritoriebi, romlebzec tinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutis am proeqtis kavkasiur tomTa gavrceleba ivaraudeboda antikurobaSi. ganxorcieleba rusTavelis fondis samecniero grantis es exeba Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro dafinansebiT moxerxda. zols, sadac metwilad qarTveluri tomebis gavrceleba enciklopedia sul sam tomad gamova. pirveli tomi dasturdeboda; calkeul SemTxvevaSi anatoliis im re- daeTmo antikuri epoqis Zvel aRmosavlur, berZnul da gionebs, romelTac cneba armenia swvdeboda da samxreT- laTinurenovan wyaroebs da Zvel aRTqmaSi arsebul cnobebs. dasavleT kaspiispireTis regionebs, romlebic kavkasieli amJamad mecnierebi intensiurad muSaoben meore tomze, ro- albanelebis teritoriebs moicavda; CrdiloeTiT CvenT- melic gamova 2012 wlis bolos, xolo mesame tomi gamoicema vis erTgvar sazRvars mdinare tanaisi (Tanamedrove doni) 2013 wlis bolos an 2014 wlis ivnisSi. meore tomSi Tavmoyri- warmoadgens. li iqneba 3000-mde statia, romelic maqsimalurad srulad rogorc Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinis- moicavs kavkasiasTan dakavSirebul yvela termins. tikisa da neogrecistikis institutis direqtori ris- mesame tomSi ganTavsdeba saZieblebi pirveli tomis, mag gordeziani ganmartavs, enciklopediaze muSaobisas, anu wyaroebisaTvis, da statiebSi dadasturebuli im saku- mecnierebi Seecadnen miwvdomodnen bosforosis samefos Tari saxelebisTvis, romlebic ver aisaxa enciklopediaSi regionsac. Tumca, yuradReba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo damoukidebeli statiis saxiT. mesame tomSive warmodgeni- CrdiloeTi, centraluri da samxreT kavkasiis terito- li iqneba mecnierebis, Tu mkiTxvelis, mier gamovlenili riebisken. mTeli is informacia, romelic wina tomebSi mxedvelobi- `cnobilia, rom kavkasia, rogorc regioni, romelic dan gamorCaT. moxdeba SemCneuli Secdomebis Sesworeba, msoflio rukaze calke gamoyofas imsaxurebs, pirve- aseve miTiTebuli iqneba kavkasiisa da mis farglebs gareT lad antikur wyaroebSi gamoikveTa da aqve mieca mis gan- gamovlenili is epigrafikuli wyaroebi, romlebic sain- sakuTrebulobas Sefaseba. misi aRweris Semdeg plinius tereso informacias Seicavs. aq ganTavsdeba Sesabamisi ufrosi dasZens: `amgvaria msoflios erT-erTi udideb- rukebi, sruli bibliografiuli nusxebi, cnobebi wyaroTa ulesi kuTxe~. antikurobaSive Seiqmna ori maradiuli sim- mTargmnelebis Sesaxeb da a.S. bolo: argonavtebis laSqrobis mizani _ legendaruli enciklopediis qronologiuri sazRvrebi Semoifar- kolxida da kavkasiis kldeze mijaWvuli promoTe. isini gleba periodiT Zv. w-aR. meore aTaswleulidan (anu kavka- danarCeni msofliosTvis dResac kavkasiis umTavres ori- siur tomTa werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelad fiqsaciis xan- entirebs warmoadgenen. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom Cveni en- idan) ax. w-aR. mexuTe saukunemde (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi ciklopediis garekanis dizainisaTvis swored promeTes meeqvse saukunis pirveli naxevramde). tanjvis amsaxveli gamosaxuleba iqna SerCeuli Zv. w. aR. me-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 15

“Every person dreams of being able to create- if we use a catch phrase-- “an eternal treasure”. My colleagues and I were given an opportunity to undertake a scientific project, which-- unlike the usual scientific monographs-- will live a longer life. This is the creation of a unique encyclopedia Antique Caucasus.” These words describe the project being carried out by Professor Rismag Gordeziani, Director of the Institute of Classical Philology, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies of TSU.

The work, begun in 2010, is being funded by the Rustaveli National Science Foundation and will ultimately consist of three volumes. The first volume has been published and is dedicated to ancient East- ern, Greek and Latin sources of classical antiquity as well as infor- mation existing in the Old Testament. Presently the team is working on the second volume to be published by the end of 2012, which will include approximately 3000 articles covering all subjects related to the Caucasus as fully as possible. The third volume will include indexes for the first volume, including sources not included in the encyclopedia within independent entries. It will also contain infor- mation contributed by scientists or other readers that was not treated in the previous two volumes. Errata will be corrected in the third volume and epigraphic sources identified in the Caucasus and else- where. It will contain relevant maps, comprehensive bibliographical lists and information about the translators, etc. The chronology of the encyclopedia extends from the 2nd millen- nium BC, for example in the written sources of Caucasian tribes that settled in the area for the first time, to the 5th century AD. Ex- ceptionally it will include some references for the first half of the 6th century AD. Geographical borders include the area covered by what is known as “the Caucasus” today, as well as adjacent territories where Caucasian tribes supposedly lived in antiquity. These include the south-eastern coastal line of the Black Sea Region, where Geor- gian tribal settlements have been confirmed; in certain cases Ana- tolian regions are included, including the present-day Armenia and Southwest Caspian regions that were territories of Caucasian Alba- nians. In the North, the border is defined by the River Tanais called the River Don today. Gordeziani explained that while working on the encyclopedia, the researchers also tried to cover the Kingdom of Bosphorus, however most attention focused on the Northern, Central and South Caucasian territories. “It is well known that the Caucasus as a region deserves to be marked separately on the world map, and was identified as such in the first antique sources. Pliny the Elder once described it: ‘This is what the most magnificent places of the world look like’. Two eternal symbols were created in antiquity: the goal of the Argonauts’ expe- dition – legendary Kolkhida--and the Caucasian Mountains where Prometheus was chained. These still represent the major landmarks of the Caucasus for the rest of the world and is why an image portray- ing the torments of Prometheus, reproduced from a kylix – a shal- low ancient Greek wine drinking cup from the VI century BC - was selected for the design of the cover of the encyclopedia. It is as if the Caucasus inherited Prometheus’ torments as well as his permanent hope that one day he will inevitably become free,” he says. Volume One of the encyclopedia is 646 pages long and mostly dedi- cated to translations of original sources. The first section includes qobuleT - fiWvnaris berZnuli da kolxuri samarovani. Georgian translations of ancient eastern sources: Khetian (6 docu- Zv. w-aR V-III ss. eqsponatebi antikuri periodis samarxebidan ments), Assyrian (14 documents), Urartian (43 documents) and Per- Pottery from Greek and Kolkhetian graves in sian (3 documents). Existing translations were used. In the second Kobuleti-Pichvnari, V-III BC and larger section of Volume One, original Greek sources

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eqvse saukunis lakoniuri kiliqsidan. TiTqos promeTem daanaTla kavkasias mudmivi tanjva, magram amasTanave gardauvali ganTavi- suflebis mudmivi imedic~, _ ambobs igi. rac Seexeba ukve gamocemul enciklopedias `antikuri kavka- siis~ pirvel toms _ igi moicavs 646 gverds da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTmoba wyaroebis publikacias. pirvel ganyofilebaSi warmodgenilia Zveli aRmosavluri wyaroebis qarTuli Targmane- bi: xeTuri (6 dokumenti), asuruli (14 dokumenti), urartuli (43 dokumenti), sparsuli (3 dokumenti). aq gamoyenebulia ukve ar- sebuli Targmanebi; meore, yvelaze vrceli ganyofileba, eTmoba qarTul enebze Targmnil berZnulenovani wyaroebis originals. aq warmodgenilia mikenuri _ xazovani wyaroebi, aseve asze meti berZeni avtori. mesame ganyofileba warmogvidgens laTinureno- van oTxmocamde avtors. meoTxe ganyofileba eTmoba bibliur te- qstebs. `Zveli wyaroebis gamocemis sakiTxs seriozulad mohkides rismag gordeziani - Tsu klasikuri filologi- is kaTedris sruli profesori. filolo- xeli qarTvelma siZveleTmcodneebma da amisTvis specialuri se- giis mecnierebaTa doqtori. xmelTaSua riac ki daarsda: `ucxoenovani wyaroebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, zRvis kulturebis kvlevis laboratoriis samecniero xelmZRvaneli, Tsu klasikuri romelSic gamovida s. yauxCiSvilis, T. yauxCiSvilis, n. keWaymaZis, filologiis kaTedris gamge, Tsu klasi- a. uruSaZis, T. miqelaZis, a. gamyreliZis, n. lomouris da sxvaTa kuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutis direqtori. amomwuravi samecniero komentarebiT aRWurvili orenovani ga- saqarTvelos erovnul mecnierebaTa aka- mocemebi. es wignebi amJamad bibliografiul iSviaTobas warmoad- demiis wevr-korespondenti, saberZneTis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis sapatio gens. yvela Cvenganis didi xnis ocneba iyo, gvexila erTad Tavmoy- wevri, saqsoniis mecnierebaTa akademiis rili yvela es wyaro original da qarTul enebze da am wyaroebSi wevr-korespondenti (gfr), vinkelmanis dadasturebul TiToeul terminze enciklopediurad ganzoga- saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri (gfr), Collegium Europeum-is wevri (gfr). doebuli maqsimalurad amomwuravi, kvlevis Tanamedrove donis aris 200-mde samecniero naSromis, maT So- gamTvaliswinebeli statiebi, oRond, ara mxolod saqarTvelos, ris, 26 wignis avtori, romelic gamoqveyne- bulia saqarTveloSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi, aramed mTeli kavkasiis Sesaxeb~, _ ambobs rismag gordeziani. saberZneTSi, ungreTSi, poloneTsa da mecnieris TqmiT, man da misma kolegebma swored am ocnebis ukrainaSi. miniWebuli aqvs Tsu-s pirveli, respub- ganxorcieleba daisaxes miznad. ideaze muSaoba jer kidev gasuli likuri da sakavSiro premiebi. dajildoe- saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan daiwyes. bulia saqarTvelos Rirsebis ordeniT da prezidentis brwyinvalebis ordeniT. aris `maxsovs, rogori enTuziazmiT CaerTo maSin am saqmeSi Cveni saberZneTis Rirsebis ordenis kavaleri. saxelovani arqeologi oTar LlorTqifaniZe. misma mxardaWeram moxsenebebs da leqciebs kiTxulobs msoflios TiTqmis yvela wamyvan univer- ganmimtkica am saqmis ganxorcielebis realurobis rwmena. misma sistetSi. aris aTobiT disertaciis xelmZ- moulodnelma gardacvalebam aRar mogvca saSualeba gamogveyene- Rvaneli da ramdenime Jurnalis redaqtori da saredaqcio kolegiis wevri. bina misi SesaZleblobebi, gamocdileba da codna. mas Semdeg, rac sabolood Camoyalibda enciklopediis koncefcia, misi momza- debis mTeli tvirTis sakuTar Tavze aReba Cvens instituts moux-

Rismag Gordeziani - Full Professor of the TSU Department da~, _ acxadebs rismag gordeziani da mxardaWerisTvis araerT of Classical Philology; Doctor of Philological Scienc- qarTvel istorikoss, arqeologs, rusTavelis fonds, kviprosis es; Head of the Laboratory for the Study of Mediter- ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministros da sagamomcemlo pro- ranean Cultures; Head of the Department of Classical Philology at TSU; Director of the Institute of Classical grama `logoss~ madlobas uxdis. Philology, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies of the rismag gordeziani sagangebod aRniSnavs imas, rom enciklope- Tbilisi State University; Corresponding Member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences; Honorary mem- diaze muSaobis procesma moamzada qarTvel siZveleTmcodneTa ber of the Greek Archaeological Society; Correspond- axalgazrda Taoba, romelsac SeuZlia seriozuli muSaoba an- ing Member of Saxonian Academy of Sciences; Mem- ber of International Winckelmann Society (Germany); tikur kavkasiasTan dakavSirebul yvelaze ufro problematur member of Collegium Europeum (Germany). sakiTxebze. Professor Gordeziani has authored 200 scientific works, including 26 books that have been published in `ax. w. aR. meore saukunis romael gramatikoss terencianus mau- Georgia, Germany, Russia, Greece, Hungary, Poland russ ekuTvnis Zalze cnobili sentencia, pro captu lectoris habent sua fata and Ukraine. He has been awarded the First, Repub- lican and Union Prizes; the Order of Honor and the libelli `wignebs aqvT TavianTi bedi, imis Sesabamisad, Tu rogor iRebs Order of Glory. He has also been awarded the Greek maT mkiTxveli~. gvinda gvjerodes, rom Cvens enciklopedias keTili Order of Honor. He delivers lectures in many lead- ing universities of the world. He supervises dozens of bedi eqneba~, _ es rismag gordezianis survilia enciklopedia `an- dissertations and is editor or member of the editorial tikuri kavkasiasTan~ dakavSirebiT. boards of several journals. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, miuxedavad didi masStabisa, encik- lopedia `antikuri kavkasia~ mecnierTa am jgufis mier ganxor-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 17

cielebuli erTaderTi proeqti ar aris. ukanasknel periodSi Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulte- tis klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neo- grecistikis institutma mniSvnelovani saleqsikono da saenciklopedio proeqtebi ganaxorciela. 2009 wels profesor sofio Samanidis xelmZRvanelobiT in- stitutma gamosca didi berZnul-qarTuli leqsikoni, romelmac ukve gaiTqva saxeli, ara marto saqarTvelo- Si, aramed saberZneTsa da kviproszec. amJamad neogre- cistebi muSaoben did qarTul – berZnul leqsikonze, xolo klasikuri filologiis warmomadgenlebma rusTavelis fondis grantis farglebSi daasrules muSaoba Zveli berZnulisa da laTinuris multifun- qciur leqsikonebze.

have been translated into Georgian. It presents Linear B Mycenaean sources as well as over 100 Greek authors. The third section of this volume contains about 80 Latin authors, and the fourth section is dedicated to Biblical texts. Gordeziani explained, “Georgian specialists of ancient studies un- demetres qandakeba. Zv. w-aR. V-IV ss. dertook the publication of ancient sources, and a special series was even established for this purpose: foreign language sources about Statue of Demeter, V-IV BC Georgia, which included bilingual publications with comprehen- sive scientific comments by S. Kaukhchishvili, T. Kaukhchishvili, N. Kechakmadze, A Urushadze, T Mikeladze, A Gamkrelidze, N. Lomouri and others. These books represent a bibliographical rarity. It has been the long-standing dream of all of us to see these sources grouped together in their original languages as well as in Georgian, to be encyclopedically organized with comprehensive articles about each term--not only about Georgia, but about the entire Caucasus.” He said that he and his colleagues decided to make their dream come true, and began planning the project as far back as the 1990s. “I remember how enthusiastically our famous archeologist, Otar Lortkipanidze got involved in this process. His support strength- ened my belief in the possibility to carry out the project. Because of his untimely death, we were deprived of his skills, experience and knowledge. After the concept of the encyclopedia was finally established, however, our Institute assumed the entire burden for its preparation.” Gordeziani expressed his deep gratitude to numer- antikuri Savlakiani Tasi. Zv. w-aR. V s. ous Georgian historians, archeologists, the Rustaveli Foundation, Attic black lacquered cup, V BC the Ministry of Education and Culture of Cyprus and the publishing program Logos for their support. He pointed out that the process of working on the encyclopedia has allowed young specialists in ancient studies to gain experience on some of the most problematic issues related to the Antique Caucasus. “A famous expression by the 2nd century grammarian Terentianus Maurus in De litteris, De syllabis, De Metris is: Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata libel mean- ing ‘According to the capabilities of the reader, books have their destiny’. We would like to believe that our encyclopedia will have an excellent destiny,” Gordeziani said. Although this project is important, Antique Caucasus is not the only one implemented by these scientists. Recently the Institute of Clas- sical Philology, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies published oth- er significant dictionary and encyclopedia projects. In 2009 under the guidance of Professor Sophio Shamanidi the Institute published a large Greek-Georgian dictionary, which has become famous not only in Georgia, but also in Greece and Cyprus. Presently scientists specialized in Modern Greek Studies are working on a comprehen- sive Georgian-Greek dictionary, and TSU classical philologists have completed work funded by the Rustaveli Foundation to create An- kolxuri samtuCa. Zv. w-aR. V-IV ss. cient Greek and Latin multi-functional dictionaries.

Kolkhetian pitcher with three spouts, V-IV BC

2012 July TSU SCIENCE qobuleT - fiWvnaris berZnuli da kolxuri samarovani. Zv. w-aR V-III ss. eqsponatebi antikuri periodis samarxebidan

Pottery from Greek and Kolkhetian graves in Kobuleti-Pichvnari, V-III BC 19 "Tbilisuri smogi" da masTan brZolis saSualebebi Combating Smog in Tbilisi msoflio megapolisebis macxovrebelTa janmrTelobas dRes erTi saerTo safrTxe emuqreba _ smogi, anu is Savi sqeli nisli, romelic rigiTi adamianis azriT, gamonabolqvisa da Wvartlisgan avTandil amiranaSvili - iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis sax- warmoiqmneba. am mxriv, arc saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia elmwifo universitetis mixeil nodias saxelobis geo- gamonaklisi. Tumca, saerTos garda yvela qalaqs, fizikis institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile. fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori. cxadia, Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli problema, upiratesoba atmosferos fizikis seqtoris gamge. saqarTvelos da problemis gadaWris SesaZlo gza aqvs. swored erovnuli premiis laureati. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 250-ze “Tbilisur smogs” eZRvneba Tsu mecnierTa kvleva, meti naSromi, maT Soris 5 monografia. aris saqarTvelos romelic wignis “fotoqimiuri smogi TbilisSi” geofizikuri asociaciis wevri. saqarTvelos geofizi- gamoSvebiT dagvirgvinda. kvleva samecnieros garda kuri asociaciis Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegiis wevri. akademikos merab aleqsiZis premiis mimniWebeli komisiis praqtikul Sinaarssac atarebs _ kvlevis Sedegebi wevri. saqarTvelos eko-geo-meteorologiuri kavSiris Tbiliselebs zafxulis sicxeebSi (romelic smogis (“ekogeometi”) Tavmjdomare. koncentraciisTvis saxifTo periodad iTvleba) naklebad dabinZurebuli, maRali ionizaciis mqone Avtandil Amiranashvili – Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council of the haeriT gajerebuli teritoriebis SerCevaSi Mikheil Nodia Institute of Geophysics of TSU; Doctor of Physical- daexmareba. Mathematical Sciences; Chairman of the sector of atmospheric physics; wignis Mavtorebi Tsu mecnierebi: avTandil Laureate of the National Prize of Georgia. Dr. Amiranashvili has pub- amiranaSvili, Teimuraz bliaZe da viqtor CixlaZe lished over 250 works, including 5 monographs. He is a member of the Georgian Association of Geophysics; member of the editorial board of arian. proeqti `fotoqimiuri smogis saarsebo the journal issued by the Georgian Association of Geophysics; member garemoze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sesusteba _ of the commission granting the Academician Merab Alexidze prize; and q.Tbilisis ekologiuri gajansaRebis mniSvnelovani Chairman of the Eco-Geo-Meteorological Union of Georgia. faqtori~, Tsu geofizikis institutSi SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis dafinansebiT ganxorcielda. adamianis janmrTelobaze smogis zegavlenas mecnierTa jgufi 2009-2012 wlebSi swavlobda.

Residents of metropolitan areas face a common threat – smog produced by emissions and particles from automobiles and industry. Tbilisi is no exception. However, each city has its own set of pollution problems, conditions and possible solutions. TSU scientists who have studied the subject recently published a book, “Photochemical Smog in Tbilisi”. The research was both scientific and practical; its results will help residents of Tbilisi to choose areas of town that are less polluted and more saturated with highly ionized air in the hot days of summer. Summer is an especially dangerous period for smog concentration. The authors of the book carried out their research at TSU’s Institute viqtor CixlaZe - iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mixeil nodias saxelobis geofizikis of Geophysics, with the support of the Shota Rustaveli National institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli. fizika- Science Foundation. The project was entitled “Eliminating the maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori. aris 89 publikaciis Negative Impact of Photochemical Smog on the Living Environ- avtori. aqedan 4 gamoqveynebulia impaqt-faqtoris mqone ment – an Important Factor for the Ecological Recovery of Tbilisi’’. JurnalebSi. TSU scientists Avtandil Amiranashvili, Teimuraz Bliadze and Viktor Chikhladze studied the impacts of smog on health between 2009 and 2012. Using the results, the team could identify the conditions of Victor Chikhladze – Senior scientist at the Mikheil Nodia Institute of Geo- photochemical smog in Tbilisi and the effects of its components such physics of Tbilisi State University; Doctor in Physical-Mathematical as ozone, and other atmospheric parameters that affect human health, Sciences. Dr. Chikhladze is the author of 89 publications, four of them such as aerosol-- suspensions of fine solid particles in the air. This published in journals with impact factor. permitted them to make specific recommendations.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 20

kvlevis Sedegad fotoqimiuri smogis warmoSobis pirobebi, misi komponentebis (ozoni, aerozoli da sxv.) da atmosferos sxva parametrebis adamianis janmrTelobaze zemoqmedebis efeqtebi ganisazRvra da konkretuli rekomendaciebi SemuSavda. proeqtis farglebSi Ggazomvebi 2009 wlis ivnisidan 2012 wlis Tebervlamde tardeboda. YTbilisis sxvadasxva raionSi samarSruto monitoringi saWiroebis mixedviT, e.w. smogur dReebSi warmoebda. monitorin- gis adgilebi avtotransportis moZraobis intensivobisa da saco- bebis raodenobis mixedviT SearCies, sul 20 punqti: 8 SedarebiT sufTa da 8 dabinZurebuli adgili. gazomvebi tardeboda aseve 4 teqtonikuri rRvevis adgilSi, ramac TbilisSi arsebuli smoguri dabinZurebis Sesaxeb sruli suraTis Seqmna ganapiroba. mecnierebis mier yoveldRiurad intensiurad izomeboda mi- wispira ozonis koncentracia da atmosferuli movlenebi, temper- atura, tenianoba, wneva, qaris siCqare da mimarTuleba; xilvadoba da saerTo Rrublianoba; submikronuli aerozolebis, radonis, msubuqi ionebis koncentracia; mzis radiaciis intensivoba. Nepi- zodurad _ niadagis gama-gamosxiveba da a.S. monitoringi rogorc Teimuraz bliaZe - iv. javaxiSvilis sax. stacionaruli, ise _ mobiluri xasiaTis iyo. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mixeil nodias saxelobis geofizikis proeqtis xelmZRvanelis, mixeil nodias saxelobis geofizikis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli. institutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromlis avTandil amiranaSvi- fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa kan- didati. 1975 wlidan geofizikis in- lis informaciiT, „Tbilisuri smogi“ anu saqarTveloSi arsebuli stitutis TanamSromeli sxvadasxva atmosferuli dabinZurebis mdgomareoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tanamdebobaze atmosferos fizikis ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan. seqtroSi. Tsu mecnierTa jgufma smogis sakiTxis Seswavla jer kidev 27 wlis win daiwyo. maTi dakvirvebiT, 27 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1984-dan Teimuraz Bliadze - Scientist at the Mikheil Nodia Insti- tute of Geophysics of the Tbilisi State University; 1998-mde wlebSi miwispira ozonis koncentraciis zrda, Semdgom Candidate of Physical-Mathematical Sciences. 2006-2007 wlebamde kleba da 2008-2011 wlebis periodSi kvlav zrda Since 1975 he has worked at the Institute of Geo- aRiniSneboda. amJamad TbilisSi miwispira ozonis koncentracia physics in the sphere of atmospheric physics. Tanazomadia sabWoTa periodis koncentraciebTan. Aamas garda, mzis radiaciis intensivobis, xilvadobis da atmosferos aerozoluri optikuri sisqis gazomvebis monacemebi imas mowmoben, rom aero- zoluri dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT bolo wlebSi Tbilisi odnav ufro sufTa gaxda. kvlevis erT-erTi monawilis, Tsu geofizikis institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromlis, MmecnierebaTa doqtoris viqtor CixlaZis TqmiT, kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom “msubuqi ionebis koncentraciis mixedviT, romelic haeris sisufTavis erT-erTi saukeTeso indikatoria, TbilisSi Seswavlili 20 ubnidan yvelaze dabinZurebulia gmirTa moedani, metro avlabris teritoria, vake, pekinis quCa (minimalurze naklebi), SedarebiT sufTaa (minimaluri aucilebeli) lilos dasaxleba, lisis tba, moskovis prospeqti, va- zisubani, WiWinaZis quCa (afrika), zemo foniWala” (ixileT cxrili). avTandil amiranaSvilis ganmartebiT, gazomvebis gansxvave- buli meTodologiis gamo, smogTan dakavSirebiT sxva qveynebis qalaqebSi arsebul viTarebaze Sedarebebi Zalze miaxloebiTia. “magaliTad, 2010 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis gamzirze zogierTi minarevis saSualo wliuri koncentracia Seadgenda CO-3.5mg/ 3 3 m , NO2-0.09 mg/m , amave dros amsterdamSi NO2-is koncentracia Seadgenda 0.025-0.075 mg/m3. xolo holandiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi 0.011-0.053 rac gacilebiT naklebia, vidre TbilisSi. es ueWvelad dakavSirebulia saqarTveloSi arsebul moZvelebul did saRrublo avtrotransportis parksa da uxarisxo sawvavTan”. kameraSi moTavsebuli msoflios masStabiT smogis mxriv arsebul viTarebaze saubri- smogis kamera sas kvlevis avtorebs 2010 wels amerikuli kompania `Mercer Human Smog chamber Resource Consulting~-is monacemebi moaqvT 2009 wlisTvis msoflioSi placed in Large Cloud yvelaze dabinZurebulad miCneuli 215 dasaxlebuli adgilebis Chamber Sesaxeb. am reitingis Ppirveli xuTeuli aseTia: 1.Bbaqo (aAzerbaijani),

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 21

To get an overall understanding of the smog pollution in Tbilisi, mea- surements were taken from June 2009 to February 2012. During smoggy days, the researchers monitored roads in selected districts of the city. Twenty observation posts were chosen according to traffic intensity and the number of traffic jams. Eight sites were relatively pure/clean and eight were polluted zones. Measurements were also taken in four tectonic frac- ture zones. Other factors measured daily include terrestrial ozone concentration and atmospheric events, temperature, overall humidity, wind speed and wind direction. Visibility and overall cloudiness, submicron aerosols, radon, concentration of light ions, and intensity of solar radiation were included as parameters for study. In addition, the researchers episodically mea- sured gamma-radiation in the soil and carried out both stationary and mo- bile monitoring. According to the project manager and senior scientist Avtandil Ami- ranashvili, “Atmospheric pollution in Georgia is significantly different from that found in more developed countries. Scientists began studying Tbilisi smog as long as 27 years ago. According to their observations, didi saRrublo kamera from 1984 to 1998 there was an increase in terrestrial ozone concentra- Large Cloud Chamber tion in Georgia. Then in 2006 and 2007 there was a decrease in terrestrial ozone concentration while from 2008 to 2011 it began to increase again. Today terrestrial ozone concentration in Tbilisi is the same as at the and of the Soviet era. Moreover, according to the measurements of the intensity of solar radiation, visibility and atmospheric aerosol optical thickness (the degree to which aerosols prevent light transmission), Tbilisi has become relatively cleaner in terms of aerosol pollution. According to Victor Chikhladze, “Judging by the concentration of light ions, which is one of the best indicators of the purity of the air, the most polluted places out of the 20 studied sites in Tbilisi are Heroes’ Square, the Avlabari intersection, the Vake neighborhood, and Pekini Street where there was less than an allowed minimum of ions. Sites like the Lilo settle- ment, Lisi Lake, Moscow Avenue, Vazisubani, Chichinadze Street (Africa settlement) and Zemo Ponichala (see the table) are relatively less pol- luted, meaning that the light ion concentration is at or over the required minimum”. Amiranashvili pointed out that to different methodologies of measure- ment, comparisons of smog pollution between Tbilisi and cities elsewhere in the world are still approximate. However some comparisons can be qaris siCqaris da mimarTulebis gamzomi made. In 2010, the average circular concentration of some admixtures (anemorumbometri) 3 3 on Davit Aghmashenebeli Avenue was CO-3.5 mg/m , NO2-0.09 mg/m .

Equipment for measuring wind speed and direction During the same period, NO2 concentrations in Amsterdam were 0.025- (Anemorumbometer) 0.075 mg/m3 while in the north-west part of Holland NO2 concentration was just 0.011-0.053-far less than in Tbilisi. These indicators clearly show that people have outdated forms of transport and use poor quality fuel in Tbilisi. While discussing smog pollution throughout the world, the researchers refer to the data on the 215 most polluted places of the world, provided by an American company ‘’Mercer Human Resource Consulting’’. Ac- cording to these rankings the top five are: 1. Baku (Azerbaijan), 2. Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 3. Mexico City (Mexico), 4. Buenos-Aires (Argentina), and 5. Antananarivo (Madagascar). Rankings are based on levels of air pollution, waste management, potable water, hospital services, medical supplies and the presence of infectious disease. Fortunately, Georgia was not in the top ranked most polluted places. Nevertheless, according to a second list, ranking the quality of life, the data are not favorable, as Tbilisi (Georgia) got 214th place! One of the main constituent elements of smog is ozone. At high concen- trations, terrestrial ozone damages construction materials, rubber car parts, plants, etc. Most important according to Teimuraz Bliadze, high concentra- tions of ozone damage the mucous membrane of human and animal respira- mzis jamuri radiaciis gamzomi (piranometri) tory organs. It causes asthma and bronchitis, hampers breathing, weakens Equipment for measuring broadband solar radiation resistance to colds and aggravates heart diseases. At high concentrations, (Pyranometer)

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 22

2.adis-abeba (eTiopia), 3.mexiko (meqsika), 4.buenos-airesi (argen- q. Tbilisis 21 punqtSi msubuqi ionebis jamuri koncentracia 2010-2011 ww. tina) 5.antananarivu (madagaskari). Total Concentration of Light Ions in 21 Points of Tbilisi for 2010-2011 kvleva haeris dabinZurebisa da narCnebis gadamuSavebis, sasmelad yvela dRe smoguri dReebi vargisi wylis, infeqciuri daavade- All days Smoggy days bebis arsebobis samedicino momsax- minimaluri urebisa da aRWurvilobis arsebobis aucilebeli doniTa da xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. Minimum necessary sabednierod am reitingSi saqarT-

3 -Si minimalur velo siis zeda nawilSi ar fiqsird- 3 aucilebelze eba. Tumca, meore siis mixedviT, naklebi romelic sicocxlis xarisxs exeba Less than Ions in cm in Ions minimum ionebi sm monacemebi saxarbielo ar aris. necessary saqarTvelo erT-erT bolo, 214-e adgilzea. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, smogis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli el-

Varketili

m. delisi varkeTili lisis tba ementi ozonia. miwispira ozoni didi of Lake Lisi m. avlabari

m. varkeTili Sausage Vake

Heroes’ square Heroes’ settlement Lilo gldani, VIII kv. "vakis sosisi" WiWinaZis quCa koncentraciisas azianebs samSeneblo Ponichala Upper zemo foniWala gmirTa moedani Centrolit Avchala, lilos dasaxleba Riv. Vere, “Mziuri“ Vere, Riv. Street Chichinadze md. vere, "mziuri" quarterVIII Gldani, masalebs, avtomanqanebis rezinis de- vake, abaSiZis quCa avWala, centroliti Gamsakhurdia Avenue Gamsakhurdia Vake, Abashidze Street Abashidze Vake, gamsaxurdias gamziri Tbilisi Sea, easternSea, Tbilisi side end the Avenue, Moscow

talebs, mcenareebs da a.S. rac Seexeba UndergroundDelisi Station moskovis gamziris bolo varazisxevi, WavWavaZis 2 Saburtalo,Street Euli Sandro Varaziskhevi, 2, Chavchavadze 2, Varaziskhevi, Underground Station Avlabari Underground Station Varketili Tbilisis zRva, aRm. mxare saburTalo, sandro eulis q. Termobarokamera (st. baza) vazisubani, S. petefis quCa

adaminis janmrTelobaze gavlenas Street Petöfi Sándor Vazisubani, Thermobaric camera (stat. base) (stat. camera Thermobaric _ proeqtis erT-erTi monawilis, Tsu geofizikis institutis mecni- dReebis msgavsad, smogis momatebis smog can also impair thinking, slow down human er-TanamSromlis Teimuraz bliaZis dros, janmrTelobis mxriv garkveuli reflexes and cause drowsiness. ganmartebiT, igi aRizianebs sasunTqi risk-faqtoris mqone adamianebs, Sesa- To evaluate the harmful impacts of smog on hu- man health, the scientists also used data provid- organoebis lorwovan garss; iwvevs Zloa, saxlSi darCena an sxva zomebis ed by the emergency medical services of Tbilisi. asTmas, bronqits; aferxebs filtvebis miReba vurCioT. Results paradoxically show that in recent years muSaobas, asustebs winaaRmdegobas rogorc mecnierebi amboben, geo- lower concentrations of smog have in fact be- gacivebis mimarT; SeuZlia gaamwvavos fizikis institutSi warmoebuli come more detrimental to health. In previous gulis qronikuli daavadebebi; smogis kvlevebis Sedegad smogisM janmrT- years the mortality rate increased when ozone sxvadasxva Semadgeneli komponentebi elobisaTvis saSiSi odenobis prog- levels increased to more than 80 mcg/m3. How- didi koncentraciisas sxvadasxva nozireba Tsu mecnierebs 12 da 3-4 ever, in 2009-2010, there was an increase in problemis da daavadebis gamomwvevi saaTiT adre SeuZliaT. Tumca, amis the mortality rate with a concentration of only 50mkg/m3 ozone in the atmosphere. SeiZleba gaxdnen, magaliTad Seanelon ganxorcieleba garkveul finansebTa- azrovnebis unari da refleqsebi; Based on these results, the team has developed naa dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisi monace- gamoiwvion Zilianoba da a.S. recommendations for the public and the govern- mebis dasamuSaveblad da gasavrcele- adamianis janmrTelobaze smogis ment. One of the main recommendations is to blad specialistTa sul mcire 5-6 mavne zegavlenis masStabis Sesafa- establish a smog alert system to notify people kaciani jgufia saWiro. at high risk for health problems to stay indoors seblad mecnierebma Tbilisis sas- garda amisa, mosaxleobas unda or take other measures. The research can per- wrafo samedicino daxmarebis mier hqondes informacia dabinZurebu- mit TSU scientists to provide smog forecasts for mowodebuli monacemebi gamoiyenes. li zonebis Sesaxeb. Semdgomi reko- both 12 hour periods and 3-4 hours before alert kvlevam aCvena, rom bolo periodSi mendacia TbilisSi an mis siaxloves levels occur. This service requires funding how- smogis naklebi koncentracia ufro ever to permit a minimum team of five or six garkveuli sarekreacio-dasasvene- momakvdinebeli gaxda. adre es ricx- scientists monitor and process data, as well as to vi ozonis donis 80 an met mkg/m3 mo- beli adgilebis Seqmnaa. msgavsi rek- inform the media and health services. matebisas izrdeboda. Tumca, 2009- reaciuli zonisaTvis saukeTeso Furthermore, Tbilisi’s citizens must be aware 2010 wlebSi sikvdilianobis mateba adgilebia botanikuri baRi, kus tba, of the polluted areas. Another recommendation atmosferoSi ozonis Semcvelobis Tbilisis zRva da a.S. cnobisTvis ion- is to create recreation areas and resorts in and 50 mkg/m3 koncentraciisas dafiq- izaciis erT-erTi saSualebaa aseve around Tbilisi and some optimal spots include the Botanical Gardens, Turtle Lake, Tbilisi Sea, sirda. hidro-ionizacia, rodesac ionebis etc. City dwellers should know that one of the swored aseTi safrTxis gamo, Tsu gamoyofa wylidan misi gaSxefebis best ways to clean the air, or ionize, is through dros xdeba. sxvaTa Soris, amas xels mecnierebma rekomendaciebi Sei- “hydro-ionization” as the production of ions muSaves. erT-erTi mTavari rekomen- qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi arsebuli occurs when water splashes against surfaces. daciaa _ smogis momatebuli fonis xelovnuri Sadrevnebic uwyobs, rom- Thus public fountains in Tbilisi’s parks are very Sesaxeb Setyobinebis sistemis dan- lebic erTdroulad wmends haers da beneficial in this respect as they create ions that ergva. mecnierTa azriT, magnituri qmnis ionebs. purify the air.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012

24 kvlevebi "xvalindeli dRisTvis"

eqspertebi ukve konkretulad asaxeleben ricxvebs, ramden weliwadSi dadgeba samyaro bunebrivi nedleulis krizisis winaSe. amis gamo msoflio aqtiurad muSaobs alternatiuli gzebis aRmoCenisTvis. warmoeba, romelic damokidebulia navTobze, gazze, xe-tyeze da a.S. ramdenime welSi sul sxva energomatareblebiT Seicvleba. mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom amJamad mimdinare kvlevebi da gamogonebebi, romlebsac dRes

omar mukbaniani _ Tsu zust da sabunebism- inovaciurs uwodeben, ”xvalindeli dRea”. am procesSi etyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis qimiis msoflios yvela wamyvani qveynis mecnieria CarTuli, maT departamentis makromolekulebis qimiis Soris arian qarTveli mecnierebic. da polimeruli masalebis institutis direqtori. saqarTvelos qimiuri sazoga- doebis wevri, ucxoeTTan urTierTobis ganyofilebis ufrosi; niu-iorkis mec- nierebaTa akademiis wevri; Jurnal „Poly- Tsu-s vebgverdze samecniero kvlevebis linkze (http://www. mer News”-is regionuli redkolegiis tsu.edu.ge/ge/research/innovations) devs informacia xuTi inovaciuri wevri; qimiaSi xarisxebis mimniWebeli sab- Wos wevri; Tsu Sromebis krebulis qimiaSi winadadebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, makromolekulebis qimiis mimar- saredaqcio kolegiis wevri; saerTaSor- Tulebis sruli profesoris omar mukbanianis TqmiT, maTi miR- iso Jurnalis “Polymers Research Journal” –is wevebi amiT ar amoiwureba. Tsu zust da sabunebismetyvelo mec- redkolegiis wevri; samecniero Jurnalis “xanZTas” redkolegiis wevri; saqarTvelos nierebaTa makromolekulebis qimiis mimarTulebaze amJamadac sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa akademi- araerT siaxleze muSaoben kaTedris TanamSromlebi: prof. jim- is wevri. sistematurad monawileobs da Ser aneli, mecnierebaTa kandidatebi elza marqaraSvili, Tamar leqciebs kiTxulobs sxvadasxva saerTSor- TaTriSvili, izabela esarTia da leila kalatoziSvili. iso treningebze. aris aTobiT saerTaSor- iso grantis xelmZRvaneli da publikaciis erT-erTi aseTi siaxlea myari polimer-eleqtrolitebis miRe- avtori. avtorTa koleqtivTan erTad da- ba liTiumis elementebSi energiis Sesanaxi mowyobilobisTvis. am jildoebulia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa kvlevam ukve moipova saerTaSoriso yuradReba. ukrainulma orga- akademiis p. meliqiSvilis premiiT: „saqa- rTvelos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi nizaciam _ UNTC (ukrainis samecniero teqnikuri centri, romlis saukeTeso samecniero naSromTa ciklisaT- donoric aSS da kanadaa) da saqarTvelos rusTavelis erovnulma vis“. miniWebuli aqvs Rirsebis ordeni. samecniero fondma kvleva orwliani grantiT daafinansa. proeqtis xelmZRvanelis, profesor omar mukbanianis TqmiT, Omar Mukbaniani - Director of the Institute of Macromo- energiis Senaxvis alternatiuli gzebis Ziebas Zalian didi mniS- lecular Chemistry and Polymer Materials at the Chem- vneloba aqvs. am mimarTulebiT momavalSi yvelaze saintereso istry Department of the TSU Faculty of Exact and iqneba wyalbadis elementebi, biosawvavi da liTiumis element- Natural Sciences; Member of the Georgian Chemical Society; Head of the Department of Foreign Relations; ebiT energiis Senaxva. swored liTiumis Semcveli myari poli- Member of the New York Academy of Sciences; mem- mer-eleqtrolituri elementebiT energiis Senaxvas ukavSird- ber of the regional editorial board of a journal Poly- eba Tsu-s qimiis laboratoriebSi mimdinare kvlevebic. mecnieri mer News; member of the council granting degrees in ambobs, rom msoflios erT-erTi mTavari problemaa, rac SeiZle- chemistry; member of the TSU editorial board of the collection of works in chemistry; member of the edito- ba didi gamZleobis da iafi teqnologiis Seqmna, raTa teqnikaSi rial board of international Polymers Research Journal; gamoyenebulma elementma xangrZlivad imuSaos. member of the editorial board of the Georgian scientif- omar mukbaniani da misi jgufi am Temebze wlebia muSaoben. ic journal Khandzta. Professor Mukhbaniani regularly delivers lectures at international trainings. He manag- gansakuTrebiT ixsenebs mecnieri 2008 wels miunsteris univer- es dozens of international grants and is the author of sitetSi miRebul gamocdilebas (iq igi siliciumorganul naerT- numerous publications. With a group of authors he has Ta qimiis eqspertis rangSi imyofeboda). been awarded the P. Melikishvili Prize of the Georgian `germaneli mecnierebi liTiumis elementebis eleqtrogam- Academy of Sciences: “For the Best Cycle of Scien- tific Works in Natural Sciences in Georgia” and the tarobasa da energiis xangrZliv Senaxvaze, eqspluataciuri Order of Honor. Tvisebebis gaumjobesebaze muSaobdnen. es iyo zustad is sakiTxe- bi, riTic me viyavi Tsu-Si dakavebuli. ubralod, am polimerebs liTiumis elementebis misaRebad ar viyenebdi. maSin germanel kolegebs SevTavaze polimerebis sinTezis Cveni gamocdileba. am mimarTulebiT daculia 6 sadoqtoro da Seqmnilia 10-ze meti

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 25

Research for the “Materials of Tomorrow’’

Experts already know precise dates when the earth will face a crisis in natural raw materials and accordingly many initiatives are underway for alternatives. Production that is based on oil, gas, wood, etc. will be replaced by completely different energy sources. Ongoing research and inventions that are labeled innovative are for “tomorrow” and scientists of all leading countries are participating in the search for solutions and inventions. Georgian scientists are also involved in this process.

silicium organuli polimeriT damzadebuli filebi Boards made of silicon organic polymers samagistro naSromi. germaniaSi vizitisas Sesrulda urTulesi On the TSU website (http://www.tsu.edu.ge/ge/research/inno- samuSao da kargi Sedegic miviReT. Semdeg es TanamSromloba vations) five innovative proposals are described . According to gagrZelda DAADim programis farglebSi mecnierebis staJirebebiT“, Professor Omar Mukbaniani, there are many other possibilities. The employees of the Macromolecular Chemistry Direction of _ aRniSnavs qarTveli qimikosi. the TSU Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Professor amJamad qarTveli mecnierebi savarcxliseburi aRnagobis Jimsher Aneli, and PhD candidates Eliza Markarashvili, Tamar polimerebis miRebis axal meTodze muSaoben. omar mukbania- Tatrishvili, Izabela Esartia and Leila Kalatozishvili are working nis TqmiT, am gziT miRebuli polimerebi, ufro regularuli on number of new inventions at present. aRnagobis da sinTezis pirobebSi gacilebiT mdgradebi arian. According to Mukbaniani, it is very important to search for al- amasTan, axali polimerebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ar ganicdian ternative ways to store energy. Storing energy with hydrogen batteries, lithium batteries and bio-fuel will be very important. destruqcias, rac liTiumis Semcveli polimer-eleqtrolitu- Scientists state that one of the most serious problems of the world ri membranebis warmoebisTvis mniSvnelovania. is to create highly resistant and long lasting batteries. Ongoing rogorc profesori ganmartavs, dRes arsebul liTiumis research projects at TSU chemistry laboratories study the issue of elementebSi polimerebis misaRebad gamoyenebulia sinTezis storing energy with solid polymer electrolyte batteries containing erTsafexuriani meTodi. am meTodis Sedegad xSirad miiReba lithium. defeqturi struqturebi, rac auaresebs miRebuli element- One new invention is to add solid polymer electrolytes to lithium ebis eleqtrogamtarobas da eqsploataciur Tvisebebs. amitom batteries for energy storage. This innovation has already gained international recognition, and a Ukrainian company, UNTC qarTveli mecnierebi muSaoben aseTi elementebis miRebis or- (Ukrainian Scientific Technical Center, whose donors are the safexuriani meTodis SemuSavebaze. pirveli safexuris dros USA and Canada) and the Shota Rustaveli National Science axorcieleben monomerebis, xolo meore safexurze _ poli- Foundation have funded a two-year research grant for research. merebis sinTezs. sabolood ki iReben polimer-eleqtrolitur Mukbaniani and his team have worked on these issues for years. membranebs. es proeqti oqtomberSi mTavrdeba da rogorc omar He considers his experience as a visiting expert in the chemis- mukbaniani varaudobs, am dros ukve eqnebaT sasurveli Sedegi. try of silicon organic compounds received at the University of Müsnter in 2009 very important. “Germans are working on the kvlevis saboloo Sedegi, Tsu-s sruli profesoris mtkice- electro-conductivity of lithium batteries and long-term energy biT, iqneba is, rom qarTveli mecnierebi dRevandel liTiumis el- storage, and the improvement of exploitative properties. These ementebSi gamoyenebul polimerebs Secvlian axali polimerebiT; issues were precisely what I was working on at TSU. The only paralelulad daamtkiceben, rom maT mier SemuSavebuli meTodi difference was that I did not use polymers for the production of yvelaze optimaluria; amasTanave miRebul liTiumis element- lithium batteries. I offered the German colleagues our experience with polymer synthesis. Six doctoral dissertations and more than ebSi gaizrdeba elementebis ganmuxtvaTa cikli da eleqtrogam- 10 Master’s theses have been written on the subject. During my tarebloba. es yvelaferi ki imis sawindaria, rom Seiqmneba el- visit to Germany, we had quite favorable results and the partner- ementis mdgradi sistemebi, romlebic garkveul droSi, Tveebis ship has continued.” ganmavlobaSi ar daicleba da adamianebi mas gamoiyeneben maSin, At present, Georgian scientists are working on a method for pro- roca amis saWiroeba eqnebaT. ducing comb-shaped polymers. Polymers obtained in this way

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 26

`Tumca, axali tipis polimerebis miRebaze muSaoba amiT are more stable in conditions of regular structure and synthesis. ar sruldeba. dRes msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtual- Meanwhile, new polymers cannot be destroyed, which is vitally uri sakiTxi aris liTiumis elementebis simkvrivis gazrda, important for the production of polymer electrolyte membrane. is, rom elementma rac SeiZleba meti energia Seinaxos. Cvenc A “one-step synthesis method” is used to obtain polymers in exist- ing lithium batteries. As a result , quite often defective structures swored amisken mivdivarT~, _ ambobs omar mukbaniani. are produced, which damages the electro-conductivity of lithium Tsu mecnierTa am jgufis kvlevebidan aseve gansakuTrebiT batteries and their use. Now Georgian scientists are working on aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: dRes xis produqciis didi nawili damza- a two-stage synthesis method. At the first stage, scientists make debulia xis burbuSelovani kompoziciuri masaliT, e.w. dsp- a monomer synthesis and at the second stage they make a poly- Ti, romelic SemakavSireblad Seicavs fenol-formaldehidur mer synthesis, resulting in a polymer electrolyte membrane. This fisebs. rogorc eqspertebi amtkiceben, droTa ganmavlobaSi am project terminates in October and according toMukbaniani results should be forthcoming at that time. kompoziciuri masalidan gamoiyofa formaldehidi, rac janmr- As a final result of the research, Georgian scientists can replace the TelobisTvis Zalian sazianoa. is karcerogenuli zemoqmedebiT polymers used in lithium batteries with new ones and thus prove the xasiaTdeba da moqmedebs adamianis lorwovan garsze. fenol- method is the most optimal solution. In addition to this, recharging formaldehiduri Semkvrelis xangrZlivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs batteries and electro-conductivity will increase for lithium batteries. egzemas da dermatits. es Tema imdenad aqtualuria msoflioSi, “This will not be the end of research on new types of polymers--the rom aSS-is mTavrobam miiRo senatis dadgenileba, gadaixedos issue of increasing the density of lithium batteries to store energy is xis burbuSelovan filaSi, saSualo da maRali simkvrivis xis one of the most important problems in the world today and we are boWkovan filebSi (mdf, hdf) formaldehidis Semcveloba da also working in this direction” he said. amoRebul iqnas is xmarebidan. Georgian scientists are carrying out other noteworthy research proj- ects for the future. Today wood products are mainly made up of composite mate- rials of wood shavings, or the so-called OSB (oriented strand board), which contains phenol-formaldehyde resin. Scientists claim that this product emits formaldehyde fumes that are hazardous for health. Formaldehyde is carcinogen- ic and has a negative impact on mucous membranes. Long exposure to phenol- formaldehyde causes eczema and der- matitis. This issue has become urgent and the US Government has adopted the Senate’s decision to reconsider the formaldehyde content in particleboard and medium/high-density fiberboard, and to ban its use. Georgian chemists embarked on re- search to find wood compositions that are safer for health. A Belgian com- pany, Spanogroup, which manufactures 30 per cent of wood products in Europe, has expressed an interest in the research results. The invention of TSU chemists suggests a complete eradication of phe- swored am ori mizezis gaTvaliswinebiT daiwyes qarTvelma nol-formaldehyde resin as an adhesive in OSB and its substitution qimikosebma kvleva xis kompoziciebis misaRebad. kvlevis Sede- with silicon organic polymers. These adhesives have been created gebiT ukve dainteresda belgiuri kompania ”spano jgufi”, ro- in the macromolecular chemistry laboratory and it appears that the melic evropaSi xis produqciis 30 procentis mwarmoebelia. substitutes are not only safe for health but are better adhesives than the phenol-formaldehyde resin. Professor Mukbaniani declares that Tsu-s qimikosTa gamogonebis idea mdgomareobas imaSi, rom these compounds, containing silicon, are safe as organic silicon fenolformaldehiduri fisi saerTod gamoidevneba rogorc compounds used for making artificial heart valves and vascular sys- Semkvreli da igi Seicvleba silicium organuli polimeriT (kv- tems for transplants. levis yvela komponeti gasagebi mizezebis gamo am etapze mec- Pointing out other advantages of the invention, the Georgian scien- nierTa saidumloebad rCeba). es Semkvrelebi makromolekulebis tist notes that “ Experiments have shown that mechanical properties qimiis laboratorebSi Seiqmna. omar mukbanianis ganmartebiT, and thermal stability was increased in wood boards produced by igi ara marto janmrTelobisTvis aris uvnebeli, aramed ukeTesi our method. Water absorption is reduced threefold and hydropho- bic properties decreased by approximately five times. In normal Semkvrelicaa. particleboard, water absorption is about 20 per cent, while we can siliciumis Semcveli naerTi rom janmrTelobisTvis reduce this number to 2 per cent. Products manufactured by our usafrTxoa, amis damtkicebas omar mukbaniani Semdegi argu- method can be used inside buildings and have the potential to re- mentiT cdilobs: siliciumorganuli naerTebisgan keTdeba place dry board (gypsum) walls. da adamianis organizmSi inergeba gulis xelovnuri sarqvele- The project manager says, “Incidentally, it is impossible to recycle bi, sisxlZarRvovani sistema. OSB, while organic silicon polymer is reusable. Thus, if necessary, rac Seexeba axali gamogonebis sxva upiratesobebs: `cdeb- it is possible to grind up wooden board and reglue it with the sub-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 27 iT ukve davamtkiceT, rom am xerxiT damzadebul xis filas damuxtvadi liTium-ionis elementi. gaezarda meqanikuri Tvisebebi, Termomdgradoba. TiTq- Chargeable lithium-ion battery mis samjer Semcirda wylis STanTqma, daaxloebiT xuTjer Semcirda hidrofobuloba. dRevandel xis burbuSelovan Charging equipment filaze wylis STanTqma daaxloebiT 20 procentia, Cven ki SegviZlia es monacemi 2 procentamde daviyvanoT~. am gziT Electrons miRebuli masalebi ukve SesaZlebelia gamoiyenon saxlis Electricity Sida samuSaoebisaTvis da mTlianad Secvalos TabaSir- muyao e.w. `gibsokardoni~, _ ganmartavs mecnieri. Separator sxvaTa Soris, dRevandeli `dsp~-es ganmeorebiT da- Cathode muSaveba SeuZlebelia, qarTveli qimikosebis mier mi- gnebuli siliciumorganuli polimeri ki ganaxlebadia. Anode anu, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia xis fila daifq- vas da Tsu-s laboratoriaSi miRebuli nivTierebiT xe- laxla Sewebdes, raTa ukeTesi fizikur-meqanikuri mo- nacemebis masala iqnas miRebuli. amas garda, mecnieris TqmiT, fenolormaldehidur SemkvreliT damzadebul xis burbuSelovan kompoziciur masalaSi, Wvalis gatare- ba mxolod erTxelaa SesaZlebeli, silicium organuli polimeriT damzadebuli fila ki Wvalis ramdenjerme myari polimer eleqroliti gatarebiTac ar fuWdeba, rac warmoebaSi metad mniS- Solid polymer electrolyte vnelovania. masalis mTavari upiratesoba aris isic, rom am Sem- kvreliT SeiZleba Sewebdes girCa, Tiva, foToli, stance produced in the TSU laboratory. Particleboard glued with wiwvi,zogadad, nebismieri mcenareuli narCeni. rogorc phenol-formaldehyde adhesive can be screwed in place only once, while for particleboard glued with organic silicon polymer, several omar mukbaniani amtkicebs, am masalebisgan damzadebuli screws can be applied without damaging the product.” filebi iseve SeiZleba warmatebiT gamoiyenon warmoebaSi, The main advantage of the polymer glue is that this adhesive can rogorc xis burbuSelovani filebi. samagierod, am gziT also be used for gluing cones, hay, leaves, conifer, and any kind gadarCeba dedamiwis mwvane safari. of plant waste together. Mukbaniani claims that boards made us- es kvlevac wardgenilia ukrainis samecniero teqni- ing other plant products are as reliable as particleboards. This will kuri centris da rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondis contribute to recycling vegetal materials thus conserving the envi- erTobliv saerTaSoriso grantze. omar mukbanianis sur- ronment. vilia, Tsu-s bazaze Seiqmnas sawarmo, sadac siliciumor- This research has also been presented to the co-funders--the Ukrai- nian Scientific Technical Center and the Shota Rustaveli National ganuli Semkvrelebis bazaze moxdeba filebis warmoeba; Science Foundation. Omar Mukbaniani hopes that a factory to pro- am warmoebidan miRebuli Semosavali ki universitetis duce boards with organic silicon adhesives will be established at ganviTarebas moxmardeba, rogorc es ”nokias” SemTxvevaSi TSU and that-- similar to the Nokia company - profits will be used moxda. to further the development of the university.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 28 "fotostimulirebuli myarsxeulovani reaqcia" - Tsu-s wvlili fizikaSi

fizikosi, nobelis premiis laureati ginzburgi 21-e saukunis fizikis yvelaze aqtualur problemad, ramdenime sakiTxTan erTad, maRali temperaturis zegamtarobis meqanizmis dadgenas asaxelebda. msoflio mecnierebTan erTad Tsu-s fizikosebic am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad muSaoben.

eleqtroenergiis gareSe arseboba dRevandeli msofliosT- vis absoluturad warmoudgenelia. amitomac aris mniSvnelovani eleqtroenergiis ara marto gamomuSaveba, aramed misi gadamcemi aleqsandre Sengelaia - Tsu zust da sabunebism- meqanizmebis Seqmna da daxvewa. cnobilia, rom metalebi atare- etyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis fizikis mimarTulebis departamentis sruli profe- ben dens da am gziT gadaicema eleqtroenergia. isic bevrisTvis sori. fizikis mecnierebaTa doqtori; uni- cnobilia, rom mavTulSi Zalian maRali Zabvis eleqtroenergiis versitetis akademiuri sabWos wevri.wlebis gatarebisas igi xurdeba da, zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, gadai- ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda yazanSi ruseTis wvas kidec. denis gatarebas yovelTvis axlavs Taviseburi xaxuni, mecn. akad. teqnikuri fizikis institutSi; qalaq vroclavis poloneTis mecn. akad. da- romelsac fizikosebi winaRobas uwodeben. swored winaRobis gamo bali temperaturebisa da struqturuli kv- wydeba sadenis garkveul monakveTze denis miwodeba, rac aseve Ta- levis institutSi; ciurixis universitetis namedroveobis seriozuli problemaa. fizikis institutSi postdoqtori prof. H. Keller-isa da nobelis premiis laureatis K. 1911 wels holandielma mecnierma kamerling-onesma leidenis A. Müller-is jgufSi. ciurixis universite- universitetSi aRmoaCina nivTierebebi, romlebic specialur pi- tis fizikis institutSi iyo mecnier-Tanam- robebSi, anu Zalian dabal temperaturaze (daaxloebiT – 250 gra- Sromeli, 2006 wlidan ki muSaobs Tsu-Si. dusi celsiusi), avlenen unikalur Tvisebas. maT ar gaaCniaT win- misi samecniero sferoebi da kvlevis mimar- Tulebebia eqsperimentuli kondensirebuli aRoba, anu xaxuni. am nivTierebis Semcvel sadenSi SesaZlebelia garemos fizika, magnituri rezonansi, zegam- nebismieri simZlavris eleqtroenergiis dausruleblad gatare- taroba da magnetizmi. maRaltemperaturu- ba ise, rom sadeni ar gaxurdeba. magram, Cveulebriv pirobebSi, li zegamtarebi da perspeqtiuli masalebi momavlis teqnologiebisTvis. aris 70 samec- aRniSnuli metalebi am Tvisebas kargaven. am process fizikaSi niero publikaciis avtori impaqt-faqtoris uwodeben zegamtarobas, amgvar nivTierebebs ki zegamtarebs. mqone saerTaSoriso JurnalebSi da amerikis fizikosebi SeTanxmdenen, rom es aris kvanturi movlena, romelic fizikuri sazogadoebis Jurnalebis Physical atomebis doneze mimdinareobs da misi warmodgena an adamianuri Review Letters da Physical Review-is recenzenti. araerTi grantisa da proeqtis xelmZRvane- eniT gadmocema, SeuZlebelia. Tumca, zegamtaroba Teoriulad li. da eqsperimentulad Seswavlilia da maTematikurad aRwerilia kidec. kamerling-onesis aRmoCenidan dRemde, msoflios mecniere- Alexander Shengelia – Full Professor at the Physics Depart- bi cdiloben moZebnon iseTi nivTierebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT ment, TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences; zegamtaroba SeinarCunon ufro maRal, magaliTad oTaxis tem- Doctor of Physical Sciences; Member of the Academic peraturebze, magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es SeuZleblad Council of the University. Professor Shengelia worked at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian iTvleboda. 1986 wels ki orma Sveicarielma mecnierma aleqs Academy of Sciences in Kazan for several years. He miulerma da georg bednorcma aRmoCina sruliad axali niv- has worked at the Institute of Low Temperatures and Tiereba, romelic gacilebiT ufro maRal temperaturaze iyo Structural Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Wroclaw and in the Institute of Physics of the Univer- zegamtari, vidre kamerling-onesis mier aRmoCenili nivTiere- sity of Zurich in the group of Prof. H. Keller and Nobel ba. am aRmoCenisTvis maT 1987 wels nobelis premia mieniWaT Laureate K. A. Müller. Since 2006 he has worked at (aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom 2007 wels orive mecniers mieniWa Tsu- Tbilisi State University. s sapatio doqtoris wodeba), maT mier aRmoCenil nivTierebebs Professor Shengelia’s research spheres include experi- mental condensed matter physics; magnetic resonance; mogvianebiT maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebi ewoda. axalma superconductivity and magnetism; high temperature aRmoCenam fizikaSi Zalian didi furori moaxdina. marTalia, super conductors and prospective materials for the tech- jerjerobiT oTaxis temperaturamde arc es nivTiereba inar- nologies of future. He is the author of 70 articles in international journals with impact factors and is a peer Cunebs zegamtaris Tvisebas, magram, rogorc mecnierebi varau- reviewer of the scientific journals Physical Review Let- doben, miznis miRwevamde sul cota manZili rCeba. miT umetes, ters and Physical Review. Professor Shengelia manages rom ukve arsebobs Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, romelTa dax- numerous grants and projects. marebiTac am nivTierebis gaciveba gacilebiT ufro martivi da iafia, rac maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. rac mTavaria, gaCnda imedi, rom odesRac namdvilad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba srulyofili zegamtari nivTierebis aRmoCena.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 29 Photostimulated Solid State Reaction – A contribution to Physics from TSU Vitaly Ginzburg, physicist and Nobel laureate, considered that establishing a mechanism for high temperature superconductivity would be the most important problem facing physics in the 21st century. Along with other world zegamtari Txevadi azoti Super conductive liquid nitrogen scientists TSU physicists are actively working on this issue.

swored am aRmoCenam ubiZga fizikos aleqsandre Sengela- Life without electricity is unimaginable for the modern world. There- ias moRvaweoba gaegrZelebina zegamtarebis mimarTulebiT. fore, it is important not only to generate electricity, but to create and aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi igi moRvaweobda SveicariaSi, ciurix- improve how it is transmitted. Since metals conduct electric cur- rent and permit it to be transmitted, the wires get hot and sometimes is universitetSi profesor aleqs miulerTan. saqarTveloSi burn out. Electrical conductivity is always accompanied by certain dabrunebis Semdeg ki Tsu-s sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis amounts of friction, or “resistance”, according to physicists. Due to fizikis departamentSi Tavis kolegebTan erTad Seqmna lab- this resistance sometimes power supplies are cut off in sections of oratoria, sadac maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebis mimar- transmission wires. This remains a very serious problem today. TulebiT daiwyes kvlevebi. qarTveli mecnierebi muSaoben In 1911 a Dutch scientist, Kamerlingh Onnes discovered materials rogorc fundamenturi, aseve gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebebiT. that have unique properties when used under special conditions or at very low temperatures (at approximately -250 °C). With these rogorc Tsu-s zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecniere- types of materials, electrical resistance abruptly vanishes at very low baTa fakultetis sruli profesori aleqsandre Sengelaia temperatures, thus it is possible to transmit any amount of electricity ganmartavs, mTel msoflioSi fizikosebi muSaoben maRal- through wires made of these materials and they will not heat up. In temperaturuli zegamtarobis meqanizmis gasarkvevad, ma- physics this property is called “superconductivity” and the materials gram jerjerobiT kvlav gaurkveveli rCeba meqanizmi. ratom are “superconductive”. However, under normal conditions and tem- xdeba am nivTierebebSi zegamtaroba gacilebiT ufro maRal peratures these metals lose this property. Physicists agree that this is a quantum phenomenon that occurs at the level of atoms, and it is im- temperaturaze da ratom ar xdeba igive procesi klasikur possible to imagine it or explain it orally. However, superconductiv- nivTierebebSi. ity has been described mathematically, and studied both theoretically `arsebobs ori tipis maRaltemperaturuli zegamtari _ and experimentally. xvreluri tipis zegamtari da eleqtronuli. aqamde msoflio- Since the day of Kamerlingh Onnes’ discovery scientists all over the Si iTvleboda, rom orive maTgani TiTqmis erTi da igive tipis world have been trying to find materials that can maintain supercon- zegamtaria da erT nivTierebas warmoadgens, magram Cven Sev- ductivity at higher temperatures, for example at room temperature. Although this was long considered impossible, in 1986 two Swiss ZeliT gveCvenebia, rom maTi zegamtarobis meqanizmi sakmaod scientists, Georg Bednorz and Alexander Müller, discovered a very gansxvavebulia. amiT aqamde Camoyalibebuli bevri Teoriuli new material that was superconductive at a significantly higher tem- modeli, faqtobriviad, uarvyaviT. fizikaSi yovelTvis ar- perature than previously observed. In 1987 the Nobel Prize in Physics sebobs Teoriebi, magram mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos WeSma- was awarded to them jointly for this discovery. (Twenty years later, riti, romlis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi aris eqsperimenti. in 2007, both of these scientists were awarded Tbilisi State Univer- am mimarTulebiT Zalian bevri eqsperimenti CavatareT, riTac sity Honorary Doctoral Degrees.) The materials they discovered sub- sequently were termed high temperature superconductors and the dis- SevZeliT Segvemcirebina aqamde arsebuli savaraudo Teor- covery caused a huge furor. Although this material cannot maintain iebis ricxvi da win wavsuliyaviT am amocanis amoxsnis mxriv~, superconductivity at room temperature, the scientists believe that this _ ambobs Tsu-s sruli profesori. garda Teoriuli nawilisa, goal is near, especially with modern technologies which can cool the qarTveli mecnierebi aseve muSaoben praqtikuli _ gamoyenebi- material, making their practical use easier and cheaper. Most impor- Ti TvalsazrisiT. gasul wels aleqsandre Sengelaias jgufma tant is that it raised hopes that one day it will be possible to discover the “perfect superconductive material”. maRaltemperaturuli zegamtari nivTierebis miRebis dRemde arsebuli meTodisgan gansxvavebuli wesi aRmoaCina. saqme ima- This goal is what prompted Georgian physicist, Alexander Shenge- laia, to continue his activities in superconductivity. For 10 years he Sia, rom maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebis miReba sakmaod worked with Professor Muller at the University of Zurich in Swit- rTuli procesia. igi moiTxovs Zalian maRal temperaturas _ zerland. Upon his return to Georgia he and his colleagues in the De- 1200 gradus celsiuss da dros _ daaxloebiT erT kviras. am partment of Physics created a laboratory to begin research on high meTods myarsxeulovani reaqcia ewodeba. Tsu-s fizikosebis temperature superconductivity. The Georgian scientists are working mignebuli meTodiT ki, nacvlad erTi kvirisa, zegamtarebs, in both fundamental and applied directions on this issue. Professor Shengelaia explained that scientists throughout the world are work- faqtobrivad, 20 wamis ganmavlobaSi Rebuloben. am aRmoCenaSi ing on high temperature superconductivity, but for the moment this gamoiyeneba sinaTlis mZlavri nakadi, romelsac specialuri mechanism remains unattainable. The author is particularly inter- naTurebiT iReben, amitom zegamtarebis miRebis am meTods „fo- ested in why superconductivity occurs at such high temperatures in tostimulirebuli myarsxeulovani reaqcia”, anu ”sinaTlis some substances and not in others. stimulirebuli reaqcia” ewoda. Professor Shengelaia said, “There are two types of high temperature

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 30

`Cvens mignebas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. ze- gamovaqveynoT samecniero publikaciebi da davainteresoT gamtaris miRebas gacilebiT naklebi dro da energia Wird- uSualod kompaniebi, romlebic zegamtarebs awarmoeben ” eba, rac iwvevs imas, rom saboloo produqti sagrZnoblad _ acxadebs Tsu-s zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecniere- iafi gamodis. es Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan zegamtare- baTa fakultetis sruli profesori aleqsandre Senge- biT damzadebuli kabelebi msoflio bazarze ukve aqtiurad laia, romelic darwmunebulia, rom ”fotostimulirebuli mkvidrdeba~, _ acxadebs aleqsandre Sengelaia. reaqcia” SeiZleba gamoiyenon ara marto zegamtarebis, ar- Tsu-s fizikosebis aRmoCenas _ `fotostimulirebu- amed sxva maRalteqnologiuri masalebis (magnituri, naxe- li myarsxeulovani reaqcia” ukve gaecno nobelis premiis vargamtaruli) dasamzadeblad, romelTa miRebac aseve did laureati aleqs miuleri, romelic 2011 wlis noemberSi siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. imyofeboda TsuU-Si. igi qarTvel kolegebs axali naSromis swored imis gamo, rom fotostimulirebuli reaqcia Zalian msoflio asparezze gatanaSi daxmarebas dapirda. Tumca, perspeqtiuli aRmoCenaa da didi gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, amisaTvis pirvel rigSi aucilebelia naSromis dapatenteba, masze momuSave jgufma aleqsandre Sengelaias xelmZRvanelo- rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve evropis da aSS-is sapatento biT, mimdinare wels saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli organizaciebSi. samecniero fondis orwliani granti miiRo. ”patenti swored Tsu-s saxelze gakeTdeba. vidre ar ”Cveni erT-erTi mizania, termini ”fotostimulirebu- moxdeba misi dapatenteba, es aRmoCena farTo msoflio as- li myarsxeulovani reaqcia” davamkvidroT msoflio mec- parezze ar gagvaqvs. dapatentebis Semdeg ki ”fotostimuli- nierebaSi da teqnologiaSi. es iqneba Tbilisis saxelmwifo rebuli myarsxeulovani reaqcia” unda gavitanoT msoflio universitetis da Cveni jgufis mokrZalebuli wvlili asparezze, unda gavakeToT moxsenebebi konferenciebze, fizikaSi~, _ ambobs aleqsandre Sengelaia.

YBa2Cu3O7

magnituri velis ganawileba Magnetic field distribution

superconductors – hole and electrical. Until now, it was supposed that these because cables made of superconductors are being introduced on the were similar and were one and the same material. However we have shown world market quite extensively,” Shengelaia says. that the mechanism of their superconductivity is quite different. This Alexander Müller, who visited TSU in November 2011, was already means we have rejected many theoretical models that had been previously acquainted with the TSU physicists’ discovery of photostimulated established. There are always several theories in physics, but only one can solid state reaction and he has assured his Georgian colleagues that be proven true, through experimentation. We conducted many experiments he will promote the new discovery. However, this work must first be on this problem and reduced the number of previously existing theories. patented in Georgia, as well as by European and U.S. patent offices. This moved us closer to resolving the issue.” “The work will be patented on behalf of Tbilisi State University. As Besides the theoretical approach, Georgian scientists are also carrying soon as this is done we will take the discovery of ‘photostimulated out practical and applied experiments. Last year Shengelaia’s team solid state reaction’ to the world arena and participate in international discovered a method that was different from the previous way of re- conferences to present the results; issue scientific publications; and ceiving high temperature superconductive material. Achieving high draw the attention of companies that produce superconductors,” he temperature conductivity is extremely difficult since it requires very says. Professor Shengelaia is sure that the method can be used not high temperatures --1200°C-- for a prolonged period—up to one week. only in the production of superconductors, but also for other high This method is called solid state reaction. With the method used by technology materials (magnetic, semiconductors, etc) which is diffi- Georgian physicists, superconductivity can be achieved within 20 sec- cult today. Professor Shengelaia and his team have recently received onds instead of a week by using a powerful flow of light from special a two-year grant from the Rustaveli National Science Foundation to lamps. This method is called photostimulated solid state reaction, i.e. encourage their important work. “One of our goals is to coin the term light stimulated reaction. “Our findings are of great practical impor- ‘Photostimulated Solid State Reaction’ in the world of science and tance – less time and energy is needed to achieve superconductivity, technology. It will be a modest contribution to physics by Tbilisi State making the end product significantly cheaper. It is also very important University and our team,” Shengelaia says.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 31 "bioragi" - mcenaris vitamini Biorag: An Important New Development in Plant Productivity dRes msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ramaz gaxokiZe - Tsu zust da sabunebism- etyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis problemaa kacobriobis sakvebiT momarageba. kidev bioorganuli qimiis mimarTulebis ufro didi problemaa xarisxiani da ekologiurad sruli profesori. qimiis mec- sufTa sakvebis warmoeba. Tsu mecnierTa mier nierebaTa doqtori. saerTaSoriso sainJinro akademiis akademikosi; Seqmnili axali preparati „bioragi“ swored am aSS farmakognoziis sazogadoebis problemebis gadaWras emsaxureba. namdvili wevri; evropis ekologi- Tsu sruli profesori, bioorganuli qimiis uri komitetis wevri; Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi qimiis saerTaSoriso mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli ramaz gaxokiZe kavSiris (IUPAC) wevri; saqarTvelos wlebis manZilze cocxali ujredis marTvis erovnuli, profilaqtikuri medi- SesaZleblobebs ikvlevs. kvlevis Sedegad cinis, ekologiur mecnierebaTa, agroteqnologiuri, sainJinro fi- Seswavlilia sarezervo gzebi, romelic organizmis losofur mecnierebaTa akademiebis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa maqsimalurad wevri. gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 400-ze meti sa- mecniero statia qimiis, biologiis, „daviwyeT soflis meurneobiT. pirveli cdebi bioteqnologiis, soflis meurneo- gvqonda 1979 wels. mas mere vswavlobT nel- bis, medicinis, mecnierebis isto- nela, rom ar avCqardeT. 2011 wlis mosavliT Tu riisa da filosofiis sakiTxebze, maT Soris, 10 wigni, 7 saxelmZR- vimsjelebT, unikaluri xorblis jiSis – dolis vanelo (umaRlesi da saSualo sas- puris, romliTac Cveni winaprebi ikvebebodnen, wavleblebisTvis), 1 prioritetuli mosavlianoba Cveni meTodis gamoyenebiT heqtarze cnoba aRmoCenaze, 20 gamogoneba, 9 patenti, samecniero-popularuli 18 tonamde gaizarda. am meTodis (preparat statiebi. “bioragis”) gamoyenebamde xorblis es unikaluri jiSi mxolod 1 tonamde modioda saqarTveloSi“, _ ganucxada man Jurnal „Tsu-mecnierebas“. Ramaz Gakhokidze - Full Professor of the Bioor- ganic Chemistry Department at the TSU Fac- ulty of Exact and Natural Sciences; Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Academician at the Supplying mankind with sufficient food is one of the most International Engineering Academy; Mem- important problems in the world today. However, producing ber of the U.S. Society of Pharmacognosy; high quality and ecologically pure food is yet another challenge. Member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC); Member A new preparation called Biorag, created by TSU scientists, is of Georgian National Academies of Prophy- successfully addressing this challenge in Georgia. lactic Medicine and Ecological Sciences, as Ramaz Gakhokidze, Full Professor and Head of the Bioorganic well as the Academies of Agro-technology, Engineering, and Philosophical Sciences. Chemistry Department at TSU and his team have been His 400 publications include articles in the researching the treatment of living cells for years, and their fields of chemistry, biology, biotechnology, laboratory results now demonstrate the potential capacity of agriculture, medicine, history of science and philosophy as well as ten books, seven text- certain organisms to increase crop productivity. books (for secondary and higher educational Professor Gakhokidze observed, “We started with agriculture institutions), one priority reference on a dis- and conducted our first experiments in 1979. Since then we have covery, 20 discoveries, 9 patents, and some popular scientific articles. been carrying out research--step by step--very deliberately and without haste. If we judge by the 2011 crop, the productivity of the unique native wheat variety called Doli – used for Doli bread- -which our ancestors consumed, increased from approximately one ton per hectare to 18 tons per hectare after using the Biorag organic preparation.”

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 32

mkvlevari ambobs, rom preparat `bioragis~ saSualebiT SesaZlebelia mcenareTa regulatoruli sistemebis marTva, mcenaris adaptacia sxvadasx- va pirobebTan. bioragi aZlierebs ro- gorc fesvTa sistemas, aseve aCqarebs miwiszeda nawilebis ganviTarebas; aumjobesebs mcenareTa mineralur kvebas, anu niadagidan azotis, fosfo- ris da mikroelementebis SeTvisebas. bioragis saSualebiT umjobesdeba mosavlis xarisxi cilebis, naxSirw- ylebis, vitaminebis da mikroelement- ebis raodenobis gazrdis xarjze. mag- aliTad, vitamini C izrdeba 50%-iT, lizini – 80%-iT. axali teqnologiiT miRebuli sa- soflo-sameurneo produqtebi eko- logiuri sisufTaviT, sasargeblo nivTierebaTa maRali SemcvelobiTa da unikaluri sagemovno Tvisebe- biT gamoirCeva. fermeri giorgi gabriWiZe aRniSnavs: „Catarebuli cdebis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom, Tu sakontrolo xorblis marcvals webogvara 17% hqonda, `bioragis~ gamoyenebiT es maCvenebeli 43%-mde gaizarda. es niSnavs, rom SegviZlia 1 tona damuSavebuli xorbali 3 tona uxarisxo xorbalSi SevurioT da kvebisTvis vargisi, damakmayofile- gansxvaveba bioragiT beli xarisxis purcxobis fqvili mi- damuSavebul da viRoT“. daumuSavebel mcenareebs Soris genetikosis, profesor amiran fircxelanis ganmartebiT: „kvleva exeba pesticidebiTa da sasuqebiT dabinZurebul sakveb produqtebs, daaxloebiT 7 t. kristalur Saqars. cxovelebi, adamiani)“. glazgos univer- romlebic adamianis organizmze, mis bioragis gamoyenebiT es maCvenebeli sitetis profesori p. surai, aRniSnul genetikur aparatze uaryofiT gav- Seadgens 32 tonas (saSualo mosav- naSromSi wers, rom `bioragi~ pirveli lenas axdens. kvlevebma bioragTan lianoba 143 t/ha, Saqrianoba 22,5%), _ SemTxvevaa, romelic simindSi mniS- dakavSirebiT aCvena, rom preparati acxadebs ramaz gaxokiZe. vnelovnad zrdis selenis Semcvelobas. 3-jer da metjer amcirebs sakvebi kvlevis Sedegebis mniSvnelobis „saqarTvelo 100% selenodefi- produqtebis toqsikurobas da mu- dasamtkiceblad ramaz gaxokiZes ram- cituri da 80% ioddeficituri qveyanaa. iodis naklebobac sakmaod tagenobas. Sesabamisad amcirebs kar- denime gamoxmaurebac mohyavs: miokar- rTul daavadebebs iwvevs (magali- cerogenur Tvisebebs. Tu `biorags~, diopaTiis saerTaSoriso asociaciis Tad, Ciyvi da gul-sisxlZarRvTa adre gamokvleul antimutagenur niv- prezidenti, profesori m. rogava Ju- daavadebebi), amitom `bioragis~ Tierebebs (E vitamini, interferoni rnalSi „Cardiology and Internal Medicine“ mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis kidev da sxv.) SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom axa- aRniSnavs, rom ramaz gaxokiZem Seqna ufro didia. es preparati saukeTe- li preparati ufro meti efeqtiano- teqnologis sruliad axali tipis _ sod anviTarebs fesvTa sistemas, biT xasiaTdeba“. agro-samedicino teqnologiebi _ Cadis Rrmad da iqidan xdeba saWiro nivTierebebis amoqaCva“, _ acxadebs mecnieris informaciiT, bioragis samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri sof- profesori rogava. saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sasoflo- lis meurneoba. 2010 wels, bioragis gamomgone- sameurneo mosavlianobisa da mcena- aseTi Sefasebis mizezi Semde- belma moxseneba axal preparatze reebSi Saqris Semcvelobis mkveTrad gia: cocxal organizmSi arsebobs 2 egviptis dedaqalaq kairoSi pirvel gazrdac. ZiriTadi mikroelementi, romelic saerTaSoriso konferenciaze wai- „es daakmayofilebs adamianis pasuxismgebelia gulsisxlZarRvTa kiTxa. moxsenebis Tema: „biopro- moTxovnilebebs, rogorc kvebis profilaqtikaze. esaa iodi da seleni. cesebi da mikrobiologiuri bio- teqnologiis gamoyeneba soflis produqtebze, ise biosawvavis war- bioragis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki meurneobaSi“ iyo, sadac am Temam moebaze. magaliTad, Saqris Warxlis aRmoCnda, rom mcenareebSi iodi iz- didi interesi gamoiwvia. am interess bolqvebis mosavali yovel heqtar- rdeba 960%-iT, seleni ki – 200%-iT. adasturebs saqarTvelos elCis goCa ze (50 t. saSualo mosavlianobis da gasul wels did britaneTSi gamovida jafariZis werilic da tailanduri 14% Saqrianobis SemTxvevaSi) Seicavs monografia „seleni kvebaSi (mcenareebi, aviakompaniis `Sabai-Airs~-is erT–

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 33

The researcher believes that with Biorag it is possible to treat the regulatory sys- tems of plants and help them adapt to different conditions. Biorag strengthens the root system and simultaneously accelerates the development of the whole plant by improving mineral absorption, for example of nitrogen, phosphorus and microelements from the soil. Biorag can increase not only quantity, but the qual- ity of crops by augmenting the amount of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and microelements. For example, in Doli wheat, vitamin C increases by 50% and lysine by 80%. Agricultural products treated with Biorag are ecologically pure, have a higher content of health-boosting vitamins and minerals and taste better. Giorgi Ga- brichidze, a Doli wheat farmer said, “Within this experiment gluten in our experi- mental wheat seed was 17% but with the help of Biorag it increased to 43%. This shows that we can mix 1 ton of the biologically treated wheat with 3 tons of lower quality wheat and produce satisfactory quality bread flour.” According to TSU Professor Amiran Pirtskhelani, specialized in genetic studies, “This research permits us to avoid foodstuffs that are polluted by pesticides and fertilizers, which have a negative impact on the human organism and its genetic structure. The research on Biorag shows that it reduces the toxicity and mutagen- icity of foodstuffs threefold or more, thus also reducing carcinogenic potential. If we compare Biorag with previously researched anti-mutagenic substances such as vitamin E, interferon, etc we see that Biorag is much more effective.” He said that it is also possible to significantly increase the agricultural productivity and sugar content of plants. Professor Gakhokidze stated that “It will meet human requirements for both food- stuffs and bio-fuel production. For example, a crop of sugar beets per hectare is normally 50 tons on average, with 14% sugar content and contains about 7 tons of crystal sugar. With the help of Biorag, the average crop capacity is 143 t/ha, with a sugar content of 22.5%.” He cites several sources that have commented on the significance of the research: President of the International Association of Miocardiopathy, Professor M. Roga- va, told the magazine Cardiology and Internal Medicine that Ramaz Gakhokidze has created a new type of technology – agro-medical technology – medical-pro- phylactic agriculture. This assessment mentions two basic micro-elements in The difference between plants treated with a living organism, responsible for cardiovascular health—iodine and selenium. “Biorag” (right) and those not treated with It was discovered that after using Biorag, the iodine in plants increased signifi- “Biorag” (left) cantly, for example for maize iodine increased by 960% and selenium by 200%. In 2011 a monograph by Professor P. Surrey at Glasgow University entitled “Se- lenium in Food (Plants, Animals and Humans)” was published in Great Britain. erTi mflobeli qarTveli biznesmeni mamuka This work states that using Biorag is the first time a significant increase in sele- macaberiZec, romelic ambobs, rom „tailan- nium has been observed in maize. dis dedoflis fondidan gamoiyo 200 heq- “Georgia is a country where selenium-deficiency reaches 100% and iodine-deficiency tari qveyanaSi am siaxlis dasanergad“. is 80%. The lack of iodine causes serious conditions such as goiter and cardiovascular profesorma ramaz gaxokiZem `biorags~ da diseases. Therefore, the significance of Biorag for Georgia is very high. This prepara- msgavs preparatebs 2 monografia miuZRvna: tion is the best means for the development of the root system as it penetrates deep into erTis saxelwodebaa “bioenergoaqtivatore- the ground from where all necessary substances are being absorbed by the plant,” bi“, meoris ki – “uxvi mosavlis sawindari“. Professor Gakhokidze explained. profesorma aseTi unikaluri Tvisebebis In 2010 Professor Gakhokidze delivered a speech about the new preparation in mqone nivTierebebis axal „klass“ uwoda ter- Cairo at the first international conference on “Bioprocesses and Use of Microbio- mini – „bioenergoaqtivatori“. logical Biotechnology in Agriculture,” where Biorag triggered a huge interest. A msoflioSi dRes bioorganul qimiaSi Georgian businessman, Mamuka Matsaberidze, and one of the owners of the Thai uamravi mecnieri muSaobs. qarTveli mec- airline company Sabai Airs, also expressed interest, saying that “200 hectares nierebi amboben, rom qarTuli `bioragi~ sxva analogebs mosavlis zrdis procentiT have been allotted from the Foundation of the Queen of Thailand to introduce this sjabnis. garda amisa, axal preparats aqvs new agricultural technology to Thailand.” xarisxis gaumjobesebis Tvisebac. bioragis Professor Gakhokidze has dedicated two monographs to Biorag and similar saSualebiT ekologiurad sufTa produqti preparations: one is named “Bioenergy activators” and the other “Guarantee of miiReba, radgan mkveTrad izrdeba mcenareTa Bounteous Harvest.” The Professor named a new “class” of substances with such gamZleoba daavadebebisa da araxelsayreli unique features as “Bioenergy activators”. klimaturi pirobebis moqmedebis mimarT, Many scientists are now working in the field of bioorganic chemistry throughout rac gamoricxavs Sxamqimikatebis gamoyene- the world. Georgian scientists say that Georgian Biorag prevails over its analogs bas. dRes msoflioSi gamZafrebuli kvebis by its rate of crop productivity. This preparation can also improve the quality, usafrTxoebisa (food safety) da sicocxlis however. With the help of Biorag crops are ecologically pure, because the resis- xarisxis problemebis (quality of life) fonze, qa- tance of the plants against disease and unfavorable climatic conditions sharply rTveli mecnierebi imedovneben, rom `bior- increases, avoiding the need for chemical treatment. Thus, given the persisting agi~ male gavrceldeba da praqtikaSi dain- problems related to food safety and food quality, Georgian scientists believe that ergeba. Biorag will soon be widely used.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 34 mecnierebi qarTuli mosapirkeTebeli qvebis srulfasovan bazas qmnian

nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mis bunebriv resursebze. qarTuli sabadoebis Seswavla mecnierul doneze, TiTqmis saukunis win daiwyo. Tumca, qarTveli mecnierebi irwmunebian, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze miwaSi damarxuli simdidre bolomde arc aRmoCenilia da, miT umetes, arc Seswavlili. kavkasiis aleqsandre TvalWreliZis mineraluri nedleulis instituti (ssip kmni), romelic dRes Tsu-s SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, swored bunebrivi wiaRiseulis SeswavliT aris dakavebuli. sxvaTa Soris, es aris erTaderTi instituti saqarTveloSi, romelic ”mersedesis”, ”motorolas”, ”nasas” koleqtivTan erTad, msoflios biznes-konfederaciis elitaruli wevria da mudmivi xmis uflebiT sargeblobs.

institutis samecniero kvlevebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa mosapirkeTebeli qvebis sabadoebis Seswavla. mravalwliani kvlevis safuZvelze institutSi Seiqmna wigni ”saqarTvelos bunebrivi mosapirkeTebeli qvebi”. wigni or tomad aris gamo- cemuli da masSi 200-mde mosapirkeTebeli qvis sabadoa aRwerili. pirveli wigni 2005 CobareTi wels gamoica, meore tomi ki rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis grantiT gamarmariloebuli kirqvis sabado 2009-2011 wlebSi Seiqmna. institutis direqtori revaz kvataSiZe aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi kidev uamravi sabadoa, romelic Seswavlas saWiroebs. amitom insti- Chobareti. tuti kvlevas momavalSic gaagrZelebs da saboloo Sedegebs mesame tomSi ganaT- Marbled facing stone deposits avsebs. kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg qveyanas eqneba sruli da amomwuravi informacia mosapirkeTebeli qvebis Sesaxeb. wignis Seqmnas win moculobiTi da xangrZlivi samuSao uZRoda: Catarda mosa- pirkeTebeli qvis sabadoebis SefasebiTi samuSaoebi; mecnierebma moiZies am Te- maze geologiur fondebSi daculi informacia da saavtoro monacemebi. amasTan, calkeul madangamovlinebebze Sesrulda laboratoriuli kvlevebi qanebis qi- miuri Sedgenilobis (sruli silikaturi analizi) da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvise- bebis dasadgenad; damzadda qanebis gamWvirvale Slifebi da Catarda maTi petro- grafiuli (mikroskopuli) Seswavla; perspeqtiul ubnebze daiTvales saavtoro maragebi, dadginda sabado-gamovlinebis adgilmdebareobis koordinatebi, mox- da sabado-gamovlinebaTa fotodokumentireba; yvela obieqtidan amoRebulia maxasiaTebeli qviuri masala, saidanac damzadda moSlifuli da moprialebuli sademonstracio filebi da a.S. regionebis mixedviT Sedgenilia 1:200000 masSta- bis sqematuri rukebi aRniSnuli obieqtebis CvenebiT. miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze Seiqmna specialuri pasportebi, obieqtis adgilmdebareobis, qanis dasaxelebis, feris, dekoratiulobis, fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis, qimiuri Semadgenlobis, maragebis, damuSavebis xarisxis da gamoyenebis sferos CvenebiT. aseve Seiqmna sainvesticio winadadebebis mosamzadeblad saWiro 114 sruli sainformacio paketi da a.S. sabolood, yvela mopovebuli informacia gaerTi- anda ”saqarTvelos bunebrivi mosapirkeTebeli qvebis” meore tomSi, romelic qarTul da inglisurenovania. momavalSi ki igegmeba am monacemebis internetSi ganTavseba, radgan am kvlevebis umTavresi mizani mosapirkeTebeli qvebis mimar- TulebiT saqarTvelos sabazro urTierTobebSi CarTvaa. „qarTuli bunebrivi qvebis mravalferovneba, maTi fizikur-meqanikuri parametrebi da unikaluri dekoratiuli Taviseburebebi Zalian perspeqtiuls xdis am mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelos aqvs am biznesis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli in- frastruqtura da komunikaciebi, momgebiani geografiuli mdebareoba, gasasv- leli Sav zRvaze, rac xelmisawvdomia evropisa da aziis bazrebisaTvis”, _ am- bobs kavkasiis mineraluri nedleulis institutis direqtori revaz kvataSiZe. swored amitom, instituti bunebrivi wiaRiseulis mecnieruli kvlevis gar- salieTi. marmarilo da, biznes-gegmebis momzadebazec muSaobs. biznes-gegmaSi srulad iqneba asaxu- Salieti. Marble li is xarjebi da mosalodneli mogeba, rasac dainteresebuli biznesmeni ama Tu im sabadodan miiRebs. Catarebuli samuSaoebi, mecnierTa mtkicebiT, resursebis industriaSi kargi sainvesticio garemos Seqmnas emsaxureba. kavkasiis mineraluri nedleulis institutis myari sasargeblo wiaRiseu-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 35 Scientists Create Comprehensive Data Base of Georgian Facing Stones

Economic development depends significantly on a country’s natural resources. However Georgian scientists believe that certain resources have not been studied sufficiently even though research on deposits started almost a century ago in Georgia. The A. Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources at Tbilisi State University is exploring the country’s natural resources. This is the only institute in Georgia that is an Elite Member of the World Confederation of Businesses, which includes such companies as Mercedes, Motorola and NASA, and has the right to vote on a permanent basis.

One of the key directions of the Institute’s scientific research is to study “facing stone” depos- its. A reference book was published by the Institute in two volumes, based on several years’ research, through funding from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. Entitled “Natural Facing Stones of Georgia” the first (published in 2005) and the second (2011) volumes moxoroTubani. describe approximately 200 facing stone deposits. Revaz Kvatashidze, Director of the Institute, gamarmariloebuli kirqva points out that in Georgia there are many more deposits that still need to be studied and that the Institute will continue its research and publish the final results in a third volume. Thus Georgia Mokhorotubani. Marbled facing stone will have comprehensive information on its deposits of facing stones. To create this publication, assessments of facing stone deposits were carried out first by study- ing original data found in geological records. Laboratory research was carried out on-site at ore deposit locations, to ascertain chemical content including a full silicate analysis, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the facing stone materials. Petrographic (by microscope) analysis of thin sections of rock was carried out and original reserves were quanti- fied at prospective sites. The coordinates of deposits were plotted and photo documents made. Sample stone material was taken from each site in order to make polished demonstration tiles. Schematic maps for each region show the sites to a scale of 1:200000, and based on this data individual portfolios were created to indicate the location of a deposit, type of rock, characteris- tics (color, decorative nature, physical and mechanical properties, chemical content, etc), quan- tity of reserves, quality of processing and the potential uses. A total of 114 full portfolios were created in order to prepare investment proposals. This information has been published in the second volume of “Natural Facing Stones of Georgia”, which is bilingual – Georgian and Eng- lish. In future the data will be posted online, to encourage market and investment possibilities. “The diversity of Georgian natural stones, their physical and mechanical parameters and unique decorative qualities add up to extremely interesting potential for the development of small and medium-sized businesses here. This is especially true since Georgia already has the necessary road and communications infrastructures and a convenient geographical location with access to the Black Sea, opening possibilities for European and Asian markets,” says Revaz Kvatashidze, Director of the Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources. Besides the scientific research on natural resources, the Institute is also working on business plans to illustrate expense outlays and potential profits that businesses can expect from the various deposits. Vazha Geleishvili, Head of the Scientific Research Department of Solid Minerals at the Cau- casian Institute of Mineral Resources that carried out the studies, believes that Georgian facing stone will be competitive on the world market. He specifically distinguishes the following types: limestone based marble from Moliti, Sakasria, Lopota, Tesheniti and Salieti; marbles from Lopota and Dizi; Kazbegi diabase or dolorite; Bolnisi tuff ; and Kursebi teschenite. Tivi. Vazha Geleishvili notes that Georgian facing stones come in a diversity of colors; they are solid, gakvarcebuli qviSaqva and their primary advantage is low radioactivity. “While selecting the stone to cover the façade Tivi. of the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Tbilisi--along with Italian, Turkish, Persian and Chinese stone Quartzed sandstone - Bolnisi tuff was also examined. It was ascertained that the radioactive parameters of Georgian

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 36

lis samecniero-kvleviTi ganyofilebis gamge vaJa geleiSvili (romlis gan- yofilebaSic momzadda aRniSnuli kvleva) miiCnevs, rom msoflio bazarze mo- sapirkeTebeli qvebis qarTul saxeobebs warmateba eqneba. igi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs Semdeg saxeobebs: moliTis, saqasrias, lopotas, teSenitis, salieTis gamarmariloebul kirqvebs, lopotas da dizis marmariloebs, Wauxis vulkanur berqCias, yazbegis diabazs, bolnisis tufs, kursebis teSenits da a.S.. vaJa geleiSvili aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli mosapirkeTebeli qvebi gamoirCeva ferTa mravalferonebiT, aris Zalian gamZle da misi didi upiratesobaa _ da- bali radiaqtiuloba. „samebis sakaTedro taZris mosapirkeTebeli qvis SerCevisas italiur, Turqul, sparsul da Cinur qvebTan erTad Semowmeba Cautarda bolnisis tufsac. dadginda, rom qarTuli qvis radiaciuli maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebia da swored ami- tom mieniWa mas upiratesoba. da kidev erTi, qarTuli qvis simtkiceze mianiSnebs misi pigmentebis gamZleoba. Cvenamde moRweuli saukuneebis winandeli freskebi, swored am mosapirkeTebeli qvebis pigmentebis Semcveli saRebavebiT aris daxatu- li, romelic Zalian didxans inarCunebs fers“, _ ganacxada vaJa geleiSvilma „Tsu- revaz kvataSiZe - geologia-mineral- mecnierebasTan“ saubrisas. ogiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. mecnieri Catarebuli da mimdinare kvlevis mizans ase gansazRvravs: ”Cveni sainJinro akademiis akademikosi. aleqsandre TvalWreliZis sax- mizania SeviswavloT madnebi, gamovimuSavoT maTi gadamuSavebis teqnologiebi elobis mineraluri nedleulis da mivawodoT bazars. anu biznes-gegmis doneze movamzadoT samuSaoebi da ga- kavkasiis institutis direqtori. davceT saxelmwifos, romelic Semdeg am kvlevebs SesTavazebs mTels msofli- mopovebuli aqvs 2 granti, aris os. Cven SeviswavleT yvela masala, romelic qarTulma geologiam 100 welze samecniero proeqtebis xelmZR- metia Seqmna; moviZieT axali sabadoebi. saboloo potencialis daTvlisas aR- vaneli. aris 30-mde samecniero naS- moCnda, rom bunebriv wiaRSi dRes arsebuli qvebis maragi daaxloebiT 20 mil- romis avtori. iardi dolaris Rirebulebisaa. es rac Seswavlilia, magram saqarTveloSi ar- sebobs qvis maragebi, romelic jerjerobiT arc Seswavlila da bevri arc aris Revaz Kvatashidze - Doctor of Geological-Miner- aRmoCenili“, _ ambobs igi. alogical Sciences; Academician at the En- mecnierebi acxadeben, rom institutSi evropuli standartiT aris momzade- gineering Academy; Director of the Alex- buli kvleviTi produqti, _ informacia. maTi azriT, am masalis msofliosTvis ander Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources. Professor Kvatashidze „sworad miwodeba“ saqarTvelosTvis iqneba kargi safuZveli da argumenti in- has received two grants and heads several vestorebis mosazidad. scientific projects. He is the author of ap- proximately 30 scientific works. stones are much lower, thus they were selected. In addition, the permanence of their pigment distinguishes the solidity of Georgian tuff-- ancient frescos were painted using pigments from this stone, and they have conserved their color for a very long time. “Our goal is to study the ores and develop technologies to process them for the market; this includes preparing busi- ness plans that the government can use to offer these products to the world markets. We have studied all the materials created by Georgian geological research in the last 100 years. We studied new deposits as well. Our calculations show that potential reserves here are worth ap- proximately $200 billion. However, there are reserves in Georgia which have not been studied yet and others that haven’t even been discovered.” The scientists believe that the Institute has prepared a research information product which is up to European standards and that with efficient global marketing the Government can attract investors.

vaJa geleiSvili - sruli profesori, geo- logia-mineralogiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s mineraluri nedleu- lis kavkasiis institutis myari wia- Riseulis samecniero kvleviTi gan- yofilebis gamge , aqvs mopovebuli 2 granti, aris samecniero proeqtebis xelmZRvaneli, aris 100-mde samecnie- ro naSromisa da monografiis avtori.

Vazha Geleishvili – Full Professor; Doctor of Geolog- ical-Mineralogical Sciences; Head of the Sci- entific Research Department of Solid Minerals at the Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources of TSU. Professor Geleishvili has received two grants, heads several scientific projects and is the author of approximately 100 scientific works and monographs.

saqarTvelos mineraluri qvebis nimuSebi Georgian mineral samples

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 Tsu I korpusi. biblioTekis samkiTxvelo darbazi TSU BUILDING I. LIBRARY READING HALL 38 organizebul danaSaulTan brZola saqarTveloSi Fighting Organized Crime in Georgia

IPN-is fotoarqividan

saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis miwuruls organizebuli danaSaulis donem saxifaTo maCvenebels miaRwia. saxelmwifoSi nel-nela iSleboda zRvari kanoniers da ukanonos, marTlzomier da aramarTlzomier qmedebebs Soris. saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebisTvis aucileblobas warmoadgenda organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani da ukompromiso brZolis dawyeba, risi politikuri nebac saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aRmoaCnda da umcires vadebSi organizebuli danaSaulis done da gavlena saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze TiTqmis nulis niSnuls gautolda. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola, rogorc kanonmdeblisgan, ise sasamarTlo praqtikisgan did moqnilobas da gaazrebulobas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, dadga erTbaSad SemuSavebuli samarTlebrivi regulaciebis mecnieruli analizis saWiroeba.

At the end of the 20th century, the organized crime rate in Georgia was dangerously high. Over time the line between legal and illegal, lawful and unlawful activities had become blurred, and it was urgent to start an effective and uncompromising fight against it. The Georgian government had a strong will to address the problem which means today organized crime with its wide-ranging influence on public officials has almost disappeared. Combating organized crime requires great flexibility and thinking, with efforts both from legal and legislative standpoints, as well as from the judiciary. Consequently there was a need to jointly develop scientific analyses of existing legal regulations.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 39

mimdinare wels rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon- In 2012, through support from the Shota Rustaveli National Science dis finansuri mxardaWeriT Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis Foundation, scientists within the TSU Faculty of Law wrote a scientific mecnier-TanamSromlebis mier Seiqmna sakmaod sqeltaniani analysis of the main issues, entitled “Criminalization and Problems of naSromi `organizebuli danaSaulis Tanamedrove gamov- Applying the Law in cases of Modern Manifestations of Organized Crime linebebis kriminalizaciisa da samarTalSefardebis prob- in Georgia”. lemebi qarTul sisxlis samarTlSi~. gamocema swored am da- According to the Project Supervisor Guram Nachkebia, Doctor of Le- naSaulTan dakavSirebuli problemebis analizs exeba. gal Sciences; and Project Manager, Giorgi Gorashvili, Doctor of Law, proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvanelis, iuridiul mec- nierebaTa doqtoris guram naWyebias da proeqtis menejer- the aim of the thesis is to support the Georgian government in its fight is, samarTlis doqtoris giorgi goraSvilis ganmartebiT, against specific forms of organized crime. The document also discuss- naSromi miznad isaxavs daexmaros qarTul saxelmwifos or- es the concept of organized crime and the specific forms it takes, and ganizebuli danaSaulisa da misi gamovlenis konkretuli examines the experience of other countries. It discusses the character- formebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. istics of trafficking, money-laundering, racketeering, criminal liability amasTan, naSromSi gamokveTilia organizebuli danaSau- of legal entities, confiscation, the criminal world and the “thieves-in- lis cnebis da misi gamovlenis konkretuli formebis meT- law” system. odologiuri aspeqtebi; Seswavlilia am mxriv ucxoeTis This white paper is the first study to summarize and compare the qveynebis gamocdileba; gamovlenilia trefikingis, fulis criminological, legislative and judicial aspects with those of interna- gaTeTrebis, reketis, iuridiuli pirebis sisxlissamarT- tional law against organized crime. It is particularly important for its lebrivi pasuxismgeblobis, qonebis CamorTmevis, qurduli examination of judicial proceedings, examining the effective regula- samyarosa da e.w. kanonieri qurdebis Taviseburebani da a.S. tions that have brought success in the fight against organized crime in naSromis unikaloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kompleq- surad pirvelad aris gaazrebuli organizebuli danaSau- Georgia. The thesis offers specific and relevant legislative and practi- lobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kriminologiuri, sisxlis- cal recommendations. samarTlebrivi, sisxlis saproceso-samarTlebrivi, saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. naSroms gansa- kuTrebul Rirebulebas sZens sasamarTlo praqtikis anal- izi, sadac gaanalizebulia is efeqtiani regulaciebi, ramac ORGANIZED CRIME IN GEORGIA saqarTvelos organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola- Si warmateba moutana. naSromSi mocemulia garkveuli wina- dadebebi rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise praqtikuli Sinaarsis, The authors discuss the most problematic forms of organized crime in romlebic nakarnaxevia organizebuli danaSaulobis winaaR- Georgia, which include trafficking, the criminal world, including com- mdeg brZolaSi saxelmwifosTvis xelSewyobis miznidan. munities of thieves, the “thieves-in-law” system, racketeering, money- laundering, etc.. In each country, organized crime has specific character- istics. In the post-Soviet region, including Georgia, organized crime was organizebuli danaSauli saqarTveloSi mainly connected with underworld criminal organizations. This is termed the “criminal world” in Georgian, and is an interesting phenomenon both saqarTveloSi arsebuli organizebuli danaSaulis in its concept and scope. It operated differently over the Soviet Union gamovlinebebidan naSromSi gaanalizebulia avtorTa azriT from similar criminal groupings in other countries. After the collapse of SedarebiT problemuri formebi, rogoricaa: trefikingi, the Soviet Union, the underworld maintained its unified form and, even qurduli samyaros wevroba, kanonieri qurdoba, reketi, fu- lis gaTeTreba da a.S. today, covers the entire post-Soviet area. Thus Georgia’s success in the organizebuli danaSauli yvela saxelmwifoSi misTvis fight against a cornerstone of organized crime, the “thieves-in-law” sys- damaxasiaTebeli niSniT iCens Tavs, postsabWour sivrceSi, tem, is even more noteworthy. Georgia declared war against this crimi- maT Soris saqarTveloSi, igi ZiriTadad gamovlinda qur- nal organization which was operating over the entire area of the former duli kriminaluri organizaciis saxiT. qurduli kriminal- Soviet Union, and was the first post-Soviet country to challenge it. As uri organizacia, e.w. qurduli samyaro, rogorc mas saqa- Giorgi Gorashvili notes, considering the immense financial and political rTvelos kanonmdebelma uwoda, kriminologiuri SinaarsiT influence of thieves-in-law, it is easy to imagine the great courage that metad sainteresoa, radganac msoflios sxva qveynebis or- this small country has demonstrated, while other countries that are much ganizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebisgan gansxvavebiT bigger and more powerful than Georgia have not been able to cope with moqmedebda mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi. sabWoTa the problem. kavSiris rRvevis Semdgom kriminaluri organizacia kvlav According to this research, despite the fact that traditional forms of or- erTian formas inarCunebs da mTel postsabWour sivrces ganized crime in Georgia are decreasing, this problem requires further moicavs dResac. aRniSnuli viTarebidan gamomdinare miT ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens saqarTvelos warmateba orga- study. “The tendency towards less organized crime is the result of the nizebuli danaSaulis ZiriTadi birTvis, kanonieri qurdebis fact that the Georgian government has demonstrated strong political will winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, radganac unda CaiTvalos, rom saqa- to combat the problem. The government has eradicated corruption in al- rTvelom brZola gamoucxada ara mxolod konkretulad mis most all fields of social and state life; it has imposed tough discipline and teritoriaze, aramed postsabWour sivrceze moqmed krimi- order in the civil services, in the fields of official documentation and in nalur organizacias. organizebuli danaSaulobis winaaR- privatization. It has carried out successful reforms in law enforcement mdeg brZolis warmatebulobis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia is, agencies. As a result, organized crime is losing its foundations,’’ states rom saqarTvelom postsabWoTa respublikebidan pirvelma Guram Nachkebia. da erTaderTma gamoucxada brZola e.w. kanonieri qurdebis kriminalur organizacias. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qurduli kriminaluri organizaciis finansur, politikur da sxva saxis gavlenas, advili misaxvedria Tu ramxela gambedaoba gamoiCina patara saqarTvelom, maSin rodesac aRniSnul THE CRIMINAL WORLD AND THE CRIMINAL problemas ver umklavdeba saqarTveloze gacilebiT didi SUBCULTURE da Zlieri saxelmwifoebi - ganmartavs samarTlis doqtori giorgi goraSvili. Tsu mecnierTa kvlevis Tanaxmad `imis miuxedavad, rom The “thief-in-law” is a special form of organized crime that began dur- organizebuli danaSaulis tradiciuli formebi Taname- ing the Soviet era in the vast prison and gulag cultures. The percentage drove saqarTveloSi mcirdeba, es problema Semdgom Seswav- of Georgian ‘’thieves-in -law’’ during the Soviet Union and after its col-

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 40

las mainc moiTxovs. `organizebuli danaSaulis formebis Semcirebis amgvari tendecia ZiriTadad imis Sedegia, rom qarTulma saxelmwifom danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi politikuri neba gamoav- lina: sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferodan gamoaZeva koruf- cia; mkacri wesrigi da disciplina daamyara momsaxurebis, oficialuri dokumentebis brunvisa da privatizaciis sferoSi; sruliad axal doneze dadga da gadawyda samarTaldamcavi organoebis re- formirebis problemebi, ris Sedegad organizebul danaSauls safuZveli ecleba~, _ aRniSnavs gu- ram naWyebia.

qurduli samyaros wevroba da kriminaluri subkultura

organizebuli danaSaulis gansakuTrebuli formaa `kanonieri qurdoba~. saqarTveloSi e.w. qur- duli subkulturis farTo gavrcelebaze metyvelebs qarTuli warmoSobis `kanonieri qurdebis~ procentuli simravle sabWoTa kavSiris dros da misi rRvevis Semdegac. konkretuli cifrebi aseTia: sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze kanonieri qurdebis 33%-s Seadgendnen rusebi, 31%-s _ qa- rTvelebi, 8%-s _ somxebi, 5%-s _ azerbaijanelebi da 22%-sxva danarCeni. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis simcires, postsabWoeTis `kanonieri qurdebis~ 31% marTlac uzarmazari maCvenebelia. samarTlis doqtoris giorgi goraSvilis ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ualternati- vo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. an unda gamoeCina brZolis unari da Se- brZoleboda organizebul danaSauls, an uari unda eTqva saxelmwifoebriobaze da kriminokratiad gadaqceuliyo. saqarTvelom brZolis gza airCia. upirveles yovlisa ki brZola gamoucxada orga- nizebuli danaSaulis ZiriTad birTvs e.w. kanonieri qurdebis~ instituts. brZolis pirveli etapi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna iyo. ~kanonieri qurdoba da qurdoba, rogorc Cveulebrivi danaSauli, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. qurduli samyaros wevroba da kanonieri qurdoba mimarTulia, ara sakuTrebis, aramed sazogadoe- brivi wesrigis winaaRmdeg. radgan qurduli samyaros wevrisadmi pativiscema da idealad misi warmo- Cena safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebaSi moralurad jansaRi urTierTobis damkvidrebas da amkvidrebs qurduli samyaros amoralizms, rac gansakuTrebiT saSiSia axalgazrdobisTvis~, _ ganamartavs gu- ram naWyebia.

qonebis CamorTmeva, rogorc efeqtiani meqanizmi organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

qonebis CamorTmevis instituti jer kidev sabWoTa epoqaSi arsebobda da cnobili iyo qonebis konfiskaciiT. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sisxlis samrTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi kon- fiskaciis instituti amoqmedda 2006 wels. parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romelic adgens reketTan da reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxebTan erTad, aseve qurduli samyaros, qurduli samyaros wevrobisa da kanonieri qurdis cnebas, amasTan qurduli samyaros wevrTa da maTTan dakavSirebul pirTa ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. es kanoni miznad isaxavs xeli Seuwyos organizebuli danaSaulis, qurduli samyarosa da reketis winaaRmdeg brZo- las da mis Tavidan acilebas. marTalia, iuristi daviT sulaqveliZe sakuTar naSromSi aRiarebs or- ganizebul danaSaulTan brZolis erT-erT efeqtian saSualebad ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevas, magram iqve saubrobs qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi arsebul sakanonmdeblo xarve- zebze da problemebze, romelic am muxlis amoqmedebas mohyva da romelmac sxva kanonebSi SeuTavse- bloba gamoiwvia. amitom, mecnieri am sakanonmdeblo xarvezis gamosworebis aucileblobazec sau- brobs.

trefikingi

XX saukunis bolos msoflios kriminalur bizness (iaraRiT da narkotikiT vaWrobis gverdiT) daemata adamianiT vaWroba _ trefikingi. adamianiT vaWroba _ trefikingi xelyofs adamianis araerT fundamentur uflebas da Tavisufle- bas, amitomaa, rom igi scildeba erTi romelime qveynis farglebs da transnacionalur xasiaTs iZens. saqarTveloSi terfikingis msxverplad qcevis risk-faqtori gansakuTrebiT maRalia quCis bavS- vebSi, romelTa asaki 3-dan 9 wlamdea. maT ZiriTadad amuSaveben maTxovrebad. Tumca, unda aRiniS- nos, rom ucxoeTis qveynebSi bavSvTa eqspluataciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa prostitucia da sqesobrivi eqspluatacia. amasTan, mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs quCis bavS- vebis statistika, ris gamoc ucnobia saqarTveloSi ramdeni bavSvia trefikingis msxverpli. ~trefikingis saqmeebze winasagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqarT- velos winaswari gamoZiebis organoebisa da sasamarTloebis saqmianoba jer kidev srulad ver akmayofi- lebs am danaSaulTan brZolis, aseT danaSaulTa saqmeebze winaswari gamoZiebis warmoebisa da sasamarTlo ganxilvis Taobaze Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso konvenciebiTa da saqarTvelos Sida kanonmdeblobiT gaT- valiswinebul moTxovnebs~, _ wers samarTlis doqtori daviT sulaqveliZe.

ukanono Semosavlebis legalizacia

organizebuli danaSaulis mamoZravebeli Zala `WuWyiani~ fulia, xolo misi `garecxva~ pirdapi- raa dakavSirebuli organizebul danaSaulTan. finansuri qmedebis spacialuri jgufis (FATF) mona-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 41 lapse reveals the extent of this criminal subculture in Georgia: 33% of ‘’thieves-in-law’’ were Russian, 31% were Georgian, 8% were Arme- nian, 5% were Azerbaijani and 22% were all other nationalities in the Soviet Union. Considering the proportionately small Georgian popula- tion, 31% of the entire Soviet Union indeed represented a huge number of criminals. According to Gorashvili, Georgia had few alternatives in the early years of this century--either the country would have to demonstrate their abil- ity to fight against organized crime, or they would have to refuse state- hood and turn into a “criminocracy”. Georgia chose to fight. First of all, the government declared war against the corner stone of organized crime, thieves-in-law. The first stage of this fight was to form a viable legal framework. “Theft-in-law” and regular theft are very different. Being a member of the criminal world and being a thief-in-law is not aimed against prop- erty, but against social order. Respect towards members of the criminal world and the idealization of such authority represents a threat to the formation of morally appropriate social relations. Such approaches and attitudes contribute to the establishment of the immorality of the crimi- nal world, and are particularly dangerous for the young, according to Guram Nachkebia.

CONFISCATION AS AN EFFECTIVE MECHANISM TO FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME

The practice of confiscating property existed during the Soviet Union and was carried out through the criminal justice system of independent Georgia beginning in 2006. The Georgian Parliament passed a law defining the issues of racketeering and the confisca- tion of property obtained by racketeering, the concept of the crimi- nal world, and the confiscation of illegal and dubiously acquired property of members of the criminal world including individuals connected with them. This law aimed to eradicate and prevent orga- nized crime, the criminal world and racketeering. Even though Da- vit Sulakvelidze, Doctor of Law, admits that confiscation of illegal and unclear property acquisition is one of the most effective ways of fighting organized crime, he talks about the legal drawbacks and problems within Georgian legislation which followed application of the new law. The application of this article of law caused incompat- ibility with other laws.

TRAFFICKING

At the end of the 20th century, human trafficking was added to the types of global criminal business that included arms and drugs traf- ficking. Human trafficking violates a number of fundamental hu- man rights and freedoms thus it goes beyond the scope of a spe- cific country and has a transnational character. In Georgia, the risk of becoming a victim of trafficking is particularly high for street children aged 3 to 9. They are mainly forced to work as beggars. However, the most common form of child exploitation abroad is prostitution and sexual exploitation. There are no reliable statistics on street children in Georgia, which makes it impossible to identify how many children are victims of trafficking. Davit Sulakvelidze noted that “Investigation and court rulings on traf- ficking cases show that Georgia’s preliminary investigative bodies and judicial proceedings do not yet comply with requirements set by rel- evant international conventions or with Georgia’s domestic legislation on trafficking, or with how preliminary investigations of similar cases are conducted”.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 42

cemebiT yovelwliurad msoflioSi 500 miliardidan 1,5 tri- lioni aSS dolari irecxeba. `fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqti saqarTveloSi 2003 wels miiRes, `kanoni ukanono Se- mosavlebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb~. mogvianebiT ki am dana- SaulTan brZolis kidev erTi meqanizmi~, _ dausabuTebeli qonebis cneba dainerga. eqspertebis varaudiT, saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosav- lebis gasaTeTreblad ufro xSirad iyeneben aratradiciul safinanso organizaciebs, radgan fulis `garecxvasTan~ sa- brZolvelad kanonmdebloba sabanko seqtorSi srulyofil- ia. fulis gaTeTrebis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo samSeneblo biznesi, romelic dRes krizisSia. saqarTveloSi sesxis uz- runvelyofis saxeebSi 54 procenti ukavia uZrav qonebas. eqsprtebis azriT, roca qoneba `WuWyiani~ fuliT aris SeZe- nili da Semdeg sabanko sesxis garantiad gamoyenebuli, gamo- guram naWyebia - iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu iv. ja- vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite- dis, rom esec gaTeTrebis sqemaa. fulis garecxvisTvis aseve tis iuridiuli fakultetis sisxlis samarTlis mimar- gamoiyeneba savaluto operaciebis ganmaxorcielebeli da Tulebis sruli profesori. aris amave universitetis fulis gamgzavni dawesebulebebi; aseve, tradiciulad am iuridiul fakultetze arsebuli sisxlis samarTlisa mizniT iyeneben kazinosa da azartuli TamaSebis dawesebule- da sisxlis samarTlis procesis samecniero-kvleviTi bebs, sportul totalizatorebs da a.S. institutis koordinatori, fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos wevri. `TbilisSi kazino yovelwliurad ixdis licenziis ga- gamoqveynebuli aqvs 63 naSromi, maT Soris 9 wigni, saxelmZ- dasaxads 5 milion lars da yovelkvartalurad fiqsirebul Rvanelo sisxlis samarTlis zogad nawilSi, damxmare sax- gadasaxads 30000 laris odenobiT _ TviToeul magidaze. elmZRvanelo qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciaSi, erTi saqarTveloSi ramdenad CarTulia saTamaSo biznesi fulis leqciis kursi, danarCeni 6 wigni ki monografiaa. garecxvis sqemaSi, Zneli saTqmelia, ragan konkretuli in- formacia ver movipoveT~, _ ambobs naSromSi mecnierebaTa Guram Nachkebia – Doctor of Juridical Sciences; Full Professor at the Crimi- doqtori goCa mamulaSvili. nology Department of the Law Faculty at Tbilisi State University; sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `organizebuli da- Coordinator of the Scientific-Research Institute of Criminal Law and naSaulis Tanamedrove gamovlinebebis kriminalizaciisa da Criminal Procedure of the TSU Law Faculty; member of the faculty’s samarTalSefardebis problemebi qarTul sisxlis samarTl- dissertation council. He has published 63 works, including a textbook Si~ sainteresoa, ara mxolod iuristebisTvis, aramed rigiTi on general criminal law; a supplementary textbook classifying criminal activity; six books are monographs. mkiTxvelisTvis, radgan masSi gaanalizebuli socialuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove organizebuli danaSaulisTvis da danaSau- lebrivi subkulturisTvis, xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebrivi marTlSegnebis amaRlebas~, _ ganmartavs proeqtis menejeri, samarTlis doqtori giorgi goraSvili.

LEGISLATION ON ILLEGAL INCOME

The driving force of organized crime is “dirty” money and its “laundering”. According to the international Financial Action Task Force (FATF), every year between 500 billion to 1.5 trillion US dollars are subject to money- laundering. Georgia’s first legislative act on money-laundering was ad- opted in 2003. Later the concept of unjustified property was developed. According to experts, nontraditional financial organizations are more fre- giorgi goraSvili - samarTlis doqtori; 2005 wlidan dRemde quently used for illegal income laundering than the banking sector in Geor- aris Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli gia. This can be explained by the fact that the legislation against money fakultetis asistent-profesori. iyo universitetis reqtoris mrCeveli dacvis da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi; laundering in the banking sector is very well developed. The construction 2010 wlidan dRemde ki aris universitetis dacvis da business used to be an ideal method for money-laundering but is presently usafrTxoebis samsaxuris ufrosi; aris advokatTa aso- in crisis. In Georgia, real estate makes up 54% of the types of collateral ciaciis wevri saerTo specializaciiT; for loans, and when property is obtained using “dirty” money then used as 2009 wels mieniWa ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis samecniero stipendia. 2009 wels gaimarjva konkursSi da dajildov- collateral it is a money-laundering scheme. Businesses providing foreign da prezidentis grantiT „axalgazrda mecnierTaTvis“. currency operations and money transfer services are also used for money- 2009-2011 wlebSi iyo rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero laundering. Other traditional milieux for money laundering are casinos and fondis mier dafinansebuli samecniero proeqtis mene- jeri. aris mniSvnelovani 8 samecniero naSromis, aqedan gambling operations and betting shops ori monografiis avtori. In the study on crime, Gocha Mamulashvili stated that in Tbilisi a casino has to pay a license fee of 5 million GEL annually and a fixed fee of 30,000 GEL on each gambling table quarterly.However, it is hard to say how ac- Giorgi Gorashvili - Doctor of Law; has been serving at theFaculty of Law of TSU as an assistant-professor since 2005; served as anadvisor to the tively the gambling business is involved in money-laundering in Georgia rector in safety and security issues; has been the head of thesafety and for lack of specific information. security issues of the university since 2010; is a member of Georgian The author concludes that “Criminalization and Problems of Applying the Young Lawyers’ Association (GYLA) with general specialization. GiorgiGorashvili was granted Ilia Chavchavadze scientific scholarship Law in Cases of Modern Manifestations of Organized Crime in Georgia” is in 2009; wonthe competition and was awarded the President’s grant for interesting not only for lawyers but for other citizens as well. It analyzes the ‘’young scientists’’in 2009; In 2009-2011, supervised the project funded social and psychological factors that characterize modern organized crime by the Shota RustaveliNational Science Foundation. Giorgi Gorashvili and the criminal subculture, which can contribute to raising public legal is an author of 8 scientificworks, two of the works are monographs. awareness.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 43 mniSvnelovani nabijebi mediaciis institutis dasanergad Important Steps Taken to Establish the TSU Institute of Mediation

davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis instituti - mediacia dRes saqarTveloSic aqtualuri xdeba. am institutis danergvaSi Tsu-s gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seaqvs. mediacia davis gadawyvetis iafi da swrafi saSualebaa. es aris mxareTa Tavisufal nebaze damyarebuli procedura, romlis drosac specialuri codniT aRWurvili neitraluri mesame piri, mediatori, sistemurad uwyobs xels mxareTa Soris komunikacias, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxados modaveTa TviTpasuxismgeblobaze damyarebuli SeTanxmebis miRweva. mediaciis procesi konfidencialuria, nebayoflobiTia, sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT nakleb xarjebs moiTxovs da uzrunvelyofs orive mxaris interesebis dakmayofilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspertebi mediaciis uaryofiT mxareebzec saubroben, praqtika aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si samoqalaqo davebis daaxloebiT 95%-is gadawyveta mediatorebis saSualebiT xdeba.

The practice of alternative dispute resolution – mediation - is becoming very well-known in Georgia. TSU is making a significant contribution to the establishment of the practice of mediation. Mediation is a low-cost and rapid way to solve disputes. Its a procedure based on the free will of the disputing parties. During the process, a specially trained third person, the mediator, systematically promotes communication between the parties to reach an agreement based on both plaintiffs’ self-accountability. The mediation process is confidential, voluntary, and relatively inexpensive compared to court proceedings, and it better meets the interests of both parties. Despite some drawbacks, the practice demonstrates that 95% of civil disputes are resolved through mediation in the USA. In Georgia, relevant legislative changes were carried out at the end of 2011 to permit mediation. According to TSU Academic Council resolution #109, in October 2011, a “National Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution’’ was established on the basis of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Tbilisi State University, South Texas College of Law (Houston) and the East-West Management Institute (EWMI).

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 44

`davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis lebrivi eTikis kursi. Tsu-Si aseve nacionaluri centri~ Tsu-s sauni- iqmneba mediaciis klinika, sadac versiteto mniSvnelobis saganmana- studentebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT Tleblo-samecniero struqturuli realuri, praqtikuli urTierToba erTeulia. centris finansuri uzrun- hqondeT Cveulebriv klientebTan. velyofa xorcieldeba USAID-is `mar- moxdeba profesor-maswavlebelTa Tlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da gadamzadebac. amasTan, centris samarTlebrivi gaZlierebis (JILEP) saqmianobaSi Sedis saerTaSoriso proeqtis~ farglebSi Tbilisis sax- konferenciebis mowyoba, student- elmwifo universitetsa da aRmosav- Ta erovnuli konkursebis organize- leT-dasavleTis marTvis instituts ba mediaciasa da samoqalaqo saqmeTa Soris (EWMI) gaformebuli sagranto advokatis unar-CvevebSi da a.S. xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. centris direqtoris ganmarte- urTierTTanamSromlobis memorn- biT, am yvelafris saboloo mizani, adumis safuZvelze samxreT texasis studentebis ganaTlebasTan er- samarTlis skola (South Texas Collage of Tad, sazogadoebis informirebacaa. Law) zrunavs centris mudmiv ganvi- aucilebelia mediaciis institutis Tarebaze. uziarebs mas gamocdilebas meti popularizacia, rac realur da mxars uWers safakulteto gacv- cxovrebaSi mis danergvas gaaadvi- liT programebs, romlebic mocavs qa- lebs. rTveli studentebisa da profesion- centris saqmianobis meore ali iuristebis swavlebas, kvleviT mimarTulebaa davis alternatiu- saqmianobas. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis li gadawyvetis samarTlis ganviTa- marTvis instituti (East-West Manage- reba saqarTveloSi da mediaciis in- ment Institute) – xels uwyobs centrs stitutisa da davis alternatiuli grZelvadiani proeqtebis dagegmvasa gadawyvetis sxva meqanizmebis dan- da marTvis, organizaciuli mdgra- ergva. 2011 wlis dekemberSi `saqa- dobis sakiTxebSi. aseve, gangrZobadi rTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso iuridiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebi- kodeqsSi~ Setanili cvlilebiT, sTvis saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi mTel rig saqmeebze, kerZod, sao- eqspertebis moZiebaSi. Tbilisis sax- jaxo, samezoblo da samemkvidreo elmwifo universitetTan erTad uz- davebze, savaldebulo sasamarT- runvelyofs centris finansur da te- lo mediacia dainerga. Sesabam- qnikur mxardaWeras. isad, gaCnda kvalificiuri kadris cetnris TanamSromlebi saswavlo saWiroeba, rac dReisTvis saqarT- vizitiT imyofebodnen hiustonSi. veloSi ar arsebobs. aseve samxreT texasis samarTlis Tsu `davis alternatiuli gadaw- skolis profesorebi, romlebic aqti- yvetis nacionaluri centri~ aqtiu- urad monawileobdnen aSS-is sxvadasx- rad aris CarTuli sasamarTlo medi- va StatSi mediaciis institutis aciis sapilote proeqtSi. mimdinare danergvaSi da sakanonmdeblo bazis wlis maisSi centrsa da saqarTvelos SemuSavebaSi, imyofebodnen saqa- iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos, iustici- swored davis alternatiuli meqa- rTveloSi. gamarTes seminarebi da is umaRles skolas, Tbilisis saqalaqo nizmiT gadawyvetas cdilobs. Sexvedrebi profesorebTan da praq- sasamarTlos, germaniis saerTaSor- erTiani standartis dasanergad tikos iuristebTan. aseve, qveyanaSi iso TanamSromlobis sazogadoebasa ki, Tsu-s centris warmomadgenlebi arsebuli situaciisa da qarTuli da aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis da mediaciis programaSi CarTuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT moamzades instituts Soris xeli moewera memo- yvela subieqti dRes erToblivi kon- rekomendaciebi saqarTveloSi media- randums. memorandumis safuZvelze cefciis SemuSavebaze zrunavs. qarT- ciis institutis danergvis Sesaxeb da centri CarTulia sasamarTlo media- vel iuristebs daxmarebas amerikeli SeimuSaves Sesabamisi saswavlo kursi ciis danergvis procesSi; maT Soris partniorebi uweven. profesorebisTvis. - mediatorTa SesarCev konkursSic. Tsu `davis alternatiuli gadaw- `davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis amasTan, centris TanamSromlebi yvetis nacionaluri centri~ aris nacionaluri centris~ direqtoris monawileoben sakanonmdeblo cvli- erovnuli centri, anu, rodesac vsau- Tea imedaZis gancxadebiT centri muS- lebebis SemuSavebaSi. brobT saswavlo kursebis danergvaze, aobs ramdenime mimarTulebiT: Tea imedaZis TqmiT, mediaciis in- profesorebis gadamzadebaze, an medi- pirveli aris iuridiuli gana- stitutis mimarT Zalian didi dain- aciasTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxe- Tlebis ganviTarebaze zrunva. ro- teresebaa saxelmwifo struqturebis bze, es ar aris mxolod Tsu-sTvis. es gorc sabakalavro, aseve samagistro mxridan. iusticiis saministro, sistema iqmneba nebismieri samarTlis programaSi unda dainergos media- notariusTa palata, aRsrulebis skolisTvis, romelic arsebobs saqa- ciis da davis alternatiuli gadaw- erovnuli biuro, Semosavlebis sam- rTveloSi. Cveni mizania, mTeli qvey- yvetis saswavlo kursebi, swavlebis saxuri, yvela es struqtura maT sam- nis masStabiT gavaerTianoT media- Tanamedrove meTodebi da samarT- saxurSi warmoSobili konfliqtis ciiT dainteresebuli saswavleblebi

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 45

The National Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution is an educational- scientific unit within Tbilisi State University and receives financial support from USAID within the framework of its Judicial Independence and Le- gal Empowerment Project, according to an agreement between Tbilisi State University and the East-West Management Institute (EWMI). According to the MoU, South Texas Collage of Law will take the necessary measures to develop the Mediation Center, will share its own experience and will support faculty exchange programs. This includes training and research activities by Georgian students and legal professionals. East-West Manage- ment Institute supports the issues of long-term project planning and manage- ment as well as recruiting local and foreign experts for the development of continuing legal education. Along with TSU, East-West Management Insti- tute also ensures financial and technical support for the university. The Center employees have made an academic visit to Houston and pro- fessors from South Texas Collage of Law, who actively participated in the establishment of mediation centers and creating legislative frameworks in various US states, also visited Georgia. The visiting professors held semi- nars and meetings with Georgian professors and practicing lawyers. To es- tablish the Center, they worked out recommendations specific to the existing situation and to Georgian culture. They subsequently drafted an academic course for Georgian professors. According to Tea Imedadze, Director of the National Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution at TSU, the Center has several activities planned: The Center’s number one priority is to support the development of legal educa- tion and will establish courses in mediation and dispute resolution both at the BA and MA levels; it will establish modern study methods and a course in legal ethics. A Mediation Clinic is being created at TSU where students will have the chance to have hands-on experience with actual clients. The Center plans to retrain professors, teachers, organize international confer- ences, national student competitions in mediation, and civil lawyers’ skills and competencies. According to the Director the key aim of founding the new Mediation Center and the Clinic is not only to provide an excellent education for students but to raise public awareness about mediation. It is vitally important to promote the Center, which will make it easier to establish the practice of mediation in everyday life. The second direction of the center is to develop a legal framework for al- ternative dispute resolution in Georgia including an Institute of Mediation and other mechanisms to resolve disputes. In December 2011, according to an amendment to the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia, a compulsory court mediation procedure was established in number of contexts such as family, neighborhood and inheritance disputes. Accordingly, it became necessary to acquire qualified staff, which is not available in Georgia at present. The TSU Center is actively involved in a pilot project for court mediation. _ Tsu-is centrSi da gadavceT maT is ga- In May 2012 a memorandum was signed between the Center, the High Council of Justice of mocdileba, romelic Cven ukve SeviZineT Georgia, the Tbilisi Civil Court, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenar- ucxoeli partniorebis daxmarebiT,~ - am- beit’’ (GIZ) and the East-West Management Institute . In compliance with this memorandum, bobs Tea imedaZe. the Center takes an active part establishing court mediation including hiring mediators. At the mediaciis institutis danergvis same time Center employees are drafting legislative changes. xelSewyobisa da sazogadoebis infor- According to Imedadze, state agencies have expressed significant interest in the Center. The mirebis xarisxis gasazrdelad `davis Ministry of Justice of Georgia, The Chamber of Notaries, the National Bureau of Law En- alternatiuli gadawyvetis naciona- forcement, and the Revenue Service are all beginning to manage dispute resolution through luri centri~ wlis bolos gamoscems alternative mechanisms. The TSU Center and all persons engaged in the mediation program eleqtronul Jurnals. centris direq- are creating a joint concept to establish unified standards. The American partners are support- toris varaudiT, SeiZleba gamoices Ju- ing Georgian lawyers in this endeavor. rnalis beWduri versiac, magram igi iu- Imnadze points out that “the Center’s objectives such as creating courses, retraining profes- ridiuli fakultetis Jurnalis danamati sors and other activities will not only serve TSU interests. The skills and programs will be iqneba. mediaciis JurnalSi warmodgenili offered to all law schools in Georgia. Our aim is to unite all the education centers interested in mediation behind TSU and to share our experience and training received with the help of iqneba davis alternatiul gadawyvetas- foreign partners”. Tan dakavSirebuli yvela siaxle, sain- In order to support the creation of the Center and raise public awareness, the Center plans to tereso statiebi, eqspertTa mosazrebebi, release an electronic journal by the end of the year. According to the Director there may be a gaSuqdeba konferenciis Sedegebi da a.S. printed version of the journal, which will be an addition to the journal of the Faculty of Law. It centris warmomadgenlebis survilia, Ju- will outline information and news on alternative dispute resolution, relevant articles, profes- rnalSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulebi stu- sional approaches to mediation, conference reports, etc. The Center would like to encourage dentebi. student engagement in the publication.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 46 Tsu - wamyvani universiteti migraciis kvlevasa da swavlebaSi 2011 wlidan ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti proeqtis `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba – unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis~ ganxorcielebas Caudga saTaveSi. proeqtSi evropisa da kavkasiis 15 universiteti da kavkasiaSi migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis misiebia CarTuli. Tsu-ze, rogorc koordinatorze, arCevani universitetSi migraciis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT dRemde ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis gamo SeCerda. universitetis saxeliT proeqtis koordinirebas Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis instituti warmarTavs. proeqtis farglebSi universitetSi migraciis centris Seqmnac igegmeba.

evrokavSiri 21-e saukuneSi erT- erT mniSvnelovan gamowvevad mi- gracias asaxelebs. msoflioSi mim- dinare movlenebi – SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, ganviTarebul da gan- viTarebad saxelmwifoebs Soris arse- buli cxovrebis donis gansxvavebebi da sxva mravali faqtori xels uwyobs migrantTa axali nakadebis Sedinebas evropul saxelmwifoebSi. es ki axali problemis wyaroa maTTvis. swored amitom, evropuli saxelmwifoebi partnior qveynebTan erTad aqtiu- rad muSaoben migraciis procesebis marTvisa da paralelurad, migrantTa uflebaTa dasacavad. migraciis pro- cesis marTva kompleqsuri sakiTxia. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, am proce- sis erT-erTi komponenti codnis gavrceleba, kvlevis warmoeba da kv- levis Sedegebis praqtikaSi maqsimal- uri gamoyenebaa. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili- sis saxelmwifo universitetis reqto- ris moadgilis, iuridiuli fakulte- tis saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutis direqtoris, akademikos levan aleqsiZis TqmiT, saqarTvelo jerjerobiT ar dgas migrantTa gazrdili nakadebis Semo- dinebiT gamowveuli problemebis winaSe. Tumca, qveynis Si 1995 wlidan moqmedebs. Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis fonze, mZlavri infra- siteti TEMPUS proeqtebis raodenobis mxriv liderobs struqturuli cvlilebebis wyalobiT, saqarTvelo mim- ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed samxreT kavkasiaSic (20 zidveli xdeba turistebisTvis, investorebisTvis; es xels ganxorcielebuli, maTgan 9 mimdinare proeqti). proeqti uwyobs qveyanaSi meti kapitalis Semodinebas da cxovrebis `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba~ axali, aqamde ararse- donis amaRlebas. yovelive es ki migrantTa nakadebis mo- buli kurikulumis Seqmnas isaxavs miznad. salodneli zrdisa da qveynis winaSe axali gamowvevebis “Tsu axorcielebs proeqtis finansur da Sinaarsobriv warmoSobis indikatoria. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo marTvas. saqarTveloSi es meore SemTxvevaa. ori mimdin- mzad daxvdes axal gamowvevebs, saWiroa kvalificiuri are proeqtis koordinirebiT, saqarTvelo post-sabWoTa specialistebis momzadeba da maTi integrireba Sesabamis qveynebSi pirvel adgilzea~, _ ambobs TEMPUS-is erovnu- uwyebebSi. swored am axal gamowvevebze pasuxia Tsu-s pro- li ofisis koordinatori lika Rlonti. eqti `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba – unarebisa da Ses- rogorc aRvniSneT, Tsu proeqts 15 partniorTan erTad aZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis~. am proeqtma 2011 wels axorcielebs. saqarTvelos umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawe- gaimarjva evrokavSiris mier `sauniversiteto swavlebis sebulebebidan Tsu-sTan erTad proeqtSi monawileobs saqa- transevropuli mobilobis programis~ (TEMPUS) farg- rTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti GIPA. xelSek- lebSi gamocxadebul sagranto konkursSi. rulebis gaformebis Semdeg, proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad aRsaniSnavia, rom TEMPUS evrogaerTianebis program- monawile partniorebis koordinireba, konkretuli saqmee- aa, romlis mizania umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis bis da finansuri saxsrebis gadanawileba, uSualod Tsu iu- xelSewyoba partnior qveynebSi. es programa saqarTvelo- ridiuli fakultetis organizebiT ganxorcielda.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 47 TSU – A Leading University in Migration Research and Studies

In 2011 the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University launched a project entitled “Migration and Higher Education – for Building Skills and Capacities.” Fifteen European and Caucasian universities as well as the International Organization for Migration (IOM) offices in the Caucasus countries are involved in the program. TSU was selected as Project Coordinator based on the activities carried out by the University in researching issues of migration. On behalf of TSU the project is coordinated by the International Law Institute of the Faculty of Law. A Migration Center is planned at the University within the framework of the project.

The European Union has identified migration as gia is ready for these challenges it is essential to one of the most important challenges of the 21st prepare staff within relevant agencies. century. World developments – armed conflicts, The TEMPUS European Union project “Migra- differences in the standard of living among the tion and Higher Education – for Building Skills developed and developing countries and many and Capacities” is part of the response to these other factors - promote new flows of migrants new challenges and in 2011 the project began levan aleqsiZe – Tsu reqtoris moadg- to the European states. This is why European its activities under the Trans-European Mobil- ile, Tsu saerTaSoriso samarTlis countries and their partner states are working to institutis direqtori, iuridiul ity Scheme for University Studies (TEMPUS) mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, manage migration processes and simultaneous- and will create a new curriculum to that effect. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli ly to protect migrants’ rights. Management of TEMPUS is an EU program supporting the akademiis namdvili wevri, saqarT- the migration process is complex as it includes modernization of higher education in partner velos sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi. dajildoebulia prezidentis public information, research and putting re- countries. This program was launched in Geor- search results into practice wherever possible. brwyinvalebis ordeniT, aris saxelm- gia in 1995 and TSU leads the number of proj- wifo premiis laureati mecnierebis According to Levan Aleksidze, Deputy Rector ects funded through this program throughout dargSi; 1968 wels dawerili pirveli of Tbilisi State University and Director of the the South Caucasus, with 20 implemented and qarTuli enaze Sesrulebuli sax- International Law Institute of the Faculty of nine ongoing projects. elmZRvanelos `saerTaSoriso samar- Tali~ avtori, romelic dRemde Law, so far Georgia does not face the problems The local Coordinator of TEMPUS programs, periodulad gamodis ganaxlebuli caused by an increased flow of migrants. How- Lika Glonti, said that “TSU will carry out fi- saxiT. 150-ze meti samecniero naS- romis avtori qarTul, inglisur, rusul, germanul, espanur da sxva enebze. monawileobs mraval diplo- matiur molaparakebebSi. kiTxulobs leqciebs sxvadasxva qveynis wamyvan universitetebSi. wlebis manZilze iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis ameri- kuli asociaciis wevri da msoflio saerTaSoriso samarTlis asociaciis wevri. amJamad aris rasizmisa da Seu- wynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis evropuli komisiis wevri (evropis sabWo).

Levan Alexidze – Deputy Rector, Director of the In- stitute of International Law, Dr of Juridical Sci- ences, Professor, Member of Georgian National Academy of Science, Ambassador Extraordi- nary and Plenipotentiary, was awarded with the Presidential Orden of Seniority; Prizewinner of State Academy Award in the filed of science for monograph; Author of first Georgian manual “International Law”, revised versions of which have been periodically published. Author of more than 150 scientific papers in Georgian, English, Russian, German, Spanish and etc languages. Participates in many diplomatic negotiations. Delivers lectures in different lead- ever, given more sustainable economic devel- nancial and content-based management of the ing universities abroad. For years was member opment and infrastructural changes, the country project, a second such case for Georgia, which of American Association of International Law and world Association of International Law. Is will become even more attractive for tourists takes the leading place among the post-Soviet member of European Commission against Rac- and investors, causing an inflow of capital and countries in doing so.” TSU is implementing ism and Intolerance (Counsel of Europe). a higher standard of living. This is an indica- the project in coordination with 15 partners. tor for an expected influx of migrants and new The Georgian Institute of Public Affairs (GIPA) challenges for the country. To ensure that Geor- is also participating and the TSU Faculty of

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 48

`eqspertebma moiwones Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis saerTaSor- Law coordinates partner activities and financial is- iso samarTlis institutis mier migraciis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT ga- sues. dadgmuli nabijebi. swored am miRwevebis gamo daekisra Tsu-s mTavari TSU was selected to implement this project because roli am proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi. instituti partnior samTavrobo of its former migration research. Nino Parsadanish- uwyebebTan, arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamS- vili, Executive Secretary of “the Institute for Euro- romlobiT, wlebis manZilze sistematurad atarebs sajaro leqciebs, pean Studies pointed out that the International Law seminarebs, imitirebul sasamarTlo procesebs, statiaTa konkursebs. Institute within TSU’s Faculty of Law was select- studentebs ki migraciis marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sTavazobs ed for the key roles due to experience in the field. sakmaod mravalferovan saleqcio kursebs~, _ aRniSnavs evropuli kv- Through cooperation with Government agencies as well as non-governmental and international organi- levebis institutis aRmasrulebeli mdivani nino farsadaniSvili. zations, the Institute regularly holds public lectures, saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutis mier migraciaze amgvari yur- seminars, imitation trials and media competitions. It adRebis gamaxvilebas Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis saerTaSoriso samar- offers students lectures on migration management Tlis institutis direqtori, `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba _ un- issues”. arebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisTvis~ proeqtis xelmZRvaneli Levan Aleksidze, who is Director of the Inter- levan aleqsiZe Semdegi mizeziT xsnis: evrokavSiri sul ufro da ufro national Law Institute and Head of the project, met yuradRebas uTmobs migraciis sakiTxebs da partnior saxelmwifoTa explained why the Institute focuses on migration. politikis formirebas am mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos evrointegra- “The European Union is increasingly interested ciis fonze ki arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis in the issues of migration and creating partner momzadebasa da maT CarTvas Sesabamisi profiliT momuSave sajaro uwye- state policies in this field. With Georgia’s Euro- bebsa Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. amasTan, saqarTvelos xelisu- Atlantic integration, it is essential to train highly flebam 2010 wlidan erT-erT politikur prioritetad dasaxa migraci- skilled staff and to ensure their involvement in is marTvis axal etapze gadayvana. am saqmianobis ukeT koordinirebis public agencies or international organizations mizniT ki migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia Seqmna. Seqmnis etapi- working in this direction. Since 2010 Georgian dan am komisiasTan aqtiurad TanamSromlobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis authorities have moved migration management to instituti. a new stage, as a political priority. To provide bet- `Cven vapirebT aqtiurad viTanamSromloT Tbilisis saxelmwifo ter coordination for this, it set up a Government universitetis migraciis kvlevis centrTan profesor mirian TuxaS- Commission for Migration Issues. The Interna- tional Law Institute has been actively cooperating vilis xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis nayofieri kvleviTi saqmianoba Zalze with the Commission since it was established”. waadgeba saswavlo programebis Sedgenis process~ (levan aleqsiZe). `migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo sakiTxebis irgvliv calkeu- “We also plan to cooperate with the TSU Migration Research Center led by Professor Mirian Tukhash- li kursis SeTavazebiT studentebs uCndebaT sabaziso codna da uyal- vili, which will significantly contribute to the cre- ibdebaT Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebi. magram praqtikaSi efeqtianad samuSaod ation of curricula, partly based on their research,” aucilebelia, rom maTTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes rogorc kvlevisTvis says Levan Aleksidze. “By offering separate cours- aucilebeli wyaroebi, aseve _ axali kontaqtebi. swored am miznebis es around key issues of migration, students acquire gaTvaliswinebiT moxda `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba _ unarebisa basic knowledge and relevant skills, but for them to da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis~ proeqtis SemuSaveba~, _ ambobs work effectively when they graduate it is vital that levan aleqsiZe. they have access to the necessary resources and new `migracia da umaRlesi ganaTleba _ unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis contacts. The project also considers these aspects,” ganviTarebisTvis~ proeqtis farglebSi Tsu-Si igegmeba migraciis he said. kvlevis centris gaxsna. amasTan, proeqtis farglebSi Tsu-s bazaze A Migration Educational Center is planned at TSU dagegmilia migraciis Sesaxeb specialuri interdisciplinuri samagis- within the framework of the project and an inter- tro programis Camoyalibeba, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia weliwadSi 5-dan disciplinary Master’s program on migration will be 25-mde studentis momzadeba. Tsu reqtoris moadgilis levan aleqsiZis created for five to 25 students each year. Aleksidze TqmiT, proeqtSi Tavidanve gaesva xazi imas, rom migraciis kvlevisadmi said the project stresses a comprehensive approach aucilebelia kompleqsuri midgoma da problemis analizi socialur- to migration research and policy analysis based on ekonomikuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi da sxva aspeqtebis gaTval- social-economic, political, legal and other aspects. iswinebiT. swored amitom, samagistro programa moicavs interdis- The Master’s program will be interdisciplinary and ciplinur sferoebs (saerTaSoriso samarTali, adamianis uflebebi, include international law, human rights, intercul- tural relations, intercultural links, conflict manage- kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi, konfliqtis menejmenti, genderuli ment, and gender studies. Retraining professors and mecnierebebi da a.S.). proeqtis farglebSi aseve dagegmilia profesor- lecturers is also planned within the framework of maswavleblebis gadamzadeba. the project. `mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom proeqtis erT-erTi umTavresi One of the key goals is to promote more effective mizania samxreT kavkasiis regionis saxelmwifoebis _ somxeTis, azer- solutions for migration issues by creating an in- baijanisa da saqarTvelos farglebSi interdisciplinuri, akademiuri terdisciplinary scientific research structure for the samecniero-kvleviTi struqturebis Seqmna. am gziT SesaZlebeli unda South Caucasus, including Armenia, Azerbaijan gaxdes migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ufro efeqtiani gadaw- and Georgia. The objective of the project is also to yveta. amasTan, proeqtis mizania, regionSi gaaZlieros da gaamyaros strengthen and reinforce cooperation between scien- TanamSromloba samecniero-kvleviT da sajaro dawesebulebebs Soris, tific research and public institutions over the whole rogorc gamocdilebis gaziarebis, ise kursdamTavrebulTa dasaqmebis region through shared experience and employment kuTxiT~, _ acxadebs proeqtis xelmZRvaneli levan aleqsiZe. opportunities for graduates.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 49 gariyulobis daZleva - devnilebis integraciis sakiTxebi Overcoming Alienation – New Approaches to IDP Integration dReisTvis arsebuli oficialuri statistikiT saqarTveloSi 250000-ze meti adamiania registrirebuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris statusiT. es saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT eqvs procents Seadgens. devnilTa sakiTxze araerTi proeqti xorcieldeba iseTi soliduri organizaciebis mier, rogoricaa: norvegiis devnilTa sabWo, `transfarensi interneiSeneli~,G gaeros devnilTa sabWos umaRlesi komisariati, politikuri swavlebis instituti (IPS) da sxv. Mam Temaze arsebuli kvlevebis simravlis miuxedavad, Tsu socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sazogadoebrivi geografiis departamentis mecnierebma am sakiTxis sxva, axali kuTxiT Seswavla gadawyvites. kvleva saxelwodebiT “marginalobis da gariyulobis daZleva: SeZleben devnilTa jgufebi saqarTveloSi damkvidrebul urbanul sazogadoebaSi warmatebiT integrirebas?~ Sveicarul- kavkasiuri akademiuri qselis (ASCN) mier dafinansda. Kkvlevis ganxorcieleba 2011-2013 wlebSia dagegmili. kvlevis Sualeduri Sedegebis prezentacia Tsu mecnierebma ukve moaxdines sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, maT Soris niu-iorksa (amerikel geografTa yovelwliur konferenciaze) da krakovSi.

According to current Georgian statistics, over 250,000 persons are registered as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). This means 6% of the Georgian population is living in limbo. Numerous projects concerning IDPs are being implemented by organizations like Norwegian Refugee Council, Transparency International, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) and others. Despite the fact that many studies have been carried out on IDP integration, scientists from the Department of Public Geography of the TSU Faculty of Social-Political Sciences decided to address a new angle with their study “Coping with marginality and exclusion: can refugees communities successfully integrate into mainstream urban societies in Georgia?”. 50

ra gavlenas axdenen devnilebi, rom- xelisuflebis, devnilTa da iZulebiT lisuflebis struqturebs qalaquri lebic gansakuTrebuli socialuri jgu- adgilnacval pirTa saministros warmo- dagegmarebisas am sakiTxSi? ra aris fis saxiT Camoyalibdnen sazogadoebaSi, madgenlebTan, Qurbanuli dagegmarebis mTavari strategia politikuri per- qalaqis garemoze, im saqalaqo sivrceze eqspertebsa da sxva specialistebTan. speqtivis TvalsazrisiT, romelic mo- da sociumze, sadac isini xvdebian da miuxedavad imisa, rom jer saboloo saxleobis ZiriTad nakadSi devnilTa mkvidrdebian? ra gavlenas ganicdian daskvnebis gakeTeba naadrevia, rogorc integracias Seuwyobs xels? ra strate- isini Tavad am sivrceSi arsebobisa da ioseb saluqvaZe ambobs, ukve am etapze gia aqvT SemuSavebuli Tavad devnilebs socialuri kavSirebidan? E_ es mxolod SeiniSneba, rom devnilTa integracia ZiriTad mosaxleobaSi integraciis an nawilia im ZiriTadi kiTxvebisa, romle- sakmaod mZimed mimdinareobs. rac bevri garemosTan morgebis TvalsazrisiT? bze pasuxis gacemasac mecnierebi Tavisi fsiqologiuri, socialuri Tu ekonomi- YmecnierTa kvlevis Sedegad bevr kiTxvas kvlevis meSveobiT apireben. Pproeqtis kuri faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli. unda gaeces pasuxi. monawileebi arian Tsu profesorebi `rogorc TbilisSi warmoebuli adre warmoebuli kvlevebidan ukve ioseb saluqvaZe da revaz gaCeCilaZe, dakvirvebiT Cans, iZulebiT gadaadg- cnobilia, rom gansakuTrebiT afxa- aseve oTxi doqtoranti da magistranti ilebuli pirebi gavlenas axdenen da zeTidan da samaCablodan devnilTa studenti. kvlevis monawileTa umete- gardaqmnian saqalaqo sivrces. Dmagali- pirveli nakadis warmoamadgnelebi da soba ramdenime saerTaSoriso samec- Tad, devnilebis didi nawili soflebi- pirvel rigSi mamakacebi ZiriTadad Ta- niero qselis wevria, magaliTad: “qa- danac, sadac isini sasoflo sameurneo visi ojaxiT, megobrebis wriT ifargle- laqebi tranzaciis Semdgom” (“Cities After cxovrebis wesiT cxovrobdnen. axla bian. Transition” (CAT). ucxoeli konsultantis isini cdiloben igivenairad icxovron `Cven ara marto socialur, ar- saxiT proeqtSi CarTulia birmingemis sxva adgilebze. amis magaliTia sax- amed sivrciT gaucxoebazec SegviZlia univeristetis (did britaneTi) mkvle- eldaxelod mowyobili baR-bostnebi, laparaki. SesaZloa raRac Senobebi vari urbanuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi romelic xSirad mravalsarTuliani gverdigverd idges, magram erTmane- oleg golubCikovi. sacxovrebeli Senobebis ezoebSi Sei- Tis mezoblad macxovrebeli xalxi ar `devnilebis sakiTxs UdRemde ufro Zleba vixiloT. sacxovrebeli sivrcis kontaqtobdes. Ees ar aris kargi qalaq- socialur-ekonomikuri an politikuri naklebobis gamo koleqtiuri centrebis isTvis, radgan socialuri segregaciis kuTxiT swavlobdnen. Cven am sakiTxis umetesobaSi xalxma Tavisi sacxovre- nimuSia. erTi mxriv kargia, rom calke Seswavlisas aqcents sivrciT komponen- beli adgilebis garSemo `upatrono mi- dasaxlebebi (magaliTad werovanSi) ar- tze vakeTebT, anu gvinda imis garkveva, webis~ miTviseba daiwyo. respodentebis sebobs, magram meore mxriv Cans, rom Tu ra nakvalevs toveben devnilebi maT umetesoba am sakiTxze saubrisas Tavad isini aq calke sazogadoebis saxiT ar- sacxovrebel da samoqmedo garemoze da, devnilebs Soris xSir konfliqtebs aR- seboben. samsaxuris SovnaSi Zalian didi zogadad, Cvens qalaqebze. ra specifi- niSnavs. devnilTa umetesobas TbilisSi mniSvneloba aqvs socialur kontaqtebs. kuri gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinon maT dasaxlebamde sacxovrebeli adgili gamokiTxulTa 50%-ze metma, vinc am qalaqebze, vizualuri da struqtu- erTi-orjer aqvs Secvlili. amis mizezi, TbilisSi samsaxuri iSova, es naTesavis ruli TvalsazrisiT~. _ acxadebs pro- sacxovrebeli adgilis gaumjobesebis an nacnobis meSveobiT SeZlo. saerTod eqtis direqtori, sazogadoebrivi geo- da ukeTesi samuSaos Ziebis survilia, emigrantebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi grafiis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, an gamosaxleba. rogorc wesi, sacxovre- da sxva jgufebi Tavis garSemo msgav- profesori ioseb saluqvaZe. beli adgilis amgvari cvla xels ar si xalxis mizidvas cdiloben, radgan kvlevis Casatareblad am proeqtis uwyobs myari socialuri kontaqtebis surT Tavis sacxovrebel arealSi Tavi monawileebi sxva proeqtebidan miRebu- damyarebas, devnilebSi iwvevs imedebis usafrTxod igrZnon. Aamis Sedegad xdeba li codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziareba- gacruebas da xelisSemSlelia bavSvTa msgavsi biografiis mqone xalxis koncen- sac apireben. socializaciisTvis. zogierT adgilas tracia, rac axali informaciis miRebisa sazogadoebrivi geografiis depar- devnilebi ufro metad axdenen gavlenas da axali midgomebis ganxorcielebis tamentis warmomadgenelTa kvleva Ser- garemoze, sxvagan _ naklebs, zogan ki nakleb saSualebas iZleva. garSemo Ceuli saqalaqo arealebis kartografi- _ saerTod veranairs da Tavad ergebi- umuSevari xalxis koncentracia devni- ul analizsa da interviuebs efuZneba. an viTarebas. Tumca, msgavsi qceva sxva, lebs samuSaos saZebnelad stimuls ar kartografiuli kvlevis meTodi, rom- aradevnili migranti mosaxleobisaTvi- aZlevs. am yvelaferma erTad SesaZloa lis gamoyenebasac geografebi apireben, sac aris damaxasiaTebeli~ _ acxadebs maT specifikur qcevamde migviyvanos. imis analizs gulisxmobs, Tu rogoria saluqvaZe. magaliTad, kriminalur pirovnebebs ma- devnilebiT dasaxlebuli adgilebis erT-erTi Teoria, romelsac am kvl- Tze ufro advilad SeuZliaT gavlenis urTierTganlageba, arsebobs Tu ara evaze muSaobisas Tsu mecnierebi iyene- moxdena. am mxriv arsebobs garkveuli maT Soris sivrciTi kavSirebi da ra sax- ben `socialuri qselebis Teoriaa~. es sxvaoba koleqtiur centrebsa da in- is. mTavari samizne jgufebi rva sxvadax- Teoria erTobas ara teritoriuli, ar- dividualur binebSi macxovrebelTa va qalaqSi: TbilisSi, rusTavSi, gorSi, amed socialuri interesebis principiT Soris. Tumca, am yvelafers Seswavla quTaisSi, wyaltuboSi, baTumSi, foTSi, gulisxmobs. rogor xdeba devnilTa da awon-dawona unda~. acxadebs profe- zugdidSi da erT devnilTa dasaxle- socialuri qselebis formireba? Aaris sori saluqvaZe. misive TqmiT, Kkvlevis baSi (werovani) mcxovrebi devnilebi es qselebi `gaxsnili~ Tu `Caketi- Sedegebs, aseve didi mniSvneloba eqneba arian. maTgan sruli informaciis mis- li~? rogor miiRo devnilTa jgufebi devnilTa sakiTxisadmi ufro efeqtiani aRebad proeqtis monawileebma special- maspinZelma sazogadoebam? Aarsebobs Tu midgomis SesamuSaveblad. maTi saWiroe- uri kiTxvari SeimuSaves. interviuebia ara sazogadoebis mTavar nakadSi maTi bebis da miswrafebebis gasagebad, rac dagegmili, aseve sxva fokus jgufebis CarTvisTvis raime geografiuli bari- Tavis mxriv socialurad ufro Sekru- warmomadgenlebTan: politikosebTan, erebi? ra roli akisria sacxovrebel li, integrirebuli sazogadoebis da adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso arasam- garemos am jgufebis yoveldRiuro- dasaxlebebis Seqmnis saSualeba SeiZle- Tavrobo organizaciebis, adgilobrivi baSi? ra roli akisria adgilobrivi xe- ba gaxdes.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 51

Despite the fact that other studies have been car- persons exert a certain influence and transform ried out on IDP integration, scientists from the their urban space. For example, most IDPs are Department of Public Geography of the TSU from rural areas, where they were engaged in Faculty of Social-Political Sciences decided to agricultural activities. Now they try to live the address a new angle with their study “Coping same life in their new environment. As a result, with marginality and exclusion: can refugee they create small gardens, which we can fre- communities successfully integrate into main- quently see in the yards of multi-storey residen- stream urban societies in Georgia?”. The study tial buildings. Because of a lack of residential began in 2011 and is being funded by the Aca- space, in most collective centers people started demic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN) through to appropriate “ownerless lands” around their 2013. The TSU researchers held a presenta- housing. While talking about this issue most tion of their intermediary results at the Annual respondents tell of frequent conflicts among Conference of American Geographers in New IDPs. Before settling down in Tbilisi the ma- York and at the European Spatial Research & jority of IDPs have changed their place of Policy journal Editorial Board Meeting jointly residence at least once or twice--either because with the seminar on “Spatial Equality and In- they sought better housing and jobs or because equality” organized by Jagellonian University they were evicted. As a rule, a frequent change ioseb saluqvaZe - geografiul mecnierebaTa in Krakow and the University of Lodz, Poland. in housing does not promote the establishment kandidati. Tsu socialur da politi- How do IDPs, who are perceived as a specific of firm social contacts, causes dissatisfaction kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sazoga- doebrivi geografiis departamentis social group in society, influence the urban en- among different IDP families and hampers xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori. vironment in which they establish themselves? children’s socialization. In some places IDPs mowveuli profesori, miunxenis teqni- How are IDPs influenced by living within this have a relatively greater influence on the envi- kuri universitetSi. gaerTianebuli space, as well as by these social links? ronment than in other places. There are cases erebis organizaciis sursaTisa da sof- lis meurneobis organizaciis proeqtis Participating researchers include TSU Profes- where they cannot have any influence on the eqsperti; germaniis mTavrobis ori pro- sors Ioseb Salukvadze and Revaz Gachechi- environment at all, and therefore have to adapt eqtis TanaxelmZRvaneli. ladze, as well as four doctoral and master’s to the existing situation. However, such behav- fulbraitis stipendiis mflobeli mkvlevari masaCusetsis teqnologiur students. Most participants of the research team ior is also typical of other, non-IDP migrants,” institutSi; loZis ekonomikuri geo- are members of several international scientific Salukvadze says. grafiisa da sivrciTi organizaciis networks, for example Cities After Transition One of the theories that the TSU scientists use institutis, lundis da stokholmis (CAT). Professor Oleg Golubchikov, a re- for this research is that of “social networks” universitetebis stipendiis mflobeli mkvlevari. searcher from Birmingham University (Great where unity is not achieved by territorial prin- misi kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoebia: Britain), works on issues of urban development ciples but through social interests. How are the geourbanistika, miwis menejmenti, geo- and is also involved in the project as a foreign displaced persons’ social networks formed? Are grafiuli informaciuli sistemebi consultant. they “open” or “closed” networks? How has the (gis), kulturis geografia. Aaris 50 ze meti Ppublikaciis avtori qarTul, ru- “Until recently the issue of IDPs was studied host society received the IDP groups? Are there sul, inglisur, polonur enebze. saqa- mainly from social-economic or political points any geographical barriers against their integra- rTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis of view. We decided to focus on spatial factors tion into the mainstream population? What is the vice-prezidenti; amerikel geografTa to identify traces that IDPs leave on their resi- role of their living environment in the everyday asociaciis wevri; saqarTvelos urban- istTa sazogadoebis wevri. kavkasiis dential and working environment and on cities life of these groups? What is the role of local gov- geografiuli Jurnalis saredaqcio sab- generally. We are studying what specific influ- ernmental structures around the issue of urban Wos wevri. ences they have in and on these cities from a planning? What are key political strategies for visual and structural point of view,” explains promoting IDP integration? What are strategies Ioseb Salukvadze - Doctor of Geographical Sciences; Ioseb Salukvadze, Project Director and Head of developed by the IDPs themselves for integration Head of the Public Geography Department of the the Public Geography Department. into the mainstream population or for adapting to TSU Faculty of Social-Political Sciences; Full Pro- The researchers will also refer to studies which the environment? For example, previous stud- fessor; Visiting Professor at the Munich Technical have been carried out by other organizations. ies have shown that displaced persons from the University; Expert of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) project; Co-manager of two The Public Geography Department research is first influx of IDPs from Abkhazia and Samach- projects of the German Government; Fulbright being carried out using cartographic analysis ablo, especially the males, mostly limited their scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Techno- of selected urban areas, and survey techniques contacts to families and friends. logy; research fellow at the Institute of Geography such as interviews and questionnaires. The car- “We can evoke not only social, but also spa- and Spatial Organization in Lodz as well as at the Universities of Lund and Stockholm. tographic research will help locate IDP settle- tial alienation. Some buildings stand side by The key spheres of his research activities are: ments and determine whether there are spatial side but their residents may have no contact geourbanistics; land management; geographic links between them and--if so--what types of with each other. This is not good in the city information systems; and culture geography. He is the author of over 50 publications in Georgian, links exist. because it keeps displaced persons socially Russian, English, and Polish languages; Vice-Pres- To complete the data, a questionnaire for the segregated. On one hand it is positive that ident of the Geographic Society of Georgia; mem- IDPs was created, and interviews will also be separate settlements exist (for example, in ber of the Association of American Geographers; carried out, targeting national and local politi- Tserovani), but on the other, they remain sep- member of the Society of Urbanists of Georgia; member of the editorial board of the Caucasian cians, local and international non-governmental arated from society at large. Social contacts geographical journal. organizations, local authorities, representatives are very important for finding a job. Over of the Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons 50% of respondents that found jobs in Tbilisi, from the Occupied Territories, experts in urban managed to do so with the help of relatives criminals can influence them more easily. From planning and other specialists. or acquaintances. Generally, migrants, ethnic this point of view, there is a clear difference be- The key targeted IDP groups live in eight cit- minorities and other groups try to attract sim- tween the IDPs living in collective centers and ies: Tbilisi, Rustavi, Gori, Kutaisi, Tskaltubo, ilar groups around them, to feel safer in their those living in individual apartments. These is- Batumi, Poti, Zugdidi and the IDP settlement dwelling areas. As a result, people with simi- sues need further study,” Professor Salukvadze in Tserovani. Although it is early to lar biographies are concentrated in certain said. make final conclusions, Professor Salukvadze areas. This means they have fewer oppor- According to him, these research results will says it is already evident that IDP integration tunities to get fresh information or use new be important for developing more effective ap- is not happening, and this fact cannot only be approaches. A concentration of unemployed proaches to IDP issues by identifying their needs explained by psychological, social or economic people in one area does not encourage IDPs and aspirations, thus allowing them to have better factors. to seek jobs; instead it can lead them to dys- opportunities to integrate successfully into soci- “It appears that in Tbilisi, internally displaced functional behavior patterns. For example, ety at large.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 52

SesaZleblobis mqone individebi. aseTi arCevani, mecnieris stigma - TqmiT, Semdegma garemoebam ganapiroba: „msurda Semeswavla axdens Tu ara gavlenas stigmis vizualizaciis xarisxi indivi- uaryofiTi niSani, dis mier aRqmul diskriminaciis xarisxze, daZlevis strategi- is arCevis da identobis funqciebze. kvlevas unda gamoevlina gansxvavdebian Tu ara xiluli (gansakuTrebuli fizikuri romelic sxvebisgan SesaZleblobis mqone) da faruli (yofili patimrebi) stig- mis mqone individebi CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviT~. gamogvarCevs mecnierebis mtkicebiT, diskriminaciis gamocdileba, gaufa- surebuli identoba, fsiqikuri daavadebebis maRali riski, es stigmis is Sedegebia, romelic asocirdeba rogorc xiluli, aseve faruli stigmis mqone jgufebTan. sabolood ki, iden- rogor aRiqvamen stigmatizirebuli adamianebi turobasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri cvlileba individis sakuTar Tavs? rogor moqmedebs maTze emociur janmrTelobaze aisaxeba. socialur umciresobaTa sazogadoebis damokidebuleba? ra strategias jgufebSi emociuri janmrTelobis, aRqmuli diskriminaciis mimarTaven stigmis dasaZlevad? _ am kiTxvebze da stigmis daZlevis sakiTxebis kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod pasuxis gacemas cdilobs Tsu socialur da gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad dgeba sakiTxi: ramdenad SesaZle- politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli belia stigmis sferoSi arsebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis mra- profesori, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori valferovneba axsnili iyos stigmis ganzomilebebiT, kerZod maia mestviriSvili kvleviT “aSkara da faruli imiT, aSkaraa stigma, Tu faruli. kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo stigma socialur umciresobaSi”. 70 yofilma patimarma (17 qali, 53 mamakaci) da 35 gansakuTreb- uli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individma (17 qali, 18 kaci). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom yofili patimrebi gaxldnen probacionerebi, Sesabamisad _ isini praqtikulad jer kidev „Cemi kvleva gamorCeul adamianebs exeba. adamianebi imyofebodnen pirobiTi msjavris moxdis procesSi. gamoirCevian dadebiTi an uaryofiTi niSniT. uaryofiTi niS- sakvlevad gamoyenebuli kiTxvari ramdenime nawils niT gamorCevas stigmatizacia ewodeba. Zvel saberZneTSi moicavda: gansakuTrebulad saSiS damnaSaveebs damRas adebdnen, raTa pirveli nawili exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iyo stig- yvelasTvis advilad amosacnobi gaexadaT isini. am niSnis ar- mis gancda individebSi. kvlevis avtoris informaciiT stigmis sebobis gamo isini sazogadoebisgan gariyulebi da ignorire- siZliere ori faqtoris mixedviT ganisazRvra: diskriminaci- bulebi xdebodnen. socialur mecnierebebSi stigmis Sinaarsi is siZlieris aRqma da stigmis gasaidumloeba. Semdegi nawili ufro farToa: stigmatizirebuli adamiani sazogadoebis mier exeboda stigmis daZlevis strategiebs, sadac xuTi strategia raRac konkretuli niSniT diskreditirebulia, misi social- iqna gamokvleuli: ganrideba, sxvaTa ganaTlebis mcdeloba, uri identoba devalvirebulia, Sedegad ki xSirad safrTxis stigmasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis sajarod ganxilva, qveS dgeba misi mentaluri, fizikuri janmrTeloba. stigma- sociumisgan gamijvna. kiTxvaris mesame nawilSi identobis tizaciis procesis Sedegia adamianTa diskriminacia, uaryo- funqciebis Sefaseba xdeboda. kvlevis es instrumenti iden- fa, izolacia...~ _ ganmartavs kvlevis avtori da aseT ambavs tobis xuT funqcias zomavda: pirovnuli miznebis sicxade, ixsenebs: `me~ _ struqturis aRqma, harmoniuloba, momavlis aRqma da “rodesac stigmis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobdi, erT saintereso TviTkontroli da bolos Sefasebuli iqna individebis emoci- istorias gadavawydi: erT-erTi avtori werda, rom erTxel uri janmrTelobac. aeroportSi imyofeboda kolegasTan erTad da gverdiT kvlevis avtori gamoyofs Semdeg Sedegebs: kvlevis Sede- Cauara qalma, romelic invalidis savarZelSi ijda, xelSi gebma gviCvena, rom diskriminaciis gancdis siZlieris mixedviT, yavis Wiqa ekava. misma megobarma daufiqreblad Caugdo ya- yofili patimrebi ar gansxvavdebian gansakuTrebuli fizikuri viT savse WiqaSi 25 centiani. avtori werda, rom igi icnobda SesaZleblobis mqone pirebisagan. Tumca, aRmoCnda, rom faruli am qals, romelic gacilebiT gavleniani da mdidari adami- da aSkara stigmis mqone individebi gansxvavdebian stigmis da- ani iyo, vidre misi megobari. invalidis savarZlis da Wiqis Zlevis strategiebis arCevis mixedviT. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli araswori interpretaciis gamo mis megobars igi maTxovari fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individebi ufro xSirad mimar- egona. invalidis savarZeli stigmaa, romelsac ratomRac Taven ganridebis strategias, vidre yofili patimrebi. es niS- adamianebi dabal socialur statusTan akavSireben. es uvi- navs, rom rac ufro maRalia stigmis vizualizaciis xarisxi, miT cobaa, saidanac stigma yalibdeba da xSirad aqedan iwyeba ufro Zlieradaa individi gariyuli sazogadoebis mier. agreTve usamarTlobac.” aRmoCnda, rom gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone simravlis gamo SeuZlebelia im niSnebis gansazRvra, ris adamianebi stigmasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gansaxilve- mixedviTac SeiZleba individi iyos stigmatizirebuli. Ggen- lad ufro metad arian mzad, vidre yofili patimrebi. `es Sede- deri, rasa, seqsualuri orientacia, gansakuTrebuli fizi- gi miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi gaurbian Riad saubars imaze, rac kuri SesaZleblobebi da fsiqikuri darRvevebi _ es stigmis sazogadoebis TvalSi maT diskreditirebuls xdis. mxolod yvelaze gavrcelebuli kategoriebia. fsiqologebi stigmis im SemTxvevaSi, roca misi damalva SeuZlebelia (vizualurad ganzomilebebze saubroben da gamoarCeven vizualizaciis gamoxatuli niSani) isini saubroben, ganixilaven da msjeloben xarisxs, cvlilebis kurss, warmoSobas, safrTxis Semcvelo- stigmasTan dakavSirebul problemebze. bas. meore mniSvnelovani Sedegi, romelic kvlevis safuZvelze kvleva miznad isaxavda Seeswavla ori sxvadasxva stigmis iqna miRebuli, aris stigmis kavSiri identobis funqciebTan. mqone jgufi: yofili patimrebi da gansakuTrebuli fizikuri rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, stigmis gasaidumloeba misi siZlier-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 aSkara da farulis tigmis mqone jgufebi ar gansxvavdebian aSkara da farulis tigmis mqone jgufebi ar gansxvavdebian pirovnuli kontroli skalis macveneblis mixedviT pirovnuli kontroli skalis macveneblis mixedviT 53

aSkara da faruli Stigma –  Test Statistics(a) stigmis mqone Test Statistics(a)  Test Statistics(a) jgufebi  ab_perscontrol  ab_perscontrolar gansx­ A Negative Sign vavdebian  Mann-Whitney U  Mann-Whitney U 833.500 833.500 pi­rovnuli  Wilcoxon W 3044.500  Wilcoxon W kontrolis Distinguishing Us from  Z -1.482 3044.500 skalis  Z -1.482  Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .138  Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .138maCveneblis mixedviT Others a Grouping Variable:  a Grouping Variable: stigma stigma How do stigmatized people perceive themselves? How do public Groups having attitudes impact them? What strategies do they use to overcome obvious and hidden stigma stigma? – Maia Mestvirishvili, PhD Associate Professor of the TSU do not vary Faculty of Social and Political Sciences tries to answer these ques- according to tions in her research “Concealable and Vivid Stigma in Social Mi- indicators nority Groups”. of individual control scale “My research is about distinguished people. People are distinguished by positive or negative signs. Distinguishing people by negative aSkara stigmis mqone individebs maRali harmoniulobissigns is called stigmatization. In Ancient Greece, especially danger- ous criminals were stigmatized using a branded sign on their skin to aSkara da farulis tigmis mqonemaCvenebeli jgufebi gaaCniaT ar gansxvavdebianidenturobis funqciaTa skalaze make them easily recognizable. Because of such stigmas, they were samomavlo mizebis skalisfaruli maCveneblis stigmis mqone mixedviT individebTan SedarebiT isolated from society. In social sciences, stigma has a wider defini- tion: a stigmatized person is discredited by society because of certain 6/22/2012 25 6/22/2012 aSkara25 da signs; his social identity is devalued and as a result his mental and  Test faruli physicalStatistics(a) health frequently threatened. Human discrimination, rejec- stigmis mqone  tion and isolation are results of stigmatization,” Mestvirishvili ex- jgufebi ar ab_ha plainsrmony and recollects the following story: “When I was reading about  Mann-Whitney U gansxvavdebian 76.50  Test Statistics(a) stigma,0 an author wrote that one day he was in the airport with his samomavlo  Wilcoxon W miznebis colleague,454.5 and a woman in a wheelchair passed by. She was holding  ab_goals 00  a coffeeZ- cup in her hand. His friend thoughtlessly dropped 25 cents skalis 6.878  Mann-Whitney U maCveneblis  intoAsymp. her Sig. cup--which (2- was full of coffee! The author wrote that he 819.000 tailed) .000 mixedviT  knewa Grouping the woman, who was more influential and rich than his friend. Variable: stigma  Wilcoxon W Because of an incorrect interpretation of the wheelchair and a cup, 1315.000 In comparison with the his friend considered her a beggar. A wheelchair is thus a stigma,  Z -1.596 groups having which--for unknown reasons--is associated with low social status.  Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) hidden stigma, It is ignorance that forms stigma and frequently injustice starts from .111 individuals here.” with obvious  a Grouping Variable: Because there are numerous types of stigma, it is impossible to de- stigma stigma have high indicators fine which ones might be used as stigma in a given context. Gen- of harmony der, race, sexual orientation, specific physical abilities and mental aSkara stigmis mqone individebs maRali harmoniulobis on an identity aSkara da farulis tigmis mqonefunctions jgufebi scale disordersar gansxvavdebian are the most widespread categories that are stigmatized. maCvenebeli gaaCniaT identurobis funqciaTa skalaze Psychologists evoke dimensions of stigma and distinguish such fac- 6/22/2012 samomavlo mizebis skalis maCveneblis mixedviT20 faruli stigmis mqone individebTan SedarebiT tors as visualization, course of change over time origin, and threats. The research examined two groups with different stigmas: former prisoners and individuals with physical disabilities. The scientist ex- aSkara plains the choice: “I wanted to study whether the degree of visibility  Test stigmis mqone of a stigma affects the discrimination quality perceived by an indi- Statistics(a) individebs  vidual and whether this affected their choices of strategy and iden- 6/22/2012 ab_ha 22maRali har­ rmony mo­niulobis tity for overcomingTest Statistics(a) stigma. The research intended to reveal whether  Mann-Whitney U 76.50 maCvenebeli individuals with obvious or observable/vivid (as with physical dis- 0 aqvT  ab_goals  Wilcoxon W abilities) and hidden/concealable (as with former prisoners with no 454.5 identurobis 00 physical signs)Mann-Whitney stigmas differ U through these dimensions.”  Z- funqciaTa 819.000 6.878 skalaze faruli  Asymp. Sig. (2- The scientist states that experience of discrimination, devalued iden- tailed) .000 stigmis mqone tity and a highWilcoxon risk of W mental disorders can result from stigma for  a Grouping individebTan 1315.000 Variable: stigma SedarebiT groups having either observable or hidden stigmas. Ultimately, any change relatedZ to identity -1.596 has an impact on an individual’s emotional health.  The Asymp. results Sig. of research (2-tailed) on the issues of emotional health, Groups having .111 obvious and perceived discrimination and overcoming stigma in social minority hidden stigma  a Grouping Variable: groups are quitestigma different. Thus the question arises on whether it is do not vary possible to explain the differences through dimensions of stigma, according to indicators of and in particular whether stigma is obvious or hidden.” future plans Seventy former prisoners (17 women and 53 men) and 35 individu- scale als with physical disabilities (17 women and 18 men) participated in the research. All the former prisoners were on probation thus still serving their conditional sentences. A questionnaire was created, 6/22/2012 20

2012 July TSU SCIENCE

6/22/2012 22 54

is erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. negatiuri niSnis damalvis mcdeloba aisaxe- ba individis fsiqoemocur mdgomareobaze, rac kavSirSi aRmoCnda misi identobis funqciebis SesustebasTan. Sedegebma gviCvena, rom rac ufro metad aris stigma ga- saidumloebuli individis mier, miT ufro sustia misi identurobis struqturac. kvlevis Sedegad aseve gamovlinda, rom faruli stigmis mqone individebs (yo- fili patimrebi) aSkara stigmis mqone adamianebTan (gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi) SedarebiT harmoniulobis da momavlis aRqmis maRali maCvenebeli aqvT. maRalia faruli stigmis mqone jgufSi emociuri janmrTelobis maCvenebelic. kvlevis Sedegebma gamoavlina sxvaoba aSkara da faruli stigmis mqone indi- videbis ganaTlebis doneebs Soris. faruli stigmis mqone jgufSi ufro meti indi- vidia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, vidre aSkara stigmis mqone individTa jgufSi. sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi arseboben umciresobaTa jgufe- bi, romlebic ganicdian stigmatizacias sazogadoebis mxridan. imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis stigmasTan gvaqvs saqme, icvleba stigmis mqone individebis TviTaRqma, dis- maia mestviriSvili - fsiqologiis mecniere- kriminaciis siZliere, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba da is strategiebic, romleb- baTa doqtori. Tsu socialur da poli- tikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asoci- sac isini mimarTaven stigmis dasaZlevad. rebuli profesori. avtori aRniSnavs, rom kvlevis Sedegebze metad misTvis moulodneli da sain- 2006-2011 wlebSi miRebuli aqvs kvlevi- Ti da akademiuri stipendiebi kolumbiis tereso kvlevis procesi iyo. stigmatizirebuli jgufebi, romlebic sazogadoe- (aSS), berklis (aSS), daluvenis (belgia) bis mxridan xSirad awydebian usamarTlo ignorirebas da diskriminacias Tavad, universitetebSi. 2006-07 wlebSi igi agreTve iyo budapeStis umaRlesi gana- saocrad gaxsnilebi arian nebismieri Txovnisa da daxmarebisaTvis. `SezRuduli Tlebis mxardamWeri programis stipen- SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi warmoadgenen yvelaze maRali pasuxismgeblobis dianti (AFP). amJamad aris SvedeTis sa- mecniero akademiuri qselis (ASCN) mier mqone socialur jgufs, visac Sevxvedrivar“, _ ambobs avtori. kvleva Catarda ax- dafinansebuli kvleviTi proeqtis _ algazrda mkvlevarebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli prezidentis stipendiis farglebSi. “nacionaluri identobis ganmsazRvreli dispoziciuri da kulturologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze moxseneba gakeTda saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis aparatSi da faqtorebi” mTavari aplikanti da wa- evropis janmrTelobis fsiqologTa asociaciis ocdamesame konferenciaze (19 se- myvani mkvlevari. misi kvlevis sferoebia: stigma da da- qtemberi, 2010, piza, italia). Zlevis strategiebi, egoidentobis sti- li da siZliere, moraluri msjeloba da moraluri identobis tipebi, religiuri consisting of several parts. The first part was about how strong the feeling of stigma was among orientaciis tipi da nacionaluri iden- the individuals. We determined the strength of these feelings according to two factors: 1) perception toba. of discrimination and 2) strategies to keep stigma secret. The next part was about the strategies of mis mier SemuSavebuli da danergilia ori interdisciplinaruli kursi“ stig- overcoming the stigma, where we researched the following: diversion, attempts to educate others, ma, stresi da janmrTeloba” da “selfid- public discussion of problems related to stigma, and isolation from society. The third part of the aidentoba”. questionnaire evaluated five identity functions: personal aims, perception of “I” structure, harmony, perception of future, and self-control the structure for understanding who one is, self-identity. Fi- nally, the emotional health of individuals was also evaluated. Maia Mestvirishvili - Doctor of Psychological Sciences; Associate Professor at TSU Faculty of Social and The research showed that former prisoners do not differ from persons with physical disabilities Political Sciences. In 2006-2011 she received re- concerning the strength of discrimination. However, individuals with obvious and hidden stigmas search and academic scholarships at the Universi- differ by their selection of strategies for overcoming their stigmas. In particular, persons with physi- ties of Columbia (USA), Berkeley (USA), and Leu- ven (Belgium). Presently, she is the key applicant cal disabilities use diversion strategies more frequently than former prisoners. This means that the and leading researcher of the project “Dispositional more obvious the stigma is, the more an individual is isolated by society. Also, persons with physical and Cultural Factors of National Identity” funded disabilities are more ready to discuss problems related to stigma than former prisoners were. This by the Academic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN). The key spheres of her research activities are indicates that people try to avoid talking about issues that discredit them in the eyes of society and stigma and strategies to overcome it; the style and that only in cases where it is impossible to visually hide a stigma (visualized stigmas) do individuals strength of ego-identity; moral discourse and types of moral identity; types of religious orientation and talk, argue and discuss problems related to stigma. national identity. She has developed and introduced The second important result of the research is the connection of stigma with identity. Attempting two interdisciplinary courses “Stigma, Stress and to hide stigma is one of the determinants of its strength. An attempt to hide what is considered a Health” and “Self-Identity”. negative quality has an impact on an individual’s psycho-emotional state that weakens self-identity. Results show that the more an individual has to hide a stigma, the weaker the person’s identity structure is. Individuals with non-obvious stigmas such as former prisoners have a higher score concerning their perception of harmony and the future compared to persons with observable stigmas such as physical disabilities. The scores for emotional health are also higher in the group with hidden stigmas. The research results revealed differences in the levels of education of individuals with obvious and hidden stigmas. There are more individuals with higher education in the group with hidden stigmas than for the group with obvious stigmas. Finally it can be asserted that there are minority groups in Georgia who suffer stigmatization from the rest of society. According to how stigmatized individuals perceive themselves, the strength of discrimination, public attitudes and the strategies they use to overcome their stigmas vary according to the type of stigma considered. The author notes that not only the results, but the process of the research proved unexpected and interesting. Stigmatized groups, who frequently face unfair disregard and discrimination from society, are surprisingly open for any request and to provide assistance. “Persons with disabilities are the social group with the highest sense of responsibility I have ever met,” says the author. The research was conducted within the framework of the Presidential Scholarship for Young Researchers. A report on the research results was made at the Georgian Public Defender’s Office and at the 23rd Conference of the European Health Psychology Society (September 19, 2010, Pisa, Italy).

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 55 poloneli, rumineli da qarTveli axalgazrdebi evropeizaciasTan dakavSirebiT Polish, Romanian and Georgian Youth Comment on Europeanization

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 88% evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis momxrea; evrokavSirs srulad an nawilobriv endoba 51%, rac aris ufro maRali maCvenebeli, vidre ndoba sasamarTlos (29%), mediis (32%), parlamentis (34%) da prezidentis (34%) mimarT (Eurasia Partnership Foundation, Caucasus Research Resource Centers, 2011). es maCveneblebi analogiuria postkomunistur, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebamde Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis. Tumca, ndobisa da evrokavSiris wevrobis survilis miRma aris sakiTxebi, romelzec, rogorc wesi, evrokavSirSi gawevrianebamde naklebad msjeloben - evropeizacia, Tavisi upiratesobebiT da nakliT.

An 88% majority of the Georgian population supports EU membership. Over half, or 51%, fully or partially trust the European Union. These figures are higher than for those who trust in Georgia’s own institutions: trust in judiciary (29%), media (32%), Parliament (34%) and President (34%) (Eurasia Partnership Foundation; Caucasus Research Resource Centers, 2011). The data on joining the EU are similar to the results of research conducted in the post-communist Eastern European countries before they joined the European Union. However, beyond the issues of trust and membership there are other subjects that are discussed less frequently before joining the European Union: one of these concerns public perceptions of increased Westernization, with its advantages and disadvantages.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 56

ras fiqroben poloneli, rumineli gamoikveTa axalgazrdebis imedga- tikisa, evrobarometrebi aCvenebs, rom da qarTveli axalgazrdebi evropuli crueba evrokavSiris standartebis am or qveyanaSi mosaxleobis rwmena standartebis gavrcelebasTan, evro- mimarT. xSirad isini komunistur war- evrokavSirisadmi yvelaze maRalia ev- peizaciis proeqtTan dakavSirebiT? suls ixseneben, radgan, rogorc kv- rokavSiris sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. rogoria maTi Seguebis Tu adaptaciis levebi aCvenebs, swored komunistur maTi politikuri da oficialuri dis- strategiebi? _ am sakiTxebis Seswavla reJimTan mimarTebiTa da kontrastiT kursi aseTia: „Cven gvinda viyoT evro- gaxldaT Tsu socialur da politikur xdeba axali realobis konstruireba kavSiris wevri qveyana da yvelanairad mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocire- da Sefaseba (Galasinski, 2009, gv. 215), mxars vuWerT evrokavSiris mier gamo- buli profesoris lika wulaZis kros- rac axalgazrdebSi ufrosebis dis- cemul yvela dokuments.“ kulturuli kvlevis _ „axalgazrduli kursebis reproduqciis Sedegi unda meore mxriv, mkvlevaris dak- diskursebi evropeizaciasTan dakav- iyos. SirebiT axal evropul qveynebSi da ev- „magaliTad, buqarestis ropis mosazRvre regionebSi“ mizani. universitetis informa- Tvisebrivi kvleva Catarda 2010 tikis fakultetis 19 wlis wlis ivnisidan _ 2011 wlis dekem- studentma miTxra: rac ev- bramde periodSi: siRrmiseuli in- rokavSiri Semovida, Cven de- terviuebi da fokus-jgufebi saqa- gradacias ganvicdiT. amis rTvelos, rumineTis da poloneTis magaliTad ki moitana is, rom axalgazrdebTan: 50 siRrmiseuli komunistebis periodSi met- interviu da 2 fokus-jgufi Tbilis- ro aSenda, evrokavSirSi gaw- Si, 33 siRrmiseuli interviu da 5 evrianebis Semdeg ki mas erTi fokus-jgufi buqarestSi (rumineTi) sadguric ar Sematebia.“ - ix- da transilvania (rumineTi), 14 siR- senebs kvlevis avtori. rmiseuli interviu da 3 fokus-jgufi misi dakvirvebiT, rumine- krakovSi (poloneTi). li axalgazrdebi realur Se- kvlevis mxardamWeria axali ev- fasebas akeTeben xelSesaxebi ropis koleji, umaRlesi kvlevebis da socialurTan axlos myofi instituti (buqaresti, rumineTi) da sakiTxebiT. rumineli, aseve folcvagenis fondi (New Europe Col- poloneli axalgazrdebisT- lege, Institute for Advanced Study (Bucharest, vis mTavari problema umuSev- Romania) VolkswagenStiftung). roba da TviTrealizaciaa. am „axalgazrdebis pirvelive reaq- fonze axalgazrdebi Tvlian, ciebidan naTeli iyo, rom maTTvis rom evrokavSiri uunaroa, da- evropuli standartebis miReba da Zlios ekonomikuri krizisi. zogadad evropeizacia Zalian didi Tumca, aqve kvlevam aCvena, winaaRmdegobebis wyaroa. amasTan, rom axalgazrdebs aqvT ambiv- evrokavSiris standartebis mimarT alenturi damokidebleba ev- gaTviTcnobierebis done dabalia, ara rokavSirisadmi, rac vlinde- mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed evro- ba maT damokidebulebaSi, kavSiris im wevr qveynebSic, romleb- rogorc evrostandartebis, Sic me kvlevas vatarebdi _ rumineT- ise dasavleT evropis qvey- Si da poloneTSi. amitom Cemi kvlevis nebSi migraciis mimarT. mizani iyo, gamego maTi damokideb- evrostandartebi, rom- uleba imisadmi, rasac yoveldRiur lebic erTi mxriv ekonomikis cxovrebaSi xvdebian _ rogoria maTi da infrastruqturis ganvi- gamocdileba, gancda, yoveldRiuri Tarebas emsaxureba, xSir SemTxvevaSi virvebiT, marTalia mTavrobebi do- Sexeba evrostandartebTan~, _ ambobs ufro sanaxaobad, `performansad~ kumentebs uproblemod aweren xels, kvlevis avtori lika wulaZe. aRiqmeba gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebis magram realoba aseTi martivi da cal- rumineTsa da poloneTSi kvleva mier, vidre evrokavSiris keTili saxa araa. axalgazrdebis diskursebi 2011 wlis Semodgomidan 2012 wlis ian- nebis gamoxatulebad. cxadyofs, rom, erTi mxriv, axalgaz- vramde, krizisul periodSi Catarda. „sazRvrebis gaxsna kargia, magram rdebi acnobiereben evropeizaciis evrokavSiri dRemde ebrZvis am kriziss, es iwvevs saerTaSoriso doneze stig- garkveul dadebiT aspeqtebs, meore am procesSi gaZlierda dasavleT evro- matizacias da mis Tanmdev `marcxis mxriv ki, ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen pis qveynebis mier aRmosavleT evropis diskurss~ adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi. im aspeqtebis mimarT, romlebic ad- qveynebze „xelis Sewmendis“ ritorika. arsebobs damokidebuleba, rom yvela gilobriv tradiciebs ewinaaRmdegeba Sesabamisad, evrokavSiriT imedga- rumineli qurdia, yvela poloneli da xelovnurad Tavs moxveulad miaC- cruebis diskursi gamokiTxul axal- sulelia...“ niaT. gazrdebSi sakmaod Zlieria. winaaRmdegobriobasTan dakavSire- Seguebis strategiis nawilad Tv- lika wulaZis TqmiT, kvlevisas biT kvlevis Tanaxmad miuxedavad kri- lis mkvlevari imas, rom rumineli ax-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 57

What do Polish, Romanian and Georgian young people think about the in- the Eastern European countries by the Western European countries has creased European standards within the project of europeanization? What gradually strengthened. Thus the discourse about disappointment with the are adaptive strategies? These issues were studied in a cross-cultural re- European Union is quite strong among youth interviewed. search project entitled “Youth Discourses Concerning Westernization in According to Tsuladze, the research reveals that young people are disap- New European Countries and Regions Bordering Europe” conducted by pointed in EU standards in particular. Frequently, they remember their Associate Professor of the TSU Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Communist past and assess the new reality in comparison with it (Gala- Lika Tsuladze. sinski, 2009, p.215), which may be a result of youth reproducing the The qualitative research was carried out between June 2010 and De- older generation’s discourses. cember 2011 using in-depth interviews and focus groups with Georgian, “For example, a 19-year-old student at Bucharest University said ‘We Romanian and Polish young people. The survey included 50 in-depth have been going down since entering the European Union.’ He explained interviews and two focus groups in Tbilisi; 33 in-depth interviews and that during the Communist period the Underground Station was built but that since joining the European Union not a single new station was added. According to her observa- tions, Romanian youth assess the situation through tangible and social issues. Unemployment and self- realization are the major problems for both Romanian and Polish youth. They think that the European Union will be unable to overcome the economic crisis. The research also showed that young people have ambivalent attitudes towards European standards and migration to western European countries. In most cases, youth perceive European standards that should serve the development of economy and infrastructure as only “a performance” rather than an expression of good intentions. “Opening the borders is good but it causes stigmatization at an international level and an accompanied “discourse of failure” among the local population. There is a stereotype that every Romanian is a thief, and every Pole is silly...” The research also showed that despite this criticism, the Polish and Romanian populations’ belief in the European Union is the highest of all EU countries. Their political and official discourse is “We want to be an EU member state and we completely support all agreements issued by the European Union”. On the other hand, according to the researcher’s observa- tions, although the EU governments sign documents easily, reality is not so easy and clear. The discourse of young people confirms that on one hand youth rec- ognize certain positive sides of Westernization while on the other, they express discontent with those as- pects that contradict local traditions and which, they believe, have been imposed on them artificially. As a part of the strategy of adaptation Romanian youth try to adjust their traditions to the new reality. “They are fed up copying western standards and have decided to distinguish themselves and be ‘national’ at the same time. For example, Romanians have a spe- cific style of film making--very naturalistic. Emphasis is made not on form, but on the expression of emo- five focus groups in Bucharest (Romania) and Transylvania (Romania); tion, and it is characterized by film frames shot by a moving camera. and 14 in-depth interviews and three focus groups in Krakow (Poland). Young people have started to copy this style. All examples of this imita- The research was supported by the New Europe College, Institute for Ad- tion cannot be considered successful, but it is a form of cultural resis- vanced Study (Bucharest, Romania) and the Volkswagen Stiftung. tance, emphasizing something national. Even if they fail, most important “It was clear from the first reactions of the young people that for them, ac- is that they tried their best. For example in Romania, Manele, a musical ceptance of European standards and “westernization” in general was resisted style that many, even Romanian youth, consider a low level and appall- at first. At the same time, the level of awareness about EU standards is low-- ing musical genre, can be considered as such an unsuccessful attempt. It not only in Georgia, but also in the two EU member states where I conducted mostly focuses on money, gold jewelry, naked women, luxurious cars and the research, Romania and Poland. Therefore, the goal of my research was to grand villas. And although young people acknowledge that this is quite learn about attitudes of youth towards issues they come across in their every- low-grade music, they do not deny that it is a sign of protest against West- day life – their experiences, feelings and everyday contacts with European ern lifestyles. Youth consciously desire to produce a shock and Manele standards,” Lika Tsuladze, the author of the research says. often takes on the function of cultural protest,” Tsuladze explains. In Romania and Poland the research was conducted during the economic According to her research, Polish youth protest by emphasizing how they crisis period from autumn 2011 to January 2012. The European Union manage to make quite a “dangerous combination”, mixing Soviet and is still struggling with this crisis and the rhetoric of shifting blame to Western bureaucracy. “They say that although this synthesis is danger-

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 58

algazrdebi cdiloben, sakuTari Zveli tradiciebi moar- iqneba. magram safrTxes vxedavo imaSi, rom uamrav CvenTvis gon axali drois moTxovnebs. ucxo regulaciasTan Segueba mogviwevs, rac qarTvelebis „maT mobezrdaT dasavluri standartebis kopireba amayi bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, yvelaze mcire, Cvens Sina- da gadawyvites, rom gamorCeulebi yofiliyvnen da Tan gan protests mainc gamoiwvevs~. garda amisa, mTavari _ erovnulebi. magaliTad, ruminelebs aqvT filmis problema, romelic qarTvel axalgazrdebs esaxebaT, gadaRebis specifikuri stili: Zalian naturalisturi. aris is, rom `Zalauflebis mqone qveynebisTvis martivia aqcenti aris ara formaze, aramed emociebis eqspresiaze `gantevebis vacis~ povna, Cvennairi Zalauflebas mokle- da axasiaTebs moZravi kameriT gadaRebuli kadrebi. ax- buli qveynebisTvis ki Zalian rTulia sakuTari simarTlis algazrdebma daiwyes am stilis kopireba. kopirebis yve- damtkiceba~, _ acxadebs lika wulaZe. la magaliTi ver CaiTvleba warmatebulad, Tumca es aris gamoikveTa saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis Seguebis kulturuli winaaRmdegobis gawevis forma, erovnulis xa- strategiebic. kerZod, isini brikolaJis gziT, cdiloben zgasmis, erovnulis aqcentirebis forma. warumateblobis dasavluris da qarTulis sinqronizacias. mizania, miiRo SemTxvevaSic ki mTavaria, rom gaqvs mcdeloba. magaliTad, iseTi popularuli produqti, romelic dasavleTSic kar- rumineTSi aseT warumatebel mcdelobad SeiZleba CaiT- gad gasaRdeba, amave dros, erovnul tradiciebsac ar dae- valos „manele“ _ erT-erTi musikaluri mimdinareoba, muqreba (magaliTad Sini, asafarTi). romelic Tavad ruminel axalgazrdebs dabali donis da „me amas vuwode modernizebuli qarTveloba. imisTvis, samarcxvino musikalur Janrad miaCniaT. masSi ZiriTadi aq- rom ar CarCe tradiciebSi, ar iyo mosabezrebeli Senianebi- centia fulze, oqros samkaulebze, gaSiSvlebul qalebze, sTvis da ufro advilad gasagebi da misaRebi gaxde dasav- Zvirfas manqanebsa da uzarmazar vilebze. axalgazrdebi lelisTvis, am saxis brikolaJi Zalian momgebiania. aseTi aRiareben, rom es sakmaod mdore donis musikaa, arc imas inkorporacia dasavlurisa da qarTulisa aris daZlevis uaryofen, rom is garkveulwilad dasavluri cxovrebis erT-erTi gza, rasac glokalizaciis saxeliT vicnobT, stilze protests warmoadgens. axalgazrdebs Segnebuli rac globaluris da lokaluris SemoqmedebiTad Serwymas Sokis efeqtis moxdena surT. „maneles“ xSirad kulturu- gulisxmobs~, _ askvnis mkvlevari. li protestis funqcia aqvs“, _ ganmartavs lika wulaZe. kvlevis angariSi daibeWdeba axali evropis kolejis kvlevis Tanaxmad, aseT protestze saubrisas, polone- (NEC) mier. kvlevis Sedegebis nawili wardgenili iyo ev- li axalgazrdebi xazs usvamen imas, rom maT moaxerxes roakademiis me-2 globalur konferenciaze saxelwodebiT Zalian saSiSi kombinaciis gakeTeba _ sabWouri da dasav- ”Europe Inside-Out” 2012 wlis aprilSi, parizSi da evroaka- luri biurokratiis Sezaveba. demiis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze saxelwodebiT “Re-In- „marTalia es sinTezi saSiSia, magram Cveneuliao. es venting Eastern Europe” 2012 wlis maisSi, venaSi. agreTve, ward- iyo maTTvis brikolaJis (brikolaJi niSnavs sxvadasxva genili iqneba axali evropis kolejis mier organizebul konteqstebidan kulturuli elementebis aRebas, maT gad- saerTaSoriso konferenciaze saxelwodebiT “‘Good bye, motanas axal konteqstSi da inovaciurad gamoyenebas) Ta- Lenin!’: Rethinking Culture, Politics, History and Space in the Black Sea viseburi, kulturul-specifikuri magaliTi“, _ ambobs Region” 2012 wlis ivnisSi, buqarestSi. kvlevis avtori. daZlevis strategiis erT-erTi nawilad, kvlevis Sede- gebis Tanaxmad, gamoikveTa isic, rom axali evropis qvey- nebi maqsimalurad cdiloben evrokavSiri gafarTovdes aRmosavleTiT, raTa isini ar darCnen evropis ukidures aRmosavleT sazRvrad da maT mudmivad ar aRiqvamdnen, ro- gorc periferiaze myof naklebcivilur qveynebs. gafarToebis es perspetiva pirdapir kavSirSia saqarT- velosTan. sainteresoa saqarTveloSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebic. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos mo- saxleobis 88% evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis momxrea. Tum- ca, siRrmiseulma interviuebma garkveuli problemebic gamokveTa, kerZod: „pirveli, rac gamoikveTa, es iyo erovnulobis xazgas- mis strategia. ra safrTxes xedaven axalgazrdebi? erTi modis ruseTidan, romelic Cvens damorCilebas cdilobs da meore _ Tavisuflebis dasavluri konceptia. qarTve- li axalgazrdebis nawili orives erovnulobis dakargvis safrTxed Tvlis“, _ ambobs kvlevis avtori. lika wulaZis TqmiT, qarTvelebs pirdapiri Sexeba ar hqoniaT evrokavSirTan da maTi damokidebuleba intu- iciur donezea, Tumca, msgavsia rumineli da poloneli ax- algazrdebis mosazrebebisa. „erT-erTma qarTvelma studentma interviuSi Tqva, rom evrokavSiris dadebiTi mxare is aris, rom sazRvre- bi gaixsneba da vizis miRebis gauTavebeli procesi aRar

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 59 ous, it is unique--and is a certain cultural-specific example of Bricolage (Bricolage means picking up different cultural elements from different contexts, re-contextualizing them and using them as a source of innovation.), or cultural synchronization, for them,” the research author says. Results also show that new European countries are doing their best to ensure that the European Union expands to the East so that they do not remain the extreme eastern border, thus not constantly perceived as the “less civilized” countries on the periphery. This perspective of expansion directly implicates Georgia. Although 88% of the Georgian population supports the country’s membership in the EU, in-depth interviews also identified specific problems. Threats to young people’s perceptions of nationality include the peril coming from Russia, which tries to subordinate us, they say; and on the other side is the western concept of freedom. Some Georgian youth believe that both pose threats to their national identity”, - the author says. (National identity includes social and cultural characteristics of the nation, as well as language and other fea- tures that characterize a nation). According to Tsuladze, since Georgia is not a member state of the European Union and the majority of Georgian population have not had any direct contacts with the EU, young people’s attitudes are intuitive. However, their opinions are similar to those of the Romanian and Polish youth. One of the Georgian students stated that the positive side of the European Union is that the borders will open lia wulaZe - Tsu socialur da poli- and there will be no endless process for getting visas. But he also said that Georgia will face threats tikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, such as adapting to strange regulations that will make us resent them, or feel insulted, considering the sociologiis mimarTulebis aso- proud nature of Georgians. According to Georgian youth, the main problem is that it is easy for pow- cirebuli profesori; 17 publika- ciis da 2 saxelmZRvanelos avtori. erful counties to find a scapegoat and impose their will, but for countries like Georgia it is extremely mas araerT saerTaSoriso konfer- difficult show its own perception of development or its own truth. enciaSi da simpoziumSi miuRia Strategies of adaptation by Georgian youth include synchronizing western and Georgian culture monawileoba, kerZod avstriaSi, through Bricolage. These acts aim to create popular products that sell well in the West, but that do safrangeTSi, inglisSi, CexeTSi, not threaten national tradition (for example Shin, Assa Party). “I called this ‘modernized Georgians’. SvedeTSi, poloneTSi, italiaSi, In order not to stick to tradition, not to bore your own people and yet to be more understandable and TurqeTSi, estoneTSi da aSS-Si. igi acceptable in the West, such Bricolage is very useful. Integrating Western and Georgian is one of the ramdenime saerTaSoriso proeqt- Sia CarTuli da Tavadac uZRveba ways to adapt to the existing situation that is widely known as Glocalization – a creative combination proeqts saqarTveloSi socialuri of global and local.” mediis ganviTarebis tendenciebis The research paper was published by the New Europe Collage (NEC). Part of the research results Sesaxeb, romlis mxardamWeria Sve- were presented at the 2nd Global Conference of the European Academy “Europe Inside-Out” in Paris cariis samecniero akademiuri qse- in April 2012, as well as at the International Conference of the European Academy “Re-Inventing li (ASCN). lia wulaZis mimdinare Eastern Europe” in Vienna in May 2010. It was also presented at the international conference or- kvleva exeba axalgazrdul kul- turas Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, ganized by the New Europe College, “Good bye, Lenin!’ Rethinking Culture, Politics, History and swavlobs axalgazrduli idento- Space in the Black Sea Region” in Bucharest in June 2012. bebis formirebas ,,glokalizaciis” konteqstSi. misi bolo SedarebiTi kvleva exeba axalgazrdebis war- modgenebs axal evropul qveynebSi evropeizaciasa (rumineTis da po- loneTis magaliTebi) da evropis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT (saqarT- velos magaliTi).

Lia Tsuladze - Associate Professor at Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tbilisi State University. Author of 17 publications and 2 textbooks. She has par- ticipated in a number of international con- ferences and symposia in Austria, France, England, Czech Republic, Sweden, Poland, Italy, Turkey, Estonia, USA. She is involved in a number of international projects includ- ing leading herself the project on the social media development tendencies in Georgia supported by Academic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN). Lia’s current research relates to the youth culture in modern Georgia focusing on the construction of youth identities in the context of “glocalization.” Her recent com- parative research deals with the youth per- ceptions of Westernization-Europeanization in the New European countries (the cases of Romania and Poland) and the margins of Eu- rope (the case of Georgia).

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 60 sazogadoebis ekonomikuri interesebis ierarqiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis gzebi Resolving Tensions in Economic Interests Between State and Private Business

rogor aRmovfxvraT saxelmwifosa da kerZo mewarmeobis interesebs Soris arsebuli konfliqti? rogor moviyvanoT SesabamisobaSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika da sawarmoTa kerZo samewarmeo politika? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti winapirobaa. swored amitom, kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT mTeli msoflios masStabiT, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, mimdinareobs.

How can tensions between the interests of the state and private entrepreneurship be resolved? How can state economic policy and private entrepreneurship policy be reconciled? Answering these questions is a decisive precondition for the economic development of any country, thus research is being conducted throughout the world, including in Georgia.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 61

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo For over a decade Revaz Gvelesiani, Full Professor at the Tbilisi State universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikur mecniere- University (TSU), Doctor of Economic Sciences and Head of the Eco- nomic Policy Department, has been studying the hierarchy of society’s baTa doqtori, eko­no­mi­ku­ri po­li­ti­kis kaTedris xel­ economic interests and how to implement rational and effective eco- mZRva­ne­li revaz gvelesiani ukve aTeul welze metia nomic policy. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri interesebis ierarqiaSi arseb- A recent project addressing the innovative management of small and uli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis, saxelmwifos mier racio- medium-sized entrepreneurship was implemented in Berlin in Octo- naluri da efeqtiani ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis ber-December 2011, and the results of the scientific research were approved by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Besides da mewarmeobis ganviTarebis strategiisa da kulturis in Germany, his research has been published in the Journal of Inter- problemebs ikvlevs. erT-erTi bolo proeqti mcire da sa- national Public Policy, No.28, of the University of Tsukuba, Japan in Sualo mewarmeobis inovaciuri menejmentis kvlevis mimar- September 2011 and in the Spanish-language Journal of the Institute TulebiT, berlinSi 2011 wlis oqtomber-dekemberSi ganx- of International Relations at the University of La Plata (Argentina). orcielda da wardgenili samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi Another article will appear in the Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Athens, Greece. mowonebuli iqna DAAD-is mier. misi samecniero-kvleviTi From the different policies (competition, financial, monetary, inter- statiebi germaniis garda, iaponiis cukubas universite- national, etc.) implemented by the state with the purpose of develop- tis JurnalSi (`The Journal of International Public Policy~, No.28, ing entrepreneurial activities, or creating an enabling environment for September, University of Tsukuba, Japan, 2011) da argentinis la their activities, Revaz Gvelesiani focuses on the policy of “economic platas saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa institutis mier order”. According to him the goal of a policy of economic order is to define the framework conditions for both the state and private eco- (The Institute of International Relations of the University of La Plata, nomic activities and to achieve compliance between the system of Argentina) gamoqveynda. miRebulia Tanxmoba morigi statiis public values and the economic framework. Quite frequently this is gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb JurnalSi (`Journal of Southeast European defined as the policy affecting qualitative changes. and Black Sea Studies~ Athens, Greece). The researcher notes that a policy of economic order is characterized revaz gvelesiani saxelmwifos mier samewarmeo saqmi- by internal resistance: On one hand, the state tries to create social anobis ganviTarebis strategiis (misTvis xelsayre- order, while on the other the market is expected to establish a com- petitive order that can function and be implemented. The key goal of li garemos Seqmnis) mizniT gatarebul politikaTa that research was to define the appropriate spaces for the state (social (konkurenciis, safinanso, fuladi, saerTaSoriso da a. S.) order) and private economic (competitive order) activities, so that the Soris mTavar aqcents ekonomikuri wesrigis politikaze state establishes a rational border between them. akeTebs. misi sityvebiT, ekonomikuri wesrigis politikis “In countries where such spaces and borders are established correctly, mizania gansazRvros CarCo pirobebi, rogorc saxelmwifo, enterprises are highly successful as they manage to capture relevant segments of domestic, European or world markets and maintain their aseve kerZo ekonomikuri aqtivobisaTvis da miaRwios Se- positions as market leaders for the long term,” the scientist says. How- sabamisobas sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa sistemasa da ever, to define these spheres of activity correctly it is vital to fully ekonomikuri wesrigis CarCo pirobebis formirebas Soris. understand the content of entrepreneurial development strategy. amitom mas xSirad Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis ganmsazRvrel Gvelesiani believes that a strategy of self-development for entrepre- politikasac uwodeben. neurial activity means that an enterprise first defines the entrepreneur- ial goal and market and its relations with consumers; its permanent mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom ekonomikuri wesrigis poli- innovations; its competitive strategy; relations with partners; new tika Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT xasiaTdeba. erTi mxriv, sax- management philosophy, etc. Both the overall development strategy elmwifo cdilobs socialuri wesrigis formirebas da misi and self-development strategy of entrepreneurial activity contain in- sazRvrebis gafarToebas; xolo meore mxriv, bazari mowo- ner resistance, however. This is the challenge--to create compliance debulia daamkvidros funqcionirebis unariani konkuren- between the entrepreneurial strategy and culture. For its part, the culture of entrepreneurship is defined as the unity of tuli wesrigi da uzrunvelyos misi ganxorcieleba. the enterprise’s goals and values, which, ideally, are acceptable for Sesabamisad, kvlevis mTavari amocanaa saxelmwifo (so- all the employees of an enterprise and arouse a feeling of purpose in cialuri wesrigi) da kerZo ekonomikuri (konkurentuli them. Organizational culture is oriented towards the staff and can wesrigi) aqtivobisTvis Sesabamisi sivrceebis dadgena, create the individuality of an enterprise. Its influence on staff activity raTa maT Soris racionaluri sazRvari `dawesdes~ saxelm- is mainly reflected within the functions of management, identity and motivation. wifos mier. Gvelesiani points out the absence of a specific entrepreneurial culture `im qveynebSi, sadac aseTi sivrceebi da sazRvari swora- as one of the reasons for economic problems in transforming coun- daa `dadgenili~, mewarmeobis subieqtebi did warmatebebs tries. Accordingly, adequate management of the organizational culture aRweven qveynis Sida, evropis Tu msoflio bazris Sesabam- is a precondition for overcoming problems. The author offers the ex- isi segmentis `dapyrobiT~ da lideri sawarmos poziciis ample of East Germany, noting that the economic problems existing in the period of transformation were rooted in a type of management xangrZlivad SenarCunebiT~, _ ambobs mecnieri. that was mostly expressed by a deficit of motivation and an absence of Tumca imisTvis, rom aqtivobis aRniSnuli sferoebi specific strategies. sworad ganisazRvros, aucilebelia mewarmeobis TviTgan- “It was not considered expedient to immediately bring in the West- viTarebis strategiis Sinaarsis bolomde gaazrebac. ern cultures of Siemens, Volkswagen, Bosch and so on. Since modern revaz gvelesiani Tvlis, rom samewarmeo saqmianobis western management could not be omnipotent, only the diversity of entrepreneurial culture could really be a guarantor of economic suc- TviTganviTarebis strategia, upirveles yovlisa, gu- cess. Subtle culture management was necessary for Eastern German lisxmobs sawarmos mier mewarmeobis miznisa da bazris enterprises. These companies knew how to address the issues of per- gansazRvras; momxmareblebTan urTierTobas; ganuwyve sonnel management based on their own experience and culture, as they

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 62

tel inovacias; konkurenciis strategias; partniorebTan damokidebulebas; menejmentis axal filosofias da a.S. same- warmeo saqmianobis, rogorc ganviTarebis strategia, aseve misi TviTganviTarebis strategiac Sinagani winaaRmdegobis matarebelia. esaa Sesabamisobis problema mewarmeobis strate- giasa da kulturas Soris. mewarmeobis kultura, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba, rogorc sawarmos miznebisa da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romlebic idealur SemTxvevaSi sawarmos yvela TanamSromlisaTvis mis- aRebia da maTSi movaleobis grZnobis gamomwvevi. igi koleq- tivzea orientirebuli da SeuZlia calkeuli sawarmos indi- vidualuroba warmoSvas. misi zemoqmedeba sawarmos wevrTa saqmianobaze upiratesad marTvis, identifikaciisa da motiva- ciis funqciebSi vlindeba. transformaciuli qveynebis ekonomikuri problemebis erT-erT mizezad mkvlevari swored Taviseburi da gansxvaveb- uli samewarmeo kulturis ararsebobas asaxelebs. Sesabamisad _ problemebis daZlevis winapiroba aseTi kulturis adeqva- re­vaz gve­le­si­a­ni - Tsu sruli profesori, eko- turi menejmentis danergvaa. nomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekono­ ­mi­ ku­ri po­li­ti­kis kaTedris xelmZRva­ ­ne­li, aRmosavleT germaniis magaliTze revaz gvelesiani eko­no­mi­ku­ri poli­ ­ti­ki­s qar­Tul-germa­ ­nu­ miuTiTebs, rom transformaciis periodSi arsebuli ekonomi- li insti­ ­tu­tis (GDI) di­req­to­ri, Tsu akade- kuri problemebi, uwinares yovlisa, menejmentSi iyo fesvgadg- miuri sabWos wevri. gamoq­ ­vey­ne­bu­li aqvs 80 muli, rac motivaciis deficitsa da moqmedebis konkretuli sa­mec­ni­e­ro naS­ro­mi, maT Soris­ 2 saxelmZR- vanelo da 5 monog­ ­ra­fia. revaz­ gve­le­si­a­ns mimarTulebis arqonaSi mdgomareobda. mopovebuli aqvs Tsu samecniero premia, 16 `iq ar CaiTvala mizanSewonilad `simensis~, `folksvage- sa­er­Ta­So­ri­so stipendia da granti (DFG-1, nis~, `boSis~ da a.S. dasavluri kulturis pirdapir da erT- DAAD-7, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung-1, Daimler-Benz- Stiftung-1, Volkswagen-Stiftung-1, Feilmeier&Junker baSad Setana. radgan, Tanamedrove dasavluri menejmenti ar GmbH - 4, University of Piraeus - “Hellenic Aid” 1). SeiZleba yovlisSemZle iyos. ekonomikis warmatebis garanti mis mier Tsu-Si daarsebuli ekonomikuri mxolod mewarmeobis kulturis mravalgvarobaa. aRmosavleT politikis kaTedra da qarTul-germanuli instituti warmatebiT TanamSromloben germaniis sawarmoebisTvis subtiluri kulturis menejmenti berlinisa da cukubas (iaponia) univer- iyo aucilebeli, romelic mTlianad moicavda maT kulturaze sitetebis Sesabamis instituciebTan. igi damyarebuli personalis marTvas da kargad icnobda adgilo- aris niu-iorkis­ mecni­ ­e­re­ba­Ta aka­de­mi­is, brivi sawarmoebis problemebs~, _ wers mkvlevari. va­Singto­ ­nis mecni­ ­e­re­bis prog­re­sis aso­ci­ a­ci­is da saqar­ ­Tve­los eko­no­mi­kur mecni­ ­e­ revaz gvelesianis azriT, mewarmeobis warmatebiT marTva re­ba­Ta aka­de­mi­is wevri.­ SesaZlebelia, Tu misi strategia da kultura erTmaneTs es- adageba. magram arc Tu iSviaTad sawarmoebi gviCveneben adami-

Revaz Gvelesiani - is Full Professor at Tbilisi State Univer- anTa rogorc pirovnuli, aseve jgufuri moqmedebis darRvevis sity (TSU); Doctor of Economic Sciences; Head of the sxvadasxva formas. Tu isini mewarmeobis kulturaze zemoq- Economic Policy Department; Director of the Geor- medeben, maSin es gamoiwvevs ufro globalur, anu sistemisa gian-German Institute of Economic Policy; Member of the TSU Academic Council. He has published 80 da struqturis darRvevebs. amas paTologiur organizaciul scientific works, including two textbooks and five kulturamde mivyavarT. `swored mewarmeobis kulturis paTo- monographs. Revaz Gvelesiani has been awarded the logia aZnelebs Sesabamisobis miRwevas mewarmeobis strate- TSU Scientific Prize, 16 international scholarships and giasa da kulturas Soris. maSasadame, samewarmeo saqmianobis, grants (DFG-1, DAAD-7, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung-1, Daimler-Benz-Stiftung-1, Volkswagen-Stiftung-1, rogorc ganviTarebis strategiis, aseve TviTganviTarebis Feilmeier&Junker GmbH - 4, University of Piraeus/ strategiis Sinagani winaaRmdegobani arTuleben maT Tavseba- Hellenic Aid’ - 1). The TSU Department of Economic dobas~, _ ambobs kvlevis avtori. Policy, which he founded, and the Georgian-German Institute are successfully cooperating with institutions msoflio bazris lider mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi pri- in Berlin and Tsukuba (Japan). He is a member of the oritetulia menejmentis inovaciuri struqtura, xelmZRvane- Academy of Sciences of New York, the American li Zalebis pirovnuli Rirsebebi da menejmentis koleqtivTan Association for the Advancement of Science and the Georgian Academy of Economic Sciences. TanamSromloba. revaz gvelesiani xazs usvams, rom sawarmos marTvis mizani unda iyos dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris kompromisis povna da Sesabamisobis miRweva. swored marTvis aseTi xelovneba gansazRvravs msoflio bazris lideri sawarmoebis moqmedebis wess. `aqedan gamomdinare, mewarmeobis strategiisa da kultu-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 63 ris SesabamisobaSi moyvana SeuZlia inovaciuri menejmentis knew the problems of local enterprises well,” the researcher writes. iseT models, romlis birTvic warmodgenilia ambiciuri In Gvelesiani’s opinion, successful enterprise management is pos- miznebiT da Zlieri marTviT. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, sible if its strategy and culture match. However, quite frequently enterprises violate both personal and group action-- and this can sawarmoebis Sida kompetenciebs gansazRvravs da maT ori- lead to a pathological organizational culture, and he says, “The pa- entirebas axdens. Sida kompetenciebi gulisxmobs mkacri thology of entrepreneurial culture impedes compliance between the `SromiTi testiT~ arCeul da motivirebul TanamSrom- entrepreneurial strategy and culture.” lebs, ganuwyvetel inovacias saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Innovative structures of management, the personal dignity of man- TvalsazrisiT da sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobas. Sida kom- agerial staff and cooperation between the management and staff petenciebi sabolood bazris gare SesaZleblobebSi trans- are priority issues in small- and medium-sized enterprise leaders. formirdeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs bazris viwro Gvelesiani emphasizes that the key goal of entrepreneurial manage- fokuss (saqonelsa da momsaxurebaSi, teqnologiaSi), momx- ment should be finding compromises between conflicting parties, and achieving compliance. This “art of management” determines mareblebTan siaxloves, konkurenciis aSkara upirateso- the organizational behavior of world market leaders. “Only models bebs da globalur orientirebas~, _ miiCnevs avtori. of innovative management can bring entrepreneurial strategy and Tsu mkvlevarebi am mimarTulebiT muSaobas agrZele- culture into compliance, the core of which is represented by ambi- ben. amis paralelurad ki revaz gvelesianis morigma pro- tious goals and strong management”. eqtma `konfliqtebi _ krizisebis prevencia _ stabilu- “Management, in turn, defines the internal competencies of enter- robis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi (ekonomikuri aspeqti)~ prises and gives them a relevant orientation. Internal competencies gaimarjva DAAD-is (germaniis akademiuri gacvlis sam- mean that motivated staff are selected through a strict “labor test”, saxuris) saerTaSoriso konkursSi da misi ganxorcieleba and that they bring permanent innovations in terms of goods and services and rely on their own forces. Internal competencies are dagegmilia berlinSi germaniis mecnierebisa da politikis finally transformed into external market opportunities that address fondis saerTaSoriso politikisa da usafrTxoebis ger- niche markets (goods and services, technologies), proximity to con- manul institutSi (SWP Berlin) da ekonomikuri kvlevebis sumers and demonstrate the obvious advantages of competition and germanul institutSi (DIW Berlin) 2012 wlis oqtombridan. a global orientation,” the author states.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 64 Tsu mecnierTa marketinguli kvlevis Sedegebi

qarTveli momxmarebeli logikurze metad emociur sareklamo kampanias endoba

`qarTveli momxmareblisTvis produqciis da maT Sefasebebs. bolo nawili ikvlevda sainformacio warmoSoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania - wyaroebs, romlebsac momxmarebeli yvelaze metad iyenebs mwarmoebeli qveynis mixedviT saqarTveloSi xSirad produqtis SeswavlisaTvis da momxmareblis demografi- xarisxs gansazRvraven; momxmarebeli ZiriTadad ul profils. endoba sakuTar da megobris gamocdilebas, aseve _ kvlevis safuZvelze momzadebuli naSromi `qarTveli emociurad datvirTul reklamas...~ _ es mxolod momxmareblebis mier teritoriulad axlomdebare qvey- mciredi nawilia im daskvnebisa, romelic Tsu nebis produqciis Sefaseba~ 2008 wels gamoqveynda aSS-Si mecnierma da misma partniorebma saqarTvelos gamomaval impaqt faqtoris mqone JurnalSi `Journal of Euro- samomxmareblo bazris kvlevis Sedegad gamoitanes. marketing~, romelic msoflios marketingis sferoSi avto- ritetuli gamocemaa.

Tsu marketingis kaTedris srulma profesorma nug- analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom qarTveli momxmare- zar Toduam da amave kaTedris doqtorantma ali rizam blis mier ucxouri produqtis Sefasebisas, gamoiyeneba pensilvaniis saxelmwifo universitetis marketingis kaT- informaciis iseTi wyaroebi, rogoricaa: gamocdileba, me- edris profesor erdener qainaqTan erTad Caatares gobarTa azri, maRaziis vitrinebi, televizia, informacia specialuri kvleva qarTveli momxmareblis mier ucxouri SefuTvaze, radio, Jurnal-gazeTebi, gamyidvelebi, bil- produqtis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb. kvleva Cat- bordebi. dasaxelebuli wyaroebidan upiratesoba eniWeba arda 2008 wlis maissa da ivnisSi, gamoikiTxa 665 momxmare- momxmarebelTa pirad gamocdilebas, romelsac mosdevs beli Tbilisidan, baTumidan, quTaisidan da rusTavidan. megobarTa azri, momdevno wyaroa televizia, ZiriTadad, kvlevamde fokus jgufebSi Catarda anketebis winaswari reklama. testireba. Segrovili monacemebis redaqtireba xdeboda Tsu ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, marketing- yoveldRiurad, raTa Semowmebuliyo respondentebis is kaTedris xelmZRvanelis, sruli profesoris nugzar mier gacemuli pasuxebis sisrule da Tanmimdevruloba. Toduas informaciiT: “qarTveli momxmareblis mier emo- respondentebis 40% iyo mamakaci, 60%-qali, romlebic ciuri sareklamo kampania, logikurTan SedarebiT, ufro asakis mixedviT daiyvnen 3 mTavar jgufad _ 24 wlamde, dafasebuli da miRebulia.” 24-dan 35 wlamde da 35 welze meti asakis. monacemebi Se- rogorc qarTvel mecnierTa mier Catarebulma kvl- grovda TviTadministrirebadi anketis saSualebiT, ro- evam aCvena, asakovani momxmarebeli upiratesobas aniWebs melic 7 nawilisagan Sedgeboda. pirvel nawilSi dasmuli gamocdilebas, SefuTvaze arsebul informacias, Jurnal- iyo kiTxvebi, romlebic exeboda qarTveli momxmareblebis gazeTebs da gamyidvelis rCevebs; axalgazrdebi ucxouri mier sxvadasxva qveynebSi damzadebuli produqtis aRqmas, saqonlis Sesafaseblad ufro metad radiosa da bilbor- meore Seicavda kiTxvebs momxmareblis mier produqtis debs iyeneben; naklebad ganaTlebuli momxmarebeli ten- warmoSobis qveynis aRqmis Sesaxeb. Semdegi nawilebi eZ- denciuria, ufro metad eyrdnoba megobarTa mosazrebebs, Rvneboda garemos gavlenas, eTnocentrul tendenciebs, vitrinebs, televizias, radios, gazeTebsa da bilbordebs, agreTve ucxouri nawarmisadmi saerTo damokidebulebebs vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneni. qali respodentebi,

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 65 TSU Scientists’ Consumer Marketing Research

“Georgian consumers trust emotional advertising campaigns more than those based on logic.”

Professor Nugzar Todua from the Marketing Department of TSU; Ali Riza Apil, doctoral candidate; and Professor Erdener Kaynak from the Marketing Department of the State University of Pennsylvania, carried out a study on the criteria of evaluation of imported products by Georgian consumers. “For Georgian consumers the origin of products is especially important – in Georgia, quality is often determined by the country of production; a consumer basically trusts either his own experience or that nugzar ToduaN - Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis of his friend, as well as very emotional advertising.” This is part of the fakultetis sruli profesori, market- ingis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli. ekonomikur conclusions to the study on the Georgian consumer market. mecnierebaTa doqtori. Tsu warmomadgen- lobiTi sabWos (senatis) wevri; Tsu sam- kurnalo–diagnostikuri centris sameT- valyureo sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 130 samecniero da saswavlo–meToduri naSromi. maT Soris: sami saxelmZRvanelo; sami monografia; ori leqciebis kursi; rva saswavlo meToduri masala. aris 114 statiis avtori. miniWe- buli aqvs Tsu jorj Sulcis saxelobis axalgazrda mecnierTa premia; aseve Tsu-s samecniero premia; saqarTvelos preziden- tis pirveli xarisxis axalgazrda mecnier- Ta stipendia. aris saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri da mikroekonomikis ganyofilebis xelmZ- Rvaneli, amasTan sxvadasxva samecniero sabWos wevri. sistematurad monawileobs saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi. aris sare- daqcio kolegiebis wevri da saganmanaTle- blo programebis da samecniero naSromebis xelmZRvaneli. 2 monografiis da 6 saxelmZ- The research was carried out in May and June 2008, with 665 consumers inter- Rvanelos redaqtori. viewed from Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi and Rustavi. Before the research, question- naires had been tested in focus groups. Responses to the questionnaires were noted on a daily basis to ensure they were complete and consistent. The respondents were Nugzar Todua – Full Professor of TSU Faculty of Econom- 40% male and 60% female and were divided into three distinct age groups: under ics and Business; head of the Marketing Department; 24, from 24 to 35 and above 35. Doctor of Economic Sciences; TSU Senate member; Data were drawn from self-administered questionnaires that consisted of seven Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Council of the TSU Medical-Diagnostic Center. He has published parts: The first part concerned the perception by Georgian consumers of goods 130 scientific and educational-methodical works, in- produced in various countries. The second concerned the respondent’s perception cluding three textbooks; three monographs; two cours- of the country of origin of a product. Other parts examined the influence of the es of lectures; eight educational-methodical materials. environment, ethnocentric consumer tendencies, as well as common attitudes to- He is the author of 114 articles; has been awarded George Shultz Award for Young Scientists, as well as wards foreign products and their evaluations. The last part evaluated how consum- TSU scientific prize and Presidential scholarship for ers learn about a product, and the consumer’s demographic profile. young scientists. The report from the research “Georgian Consumer Evaluation of Products Origi- He is the member of the Georgian Academy of Busi- nating in a Country of Geographically Close Proximity” was published in 2008 in ness Sciences and the Georgian Academy of Economic Sciences; the head of the Microeconomic Department, the Journal of Euromarketing, a professional marketing publication. The study as well as the member of various scientific councils. showed that when evaluating foreign products Georgian consumers use the fol- He systematically participates in international confer- lowing factors to make their choice: experience, friend’s opinions, shop-windows, ences; is a member of editorial boards and head of television advertising, information on the package, radio advertising, magazine educational programs and scientific works; editor of 2 and newspaper advertising, shop assistants and billboards. The personal experi- monographs and 6 textbooks. ence of consumers is the main factor, followed by friends’ opinions, television and other advertising. Professor Todua said, “Georgian consumers trust and accept emotional advertising campaigns rather than those based on logic.” The Georgian study showed differences according to age: adult consumers prefer

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 66

mamakacebTan SedarebiT, yvela wyaros iyeneben, gamonak- lisia mxolod radio. cxrili 1. qarTveli momxmareblis mier sxvadasxva qveynis kvleva amtkicebs imasac, rom qarTveli momxmareble- produqtis atributebis aRqma* bi miiCneven niSans `damzadebulia ...Si (Made in..)~, rogorc Table 1. Georgian consumers’ perceptions of the attributes of the aucilebel informacias, romelsac isini saqonlis SeZe- products made in various countries* namde eZeben. myidvelis azriT, produqtis warmoSobis qveynis Sesaxeb informaciis Zieba aucilebelia, radgan amiT arkveven produqtis xarisxs. `qarTveli momxmarebeli produqtis warmoSobis atributi USA qveyanas eZebs imitom, rom mas saqonlis xarisxis garan- ATTRIBUTE aSS RUSSIA TURKEY GEORGIA ruseTi GERMANY germania tad aRiqvams. qarTvelebi ufro metad endobian ganvi- TurqeTi

Tarebuli qveynebis teqnologiebsa da maTi saqonlis saqarTvelo damzadebis xarisxs, vidre aRmosavleTis qveynebisas. The technical teqnikuri 4.269 2.634 3.370 4.612 2.438 produqti iseTi ganviTarebuli qveynebidan, rogori- level done caa germania, iaponia da aSS, aRqmulia rogorc umaRlesi xarisxis, xolo TurqeTis, poloneTis, saqarTvelos Reliability sandoooba 4.039 2.532 3.500 4.550 2.665 da CineTis nawarmi, aRqmulia, rogorc dabali xarisx- is. saqarTveloSi yvelaze naklebad afaseben Cinur Quality of xelobis produqts. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qarTveli momxmare- 3.968 2.656 3.452 4.401 3.021 handicraft xarisxi blebis azriT, qarTuli alkoholuri sasmeli da yveli saukeTesoa, sxva kategoriis adgilobriv produqts ki asli/ copy / original 3.996 2.667 3.277 4.277 2.674 aRiqvamen, rogorc dabalxarisxians~, _ aseTia qarTvel originali mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegi. Quality of the masalis nodar Toduas TqmiT, kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa ram- 3.901 2.631 3.529 4.480 2.843 denime saintereso migneba, kerZod: aSS-is produqtebis material xarisxi Tvisebebi umaRles Sefasebas imsaxurebs naklebad ga- Known / ucnobi/ naTlebuli, daojaxebuli da naklebad eTnocentruli unknown nacnobi 3.953 2.658 3.476 4.085 2.882 mamakaci momxmareblebisgan, xolo Turquli produqtis (popular) trade (popularuli) Tvisebebs dadebiTad afaseben SedarebiT xandazmuli da mark savaWro niSani daojaxebuli myidvelebi. Choice of modelisa da 4.178 3.435 3.627 4.159 2.803 saqarTveloSi Semdegi momxmarebluri qcevac gamoi- models and sizes zomis arCevani kveTa: rogorc analizisas gairkva, qarTvelebi dardo- Attractiveness of dizainis ben saqarTveloSi arsebul umuSevreobaze da problemis 4.140 3.175 3.353 4.309 2.97 gadawyvetas qarTuli produqtis yidviT cdiloben. qa- the design mimzidveloba rTvelebi ucxour produqts yiduloben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es produqti ar iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi. Image prestiJuloba 4.156 2.591 3.312 4.336 2.793 Sesabamisad, mecnierebi askvnian, rom ekonomikuri md- gomareoba da umuSevrobis maRali done zrdis momxmare- Price (acceptable fasi (misaRebi 3.069 3.702 3.508 3.442 3.605 blis eTnocentrulobas. amitom, pirdapiri investicia / unacceptable) / miuRebeli) da adgilobrivi produqtis warmoeba yvelaze kargi sa- Number of reklamis Sualebaa qarTul bazarze SesaRwevad. 3.968 3.278 3.399 3.746 3.074 kvlevis Tanaxmad, qarTveli momxmareblebis dabali advertisements odenoba msyidvelobiTi unari mTavari negatiuri faqtoria. Quality of reklamis 4.033 2.835 3.398 4.018 2.825 erTi mxriv, dabali Semosavlebi, meore mxriv ki qarTuli advertisements xarisxi mentaliteti, ganapirobebs qarTveli momxmareblebis Frequency of amerikuli specifikur damokidebulebas produqtis fasebis purchasing warmoebis mimarT. 2.866 2.927 3.483 3.509 3.359 American-made produqtis `produqtis yidvisas, qarTveli momxmareblis gadaw- products SeZenis sixSire yvetileba, pirvel rigSi, emyareba fass da Semdeg qarTul Relevance to the xarisxs. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevaSi maRalfasiani da gemovnebasTan 3.252 2.88 3.507 3.919 3.541 Georgian taste maRalxarisxiani produqti mainc gasavlianobiT xasiaT- Sesabamisoba deba (gansakuTrebuli saqoneli bavSvebisa da qalebisaT- Do I recommend vuwev Tu ara vis, wveris saparsi mamakacebisTvis, sigaretebi, manqanis 3.486 2.485 3.300 4.055 3.178 it or not rekomendacias aqsesuarebi da sxv.). miuxedavad imisa, rom savaWro qsel- Si SedarebiT dabalfasiani saqoneli batonobs, maRal- fasiani produqti da fufunebis sagnebi mainc poulobs * Sefaseba icvleba 1-dan 5-mde: 1 = dabali xarisxi, klientebs dabali Semosavlis mqone momxmarebelTa 2 = SedarebiT dabali xarisxi; 3 = saSualo xarisxi; segmentidan. ucnauria, magram igive dabalSemosavliani 4 = SedarebiT maRali xarisxi; 5 = maRali xarisxi. jgufebi ixdian maRal Tanxebs prestiJul nivTebSi, rac maT sxvebisgan gamoarCevT~, _ esec kvlevis Sedegad * Evaluation varies from 1 to 5: 1= low quality; 2= relatively low gamovlenili qarTveli myidvelis kidev erTi specifi- quality; 3= average quality; 4= relatively high quality; 5= high kurobaa. quality. marTalia, marketingis Temaze Catarebuli pirve-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 One more finding revealed by the study was that Georgians express more positivelyevaluatedbyelderly andmarriedbuyers. concern are products Turkish of properties the while consumers, male nocentric eth less and married educated, less the from evaluations higher receive Todua products U.S. of qualities the findings: interesting other out points while otherlocalproductsareperceived aslowerinquality. holic beverages and cheeses are the “best products” in their own country, alco Georgian consumers, local For Georgia. in respected not are ucts Georgia and China are perceived as lower quality products. Chinese prod quality,high as perceived are from States those Turkey,ed while Poland, Products from developed countries such as Germany, Japan and the Unit gies ofdevelopedcountries. technolo the trust quality.They of guarantor a as it perceive they cause be product the of origin of country the find to try consumers “Georgian product. the of quality the determine to order in product a of origin of country the about information find to essential is it opinion, buyers’ the In product. a buying before find to try they which information, compulsory as in…” The research also proves that Georgian consumers deem the mark “Made of friends,shop-windows,television,radio,newspapersandbillboards. opinions the on more rely education less with respondents well: as tion educa to according differences were There products. foreign evaluate to billboards use and radio to listen Youth mostly assistants. shop from advice and magazines newspapers, packages, on information experience, edviT mix xarisxis produqtis aRqma qveynis mier momxmareblis qarTveli Rireb praqtikuli gaaCnia. Sefaseba”, ulebac produqciis axlomdebare qveynebis teritoriulad mier “qarTve naSroms momxmareblebis li ro irwmunebian, magram avtorebi xasiaTisaa, kvlevis gorc Teoriuli kvleva qarTuli li

iaponia momxmareblis qarTveli dadgenili Sedegad “kvlevis Cars avtomanqanebi Household appliances sayofacxovrebo nivTebi Japan

ruseTi Russia

germania Germany

TurqeTi Turkey Fashion goods moduri saqoneli Electronics eleqtronika

poloneTi Poland

saqarTvelo Georgia

aSS Clothes tansacmeli USA

italia Italy

CineTi

China ------2 3 4 0 1 _ aRniSnavsTsu-ssruliprofesorinugzarTodua. mohyva~, ukve Sefaseba dadebiTi rasac mizanic, kvlevis ni da konkurentuli poziciebi gaimyaron. swored es iyo Cve dagegmon strategiebi marketinguli zusti biznesmenebs, valiswineba xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos bazarzemomuSave gaT Taviseburebebis qcevis da xasiaTisa moTxovnilebis fessor Nugzar Todua concluded. positive achievement.” a Pro as seen already be can research our of goal particular This positions. competitive their strengthen and strategies ing help businesses working within the Georgian market to plan clear market type will consumers Georgianthe of peculiarities behavioral and to requirements of attention “Paying too. value practical its out point authors the theoretical, is marketing about research Georgian first this Although objects ofprestigetodistinguishthemselvesfromothers. find their clients within the low income groups. Low-income groups buy still products luxury of and expensive full products, low-priced mostly comparatively are networks trade Although etc. accessories, motorcar cigarettes, shavers, also but women, and children for products especially too-- well quite sell products quality.quality However, then tohigh and expensive cases, and some in price to related all of first are decisions consumers’Georgian product, a buying “When prices. product towards consumers Georgian of attitude specific a mentality,Georgiancreate the other,the on and incomes low hand, one factor.On negative key a is ers consum Georgian of power purchasing low study,the the to According local goods is the best means to gain access to Georgiansumer markets. ethnocentrism”. This suggests that directthat investmentthe economic situation and productionand high level of of unemployment increases notfind“con alternatives manufactured in Georgia. Thus the scientists conclude Georgianproducts. Georgians buy foreign purchasing products by problem the addressmainly when to they try unemploymentcan high andabout Georgian consumers’ perception of a country according to its product quality product its to according country a of perception consumers’ Georgian

Footwear fexsacmeli Goods forhouserenovation gankuTvnili saqoneli saxlis saremontosamuSaoebisTvis iaponia Japan

ruseTi Russia

germania Germany

TurqeTi Turkey

poloneTi

Medical goods samedicino saqoneli Alcoholic drinks alkoholuri sasmelebi Poland

saqarTvelo Georgia 2012 aSS USA

July italia

Italy TSU SCIENCE SCIENCE TSU Cheese yveli CineTi China - - 0 1 2 3 4 - - - - -

67

68 biowarmoeba - saqarTvelos mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis safuZveli

Sveicariis qalaq ciurixSi, 2011 wlis 30 agvistodan 2 seqtembramde gaimarTa soflis meurneobis ekonomistebis evropuli asociaciis (The European Association of Agricultural Economists) me-13 kongresi _ `cvlilebebi da ganusazRvreloba~ _ soflis meurneobis, sasursaTo da bunebrivi resursebis problemebze. kongresSi monawileobas sxvadasxva erovnebis 600-ze meti saerTaSoriso eqsperti, 100- ze meti studenti da am dargis specialisti iRebda. Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis sruli profesoris eTer xaraiSvilisa da asocirebuli profesoris marina nacvalaZis mier kongresze sakonkursod gagzavnili iyo samecniero-kvleviTi posteri Temaze: „bio-produqtebi, rogorc saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis safuZveli“, romelic ori damoukidebeli eqspertis SefasebiTa da samecniero komitetis gadawyvetilebiT, erT-erT saukeTeso kvlevad aRiares.

saqarTvelos agraruli warmoeba adgilobrivi mox- kvlevis avtorebis TqmiT, dRes msoflioSi bio- marebis mxolod 49 procents akmayofilebs. Sesabamis- produqtebis ZiriTad mimwodeblebad ganviTarebuli ad, qveyana kvlav importdamokidebulia. am `damokide- qveynebi iTvleba da bazarsac isini akontroleben, Tumca bulebis~ daZlevis gzad Tsu mecnierebs saqarTveloSi bazarze afrikis, laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleT ev- inovaciebze dafuZnebuli biologiuri meurneobis ganvi- ropis qveynebic seriozul ganacxads akeTeben. am produq- Tareba esaxebaT. swored am Temas mieZRvana Tsu ekonomiki- ciaze moTxovna ZiriTadad aSS-sa da evropis qveynebs aqvT. sa da biznesis fakultetis kvleva _ „bio–produqtebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom bioproduqtebis gayidvam 2010 wels 60 rogorc saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvi- miliard dolars miaRwia. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, Tarebis safuZveli“. 2011 wlidan bioproduqtebis realizaciis zrdis tempi `Cveni soflis meurneobis produqcia yovelTvis kidev daCqardeba. gamoirCeoda maRali xarisxiTa da saukeTeso gemovnuri rac Seexeba saqarTvelos - aq socialurad da ekonomi- TvisebebiT. Tumca, rTuli landSafturi reliefis da kurad mdgradi biomeurneobebis Camoyalibeba 1994 wli- sxva mizezebis gamo, qarTul sasoflo-sameurneo produq- dan daiwyo biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas” cias Zalze gauWirdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmoe- xelSewyobiT. qveynis biomeurneobebSi iTeseba xorblis, buli produqtisTvis konkurenciis gaweva fasiT. amitom, qeris, Romis, fetvis, ospis, cercvis, muxudos da sxva adg- saqarTvelos mxolod xarisxiani, gansakuTrebuli bio- ilobrivi jiSebi. amasTan, Seiqmna kulturuli mcenareebis produqtebiT SeuZlia msoflio bazarze adgilis damkvi- nimuSebis sacavi, sadac kulturuli mcenareebis 300-mde dreba~, _ aRniSnavs Tsu profesori eTer xaraiSvili. nimuSia daculi. biologiuri agrowarmoebis xelSesawyo- Tsu mecnierTa gaTvlebiT, biomeurneobis Camoyalibe- bad momzadebulia sabaziso kanonmdeblobac: 2007 wels ba da biowarmoebaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi ufro nakleb saqarTvelos kanoniT _ `biologiuri agrowarmoebis danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, vidre intensiuri meur- ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~, ganisazRvra bioagrowarmoebis neobis gaZRola. amis dasamtkiceblad mecnierebs Semdegi ZiriTad principebi, xolo ufro detaluri regulaciebi argumentebi aqvT: mocemulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo standartSi _ `bio- saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi jer kidev naklebad produqciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da warmoebis wesebi~. iyeneben qimiur pesticidebsa da sasuqebs; Tsu mecnierebma eTer xaraiSvilma da marina nacvalaZem saqarTvelos gruntis wylebi da saTib-saZovrebi ar specialuri kvleva Caatares, romlis mizanic iyo Tbilis- aris dabinZurebuli qimiuri nivTierebebiT; Sesabamisad, Si bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebisa am etapze ar aris aucilebeli, rom mineraluri sasuqebis da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis Sefaseba; saqarTvelos bio- uaryofiTi efeqtis likvidacias 10 weli daeTmos, ris Sem- produqtebis bazris ganuviTareblobis mizezebis dad- degac daiwyeba biowarmoeba. gena; bioproduqtebis bazarze qarTveli mwarmoeblebis `aqedan gamomdinare, biomeTodebze gadasvlis (konver- SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra da biobazris yvela rgolis - siis) periodi SeiZleba or wlamde Semcirdes, rac nakleb mwarmoeblebis, distributorebisa da gamyidvelebis qce- danaxarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli~, _ amboben mecnierebi. vis Seswavla. mecnierebi ganmartaven, rom biowarmoebaze gadasv- kvlevis farglebSi, anketuri gamokiTxvisa da pirisp- lisas warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba mcirea, vidre iri intervius meTodiT, analizi gakeTda qarTuli bio- intensiuri meurneobis pirobebSi. magram, imis gamo, rom produqtebis moTxovnaze. rogorc anketebis damuSavebam saqarTveloSi amJamad intensiuri meurneobebis umete- aCvena, gamokiTxulTa 45.8% bioproduqtebis momxmarebe- soba araefeqtiania da mosavlianobac dabalia, amitom lia, 37.5% ar moixmars am saxeobis produqtebs, xolo 16.7% biowarmoebis Sedegad produqciis raodenobis Semci- ar icis, aris Tu ara aseTi produqtebis momxmarebeli. rebis safrTxe saqarTveloSi minimaluria. biomeTodebis gamokiTxulTa 29%-is ganmartebiT, igi bioproduqtebs gamoyeneba da mdgradi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sis- yoveldRe moixmars, 25% _ kviraSi ramdenjerme, 37% temebis danergva ki piriqiT, zrdis mosavlianobas da uz- TveSi ramdenjerme, xolo 9% saerTod ar moixmars bio- runvelyofs mdgradi ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi miznis _ produqtebs. respodentTa 17% kmayofilia qarTuli war- ekologiuri mTlianobis, ekonomikuri efeqtianobisa da moebis bioprodutebiT, 29% ukmayofiloa, xolo 54% nak- samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas. lebad kmayofilia am saxeobis produqtebis moxmarebiT.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 69 Organic Production: the Basis for Georgia’s Sustainable Agricultural Development cxrili 1. respondentebis struqtura Semosavlebis mixedviT - gamokiTxulTa 38%-is yovelTviuri ojaxuri Semosavali 1000-2000 From August 30 to September 2, 2011 the Swiss city of Zurich laris farglebSi meryeobda; hosted “Change and Uncertainty”, the 13th Congress of the - 2%-s 100 larze naklebi hqonda, xolo 12%-s 100-dan 500 laramde; - 28%-s 500-1000 laris farglebSi; European Association of Agricultural Economists dedicated - 20%-s 2000 larze meti. to the problems of agriculture, food and natural resources.

Figure 1. Structure of respondents according to incomes More than 600 international experts, 100 students and other specialists took part. Full Professor of the TSU Faculty of - The average monthly family income of 38% of the examinees was between 1,000 and 2,000 GEL; Economics and Business, Eter Kharaishvil, and Associate - 2% had less than 100 GEL, 12% from 100 to 500 GEL; Professor Marina Natsvaladze, sent a scientific-research poster - 28% had from 500-1000 GEL; - 20% had monthly income more than 2000 GEL. to the Congress illustrating the theme: “Organic Products as the Basis for Georgia’s Sustainable Agricultural Development.” Two independent experts and the scientific committee of the Congress recognized this contribution as one of the best studies.

Georgia’s agrarian production meets only 49% of local needs and the country heavily depends on imports. TSU scientists believe that the only way to overcome this dependence is to develop innovative biological farming. A study by the TSU Faculty of Economics and Business-- “Or- ganic Production as the Basis for Georgia’s Sustainable Agricultural De- velopment” addressed this issue. “Our agricultural products have always been distinguished by high qual- ity and the best taste. However, because of Georgia’s topography and for other reasons our agricultural products will find it extremely difficult to compete price-wise with goods produced in developed countries. There- fore, Georgia can gain a foothold on the world market only through quali- tative, specific organically produced foods,” Professor Kharaishvili notes. cxrili 2. adgilobrivi bioproduqtebis xarisxiT kmayofileba According to her calculations, the establishment of organic farming and - respodentTa daaxloebiT 22% acxadebs, rom adgilobrivi a transition to organic production are less expensive than creating inten- bioproduqtebis xarisxiT kmayofilia; sive farming. To demonstrate this, the scientist provides the following - 27% ar aris kmayofili; - 51%-ze naklebi ar aris mTlianad kmayofili. arguments: Chemical pesticides and fertilizers are not used intensively in Georgian agriculture which means Georgia’s groundwater and pastures Figure 2. Satisfaction by the quality of local bio-products are not polluted by chemical substances. This makes it possible to avoid - Around 22% of respondents are satisfied with the quality of organic products; spending 10 years (as it is in Europe) getting rid of chemical substances - 27% are not satisfied; and mineral fertilizers, which is a requisite to start organic production. - less than 51% are not completely satisfied. “Hence, the period of conversion to organic methods can be reduced to two years, which cuts costs.” The process of changing over to organic production has advantages: harvests are smaller than with intensive farm- kvlevam aCvena isic, rom uaxloes periodSi mosalodne- ing. However, since the most intensive farms are ineffective now and their lia bioproduqtebis gayidvebis moculobis zrda, radgan productivity is low, the threat of low production as a result of organic kiTxvaze `iqnebodiT Tu ara momavalSi bioproduqtebis farming is minimal in Georgia. The use of organic methods and the intro- momxmarebeli~ dadebiTi pasuxi gasca gamokiTxulTa duction of sustainable agricultural production will increase productivity 87%-ma; xolo danarCenma 13%-ma, mxolod im SemTxveva- and ensure the achievement of three key goals of sustainable develop- Si gamoTqva mzadyofna bioproduqtebis SesaZenad, Tu ment: ecological integrity, economic efficiency and social justice. aseTi produqtebis maRazia mis saxlTan axlos iqnebo- According to the authors of the study, today developed countries are the da; uaryofiTi pasuxi am SekiTxvaze aravis gaucia. sx- key suppliers of organic products and the market is controlled by them; however African, Latin American and Eastern European countries also vaTa Soris, analiziT gairkva, rom saqarTveloSi ufro have serious plans for the market. It is mainly the USA and European meti moTxovna adgilobrivi warmoebis bioproduqtebzea, countries where these products are in highest demand and sales of organic radgan momxmarebels miaCnia, rom isini naklebad Seicaven food in 2010 amounted to USD 60 billion. The rate of organic food con- konservantebsa da sxva mavne nivTierebas. `momxmarebelTa sumption is increasing yearly. kvlevam isic gviCvena, rom miuxedavad mosaxleobis mzady- As far as Georgia is concerned, the establishment of socially and eco- ofnisa SeiZinos bioproduqtebi, saqarTveloSi biobazris nomically sustainable organic farms started in 1994 with the support of

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 70

segmenti ise warmatebiT ar viTardeba, rogorc sxva qveyneb- Si. swored am mizezis asaxsnelad vagrZelebT kvlevas...“ _ amboben Tsu-s profesorebi. mkvlevarebi acxadeben, rom qarTul bioproduqtebze moTxovna arsebobs evropaSic da, seriozuli konkurenciis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi warmoebul produqcias saerTa- Soriso bazarze Rirseuli adgilis dakaveba SeuZlia. maTi azriT, pirvel etapze, saqarTvelom aqcenti istoriul produqtebze _ adgilobrivi jiSis yurZnisgan damzadebuli maRali xarisxis Rvinosa da aseve maRali xarisxis Taflze SeuZlia gaakeTos. kvlevis bolos eTer xaraiSvili da marina nacvalaZe aRniSnaven, rom bioproduqtebze moTxovna-miwodebis optim- aluri Tanafardobis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli

eTer xaraiSvili - Tsu sruli profesori, ekonomikur mecniere- ekuTvnis saxelmwifo agrarul politikas. ganviTarebul baTa doqtori, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli. qveynebSi bioproduqtebis warmoeba subsidiebiT aris stimu- saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili lirebuli. amasTan, saxelmwifos mxridan xelSewyobis pro- wevri, agraruli ekonomikis evropuli asociaciis wevri da bunebis istoriis evropuli akademiis namdvili wevri. gramas Tan axlavs bioproduqtebze farTo sareklamo-sain- igi aris 97-ze meti samecniero naSromis avtori, maT Soris 2 formacio kampania. mecnierebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas monografiis da 6 saxelmZRvanelosi. aTamde sadisertacio naSromis, doqtorantis da magistrantis mecnier-xelmZR- am gamocdilebis Seswavlasa da gaziarebisken mouwodeben. vaneli, maT Soris Sveicariis teqnologiuri institutis magistrantebis konsultanti da TanaxelmZRvaneli. monaw- the organic farming association Elkana. Wheat, barley, millet, lentil, pea and ileobas iRebda aTobiT proeqtSi. leqciebs kiTxulobda msoflios sxvadasxva wamyvan universitetebsa da kolejSi. other local species are cultivated on organic farms. Storage facilities for these cultivated plants have been created, where about 300 species of cultivars are kept. Basic legislation has been developed to promote biological agro farm- Eter Kharaishvili – Full Professor; Doctor of Economic Sciences; Head of the Microeconomic Department, Faculty of Economy; member of the Georgian ing: A law on organic agriculture was enacted in 2007 which lays out key Academy of Economic Sciences; member of the European Association of principles of organic agricultural production, while more detailed regulations Agricultural Economics; member of the European Academy of Natural His- tory. She is the author of over 97 scientific works, including two mono- are provided in the state standards of Georgia – Key Requirements for Or- graphs and six textbooks; scientific manager of about ten dissertation re- ganic Products and Rules of Production. search projects - doctorates and masters. She is consultant and co-manager TSU researchers Kharaishvili and Natsvaladze studied the attitudes of consumers of the Masters Degree in Economics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Tech- nology Zurich. in Tbilisi towards organic products and their readiness to pay higher prices. They carried out the study to determine why Georgia’s market for organic products is underdeveloped, to determine the possibilities for Georgian producers of organic products, and to study the behavior of each segment of the organic market – pro- ducers, distributers and venders. Within the framework of the research, the demand for organic products was ana- lyzed through questionnaires and direct interviews. The questionnaires revealed that 45.8% of respondents consume organic products; 37.5% do not; while 16.7% do not know whether they are consumers of such products or not. Almost a third or 29% of respondents explained that they consume organic foods daily; 25% do so several times a week; and 37% do so several times a month. Only 9% do not consume organic products at all. Respondents satisfied with the organic products from Georgia were only 17%, while 29% were dissatisfied and the majority, 54%, only partially satisfied. The study indicated that the sales in organic products may increase in the near future. When respondents were asked “Would you become consumers of or- ganic products in future?” 87% gave a positive answer, while 13% expressed marina nacvalaZe - Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti, eko- a readiness to buy organic if such products were sold in a nearby grocery nomikis principebis mimarTuleba, asocirebuli profesori; ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori; store. None of the respondents gave a negative answer to this question. wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda Tsu-Si, kavkasiis univer- Analysis showed that in Georgia there is high demand for locally pro- sitetSi, kavkasiis biznesis skolaSi, saerTaSoriso samar- duced organic products because consumers believe that they contain Tlisa da marTvis qarTul-britanuli universitetSi. aris ocamde samecniero publikaciis, saxelmZRvaneloebis fewer preservatives and other harmful substances. “The consumer survey da saswavlo literaturis avtori. monawileobs rogorc qa- showed that despite the population’s readiness to buy organic, the sector rTul, aseve saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi. kiTxulobs moxsene- is not developing as successfully in Georgia as in other countries, so we bebs treiningebsa da seminarebze. aris Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis, studenturi are continuing our research to explain why,” the TSU scientists say. viqtorina ,,eko-masteris“ proeqtis avtori da akademiuri The demand for Georgian organic products has begun in Europe and despite koordinatori. serious competition these could occupy a place on the international market. In their opinion Georgia should focus on traditionally produced goods such Marina Natsvaladze - Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Business, as high quality wine produced from local grapes and high quality honey. TSU, Department of Economic Principles; Doctor of Economic Sciences. Finally, Kharaishvili and Natsvaladze note that government policies can She has worked at TSU, Caucasian University, Caucasus Business School and the Georgian-British University of International Law and Management. play an important role by establishing an optimal correlation of supply and She is author of approximately 20 scientific publications, textbooks and ed- demand for organic products. In developed countries organic production is ucational publications; has participated in both Georgian and international sometimes stimulated by subsidies and large-scale information campaigns projects; makes reports at trainings and seminars. She is the author and academic coordinator of a student quiz “Eco-Master” of the TSU Faculty of for organic products. The TSU scientists call on the Georgian authorities to Economics and Business. study and share this experience.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 71 saqarTveloSi "tkivilTan brZolas" swavloben

Tsu mecnierTa monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 25000 adamiani (sikvdilianobis saerTo ricxvis 60%) saWiroebs paliatiur mzrunvelobas. paliatiuri mzrunveloba qronikuli ukurnebeli daavadebis mqone pacientze zrunvis garda, masze mzrunveli pirebis samedicino, socialur, fsiqologiur daxmarebasa da mxardaWeras gulisxmobs. Tumca, misM mTavar amocanad mZime pacientisTvis qronikuli tkivilis da sxva mtanjveli simptomebis moxsna rCeba. gansakuTrebiT iseTi qronikuli daavadebebis terminalur stadiaSi myofi adamianebisTvis, rogoricaa simsivne, gul-sisxlZarRvTa da nerv-kunTovani sistemis daavadebebi, Sidsi da sxv. sabWoTa periodSi qronikuli tkivilis marTva da amisTvis opioiduri saSualebebis gamoyeneba tabuirebul Temad iTvleboda da amitom am mimarTulebis swavleba da kvleva umaRles saswavleblebSi praqtikulad ar xdeboda. Tumca, damoukideblobis periodSi saqarTvelom am mxriv garkveul warmatebebs ukve miaRwia.

Georgia’s Fight Against Pain

TSU medical scientists say that approximately 25,000 persons, or 60% of the annual mortality rate, need palliative care in Georgia each year. Palliative care means supporting patients with chronic diseases through medical, social and psychological assistance, as well as supporting the family and other persons caring for these patients. A main focus of palliative care is relieving painful symptoms and preventing the suffering of patients, especially those with terminal diseases such as cancer, malignant tumors, cardiovascular and neuromuscular system diseases as well as HIV- AIDS. During the Soviet period, the management of chronic pain and use of opioids for this purpose was relatively taboo. This issue was very little studied by scientists or in higher educational institutions. However, since independence, Georgia has achieved a certain success in this field; for example it is the first country in the post-Soviet region where a national program has been planned.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 72

saqarTvelo pirveli qveyanaa post-sabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac saqarTvelos parlamentis paliatiuri mzrunvelobis erovnuli koordinatoris ofisis xelmZRvanelobiT 2011-2015 wlebisTvis paliatiuri mzrunvelobis ganvi- Tarebis erovnuli gegma momzadda. amJamad saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebidan, romlis universitetic oslos univer- sitetSi (norvegia) evrokavSiris egidiT mimdinare kvlevaSi _ `tkivilis, kax- eqsiisa da anoreqsis mdgomareobis Sefaseba terminalur pacientebSi~ _ aris CarTuli. kvleva kiTxvarebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. kiTxvari ivseba ro- gorc stacionarSi, aseve binaze myofi pacientebis mier, romlebsac mobiluri jgufebi emsaxureba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am procesSi Tsu studentebic arian CarTuli. saqarTvelosa da Tsu-s SerCeva am da msgavsi kvlevebis partniorad SemTx- veviT ar xdeba. „ucxoeli eqspertebis SefasebiT, paliatiuri mzrunvelobis samsaxuris ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo, saganmanaTleblo da klinikuri momsaxurebis mimarTulebiT Cven mier gadadgmuli nabijebi aR- mosavleT evropis da yofili ssrk-is qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Tamar ruxaZe - medicinis mecnierebaTa kandi- erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia~ _ acxadebs Tsu medicinis fakultetis profe- dati. Tsu medicinis fakultetis dekanis moadgile saswavlo procesis marTvis sori, i. naTiSvilis morfologiis institutis direqtori, saqarTvelos pali- dargSi; saqarTvelos onkologiis nacio- atiuri mzrunvelobis erovnuli programis koordinatori dimitri korZaia, naluri centris paliatiuri mzrunvelo- bis samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli; paliatiuri romelic Tsu-Si paliatiuri Kmzrunvelobis kursis danergvis iniciatori iyo. mzrunvelobis saerTaSoriso eqsperti; am miRwevaTa Soris erT-erTi Tavad Tsu morfologiis institutis mier saqarTvelos paliatiuri mzrunvelobis akademiis _ saganmanaTleblo – samec- ganxorcielebuli proeqtic gaxlavT - “onkoinkurabelur pacientebSi tki- niero resurs-centris damfuZnebeli; vilis kontrolis adeqvaturi modelis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba”, romelic evropis prevenciuli, prediqtiuli da personificirebuli medicinis asociaciis 2009 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo samecniero fondis mier dafinansda warmomadgeneli saqarTvelosa da samxreT da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareoboda. kavkasiis qveynebSi (EPMA); saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli evropis medikos onkol- `2009 wels rusTavelis fondma daafinansa Cveni proeqti inkurabelur pa- ogTa asociaciaSi (ESMO); kibos kontro- cientTa qronikuli tkivilis marTvaSi sirTuleebisa da problemis Sefasebis lis nacionaluri asociaciis saerTaSor- iso urTierTobebis koordinatori; aris Taobaze, romelic samedicini kvlevebSi reitingiT pirveli iyo. am proeqtis evropis medikos onkologTa asociaciis farglebSi Cven TbilisSi da baTumSi samedicino personalis, pacientis da pa- paliatiuri mzrunvelobis samuSao jgu- fis wevri (ESMO - PCWG). saqarTvelos cientze mzrunveli piris mosazreba, codna da gamocdileba SeviswavleT. amis onkologTa da evropis medikos onkol- ogTa asociaciebis wevri. evropis onkol- Semdeg, CavatareT aseve mcire kvleva sakuTari saxsrebiT, romelSic monawil- ogTa skolis wevri (ESO) da sxva araerTi eoba ukve studentebmac miiRes. Ppacientebis Sesaxeb Cven mier Segrovili in- samedicino asociaciis wevri. gaxlavT 60-ze meti samecniero naSromis, paliati- formacia erTian bazaSia Tavmoyrili, romelic 3 nawilad iyofa. kerZod, in- uri mzrunvelobis ramdenime saxelmZR- formacia samedicino personalis Sesaxeb, pacientebis Sesaxeb da imis Taobaze, vanelos Tanaavtori. 10-mde erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli Tu rogor icvleboda 2009 wlidan dRemde sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobiereba, grantis, klinikuri kvlevis xelmZRvaneli eqimTa praqtikuli Cvevebi da pacientTa damokidebuleba qronikul inkura- da monawile. belur daavadebebTan mimarTebaSi. am kvlevaSi monawileobda Tsu morfolo- giis institutis gerontologiiis departamenti da paliatiuri mzrunvelo- Tamar Rukhadze - Doctoral Candidate in Medical Sci- ences; Deputy Dean of TSU Faculty of Medicine in bis asociacia „humanistTa kavSiri“ (SemdgomSi _ `paliatiuri mzrunvelobis the sphere of education process management; Head saqarTvelos erovnuli asociacia~)~, _ acxadebs proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, of the Palliative Care Service of the National Oncol- ogy Center of Georgia; international advisor on pal- Tsu samedicino fakultetis dekanis moadgile, paliatiuri mzrunvelobis liative care; founder of the Educational-Scientific saerTSoriso eqsperti, onkologiuri centris bazaze arsebuli paliatiuri Resource Center of the Georgian Academy of Pallia- tive Care; representative of the European Association samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli Tamar ruxaZe. for Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine rogorc mkvlevarebi acxadeben, kvlevis SedegebiT gamoCnda, rom sazoga- (EPMA) in Georgia and South Caucasian countries; Georgian representative to the European Society for doebaSi garkveuli stigma da opioidfobia arsebobs. Zlieri tkivilis da- Medical Oncology (ESMO); international relations sayuCeblad, samedicino miznebisTvis gamoyenebuli opioidebi sazogadoe- coordinator at the National Cancer Control Associa- tion; member of the Palliative Care Working Group of bis nawilis mier jer kidev iseT medikamentad aRiqmeba, sikvdilis ganaCensa the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO da misi daCqarebis xelSewyobas rom niSnavs. amasTanave, masze “damokideb- – PCWG); member of the Association of Georgian Oncologists and European Society for Medical On- ulebis” ganviTarebis didi SiSi arsebobs. Ggarda amisa, aRniSnuli sakiTxis cology; member of the European School of Oncology Sesaxeb codnis deficiti jer kidev SesamCnevia jandacvis profesionalTa (ESO) and other medical associations; co-author of over 60 scientific works and several textbooks on pal- Sorisac, ris gamoc samedicino personali xSirad gaurbis Zlieri tkivilis liative care; head and participant of approximately ten dasayuCeblad opioidebis gamoyenebas da sxva preparatebs mimarTavs. national and international scientific-practical grants, clinical researches. ganxorcielebuli kvlevis DSedegad sazogadoebam meti informacia miiRo paliatiuri mzrunvelobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. moxda terminalur onkol- ogiur avadmyofTa paliatiuri mzrunvelobis modelis srulyofa. momzadda da Tsu-Si dainerga qronikul inkurabelur avadmyofebSi tkivilis marTvis saswavlo kursebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo saqarTveloSi tkivilis marTvis saerTa- Soriso standartis danergvas. paliatiuri mzrunvelobis kursi, bevri umaRlesi saswavleblebisgan gan- sxvavebiT, Tsu-Si savaldebulo xasiaTisaa.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 73

The National Program for Palliative Care for 2011-2015 was prepared under the guidance of the Office of the National Coordinator of Palliative Care, under a committee of the Parliament of Geor- gia. Georgia is the only non-EU member state whose university is involved in research on pain and cachexia in terminal patients, at the University of Oslo, Norway under the aegis of the EU. A survey is being carried out in Georgia for that research, through questionnaires that are filled in at inpatient clinics as well as by home patients who are served by mobile groups. TSU students are taking an active part in the study. It is not accidental that Georgia and TSU were selected as the partners of this and other similar research. “According to assessments made by foreign experts, steps related to the development of palliative care services which have been taken by us in through legislative frameworks, educational programs and clinical services are some of the best examples of changes carried out in Eastern Europe and former Soviet countries,” says Dimitri Kordzaia, Professor at the TSU Faculty of Medi- cine. He is Director of the Institute of Morphology and Coordinator of the National Program for Palliative Care, and introduced the course of palliative care at TSU. One achievement is a project implemented by the Institute of Morphology entitled “Promotion of an Adequate Model to Control Pain in Onco-Incurable Patients.” The project was financed by the Rustaveli National Science Foundation in 2009 and it lasted for one year. “In 2009 the Rustaveli Foundation financed our project to assess the difficulties and problems in managing the chronic pain of incurable patients. The project took first place in the rating of medical studies. In the frame- dimitri korZaia - Tsu medicinis fakul- work of this project we studied the opinions, knowledge and experience of medical staff, patients tetis dekanis moadgile samecniero dargSi, adamianis anatomiis, topo- and persons taking care of patients in Tbilisi and Batumi. We then conducted a small study using grafiuli anatomiisa da operaciuli our own resources, with the involvement of students. We created a database with this information, qirurgiis departamentis xelmZ- divided into three parts: information about medical staff, information about patients, and informa- Rvaneli, aleqsandre naTiSvilis tion about how public awareness, physicians’ practical skills and patients’ attitudes towards chronic morfologiis institutis direq- tori, paliatiuri mzrunvelobis incurable diseases have changed from 2009 until now.” saqarTvelos erovnuli programis “The Gerontology Department of the Morphology Institute and the palliative care association koordinatori, medicinis mecniere- called Humanists’ Union, which later became the National Palliative Care Association of Georgia, baTa doqtori, profesori. qirurg- participated in the project,” said Tamar Rukhadze, Head of the project. She is Deputy Dean of the Ta saerTaSoriso kolejis, evro- TSU Faculty of Medicine and Head of Palliative Services in the Oncology Center and an interna- pis qirurgTa sazogadoebis wevri, 10-mde erovnuli da saerTaSoriso tional expert on the subject. samecniero-praqtikuli grantis xe- The results show that there is wide-spread stigma and opioid-phobia among the public. Although lmZRvaneli da monawile; 100-ze meti opioids are needed to relieve severe pain, they are still perceived as medications that imply a death samecniero naSromis, maT Soris mono- verdict, which leads to increased use. Many individuals fear the potential for dependency on opi- grafiebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis oids, and even healthcare personnel still lack information on the issue. Thus they too-frequently avtori, Tanaavtori da redaqtori. use other preparations instead of opioids to relieve severe pain. This research provides better information about the possibilities of palliative care to the public Professor Dimitri Kordzaia - MD, PhD; Vice-dean and healthcare specialists, and has improved the model of palliative care for terminal cancer pa- of the Faculty of Medicine of Iv. Javakhishvili tients. Educational courses for pain management for chronically ill or incurable patients have been TSU,; Head of Department of Human Anato- introduced at TSU to promote the introduction of international standards of pain management in my, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Sur- gery; Director of TSU Al. Natishvili Institute of Georgia. Morphology; Coordinator of National Program Unlike many other higher medical educational institutions, palliative care courses are compulsory for Palliative Care; Member of International at TSU. “Palliative care is a field of medicine like neonatology and gynecology. The comfort cre- College of Surgeons and European Society of ated by such care can provide dying patients with relief from certain symptoms and from pain. The Surgery; Leader/staff of up to 10 national or age of patients needing palliative care is very different. It is quite natural that older people are more international scientific-practical projects; - Au thor, co-author and/or redactor more then 100 vulnerable and need more care,” Professor Dimitri Kordzaia explains. articles, handbooks and monographs. Owing to the course of palliative care, TSU students can acquire basic skills and knowledge in this area. This multi-disciplinary subject covers issues of clinical medicine, pharmacology, ethics, psychology and the social sphere. Family members are also involved in taking care of terminal patients with chronic diseases, thus a purely medical approach is not enough. Correct information and planning each step is crucially important. The teachers of the course assert that it takes into consideration the leading practices of foreign countries. Students are taught how a physician should inform a patient of their incurable disease, how to help such patients manage their symptoms and how to explain their future perspectives. According to Tamar Rukhadze, “The medical part of palliative care is presented not by treating a disease, but by managing the symptoms in line with pain. Each symptom is controlled proceeding from their etiology and development mechanisms. Simultaneously, we should keep in mind that opioids are medicines like many others. However medical students and especially doctors should know how to use this preparation properly.” The successful experience of this course on palliative care has evolved into an idea on more de- tailed teaching of pain management. At the request of the students another course has been prepared on pain management, which is a now an elective subject at the TSU Faculty of Medicine and very popular with students. At an in-patient clinic, with the accreditation of the European Society for Medical Oncology and representing TSU’s clinical staff, students have the opportunity to observe a patient over a 24-hour period to see how the quality of their life changes and learn to dose certain medications, replace them with other medications and help manage pain. “There are some recog- nized criteria for developing this new field and it is very important to assess how scientific studies are being developed in this field,” Professor Dimitri Kordzaia says.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 74

“paliatiuri mzrunveloba medicinis iseTive sferoa, calke kursi momzadda “tkivilis marTvis” Taobaze, ro- rogoric magaliTad neonatologia da ginekologia. am melic dRes Tsu medicinis fakultetze arCeviTi sagania saxis mzrunvelobiT Seqmnilma komfortma SeiZleba momak- da Zalian didi popularobiT sargeblobs. paliatiuri vdav pacients misTvis moulodneli Sveba da SesaZlebloba mzrunvelobis klinikis stacionarSi (paliatiuri mzrun- misces. im kategoriis pacientTa asaki, vinc paliatiur mz- velobis es samsaxuri evropis medikos onkologTa sazoga- runvelobas saWiroebs, sxvadasxvaa. Tumca, procentulad doebis mier aris akreditebuli da Tsu-is klinikur bazas ufro meti xandazmulebze modis. Ees bunebrivicaa radgan, warmoadgens) students saSualeba aqvs 24 saaTis ganmav- xanSiSesuli adamiani ufro mowyvladia da ufro met mz- lobaSi daakvirdes pacients. naxos, rogor icvleba misi runvelobas saWiroebs“ _ ganmartavs profesori dimitri cxovrebis xarisxi, rogor xdeba garkveuli medikamentebis korZaia. dozireba, sxva medikamentiT Canacvleba, tkivilis marTva. Tsu-Si arsebuli paliatiuri mzrunvelobis kursis sa- “arsebobs axali dargis ganviTareba-damkvidrebis aRi- SualebiT studenti sabaziso mimarTulebiT unar-Cvevasa arebuli kriteriumebi. maT Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da codnas iZens. es multidisciplinuri sagani moicavs sakiTxia imis Sefaseba, Tu rogor viTardeba am dargSi mec- klinikuri medicinis, farmakologiis, eTikis, fsiqolo- nieruli kvlevebi” – ambobs profesori dimitri korZaia. giisa da socialuri sferos sakiTxebs. qronikuli daa- Tsu TanamSromlebis mier paliatiuri mzrunvelobisa vadebis terminalur stadiaSi myofi pacientis mzrunv- da tkivilis marTvis sakiTxebze 2005 wlidan dRemde gamo- elobaSi ojaxis wevrebic arian CarTul da bunebrivia, rom qveynebulia 30-mde publikacia, saerTaSoriso forumebze aq mxolod samedicino kuTxiT midgoma araa sakmarisi. swo- ki gakeTda aTze meti moxseneba. ri komunikacia da yoveli nabijis dagegmva principulad aRsaniSnavia, rom 2010-2012 wlebSi impaqt-faqtoris mniSvnelovania. mqone JurnalebSi gamoqveynda 3 statia (Psychooncology. 2011 kursis xelmZRvanelTa TqmiT, es Tsu-Si mimdinare Dec;20(12):1269-84. doi: 10.1002/pon.1853. Epub 2010 Sep 28.; J Pal- kursi sazRvargareTis mowinave paraqtikas iTvaliswinebs. liat Med. 2011 May;14(5):539-41.; J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011 Oct;33 students aswavlian, Tu rogor unda amcnos eqimma pa- Suppl 2:S159-61) da 5 Tezisi, xolo paliatiuri mzrunvelo- cients ganukurnebeli daavadebis Sesaxeb, rogor aqcios bis evropis asociaciis 12-e kongresze, 2011 wlis maisSi, igi Tanamoazred simptomebis marTvisas, auxsnas misi samo- lisabonSi (portugalia) gakeTda 4 moxseneba. mavlo perspeqtiva. a.w. 7-9 ivniss, norvegiiis qalaq trondheimSi, pali- Tamar ruxaZis TqmiT, `paliatiur mzrunvelobaSi sa- atiuri mzrunvelobis evropis asociaciis me-7 msoflio medicino nawili warmodgenilia ara daavadebis mkurnalo- kvleviT kongresze d. korZaia, T. ruxaZe da m. velijan- biT, aramed Civilebis Sesabamisad simptomebis marTviT. aSvili warsdgnen moxsenebiT `moxucTa paliatiuri mz- TiToeuli simptomis kupireba xdeba maTi etiologiidan runvelobis modeli, dafuZnebuli sicocxlis miwuru- da ganviTarebis meqa- lis moTxovnilebebisa nizmebidan gamomdin- da saWiroebaTa mimarT are. amasTanave, unda samizne populaciis aR- gvaxsovdes, opiodi is- qmebsa da damokideb-

eTive preparatia, ro- ulebebze~. moxsenebis goric nebismieri sxva, Tezi­­­­­sebi gamoqveyndeba oRond aucilebelia impaqt-faqtoris mqone studentma da cxadia, eq- JurnalSi `Palliative Medi- imma, zustad icodes am cine~. preparatis adekvaturi aseve mniSvnelova- gamoyeneba~. nia aRiniSnos, rom 2012 paliatiuri mzrunv- wels Tsu medicinis elobis kursis warmate- fakultetma gamoacxada bulma gamocdilebam miReba sadoqtoro pro- bunebrivad warmoSva gramaze “klinikuri da azri tkivilis marTvis transliaciuri medic- sferos kidev ufro de- ina” kvleviTi komponen- taluri swavlebis Ses- tiT “paliatiuri da tki- axeb. garkveulwilad vilis medicina”. studentebis moTxovniT,

Since 2005 TSU employees have produced approximately 30 publica- On June 7-9, 2012 D. Kordzaia, T. Rukhadze and M. Velijanashvili pre- tions about palliative care and pain management, and over 10 papers have sented a report on “Model of palliative care of elderly based on the per- been presented at international forums. From 2010 to 2012 three articles ceptions and attitudes of target populations towards requirements and were published in scientific journals with impact factors (Psycho oncol- needs at the end of life” at the 7th World Congress of the European As- ogy. 2011 Dec;20(12):1269-84i: 10.1002/pon.1853. Epub 2010 Sep 28. sociation in the city of Trondheim, Norway. The abstract of the report Journal of Palliative Medecine. 2011 May; 14(5):539-41; will be published in the journal with impact factor, Palliative Medicine. Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2011 Oct;33 Suppl Also in 2012 the TSU Faculty of Medicine announced a doctoral program 2:S159-61) and five theses. Four reports were presented at the 12th Con- “Clinical and Translational Medicine” (which emphasizes patient care gress of the European Association for Palliative Care in Lisbon in May and preventive measures that sometimes go beyond healthcare services) 2011. with a research component “Palliative and Pain Medicine.”

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 75 Tanamedrove kvlevebi sqesobrivi ganviTarebis Tandayolili anomaliebis Sesaxeb Modern Research on the Congenital Anomalies of Sexual

Development jenara qristesaSvili - Tsu reproduq- tologia meanoba-ginekologiis de- kvleva “sqesobrivi ganviTarebis darRvevebis (sgd) menejmentis partamentis profesori. Mmedicinis Taviseburebebi”, Tsu reproduqtologia-meanoba-ginekologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. daculi aqvs sakandidato disertacia Te- departamentis, i. Jordanias saxelobis adamianis reproduqciis maze “genetikurad ganpirobebuli s/k institutis TanamSromlebis mier ukve didi xania tardeba. endokrinuli darRvevebi, rogorc bolo 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg rac diagnostikisa da qalis unayofobis mizezi” (q. mos- kovi), xolo mogvianebiT, sadoq- mkurnalobis SesaZleblobebi gaumjobesda, man kidev ufro toro disertacia Temaze `perina- intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. taluri paTologiis genetikuri faqtorebi~ (q. moskovi). Research on “Specific aspects of the management of sexual development aris saerTaSoriso programebis koordinatori, konsultanti DAda disorders” has long been conducted by the Division of Obstetrics-Gynecology and eqsperti reproduqciuli janmr- Reproduction at TSU and the Jordania Institute of Human Reproduction. Over the Telobis sakiTxebSi (UNFPA, John Hopkins University, World Vision da past six years this research has intensified as a result of improved possibilities of sxva); saqarTvelos Sromis, janmr- diagnostics and medical treatment. Telobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros eqsperti klinikur “studentebisa da rezidentebi- “The Jordania Institute provides good opportuni- genetikaSi. saqarTvelos re- ties for students and residents to study rare dis- produqciuli janmrTelobis aso- sTvis universitetis klinikur ba- ciaciis vice-prezidenti, evropis orders, including congenital anomalies of sexual zaze, Jordanias institutSi Zalian citogenetikosTa asociaciis wevri development, sometimes known as sexual devel- da warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi; bevri iSviaTi daavadebis Sesaswavlad opment disorders (SDD). Young, motivated and evropis kontracefciisa da re- kargi saSualeba arsebobs. erT-erTi enthusiastic staff study these issues with the sup- produqciuli janmrTelobis aso- ciaciis wevri. aris 4 sadoqtoro aseTi daavadeba sqesobrivi ganvi- port of older, experienced employees. Although no special funding has been reserved for this re- programis xelmZRvaneli, 207 sa- Tarebis Tandayolili anomaliebia. mecniero naSromis, 2 monografiis search, it continues to be carried drawing on the da 3 saxelmZRvanelos avtori. misi Seswavla garkveuli motiva- Institute’s experience and clinical materials.” Pro- ciis, enTuziazmis mqone axalgazrda fessor Jenara Kristesashvili is Doctor of Medical kadrebs Zveli, gamocdili TanamS- Sciences and Associate Professor of the Division of Obstetrics-Gynecology and Reproduction at romlebis meSveobiT praqtikulad Jenara Kristesashvili - Professor at the TSU De- TSU, and Head of the Department at the Jordania partment of Obstetrics-Gynecology and Re- SeuZliaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am Institute of Human Reproduction. She points out productology; Doctor of Medical Sciences samecniero kvlevisTvis special- that sexual development anomalies are quite rare with dissertation on “Genetic Endocrine Disorders as the Cause of Female Infertility” uri dafinanseba gaTvaliswinebuli and true hermaphroditism is the rarest condition. According to the researchers the key objective of (Moscow), and later a doctoral dissertation ar aris, klinikuri masalis ganzo- the study is to diagnose rarer conditions and in- on “Genetic Factors of Perinatal Pathology” gadebis safuZvelze igi uwyvetad (Moscow). She is coordinator of certain in- troduce innovative approaches for their manage- ternational programs, as well as consultant mimdinareobs. kvlevis masala, arc ment. Since each case is unique and for hundreds and expert on reproductive health issues for erT saerTaSoriso kongresze yur- of years only a few hundred cases of true her- UNFPA, Johns Hopkins University, World maphroditism have been described, each case is Vision International, etc.; advisor to the adRebis gareSe ar darCenila. mizezi important. As a result of the study TSU scientists Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Pro- martivia _ sqesobrivi ganviTarebis have identified five cases, which have evoked -in tection in clinical genetics; Vice-President of the Georgian Association of Reproduc- paTologiebi TavisTavad iSviaT Sem- ternational attention. tive Health; member and representative of “Unlike similar research conducted abroad, Txvevebs warmoadgens. am darRvevebSi the European Cytogeneticists Association these cases of sexual development disorders (ECA) in Georgia; member of the European ki kidev ufro iSviaTi WeSmariti her- were identified through clinical diagnosis, and Society of Contraception and Reproductive mafroditizmia, romlis SemTxvevebic are the result of scientific analysis, which is Health; head of four doctoral programs; author of 207 scientific works, two mono- am kvlevaSia ganxiluli~ _ acxadebs later verified through laboratory methods,” says Mariam Chipashvili, Doctor of Medicine, As- graphs and three textbooks. kvlevis xelmZRvaneli, saxelmwifo sistant Professor, employee of the Pharmacol- universitetis reproduqtologia- ogy Department of TSU, doctor at the Jordania meanoba-ginekologiis departamentis Institute of Human Reproduction.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 76

asocirebuli profesori; i. Jordanias saxelobis adamia- Tundac, sqesobrivi darRvevebis mqone pacientebSi re- nis reproduqciis s/k institutis ganyofilebis xelmZR- produqciuli prognozis gaumjobeseba. vaneli, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori jen- xsenebul klevaSi CarTuli iyo Tsu reproduqtolo- ara qristesaSvili. gia-meanoba-ginekologiis departamentis i. Jordanias kvlevaSi CarTul mecnierTa TqmiT, maT ZiriTad mizans saxelobis adamianis reproduqciis s/k institutis di- sqesobrivi ganviTarebis darRvevebis iSviaTi formebis reqtori, akademikosi, arCil xomasuriZe. misi ganmarte- diagnostireba, menejmentis Taviseburebebis inovaciuri biT, avadmyofis mkurnalobisas bevri garemoebaa gasaT- midgomebis kvleva warmoadgens. iqidan gamomdinare, rom valiswinebeli. kerZod, Tu ra kontingents mkurnalob, TiToeuli SemTxveva unikaluria da aswleulebis ganmav- aqvs Tu ara pacients anamnezSi genetikuri problemebi da lobaSi msoflioSi WeSmariti hermafroditizmis sul ram- sxva. Yyovelive es saSualebas iZleva Casaxvamde (kvercxu- denime aseuli magaliTia aRwerili, yoveli konkretuli jredis doneze) dadgindes, ramdenad didia ganviTarebis SemTxveva metad did interess iwvevs. Kkvlevis _ `sqeso- mxriv mankis mqone bavSvis dabadebis albaToba. erT-erTi brivi ganviTarebis darRvevebis (sgd) menejmentis Tavise- saSualeba, misi TqmiT, e.w. PGD, anu preimplantaciuri ge- burebebi~ Sedegad Tsu mecnierebma xuTi aseTi SemTxveva netikuri diagnostikis meTodia. igi ukve ganayofierebu- daafiqsires, rac saerTaSoriso doneze didi interesis da li kvercxis genetikuri analizis gakeTebas gulisxmobs. aJiotaJis sagani gaxda. am kvercxujredSi defeqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi eqimebs `sazRvargareT gakeTebuli msgavsi kvlevebisgan gan- SeuZliaT mSoblebs uTxran Tu ra daavadeba SeiZleba ga- sxvavebiT, Cven SemTxvevaSi sqesobrivi ganviTarebis dar- mouvlindes bavSvs dabadebis Semdgom. rac saSualebas Rvevebis diagnostireba klinikurad moxda, rac warmoad- aZlevs mSoblebs miiRon gadawyvetileba Zalian adreul gens mecnieruli azrovnebis Sedegs, romlis verifikacia stadiaze _ ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis implanta- Semdeg xdeba laboratoriuli meTodebiT~, _ acxadebs kv- ciamde. levis erT-erTi monawile, medicinis doqtori, asistent- Jordanias institutis TanamSromlebTan erTad kv- profesori, Tsu-s farmakologiis departamentis TanamS- levis erT-erTi Tanaavtoria aseve, Tsu-is paTologiis romeli, i. Jordanias saxelobis adamianis reproduqciis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, klinikuri paTologiis s/k institutis eqimi mariam WipaSvili. samecniero-praqtikuli centris direqtori, profesori aRsaniSnavia, rom WeSmariti hermafroditizmis diag- Teimuraz jorbenaZe. swored misi damsaxurebaa saqarT- nozi saqarTveloSi pirvelad daisva. es diagnozi profe- veloSi pirvelad uiSviaTesi histomorfologiuri diag- sor jenara qristesaSvilis mier, jer kidev histologiur nozis _ WeSmariti hermafroditizmis dadgena. gamokvlevamde gakeTda, Semdgom ki ukve morfologiurad rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kvlevis Sedegebi wardgenili dadasturda. Tsu sauniversiteto klinikaSi yvela saxis iyo araerT saerTaSoriso kongressa Tu konferenciaze. hormonaluri da genetikuri analizebis Catarebaa Sesa- maT Soris; `sqesobrivi ganviTarebis darRvevebi pacien- Zlebeli. iseTi SemTxvevebic yofila, rodesac darRvevebi tebSi pirveladi amenoreiT, adamianis reproduqciis me– magnitur-rezonansuli kvleviT ver iqna identificire- 13 msoflio kongresi, venecia, italia, 2009 weli~; buli da dazustda Jordanias institutis eqoskopistebis `sqesobrivi ganviTarebis darRvevebis iSviaTi Sem- mier. Txvevebi qaluri fenotipis mqone pacientebSi, mean– kvlevaSi aRwerili erT-erTi saintereso SemTxveva ginekologTa saerTaSoriso federaciis (FIGO) XIX kon- oTxi wlis bavSvs ukavSirdeba, romlis sqesis dadgena eq- gresi, keiptauni, samxreT afrika, 2009 weli. imebma verafriT SeZles. erT-erT gamosavlad plastikuri publikaciebi gamoqveynebulia ramdenime saerTaSor- qirurgebi mSoblebs dacdas da 18 wlis asakSi pacientis iso samecniero gamocemaSi: survilisamebr sqesis koreqciis operacias sTavazobdnen. qristesaSvili jenara, WipaSvili mariam, androgenrez- rogorc aRmoCnda, bavSvs Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis funqci- istentobis sindromi, `adamianis genetikis evropis Jur- is darRveva hqonda da araswori mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi nali~, 2005. sikvdili eloda. dRes es bavSvi ukve 10 wlis normalurad qristesaSvili jenara, xomasuriZe arCil, WipaSvili ganviTarebuli gogonaa. rac Seexeba kvlevaSi aRweril mariam, `sqesobrivi ganviTarebis Tandayolili darRveve- WeSmariti hermafroditizmis SemTxvevebs, araswori bi qaluri fenotipis mqone pacientebSi~, Jurnali – bavS- daignozis SemTxvevaSi, Tu pacientTa muclis Rrudan vTa da mozardTa reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, 2010, #3 sasqeso jirkvlebi ar amoikveTeboda, iq ukve maligniza- (32), 49-56 moskovi, ruseTi. ciis, avTvisebian simsivned (normaluri an paTologiu- sul axlaxans ki, momzadda publikacia cnobil rad Secvlili qsovilis ujredebis mier avTvisebianad amerikel profesorTanN pediatriis da adamianis ganviTa- gadagvareba), gadagvarebis saSiSroeba arsebobda. rebis sferoSi, Ddonald greidanusTan erTad, romelmac kvlevis mignebebis kuTxiT, klinika unikaluria sqe- aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo kvlevis Sedegebis gansjaSi. sobrivi ganviTarebis darRvevebis diagnostirebis da qristesaSvili jenara, WipaSvili mariam, jorbenaZe marTvis TvalsazrisiT. amdenad, klinikas pacientebi Teimuraz, greidanusi donald, `sqesobrivi ganviTarebis ara mxolod saqarTvelodan, aramed amierkavkasiis yvela darRvevebis iSviaTi SemTxvevebi qaluri fenotipis mqone qveynidan mimarTaven. miT umetes, rom Tanamedrove medi- mozard pacientebSi~. mozardTa medicinis da janmrTelo- cinis ganviTarebam bevri ram dRes SesaZlebeli gaxada. bis saerTaSoriso Jurnali, beWdvis stadiaSi.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 77

A diagnosis of “true hermaphroditism” was made in Georgia for the first time by Professor Jenara Kristesashvili. The diagnostic was made by her before the histological examination later verified the condition morphologically. The TSU clinic provides all opportunities for conducting hormonal and genetic analyses. In some cases magnetic resonance imaging failed to identify the intersex condition while sonographers at the Jordania Institute were able to do so. One case was related to a four-year-old child. Since doctors failed to determine the child’s gen- der it was originally decided to wait until the child’s 18th birthday when personal consent to undergo sex reassignment surgery could be given. The child suffered impaired adrenal function and incorrect or delayed treatment might have led to fatal consequences. Today, however, after undergoing treatment she is a ten-year-old, normally developed girl. According to the research, in the cases of true hermaphroditism, if diagnosis is incorrect and sex glands are not amputated from the abdominal cavity, they could become malignant. The clinic is unique in terms of making diagnoses and managing intersex conditions, and has patients from the entire South Caucasus region. Today modern medicine offers more pos- sibilities for making a reproductive prognosis for patients with an intersex condition. Academician Archil Khomasuridze, Director of the Jordania Institute, was also in- volved in the research. He explained that many factors must be taken into consider- ation when treating a patient with an intersex condition--for example, which particu- arCil xomasuriZe - iv. javaxiSvilis sax. lar contingent of patient you are treating and his/her genetic medical history--and Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis whether the patient can remember any genetic conditions in the family, etc. All these medicinis fakultetis reproduqto- factors enable the doctor to determine the probability of having a child with de- logia-meanoba-ginekologiis departa- mentis xelmZRvaneli, sruli profe- velopment disorders before ovum fertilization. According to him, one method is sori; medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori. pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or the genetic analysis of an already i. Jordanias sax. adamianis reproduq- fertilized egg. If doctors discover defects in the egg they can inform the parents ciis s/k institutis generaluri di- reqtori; niu-iorkis da Cikagos samec- what diseases a child may have after birth, which enables the parents to make a niero akademiebis; reproduqtologTa decision at a very early stage whether to proceed with permanent implanta- saerTaSoriso akademiis wevri, saer- tion of a fertilized egg. TaSoriso geografiuli sazogadoebis wevri; saqarTvelos mediko-biologiur Along with the employees of the Jordania Institute, one of mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiko- the co-authors of the research is Professor Teimuraz Jor- si da prezidiumis wevri; jandacvis benadze, Head of the TSU Pathology Department msoflio organizaciis eqsperti; saer- TaSoriso programebis koordinato- and Director of the Scientific Practice Center of ri da konsultanti reproduqciuli Clinical Pathology. He made the first rare histo- janmrTelobis dargSi (UNFPA, WHO); morphological diagnosis of true hermaphroditism. eqimTa daxelovnebis institutis ba- zaze reproduqtologiis kaTedris da- Research results have been shared within interna- maarsebeli da yofili xelmZRvaneli; tional conferences, including saqarTvelos samedicino-socialur • Sexual development disorders (SDD) in mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri; patients with primary amenorrhea, 13th World saqarTvelos reproduqciuli janmr- Telobis asociaciis damfuZnebeli da Congress on Human Reproduction, Venice, Italy, prezidenti; nayofierebisa da unayo- March 5-8, 2009; fobis saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri • Rare cases of sexual development disorders (IFFS); saqarTvelos sabunebismetyvelo akademiis akademikosi; aris ramden- (SDD) in patients with female phenotype, XIX ime samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnalis FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Ob- saredaqcio sabWos wevri. Jurnal `re- stetrics, October 4-9, 2009, Cape Town, South produqtologiis~ damaarsebeli da mTavari redaqtori; gaxlavT 450 samec- Africa. niero Sromis, 10 saxelmZRvanelos, 6 Several publications were published in interna- monografiis, 3 gamogonebis avtori. tional scientific publications: • Kristesashvili Jenara, Chipashvili Mariam, Familial Cases of Androgen Insensitivity Syn- Archil Khomasuridze - Head of the Department of Ob- drome (AIS), European Journal of Human Ge- stetrics-Gynecology and Reproductology at the TSU Faculty of Medicine; Full Professor; Doctor netics, Prague, 2005. of Medical Sciences; Director-General of the Jor- • Kristesashvili Jenara, Khomasuridze Archil, dania Scientific-Research Institute of Human Re- Chipashvili Mariam, Congenital Anomalies of production; member of the New York and Chicago Sexual Development in Patients with Female Academies of Science, as well as the International Academy of Reproductology; member of the In- Phenotype; journal – Reproductive Health of ternational Geographic Society; Academician and Children and Adolescents, 2010, No 3(32), 49- Member of the Presidium of the Georgian Acad- 56, Moscow, Russia. emy of Medical-Biological Sciences; advisor to the World Health Organization; coordinator and • Quite recently a publication was prepared consultant for international programs in the sphere together with Donald E. Greydanus, Profes- of reproductive health (UNFPA, WHO); founder sor of Pediatrics and Human Development at and former head of the Reproductology Depart- ment at the Medical Refresher Institute; member Michigan State University College of Human of the Georgian Academy of Medical-Social Sci- Medicine, who was actively involved in the ences; Founder and President of the Georgian discussion of the research results. The publica- Association of Reproductive Health; member of the International Federation of Fertility Societies tion appeared recently: Kristesashvili Jenara, (IFFS); member of the Georgian Academy of Nat- Chipashvili Mariam, Jorbenadze Teimuraz and ural Sciences; member of the editorial boards of Greydanus Donald, Rare cases of disorders of several scientific-practical journals; founder and editor-in-chief of journal Reproductology; author sex development in adolescents with female of 450 scientific works, ten textbooks, six mono- phenotype, International Journal of Adolescent graphs and three inventions. Medicine and Health, 2012; 24 (2); in the pro- cess of printing.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 78 prostatis simsivnuri transformaciis kvleva Tsu-Si

statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi avTvisebiani simsivneebiT Teimuraz CigogiZe - medicinis mecnierebaTa daavadebulTa ricxvma 30 000-s gadaaWarba. yovelwliurad avTvisebiani doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos sa- bunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa akademi- simsivniT daavadebis 7000-ze meti axali SemTxveva fiqsirdeba. is akademikosi, saqarTvelos urologTa saqarTveloSi, qalebSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli simsivneebia: mkerdis, asociaciis wevri, evropis urologTa asociaciis wevri, urologTa interna- saSvilosnos, saSvilosnos yelis da msxvili nawlavis. rac Seexeba cionaluri sazogadoebis wevri, ameri- mamakacebs, yvelaze gavrcelebulia - filtvis da prostatis kis uroginekologTa asociaciis wevri, saqarTvelos uroginekologTa asocia- simsivneebi. ciis prezidenti. 1980 wlidan muSaobs al. wulukiZis saxelobis urologiis erovnul centrSi, aris urologiis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, zust erovnuli centris wamyvani special- isti da xelmZRvanelobs IV urologiur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis, biologiis departamentis, departaments. misi xelmZRvanelobiT ujreduli da molekuluri biologiis mimarTulebis akademiuri personalis daculia Svidi sakandidato da erTi sa- doqtoro disertacia. aris 200-mde sa- 9 warmomadgenelma TiTqmis 2 aTeuli wlis win daiwyo prostatis simsivnuri mecniero Sromis avtori. aris 2004 wlis transformaciis gamomwvevi da ganviTarebis ujreduli da molekuluri meqa- saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis lau- reati. dajildoebulia grigol muxaZis nizmebis kvleva. kvleva dRemde grZeldeba. aRniSnuli paTologiis klinika saxelobisa da Rirsebis ordeniT. (diagnostika, meTvalyureoba, marTva da mkurnaloba) ki xorcieldeba medici-

Teimuraz Chigogidze - Doctor of Medical Sciences; nis fakultetis urologiis departamentSi. Professor; Member of the Georgian Academy prostatis simsivneebi mamakacTa onkologiur daavadebebs Soris pirvel of Natural Sciences; member of the Georgian Association of Urologists; member of the Euro- adgils ikavebs da polietiologiur daavadebaTa jgufs miekuTvneba. aRniS- pean Association of Urologists; member of the nuli simsivneebis paTogenezSi wamyvani roli genetikur, infeqciur, imunur, International Society of Urologists; member of the American Urogynecologic Society; President hormonul, garemo da alimentur faqtorebs eniWeba. daavadebis formirebasa of the Georgian Urogynecological Association; da progresirebaze gavlenas axdens mTeli rigi risk-faqtorebis erToblivi since 1980 has been working at the Tsulukidze National Urology Center as a leading specialist. moqmedebac. He heads the 4th Urological Department; seven dadgenilia, rom prostatis simsivneebiT ZiriTadad asakovani mamakacebi post-graduate research projects and one doctoral dissertation were defended under his guidance; (65-75 weli) avaddebian, Tumca bolo periodSi statistika miuTiTebs pros- author of about 200 scientific works; Georgian tatis kibos SemTxvevaTa zrdaze 40-50 wlis mamakacebSi. gasaTvaliswinebe- State Prize Winner; also awarded the Grigol Mukhadze Prize and Order of Honor. lia isic, rom srulyofili ar aris daavadebis adreuli diagnostika. dRemde ar arsebobs sruli, kompleqsuri sadiagnostiko testebi, romlebic sawyis etapzeve gamoavlens prostatis simsivneebs. Sedegad avadmyofTa 60-80%-s prostatis progresirebuli da metastazuri simsivne daavadebis klinikuri gamovlenisas ufiqsirdeba. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kvlevebs xelmZRvaneloben: medicinis mecniere- baTa doqtori, profesori Teimuraz CigogiZe, biologiis mecnierebaTa doq- tori, profesori nana kotrikaZe da medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe- sori lavrenti managaZe. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi prostatis simsivnuri transforma- nana kotrikaZe - biologiis mecnierebaTa ciis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi codnis gaRrmavebis saSualebas iZl- doqtori, Tsu zust da sabunebism- eva, rac klinicistebs mkurnalobis efeqturi gzebis moZiebaSi Seuwyobs xels. etyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis, biologiis departamentis, ujredu- problemis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli paTologiis kvleva in- li da molekuluri mimarTulebis tensiurad mimdinareobs msoflios araerT kvleviT centrSi da igi ZiriTadad sruli profesori. n. kotrikaZis sa- mecniero - kvleviTi muSaobis ZiriTa- maTTvis misaRebi, erTi romelime garkveuli mimarTulebiT Semoifargleba. di mimarTulebaa“ karcenogenezis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mecnierTa jgufis mier ganxorciele- molekuluri meqanizmebis kvleva”. misi xelmZRvanelobiT daculia 10 buli kvlevebi aRniSnuli paTologiis erTdroulad sxvadasxva kuTxiT Ses- sakandidato disertacia, gamoqvey- wavlas iTvaliswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs, rogorc gadakveTis wer- nebuli aqvs 150-mde samecniero sta- tia, saxelmZRvanelo “ujreduli bi- tilebi msoflioSi mimdinare msgavs kvlevebTan, aseve gansxvavebuli kvlevebi ologiis safuZvlebi”. da midgomebi. Nana Kotrikadze - Doctor of Biological Sciences; Full Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecniere- Professor of the Cellular and Molecular Direc- baTa fakultetis, biologiis departamentis ujreduli da molekuluri bi- tion of the Biology Department at the TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences; the key ologiis mimarTulebaze da medicinis fakultetis urologiis departamentSi sphere of her scientific activities is “Research kvlevebi Catarda Semdegi mimarTulebiT: of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis”. Has overseen ten dissertations; she has pub- • eriTrocitebis membranuli regulaciis cvlilebis Seswavla prosta- lished about 150 scientific articles and a text- tis simsivneebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc plastikur orqeqtomiamde (kastra- book Principles of Cellular Biology. ciamde) aseve plastikuri orqeqtomiis Semdeg;

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 79 The Study of Prostate Cancer at TSU According to statistics, the number of people suffering from malignant cancer in Georgia exceeds 30,000, and more than 7000 cases are diagnosed every year. The most common cancers diagnosed for Georgian women are breast, uterine, cervix and colon/bowel cancers. Lung and prostate cancers are the most common for men. lavrenti managaZe - medicinis mec- nierebaTa doqtori, Tsu medici- nis fakultetis urologiis de- partamentis sruli profesori. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka- demiis wevr-korespondenti, saqa- Ultraviolet Ionization rTvelos medicinis mecnierebaTa radiation radiation akademiis akademikosi, saqarT- velos urologTa asiciaciis pre- Smoking zidenti, evropis urologTa aso- ciaciis wevri, amerikis urologTa asociaciis wevri, Tbilisis sax- elmwifo universitetis akademi- uri sabWos wevri. 2006 wlidan aris Metabolism sxvadasxva samecniero Jurnalis redkolegiis wevri; Jurnal `Geor- gian Medical News~-is samecniero re- daqtori. aris 337 samecniero Sro- mis avtori. aris 12 sakandidato disertaciis xelmZRvaneli da 10 Mitochondrion sadoqtoro disertaciis konsul- tanti. aris 2004 wlis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis laureati. da- jildoebulia grigol muxaZis sax- cells elobisa da Rirsebis ordeniT.

Lavrenti Managadze – Doctor of Medical Sciences; Full Professor at the Urology Department of the TSU Faculty of Medicine; correspond- White ing member of the Georgian Academy of blood Exhaust Sciences; member of the Georgian Acad- cells emy of Medical Sciences; President of the Georgian Association of Urologists; mem- ber of the European Association of Urolo- prostatis simsivnis gamomwvevi faqtorebi Causes of Prostate Cancer gists; member of the American Association of Urologists; member of the Academic Council of Tbilisi State University; member Nine members of the academic staff in the Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the of the editorial boards of scientific journals; Department of Biology have been studying the mechanisms of prostate cancer for almost two scientific editor of Georgian Medical News; decades. The Department of Urology in the Faculty of Medicine operates a clinic to diagnose author of 337 scientific works; head of 12 graduate dissertations and consultant for and treat prostate cancer. The directors of the TSU study are: Professor Teimuraz Chigogid- ten doctoral dissertations; Georgian State ze, MD; Professor Nana Kotrikadze, Doctor of Biological Sciences; and Professor Lavrenti Prize Winner in 2004; awarded the Grigol Managadze, MD. Mukhadze Prize and Order of Honor. Prostate cancers belong to the group of poly-etiological diseases. The main causal factors of prostate cancers are genetic, infectious, immunological, hormonal, environmental and alimen- tary. Joint risk factors contribute to the formation and development of the disease. Prostate cancer is more common in men aged 65-75, however recent statics show that cases in men aged 40-50 are increasing. Even today early detection is difficult and there is no complete, comprehensive diagnostic test to make it possible to reveal prostate cancers in their initial stages. Thus for 60-80% of patients, doctors can only diagnose progressive and metastatic prostate cancer when they patients present clinical symptoms. Given the significance of the problem, a number of research centers throughout the world are undertaking research on the pathology of prostate cancer. However, most cover one specific issue or direction of the pathology. The researchers study the disease from different dimensions, simul- taneously covering various issues of the pathology. Accordingly, there are both some similarities and differences between TSU research and other ongoing research throughout the world. Research results make it possible to obtain an in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of the transforma- tion of prostate cancer and will help clinicians search for effective treatment. The research undertaken in the Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Department of Urology includes: • Study of changes in the membrane regulation of erythrocytes in cases of prostate cancer both prior to the plastic orchiectomy (the surgical removal of one or both testicles) and post plastic orchiectomy; • Study of mitochondrial defects of epithelial tissue mitochondria of tumor cells in the development of malignant prostate cancer; • Study of hormone-refractory prostate cancer after plastic orchiectomy is in progress; • Development of new, supplementary diagnostic methods for early detection of benign prostate cancer. The results will permit more effective treatment, which will increase the longevity and quality of a patient’s life. In order to improve the condi- tions of patients suffering from prostate cancer, this type of research interests the A. Tsulukidze National Center of Urology, the National Cancer Center, and the departments of urology in other clinics.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 80

• simsivnuri qsovilis epiTeluri ujredebis mi- sur. 1.4. prostatis simsivneebis morfologiuri suraTi toqondriebis mitoqondrialuri defeqtebis rolis Morphological picture of prostate cancers [2] Seswavla prostatis avTvisebiani simsivnis ganviTare- baSi. • dawyebulia da grZeldeba prostatis plasti- kuri orqeqtomiis Semdgom hormonrezistenetuli ki- bos meqanizebis kvleva. • miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze muSavdeba axa- li, damxmare sadiagnostiko test-meTod(eb)i prosta- tis keTilTvisebiani simsivneebis adreuli diferen- cirebis mizniT.

zemoT aRniSnul mecnierTa jgufis azriT, miRebuli Sedegebi xels Seuwyobs efeqtian mkurnalobas, rac up- irveles yovlisa, pacientis sicocxlis xarisxsa da xan- grZlivobaze aisaxeba. prostatis simsivneebiT daavadebuli pacientebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, am tipis kvlevebi saintereso iqneba al. wulukiZis saxelobis urologiis erovnuli centris, saqarTvelos onkologiis erovnu- li centris da nebismieri klinikis urologiuri gan- yofilebisTvis. kvlevis Sedegebisadmi did saerTaSoriso yuradRe- sur 2.1. glisonis mixedviT prostatis simsivnis klasifikaciebi

baze metyvelebs avtorTa mier wakiTxuli moxsenebebi Classifications of prostate cancer according to Glisson [3] 18-ze met saerTaSoriso kongressa da simpoziumze mTeli msoflios masStabiT. samecniero naSromebi gamoqveynebul iqna iseT maRal- reitingul, recenzirebad da referirebad JurnalebSi, rogoricaa: J Urology (USA), “Experimental Oncology;” “Europe- an Medical, Health and Pharmaceutical Journal,” “Biophysics, “Brit- ish Journal of Urology”, “Georgian Medical News”. 2012 wels aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT gamoica monografia “winamdebare jirkvlis (prostatis) simsivneebis mediko-biologiuri aspeqtebi”.

profesor Teimuraz CigogiZis TqmiT, prostatis sim- sivneebis mediko-biologiuri aspeqtebis Seswavlis Sede- gebis praqtikaSi danergva SesaZlebeli iqneba miRebuli test-meTodebis aprobaciis Semdeg. axali damxmare test- meTodebis impelementacia ki klinicistebs, paTologiis adreul etapze gamovlenis saSualebas miscems. ris Sede- a. prostatis keTilTvisebiani hiperplazia gadac daavadeba mkurnalobis TvalsazrisiT ufro efeq- tiani iqneba, mkurnalobis Rirebuleba ki _ bevrad ufro a. Benign prostatic hyperplasia naklebi.

The Georgian scientists have presented their results at over 18 interna- tional congresses and symposia, which reflects the international interest towards the TSU research. Their work has been published in highly rated and peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of Urology (USA), Experimental Oncology, European Medical, Health and Pharmaceuti- cal Journal, Biophysics, British Journal of Urology and Georgian Medi- cal News. In 2012, the latest results were published in a monograph entitled Medico-biological Aspects of Prostate Gland Cancer. According to Professor Chigogidze, putting the research results of med- ical-biological aspects of prostate cancers into practice will be feasible after test trials are completed. Implementing the new supplementary testing methods will enable clinicians to detect the disease at an earlier stage, making treatment more successful and less expensive.

b. prostatis adenokarcinoma b. Prostatic adenocarcinoma

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 81 zoologiis A Unique Museum of unikaluri muzeumi Zoology at Tbilisi State Tsu-Si University

dRes adamianebi amjobineben maTTvis saWiro Today many prefer to obtain information using the informacia kompiuteris meSveobiT moipovon, magram computer, but we forget that physical observation is vizualuri efeqti mainc Seucvleli rCeba. amitomac irreplaceable, and that is why museums are at the center aniWeben mTel msoflioSi muzeumebs mniSvnelovan of attention throughout the world. The Tbilisi State funqcias. aseT unikalur muzeumTa ricxvs University Zoology Museum, which soon will be a century miekuTvneba Tsu-s zoologiis muzeumi, romelic old, is one of the most interesting in the world. cota xanSi saukunovan istorias daiTvlis.

aq fitulis, ConCxis Tu Five thousand exhibits show all kinds sveli saxiT Senaxulia faunis of exhibited animals in mounted, TiTqmis yvela saxeobis 5000- skeletal and preserved forms Some ze meti eqsponati. maT Soris of the species are included in the In- daculia saerTaSoriso da saqa- ternational Union for the Conserva- rTvelos wiTel wignSi Setani- tion of Nature (IUCN) and Georgian Red Lists of rare, threatened or en- li cxovelebis da frinvelebis dangered species. fitulebi, romelTa naxvac bev- The idea to open a museum emerged rgan namdvilad SeuZlebelia. only three years after the univer- muzeumis Seqmnis idea uni- sity was established. In 1923, after versitetis daarsebidan ma- founding the Faculty of Natural leve daibada. 1923 wels, Sciences, the university created the sabunebismetyvelo fakulte- museum to present educational and tis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, zo- scientific materials for study, and the ologiis kaTedraze saWiro university management began col- gaxda saswavlo-samecniero lecting exhibits. The first donation TvalsaCinoebis arseboba. ami- was made by a German scientist, tom univeritetis xelmZRvan- Gustav Radde, from the Caucasian elobam swavlebisTvis saWiro Museum closing. Other collections eqsponatebis Segroveba dai- were donated by the Georgian Na- tional Museum and the rest came wyo. pirveli Semowiruloba from various sources, for example Tsu-s germanelma mecnierma some exhibits were created from ani- gustav radem `kavkasiuri mals that were hunted, or from those muzeumidan~ gadasca, nawili in the Tbilisi Zoo. Scientists on ex- ki `saqarTvelos muzeumma~ pedition around Georgia or abroad usaxsovra, danarCeni _ sx- donated some outstanding samples vadasxva wyarodan Seivso. to the museum. The museum also samuzeumo eqsponatebs qmnid- ordered exhibits from scientific cata- nen nanadirevisgan, Tu zoo- logues. Each exhibit in the museum parkSi daculi cxovelebisgan; contributes to scientific study and saucxoo nimuSebi CamohqondaT has its own history. muzeumisTvis saqarTvelos One exhibit illustrates a Kakhetian sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Tu qveynis hog, and just behind it stands a gor- farglebs gareT eqspedicia- geous giraffe, which was brought to the Tbilisi Zoo from the Amsterdam Si wasul mecnierebs. muzeu- zoo in 1950. Soon after its death, the mis TanamSromlebi samecnie- mounted giraffe was acquired by the ro katalogebidan iwerdnen museum. There are mounted exhib- mniSvnelovan nimuSebs da a.S. its of wild goat, deer, Caucasian and erTi sityviT, Tsu zoolo- Georgian breeds of roe deer, as well giis muzeumSi dacul yvela as horns and skeletons. eqsponats, samecniero daniS- gvelismWameli arwivi Birds of prey include mounted nulebis garda, Tavisi istoria exhibits of owls, eagles, falcons aqvs. Circaetinae and hawks. The Egyptian vulture

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 82

dRes biologiis muzeumi Tsu XI, e.w. biologebis korpusSia ganTavse- (Neophron percnopterus) is not just an imaginary, buli. cota xnis win muzeumsac da eqsponatebsac restavracia Cautarda. fairytale figure—this raptor is real and on display. dRes damTvalierebels ukve ganaxlebuli saxiT SeuZlia ixilos qveynis da Other mounted birds include the smallest bird in msoflios faunis unikaluri nimuSebi. the world–a hummingbird--which sometimes hi- bernates upside down to conserve their body tem- muzeumSi Sesul mnaxvels kaxur taxTan erTad, ulamazesi Jirafi egebe- perature at 1/15 of their normal temperature. One ba. Jirafi 1950 wels amsterdamis zooparkidan moxvda Tbilisis zooparkSi, beautiful specimen is an endangered bird, the white Tumca cota xanSi gardaicvala. amis Semdeg misma fitulma saswavlo cen- crane (Grus leicogeranus), of which only 1000 in- trSi daido bina. damTvalierebels zoomuzeumSi erTdroulad SeuZlia dividuals are left in the wild. Another beauty of the naxos kavkasiuri Tu qarTuli saxeobebis jixvis, irmebis, Svlebis fitule- bird collection is the Himalayan Monal (Lophopho- bi, rqebi da ConCxebi; muzeumSi aseve daculia bus, mTis arwivis, gvelis rus impejanus) granted to the museum from the col- mWameli arwivis, Sevardenis, miminos, faskunjis (zRapruli personaJi ar lection of Davit Sarajishvili. This beautiful pheas- gegonoT, igi mZorismWamelTa ojaxis wevria) da sxva uamrav mtacebel Tu ant is the symbol of town of Monal in Tibet, and aramtacebel frinvelTa fitulebic; maT Soris aris msoflioSi yvelaze found at altitudes of 2000 meters. Many probably patara Citi kolibri, romelsac sakuTari sxeulis temperatura ar gaaCnia do not know that the word ‘sniper’ is derived from the name of a little bird, a snipe, or “chibukha” in da Tavdayira sZinavs, rogorc Ramuras. aqvea turfa wero da sretxi, ro- Georgian. The snipe exhibit includes sounds made melic gadaSenebis gzazea da daaxloebiT 1000-mdea darCenili. frinvelTa by the bird and descriptions. koleqciis mSvenebaa manilas dodoCa. fituli daviT sarajiSvilis koleq- The museum boasts an entomological collection in- ciidan moxvda universitetSi. es ulamazesi frinveli qalaq manilas sim- cluding the smallest and the biggest butterflies such boloa da mas tibetSi, 2000 metris simaRleze SexvdebiT. bevrma albaT arc as the Attacus atlas, or Atlas moth, found in tropical icis, rom sityva _ snaiperi patara frinvelis saxelidan warmoiSva. mas qa- and subtropical SE Asia, with a wingspan of 2600 rTulad Cibuxa hqvia, laTinurad ki snipe. Tsu-Si am frinvelis fitulic mm. The “eye” on its wings helps frighten away inaxeba da `snaiperis~ dabadebis istoriasac dawvrilebiT moismenT. preying animals and birds. The smallest butterfly zoomuzeumis simdidrea entomologiuri koleqciac, sadac uamravi in the collection is a Western Pygmy blue with a saxeobis mweria daculi. maT Soris msoflioSi yvelaze didi da yvelaze wingspan of only 20 mm. The Japanese Emperor (Sasakia charonda), also known as the great purple patara pepela. aq naxavT atakus atlass, romlis frTebis diametri 260 mm- emperor, is native to Japan--where people believe ia da frTebis boloebze gvelis msgavsad, Tvalis gamosaxuleba aqvs. es that this subtle insect is the symbol of woman’s Tavdacvis erT-erTi saSualebaa. yvelaze mcire pepela ki cisfrulaa _ happiness and family wellbeing. Every festive 20 mm. msoflioSi da saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli peplebis gverdiT aris event in Japan starts with dances named after the iaponiis simbolo saskia xaronde. iaponelTa yvela zeimi, swored am peplis butterfly. saxelobis cekviT ixsneba. iqaurebs jeraT, rom es unazesi mweri qalis bed- Among the numerous exhibits there is a wide va- nierebas da ojaxis simyudroves ganasaxierebs. riety of interesting surprises: a blue whale’s mous- uamrav eqsponatTa Soris aris cisferi veSapis ulvaSi, vefxvisebri tache, a python, the Galapagos tortoise (an endan- piTonis, halapagosis kus, (romelic wiTel wignSia Setanili), nilosis da gered species), the Nile and the Amazon crocodiles, a flying fox, South American armadillos, Austra- amazonuri niangebis, Ramura-mfrinavi melias, samxreT amerikuli javS- lian duck-billed platypus along with other rare and nosanis, avstraliuri ixvniskartas da sxva iSviaTi da egzotikuri arse- exotic creatures. The museum also has the exhibits bebis fitulebi; STambeWdavia sxvadasxva frinvelis kvercxebis koleq- of anomalous animals such as a two headed sheep cia, romelSic 1412 egzemplaria da marjnis polipebi indoeTisa da wynari born in Dusheti in 1947; conjoied sheep embryos okeanidan. es muzeumis ukanaskneli SenaZenia. marjnis koleqcia muzeumis and a four-legged chicken are preserved in form- TanamSromlebs specialuri katalogiT jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi ga- aldehyde. mouweriaT. magram, cota xanSi momxdari politikuri cvlilebebis gamo, The museum also has an impressive egg collection eqsponatebis miRebis imedi yvelas gadaewura. wlebis Semdeg, Tbilisis of over 1400 samples as well as coral from the In- samoqalaqo omis dros, koleqcia saqarTveloSi mainc Camovida da adresa- dian and Pacific oceans. The last coral collection tamdec miaRwia. purchased was a by catalogue during the Soviet era. The story of this acquisition is interesting - shortly muzeumSi anomaluri cxovelebis eqsponatebicaa daculi: orTaviani after ordering the coral, due to the dramatic politi- cxvari, romelic 1947 wels duSeTSi daibada; minis qilaSi aseve moTavse- cal changes of Perestroika, the museum lost any bulia genetikuri darRvevis Sedegad erTmaneTze Sezrdili cxvrebi da hope of receiving the purchase. Many years later- oTxfexa wiwila. -during the armed conflicts in Tbilisi - the order zoologiiT dainteresebulebi, Tu ubralod moyvarulebi, univer- unexpectedly arrived at the museum! sitetis muzeumSi naxaven lomebis, kengurus, afTrebis, katebis Tu kurd- The museum’s educational mission is important, Rlebis ConCxebs, behemotis Tavis qalasac; minis qilaSi inaxeba paraziti and exhibitions provide information on the circu- Wiebis, uxerxemlo cxovelebis, amfibiebis da qvewarmavlebis nimuSebi. maT latory, skeletal, digestive and nervous systems of Soris SegiZliaT daakvirdeT cxovelTa sisxlis mimoqcevis, saWmlis mom- both vertebrates and invertebrates. Skeleton ex- nelebeli da nerviuli sistemis nimuSebs; aq naxavT qvewarmavlebis, xerx- hibits include lion, kangaroo, hyena, and small mammals - as well as the skull of a hippopotamus. emliani cxovelebis da adamianis embrionis ganviTarebis stadiebsac. mec- Invertebrates such as parasitic worms are on dis- nieruli TvalsaCinoebis mizniT aris Seqmnili frinvelebis da cxovelebis play, and small vertebrates such as amphibians and nimuSebi, romelTa erTi mxare bunebrivi saxiT aris SenarCunebuli, meore snakes. ki ConCxia. The Zoology Museum is located in Building XI, the Tsu-s zoomuzeumi dRes universitetis samuzeumo samsaxuris daqvemde- Biology Building of TSU on Chavchavadze, and is barebaSia da yvela Taobis dainteresebul mnaxvels yoveldRiurad elis. open Monday through Friday from 9 am to 6 pm.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 83

qarTuli Sveli

Georgian roe deer

lomebis, zolebiani afTrebis da sxva cxovelebis ConCxebi

Skeletons of lions, striped hyenas and other animals

nilosis niangi da halapagosis ku

Nile crocodile and Galápagos turtle

2012 July TSU SCIENCE

85 erovnuli samecniero biblioTeka - yvelaze didi wignsacavi saqarTveloSi

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli erovnuli samecniero biblioTeka erT-erTi yvelaze didi wignsacavia saqarTveloSi. aq 3,5 milionamde wigni, 2 milionze meti Jurnali da sxva saxis perioduli gamocemaa daculi - ZiriTadad samecniero, humanitaruli da sabunebismetyvelo dargis literatura; 600 000 meti ki - sxvadasxva saxis ucxouri gamocema. raritetebisa da sxvadasxva cnobil pirovnebaTa koleqciebis fondi 22 635 erTeulia. saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi, samocdaaTwliani istoriis mqone biblioTeka Tsu-s 2011 wels SemouerTda.M

The National Scientific Library – the Biggest Book Depository in Georgia

The National Scientific Library of Tbilisi State University is one of the biggest book depositories in Georgia. The library offers 3.5 million books, 2 million journals, and other kinds of periodic publications, mainly in the fields of humanities and natural sciences. Among them over 600,000 are foreign (mostly western) publications. A Department of Rare Books and Famous People’s Collections includes 22,635 publications. This biggest of Georgian libraries was seventy years old when it merged with TSU in 2011.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 86 biblioTekis fondis Semadgen- 1000-ze met gamomcemlobasa da sa- SeuZliaT mousminon sxvadasxva lobaSia agreTve yofili g. miqela- mecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebas- saxis wignebsa da literaturas qa- Zis saxelobis samecniero-teqni- Tan daamyara kavSiri. biblioTekis rTul, inglisur, rusul da sxva kuri biblioTeka, i. griSaSvilis warmomadgenlebi dReisaTvis lit- enebze. mxedvelobadaqveiTebulT biblioTeka-muzeumi; biblioTekis eraturuli fondis Tanamedrove teqstis maTTvis sasurvel zomamde sacavSi, aseve daculia sxvadasxva masalebiT ganaxlebaSi yvelaze gazrda SeuZliaT. programis Ses- qveynis standartebi, samecniero metad saqarTveloSi aSS-is sael- wavla da gamoyeneba mxedvelobis teqnikuri naSromebi, katalogebi, Cos wvlils aRniSnaven. dagegmil- problemis mqoneT adgilze Seu- patentebi. sapatento fondi yo- ia urTierTobis gaaqtiureba sxva ZliaT. Sesabamis treningebs ufa- fili ssrk-is, aSS-is, evropis da qveynebis diplomatiur warmomad- sod msurvelebs biblioTekis sxva sxva qveynebis 20 milionze met pat- genlebTanac. TanamSromlebTan erTad mxedve- ents moicavs. aseTi seriozuli beWdur literaturasTan er- lobadaqveiTebuli TanamSromelic sainformacio resursi xels uwy- Tad bolo wlebSi biblioTeka ukve Cautarebs, romelic aq sam weli- obs mecnierebsa da teqnologebs aqtiurad iwers eleqtronuli sa- wadze metia muSaobs. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganvi- mecniero literaturis monacemTa biblioTekaSi aseve arse- TarebaSi, unikaluri saSualebaa bazebs. biblioTeka saerTaSoriso bobs restavraciis ganyofileba, imisTvis, rom mkvlevari Tavisi konsorciumis wevria, ris gamoc sx- romelSic SesaZlebelia rogorc gamogonebis gansakuTrebulobaSi vadasxva qveynis samecniero gamom- dazianebuli wignis aRdgena, ise darwmundes, an plagiatTan daka- cemlobebidan saWiro monacemTa piradi biblioTekis movlasTan da- vSirebuli problemebi aicilos bazebis sakmaod SeRavaTian fasad kavSirebul sakiTxebze konsulta- Tavidan. gamogonebaze ganacxadis gamoweris saSualeba aqvs. amJamad ciis miReba. Sevseba msurvels biblioTekaSi ar- mkiTxvelisaTvis xelmisawvdo- biblioTekaSi intensiurad mim- sebul sapatento ganyofilebaSive mia daaxloebiT 15000 dasaxelebis dinareobs axal sainformacio te- SeuZlia specialistebis daxmare- eleqtronuli Jurnali da 30000 qnologiebze dafuZnebuli servisis biT. eleqtronuli wigni. ganviTareba. moqmedebs uaxlesi te- teqnologiurad Zalze kar- ucxoeli partniorebidan yve- qnologiis (Web 2.0) eleqtronuli gad aRWurvil wignTsacavebSi sxva laze mWidro urTierToba ger- katalogi, romelic moxerxebulia raritetebTan erTad inaxeba IX-XI maniaSi hanoveris teqnikuri uni- informaciis mosaZieblad, saSuale- saukuneebis e.w. sinuri da ieru- versitetis biblioTekasTan aqvT. bas iZleva moxdes literaturis salimuri qarTuli xelnawerebis rac Seexeba Sida kontaqtebs _ winaswari dakveTa da moTxovnil mikrofirebi. X saukunis berTis Gerovnul samecniero biblioTeka- darbazSi miwodeba, mkiTxvelTa xelnaweri saxarebis mikrofirebi, Si moqmedebs biblioTekaTSorisi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba, pira- `vefxistyaosnis~ yvela qarTuli abonementis ganyofileba. im Sem- di bibliografiuli siebis Sedgena, gamocema da misi Targmanebi, maT TxvevaSi, Tu mkiTxveli misTvis komentarebis gakeTeba da sxv. es Soris iaponur enaze da sxv. saWiro literaturas erovnuli pirveli aseTi interaqtiuli kata- biblioTekis samkiTxvelo dar- samecniero biblioTekis fondSi logia saqarTveloSi. biblioTekis bazebi aRWurvilia kompiuteruli ver aRmoaCens, am ganyofilebis sa- veb-saitze qveyndeba biblioTekis teqnikiT, qseroqsiT, mikrofirebis SualebiT wignis qveynis sxva bib- siaxleebi, siaxleebi saqarTvelosa sakiTxavi aparaturiT, aris inter- lioTekebidan miReba SeuZlia. da ucxoeTis samecniero saitebi- neti da ukabelo (WiFi) qseli. bib- bolo periodamde, Tavisi prof- dan (TargmaniT), moqmedebs onlain- lioTekaSi darbazebi dargobrivi ilidan gamomdinare, biblioTekis leqsikonebi da monacemTa bazebi; da saganmanaTleblo principiTaa mkiTxvelTa umetesobas mecniere- aqve xelmisawvdomia i. griSaSvilis diferencirebuli. axali litera- baTa akademiis TanamSromlebi unikaluri fotoarqivis eleqtro- tura darbazSi Ria Taroebzea Seadgendnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi nuli versia, ucxoeTis wamyvani ganTavsebuli da Tavisufladaa auditoria ufro mravalferovani universitetebis videoleqciebi xelmisawvdomi mkiTxvelisTvis. gaxda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da samecniero Sromebi da mravali biblioTekis samecniero-teqni- eTmoba studentTa momsaxurebas. sxv. biblioTekis TanamSromlebi kuri Targmanis jgufi msurvelebs amas garda, Tsu samecniero daxmarebas uweven mkiTxvelebs, ro- ucxoenovani masalis moZiebasa biblioTeka erT-erTi pirvelia gorc darbazebSi, aseve el-fostiTa da TargmanSi exmareba. sxvadasxva saqarTveloSi, sadac usinaTlo- Tu pirdapiri onlain-gasaubrebis saxis literaturisa da leqsiko- Ta da mxedvelobadaqveiTebulTa gziT. nis gverdiT samkiTxvelo darbazSi momsaxurebis centri dafuZnda. biblioTekis direqtoris, irak- mkiTxvelma enciklopedia `britan- es biblioTekisa da asociacia li RaribaSvilis TqmiT, Tsu-s ikac~ SeiZleba naxos. `usinaTloebi sazRvrebs gareSe~ erovnuli samecniero biblioTeka biblioTekis fondis ucxouri erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moxerxda. xels uwyobs ganaTlebisa da mec- literaturiT Sevseba aqtiu- centri aRWurvilia Tanamedrove nierebis donis amaRlebas, samec- rad 1955 wlidan daiwyo, rodesac aparaturiT. usinaTloebisTvis niero-teqnikuri Semoqmedebis biblioTekam aSS-is, didi brita- adaptirebuli specialuri pro- ganviTarebasa da mecnierebis popu- neTis, safrangeTis, Sveicariis gramis (`bu~) saSualebiT stumrebs larizacias.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 87 The library collection includes the former G. Mikeladze Scientific-Technical Li- brary and the I. Grishashvili Library-Museum, preserving the standards, technical works, catalogues and patents of several countries. The patent collection includes over 20 million patents of the former Soviet Union, the USA, Europe and other re- gions of the world. Such a rich depository provides significant support for scientists and technologists in creative reasoning and is a unique opportunity for the scholar to ensure the distinctiveness of his/her invention or to avoid the complications con- nected with plagiarism. Individuals who would like to fill in a form to register an invention can do so with the help of the specialist in the Department of Patents at the library. The book depositories are equipped with modern technology and keep microfilms of IX-XI century Georgian manuscripts from Sinai and Jerusalem, microfilms of the Bereti manuscript of Sakhareba (Gospel), all Georgian publications of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin’’ and its translations--including a translation to Japanese. The library’s reading halls are equipped with computers, photocopier and microfilm readers. The reading halls also have cable and WiFi Internet connection. The halls are divided according to scientific fields. New literature is freely available for ref- erence on open shelves in the halls and reference books such as the Encyclopedia sinas mTis wminda ekaterines monastris xelnaweris Britannica and others are available. A team of specialists helps library visitors find fotoasli, mamaTa cxovreba documents in foreign languages or to translate materials. The librarians provide Copy of the manuscript, Life of Fathers, from Saint support to the readers in the halls, via e-mail or through online consulting. Catherine Monastery, Mount Sinai, X-XI centuries The enrichment of the collections with foreign literature began in 1955 when the li- brary began to create partnerships with over 1000 publishing houses and scientific- research centers in the USA, Great Britain, France, and Switzerland. The American Embassy has been especially generous with contributions of modern materials. The library plans to create more links with the diplomatic representations of other coun- tries as well. In recent years, the library has significantly increased its database of electronic sci- entific literature and is now a member of the Electronic Information For Libraries system - EIFL - an international non-governmental organization with a global net- work of partners. Thus the library is able to order databases from scientific publish- ing houses in different countries at reasonable prices. At present, library users have access to approximately 15,000 electronic journals and 30,000 electronic books. The National Scientific Library has a close partnership for access to publications with the Leibniz University of Hanover’s Library for Technical Information. Lo- cally as well, the National Scientific Library’s Department of Interlibrary Loans enables readers to obtain materials that are unavailable at the National Scientific Library or other Georgian universities. Until recently, most library users were members of the Academy of Sciences. Grad- ually, however, others began using the library, and a particular emphasis is now "daujdomeli" , WiaTuris sofel nigozeTidan placed on student services. The TSU Library is one of the first book depositories in Georgia that has established a Service Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, “Daujdomeli” (Prayer that should be recited standing), equipped with modern technology. The establishment of the center became fea- from village Nigozeti, Chiatura sible through the joint efforts of the library and the Georgian association ‘’Sight- impaired without Borders’’. With the special program ‘’Bu’’ (Owl), visitors with visual impairments can listen to books and literature in Georgian, English, Russian and other languages. The center can also enlarge the text to the desirable format for visually impaired readers. Library users with visual impairments can learn to use a program for zooming texts and a library employee who is visually impaired, and has worked at the library for over three years, conducts free training for interested individuals. A Restoration Department restores damaged books and provides recommendations for looking after private libraries. The library is also intensively developing its IT- based services and operates with the latest electronic catalogue (Web 2.0) to search data bases for information, to order materials in advance and to provide it to the required hall according to the users’ requirements. This catalogue also permits researchers to create tailor-made bibliographical lists and make comments. The program is the first of its kind in Georgian libraries. The library website (www.sciencelib.ge) provides readers with updates on activities and acquisitions, news from Georgian and foreign scientific websites (with transla- tions), online dictionaries and databases. It also offers the electronic version of I. Grishashvili’s unique photo archives, provides video lectures and scientific works drezdenSi gamocemuli qristianul-religiur by leading foreign universities, and other information. According to the Director, TavsatexTa krebuli. avtori: mixeil saqsi Irakli Garibashvili, the TSU National Scientific Library seeks to promote the ad- The collection of Christian religious puzzles published in vancement of education and science through scientific-technical creativity and the Dresden. Author: Michael Sachs popularization of science in Georgia.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 88 Tsu ilia vekuas saxelobis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis instituti

1968 wlis 29 oqtombers Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi daarsda damoukidebel balansze myofi gamoyenebiTi maTematikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. institutis umTavres amocanad ganisazRvra gamoyenebiTi maTematikis aqtualuri problemebis kvleva, saswavlo procesisa da kvleviTi muSaobis integraciis mizniT kvleviT samuSaoebSi universitetis profesor-maswavleblebis da studentebis CarTva, maTematikuri meTodebisa da gamoTvliTi teqnikis danergva universitetis aramaTematikur samecniero dargebSi. 1978 wels instituts mieniWa misi damaarseblis da pirveli direqtoris ilia vekuas saxeli. sxvadasxva periodSi instituts xelmZRvanelobdnen a. biwaZe da d. gordeziani. 2006 wlidan dRemde institutis direqtoria giorgi jaiani.

institutis istoriidan toringis erovnul centrTan erTad); • Tsu-s kompiuteruli qselis erTiani nawili, romelic wlebis manZilze Tsu ilia vekuas saxelobis gamoy- CarTuli iyo internetis qselSi; enebiTi maTematikis instituti warmoadgenda eleqtro- • miqciis kompiuteruli modeli da specializirebuli nuli gamoTvliTi manqanebis im droisTvis umZlavresi TamaSi (bavSvTa urologiur sneulebaTa specialiste- parkiT aRWurvil axali tipis umsxviles samecniero cen- bTan erTad); trs sabWoTa kavSiris samxreT nawilSi. sainstituto sem- • Tsu-s g. WilaSvilis saxelobis gurjaanis gimnaziasTan inari, romelic ilia vekuam daarsa da romelsac TviTon erTad _ gimnaziis kompiuteruli qseli. xelmZRvanelobda sicocxlis bolomde, didi samecniero avtoritetiT sargeblobda ara marto sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. 1985 wlidan tardeba yovelwliuri konferen- cia „institutis seminaris gafarToebuli sxdomebi“, saz- RvargareTeli mecnierebis monawileobiT. institutis mecnierTa miRwevebi aRniSnulia araerTi samecniero premiiT. instituti wlebis manZilze asrulebda saxelm- wifo mniSvnelobisa da dafinansebis samecniero-teqni- kur dakveTebs da sameurneo-saxelSekrulebo samuSaoebs (Temebs). daarsebidanve instituts damyarebuli hqonda samecniero kavSiri (ormxrivi Tu mravalmxrivi xelSek- rulebebis safuZvelze) msoflios wamyvan samecniero centrebTan da universitetebTan. instituti qveynisTvis mZime wlebSi

gasuli saukunis umZimes 90-ian wlebSic instituti erT-erT warmatebul samecniero centrs warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. institutis TanamSromlebma am periodSi „Pitman Advanced Publishing Program“-is, „North-Holand Publisher“- is, „Wydawnictwo Universitet Lodzkiego“-s, „Наукова думка“-s, „Наука“-s da saqarTvelos gamomcemlobebis saSualebiT gamoaqveynes 14 monografia da 339 statia (saqarTvelos da sazRvargareTis samecniero periodikaSi); dacul iqna 11 sadoqtoro da 11 sakandidato disertacia; Svidi Tanam- Sromlis moRvaweoba aRiniSna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelobiTi premiebiT; prezidentis stipendia daeniSna oTx TanamSromels, aTs – sorosis stipendia; institutis kvleviT samuSaoebSi CarTuli Tsu-s stu- dentebidan orma moipova prezidentis jildoebi, eqvsma gaimarjva sorosis konferenciebze. amave periodSi institutSi Seiqmna da SofTEC-99–is sx- aRniSnul periodSi institutis bazaze moqmedebda: vadasxva xarisxis diplomiT aRiniSna: • saqarTvelos respublikis yvela donis saarCevno pro- • maTematikisa da informatikis Tbilisis saerTaSoriso gramaTa paketi (saqarTvelos centralur saarCevno centri _ TICMI (evropis maTematikuri sazogadoebis komisiasTan erTad); mxardaWeriT), romelic amJamadac funqcionirebs; • garemos komponentebis (wyali, haeri) gaWuWyianebis • sociologiuri informaciisa da sazogadoebrivi az- ris kvlevis centri (Tsu-s geografia-geologiis gazomvis avtomatizirebuli sistema (garemos moni-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 89 Ilia Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics of TSU

On October 29, 1968, the independently financed Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Mathematics was founded at Tbilisi State University. The Institute’s aim was to carry out research on important problems of applied mathematics, to involve University professors, teachers, and students in research activities in order to integrate mathematics into the study processes and research, and to implement giorgi jaiani – iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax- mathematical methodologies and calculating technology in the elmwifo universitetis i. vekuas saxelobis gamoy- non-mathematical fields of the University. In 1978, the Institute was enebiTi maTematikis institutis direqtori; Tsu sruli profesori; fizika–maTematikis mecnierebaTa named after its founder and first director – Ilia Vekua. A. Bitsadze kandidati (1974), fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa and D. Gordeziani were subsequent Directors of the Institute and doqtori (1986); msoflio inovaciis fondis wevri; since 2006 the Director of the Ilia Vekua Institute has been Professor Teoriul da gamoyenebiT meqanikaSi saerTaSoriso ka- vSiris (IUTAM) generaluri asambleis wevri; evropis George Jaiani. mecnierebaTa akademiisa da misive maTematikis gan- yofilebis samecniero komitetis wevri; saqarTvelos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri da saqarTvelos sainJinro akademiis wevri; evropis maTematikuri sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli Sekrebis monawile (1990), wevri da misi sabWos wevri (1994–2001); amerikis maTematikuri sazogadoebis, evropis meqan- ikosTa sazogadoebis, GAMM-is, ISIMI-is wevri; TICMI- is saerTaSoriso samecniero komitetis Tavmjdomare; Bull.TICMI-is da Lecture Notes of TICMI-is redaqtori; Ju- rnal J.Appl.Math.–is (Hindawi Publisher) saredaqcio ko- legiis wevri; mopovebuli aqvs saerTaSoriso (NATO, CRDF/GRDF, INTAS, Grant of Ateneo, DFG, DAAD da a.S.) da adgilobrivi grantebi da stipendiebi; maTematikasa da meqanikaSi araerTi msoflio da evropis kongre- sisa da saerTaSoriso konferenciis monawile; IUTAM-is saerTaSoriso simpoziumis saerTaSoriso samecniero komitetis Tavmjdomare (2007); 92 gamoqveynebuli statiis da 5 monografiis (erTi – Springer-is gamoce- miT) avtori.

George Jaiani – Direcor of I.Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Full Professor of TSU; Ph.D. (Candidate of Sci.) in Mechanics of Deformable Bodies (1974), Doctor of Sci. in Differential Equations and Mathematical Phys- ics (1986); Fellow of the World Innovation Foundation; Member of the General Assembly of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; Member of the European Academy of Sciences (EAS), Member of the Committee of the Division of Mathematics of EAS; Member of the Georgian Academy of Natural Sciences; Member of the Georgian Engineering Academy; Member of delega- tion of the Georgian Mathematical Union at the inaugural meeting of the European Mathematical Society (1990); Member of EMS; Member of the Council of the EMS (1994-2001); Member of the American Mathematical Society, GAMM, and ISIMM; Chairman of the International Scientific Committee of the TICMI; Editor of the Bull. TICMI and Lecture Notes of TICMI; Member of the Edi- torial Board of J.Appl.Math. (Hindawi Publisher Press); Winner of the International (NATO, CRDF/GRDF, INTAS, Grant of Ateneo, During the Soviet period the Ilia Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics at DFG, DAAD, etc.) and local grant projects and scholarships; TSU was the most significant and modern scientific center, equipped with the Participant of the Congresses of ICM (International Congress of Mathematician) and ECM (European Congress of Mathematician), most advanced computer equipment in the southern Soviet Union. The Insti- International Congresses of Theoretical and Applied Mathematics tute’s Seminar was established and guided by Ilia Vekua until his death and (ICTAM) and International Conferences; Chairman of the Interna- had a great scientific reputation in the Soviet Union and abroad. Since 1985 tional Scientific Committee of the IUTAM Symposium (2007); Au- the Institute has been organizing an annual conference on “Enlarged Sessions thor of 92 articles and 5 Monographs (one is published by Springer). of the Seminar” with the participation of scientists from Georgia and abroad.

2012 July Tsu science 90

fakultetTan erTad), romelic TanamSromlebis mier wardgenili wlebSi) da ISAAC-is konferenciis TanamSromlobda aSS-is sainforma- proeqtebidan gaimarjva samma. (2007) dasaxeleba. garda amisa, insti- cio saagentosTan USIA, gaerosa da aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wlamde in- tutSi Catarda saerTaSoriso kon- evrokavSiris dainteresebul orga- stituts hqonda sakuTari stamba da ferencia „gamoyenebiTi maTematikis nizaciebTan; Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem- Tanamedrove problemebi“ (2008) da • saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminis- lobis saxeliT yovelwliurad aqvey- saqarTvelos meqanikosTa kavSiris tros kvalifikaciis amaRlebis in- nebda institutis TanamSromelTa 15- konferenciebi ucxoeli mecnierebis stituti; mde samecniero broSurasa da 10-mde monawileobiT (2010 da 2011 wlebSi). • saqarTvelos socuzrunvelyofis wigns, maT Soris monografiuli xasi- aRsaniSnavia, rom institutis saministrosTan arsebuli umuSev- aTisas. gamonaklisis saxiT gamoica is- TanamSromelTa nawilma warmate- arTa gadamzadebis kompiuteruli eTi aRiarebuli mecnierebis monogra- biT gaagrZela moRvaweoba, rogorc centri; fiebi, rogoric iyo s. mixlini da aris sazRvargareT _ aSS–Si, israelSi, • saqarTvelos moswavleTa nakrebis v. mazia. amJamad ki institutis bazaze, holandiaSi, germaniaSi, avstriaSi, momzadebis centri (saqarTvelos Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlo- aseve saqarTveloSi, kerZod, Tsu–s maTematikosTa kavSiris mxardaWer- bis saxeliT, gamoicema 6 dasaxelebis zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mec- iT), romlis aRzrdilebmac saerTa- referirebadi da recenzirebadi nierebaTa fakultetis maTematikis Soriso maTematikur olimpiadebze inglisurenovani samecniero Jur- da kompiuterul mecnierebaTa depar- moipoves erTi oqros, oTxi vercx- nali (saerTaSoriso saredaqcio ko- tamentebSi, a.razmaZis maTematikis lis, ToTxmeti brinjaos medali da legiebiT), maTgan 2 dakavSirebulia institutSi, saqarTvelos teqnikur mravali sapatio sigeli. institutis bazaze moqmed Tbilisis da sxva universitetebSi da, amasTan saerTaSoriso centrTan maTematikasa erTad, sxvadasxva formiT SeinarCuna instituti dRes da informatikaSi. kavSiri mSobliur institutTan. instituti, tradiciisamebr, gacv- 2005-2008 wlebSi universitetSi lis wesiT agzavnis Tavis samecniero institutis misia da kvleviTi institutebis reformire- produqcias (Jurnalebs) msoflios gamowveva bam gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri saxe mi- sxvadasxva samecniero centrSi da iRo, Tavisi rogorc dadebiTi, ise yovelwliurad Tavisi biblioTeki- dReisTvis instituti Tavis misiad mtkivneuli mxareebiT. amJamad in- saTvis iRebs ormocdaaTze meti Tvlis: stitutSi muSaobs 47 TanamSromeli, dasaxelebis samecniero, umetesad • axorcielebdes fundamenturi da maT Soris oTxi doqtoranti da Svidi impaqt-faqtorian Jurnals maTemati- gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis samecniero- magistranti. 2007-2011 wlebSi TanamS- kis, gamoyenebiTi maTematikis, meqani- kvleviT samuSaobs gamoyenebiT romlebma saerTo jamSi gamoaqveynes kisa da informatikis dargebSi da aqvs maTematikaSi, maTematikur da te- 330 naSromi, rogorc sazRvargareT, eleqtronuli xelmowera referatul qnikur meqanikaSi, industriul aseve saqarTveloSi gamomaval samec- Jurnalze `Mathematical Reviews~, riTac maTematikasa da informatikaSi, niero JurnalebSi, maT Soris 135 _ sargebloba SeiZleba maRliv da mim- garda amisa, eweodes sakonsul- impaqt-faqtorian JurnalebSi. amave debare korpusebSi, centraluri bib- tacio da saeqsperto saqmianobas periodSi institutis TanamSromleb- lioTekis CaTvliT. saxelmwifo an kerZo seqtoris da- ma gamoaqveynes xuTi monografia, maT institutis samecniero personali kveTiT; Soris Springer-is, Kluwer-is da Tbili- imTaviTve iyo CarTuli sxvadasxva • warmoadgendes sauniversiteto sis universitetis gamomcemlobebis formiT (SeTavseba, saaTobrivi anaz- bazas (mZlavri kompiuteruli grifiT, agreTve saxelmZRvaneloebi Raureba, sakvalifikacio naSromebis uzrunvelyofiT) Tbilisis sax- da saleqcio kursebi, gamocemuli 3 _ xelmZRvaneloba, studentTa saswav- elmwifo universitetis profe- stamburad da 10 _ eleqtronulad. lo da sawarmoo praqtikis warmarTva) sor-maswavleblebis, mecnier– institutis TanamSromlebi 234 mox- Tsu-s saswavlo procesSi. TanamSromlebisa da sxvadasxva senebiT wardgnen institutis bazaze rogorc am mokle informaciidan safexuris studentebis samecnie- Catarebul 19 da sazRvargareTis 108 Cans, instituts ar daukargavs Tavisi ro-kvleviTi muSaobisaTvis; konferenciaze. potenciali da saerTaSoriso avto- • institutis profilis farglebSi 2007-2011 wlebSi institutSi riteti, razec aseve metyvelebs in- xeli Seuwyos doqtorantebisa da sruldeboda 14 proeqti erovnuli stitutis didi tradicia saerTaSor- magistrantebis CarTvas samecnie- samecniero fondis dafinansebiT, iso konferenciebisa da simpoziumebis ro grantebSi, maT dasaqmebas insti- garda amisa, sami _ INTAS-is, sami _ (maT Soris saerTaSoriso samecniero tutSi da monawileobas adgilo- CRDF/GRDF–is, erTi _ FP7-is, ori organizaciebis egidiT) Catarebis briv da saerTaSoriso samecniero _ STCU-is, erTi _ ECONET-is far- kuTxiT. amis dasturad sakmarisia konferenciebSi. glebSi. SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli IUTAM-is egidiT da misi nawilobrivi detaluri informacia insti- samecniero fondis mier 2011 wels ga- dafinansebiT garsTa TeoriaSi Cat- tutis Sesaxeb ixileT veb-gverdze mocxadebul konkursze institutis arebuli 2 simpoziumis (1978 da 2007 (http://www.viam.science.tsu.ge).

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 91

The Institute’s members have received numerous ployed, Ministry of Social Security of Georgia; Mathematical Reviews and users from the TSU awards, and they have worked on contracted proj- • Training Center in Mathematics for Geor- Central Library and other TSU buildings have ects, including those for the government. From the gian Secondary School Teams (with support access. beginning, the Institute has cooperated through bilat- from the Georgian Mathematical Union). From the very beginning, Institute scientific eral and multilateral agreements with other leading Members of these teams were awarded one staff members were involved in teaching at centers and universities abroad. gold, four silver and 14 bronze medals as TSU through combined jobs, hourly con- well as many awards at international math- tracts, thesis supervision and the management DURING GEORGIA’S ematics Olympiads. of students’ educational and practical work. DIFFICULT YEARS Thus the Institute maintains its scientific po- THE INSTITUTE AT PRESENT tential and international reputation. This is Even in the 1990s which were very difficult times also illustrated by the number and quality of for Georgia, the Institute continued to be a success- Presently the Institute employs 47 persons, international conferences and symposia held ful scientific center. During those years, the Insti- including four PhD students and seven gradu- there under the auspices of international orga- tute published 14 monographs by Pitman Advanced ate students. From 2007-2011, the members nizations. Three examples include symposia Publishing Program, North-Holland Publishers, of the Institute published a total of 330 ar- on shell theory (in 1978 and 2007) sponsored Lodz University Press, Наукова думка (Scientific ticles in international and Georgian journals, by IUTAM (International Union of Theoreti- Thought), Наука (Science) and Georgian publishing including 135 papers in scientific journals cal and Applied Mechanics) and ISAAC (In- with impact factors. At the same time, the In- houses as well. They also published 339 articles in ternational Society for Analysis, its Applica- foreign and Georgian periodicals. At the same time stitute published five monographs by Spring- er, Kluwer and the Tbilisi State University tions and Computation). In 2008 the Institute 11 doctoral and 11 pre-doctoral (PhD) theses were hosted an international conference on “Mod- defended by researchers at the Institute; the works Press, besides textbooks and lecture courses, three of which were published in hard copy ern Problems in Applied Mathematics’’ and in of seven Institute’s members received awards by by the Tbilisi State University Press and 10 2010 and 2011 held conferences by the Geor- the National Georgian Academy of Sciences; electronically. Institute members gave 234 gian Mechanical Union with the participation four were awarded the President’s scholarship; talks at 19 institutes and 108 international of foreign scientists. ten were awarded Soros fellowships; two TSU conferences. Some Institute members have continued their students involved in the Institute research ac- From 2007 to 2011, 14 projects were carried professional activities abroad, notably in the tivities obtained the President’s award; and six out through funding from the Georgian National USA, Israel, Holland, Germany and Austria. students won awards at Soros conferences. Science Foundation. Three others were funded Others continue working in Georgia, for ex- In the 1990s, the following projects were car- by INTAS (The International Association for ried out (and awarded SofTEC99 Republican ample in the Department of Mathematics and the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists the Department of Computer Sciences of the scientific-technological conference-exhibition from the Newly Independent States of the For- “Applied program technologies” diplomas in Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of TSU, mer Soviet Union) and three by CRDF/GRDF the A. Razmadze Institute of Mathematics, and 1999): (Civil Research and Development Foundation/ the Georgian Technical University. However, • Preparation of all levels of elections in the Georgian Research and Development Founda- despite different career routes, they continue to Georgian Republic (jointly with the Central tion). One project was funded by FP7 (Sev- Election Commission); enth Framework Programme), two by STCU maintain scientific ties with the Ilia Vekua Insti- • Automated measuring systems of environ- (Science and Technology Center of Ukraine), tute of Applied Mathematics. mental (water, air) pollution (jointly with the and one by ECONET (Dynamical Simulation National Center of Environmental Monitor- and Network Analysis Software for Ecological MISSION AND CHALLENGES ing); Systems). In 2011, out of a number of projects • Unified the TSU computer network,- con submitted by the Institute three were awarded OF THE INSTITUTE nected to the internet; grants by the Shota Rustaveli National Science • Computer model of urination and special- Foundation. At present, the Institute sees its mission as ized game development (jointly with spe- Until 2005 the Institute had its own printing threefold: cialists of children’s urological diseases); house with the Tbilisi State University Press • Carrying out fundamental and practical • Created computer network for the G. Chilas- and published about 15 scientific brochures and scientific research in applied mathematics, hvili Gurjaani Gymnasium (jointly with the about 10 books annually, including monographs mathematical and technical mechanics, in- Gymnasium’s specialists). by its members and collaborators. For exam- dustrial mathematics and informatics, and • In the 1990s the following centers func- ple, the monographs of prominent scientists undertaking state and private sector con- tioned within the Institute: S. G. Mikhlin and V. G. Maz’ya were among tracts to provide expert services. • Tbilisi International Center of Mathemat- those published. Today the Tbilisi State Uni- • Offering the university a high-level com- ics and Informatics – TICMI (with support versity Press publishes six peer-reviewed scien- puter technology base for University profes- from the European Mathematical Society); tific journals edited by the Institute in English, sors and teachers, research employees and TICMI still functions; with international editorial boards. Two of them students undertaking their scientific research • Sociological Information and Public Opin- are journals the Tbilisi International Center of activities; ion Research Center (with the TSU Faculty Mathematics and Informatics. of Geography and Geology), which col- Within the framework of exchange agreements, • Supporting PhD and post-graduate students laborated with the United States Informa- the Institute continues to exchange publications to attain scientific grants, as well as through tion Agency (USIA), the United Nations and with scientific centers around the world and re- employment within the Institute and partici- certain organizations of the European Union; ceives about 50 well-known journals in return pation in scientific conferences. • Teachers’ Advanced Training Institute of the for the Institute’s library, in the fields of math- • For more information about the Institute, Ministry of Education of Georgia; ematics, mechanics and informatics. The Insti- visit our website at http://www.viam.sci- • Computer Training Center for the Unem- tute has an electronic subscription to the journal ence.tsu.ge.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 92 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

`...kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis samecniero kolegia miesalmeba qarTuli universitetis daarsebas... qarTuli universiteti mowodebulia ara marto xeli Seuwyos ers, eziaros sayovelTao kulturul faseulobebs, aramed xeli Seuwyos TviT cxovrebis Senebas. iTvaliswinebs ra qarTuli universitetis aseT maRal da amave dros mZime amocanebs, kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri instituti mxurvaled ulocavs mas profesorTa sabWos saxiT da Rrmadaa darwmunebuli universitetis brwyinvale ganviTarebaSi~, – ase miuloca 1918 wels kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiurma institutma Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets daarseba. dRes es instituti, romelic ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis saxeliT funqcionirebs, Tsu-s daqvemdebarebaSia.

saTaveebTan Zveli qveynebis istoriis, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisa da wyaroTmcodneobis, axali da uaxlesi isto- ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti- riis, saqarTvelos eTnologiis, kavkasiis eTnologiis gan- tutis istoriuli gza ase gamoiyureba: 1917 wels Tbilis- yofilebebi da anTropologiuri kvlevis laboratoria. Si daarsda kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri insti- ganasakuTrebiT aRniSvnas imsaxurebs ivane javaxiS- tuti. misi dafuZneba akademikos niko maris saxelTanaa vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis samecniero dakavSirebuli. institutis saxeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi biblioTeka, sadac ganTavsebulia saqarTvelos erT-erTi bevrjer Seicvala, misi funqcia ki dRemde ucvlelad aris umniSvnelovanesi siZveleTsacavi. aq inaxeba unikaluri darCenili: wignadi fondi, romlis bazaze mogvianebiT Seiqmna arnold instituti emsaxureba saqarTvelosa da mTlianad ka- Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis, aseve, arqeologi- vkasiis mosaxleobisa da lingvisturad Tu kulturulad uri kvlevis centris biblioTekebis wignadi fondebi. misi monaTesave xalxebis istoriis, yofisa da siZvelee- amJamad ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis bis Seswavlas; saqarTvelos istoriisa da saerTod ka- institutis biblioTekis ZiriTadi fondebia: qarTule- vkasiismcodneobasTan dakavSirebul samecniero dis- novani, rusulenovani da somxurenovani fondebi, aseve ciplinebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas; saqarTvelos evropul gamocemaTa da raritetul erTeulTa fondi. materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebis kvlevas. institutis biblioTekaSi daculia 1900 wlamde da Semd- institutSi daarsebisTanave mimdinareobda istoriu- gom periodSi gamocemuli erTeulebi. gansakuTrebiT aR- li xasiaTis masalis Segroveba, tardeboda uaRresad mniS- saniSnavia pirvelnabeWdi qarTuli gamocemebi, e.w. baqaris vnelovani eqspediciebi da mimdinareobda kulturul- biblia, samefo ojaxis (bagrationTa) kuTvnili litera- saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. es tradicia, garkveulad tura (berZnulenovani gamocema, ierusalimis patriarq dResac grZeldeba. dosiTeosis Sesaxeb): saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis istoriis institutSi sxvadasxva dros moRvaweobdnen efrem II-is mier istoriis institutisTvis naCuqari oTx- didi qarTveli mecnierebi: eqvTime TayaiSvili, simon ja- Tavi, atlasebis da rukebis fondi, enciklopediebisa da naSia, giorgi axvlediani, niko berZeniSvili, akaki SaniZe, leqsikonebis fondi, miniaturul wignTa fondi. varlam Tofuria, arnold Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi 2006 wels institutSi gatarebuli reformis Sedegad Citaia, giorgi nioraZe, grigol wereTeli, simon yauxCiS- Seiqmna eTnologiur-istoriuli arqivi, sadac Tavi moi- vili, giorgi CubinaSvili, dimitri uznaZe, ilia abulaZe yara institutis ganyofilebebSi arsebulma masalebma. da sxva. Amave dros, enis, istoriisa da materialuri kul- institutis TanamSromelTa mier moZiebuli masalebis, turis institutis (e.w. `enimkis~) daarsebidanve ivane ja- Canawerebisa da gamokvlevebis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZle- vaxiSvili mudmiv konsultantad iyo mowveuli. belia eTnografiuli yofisa da kulturis safuZvliani 1941 wlis 8 maiss e.w. `enimki~ gaiyo da mis bazaze Seiqmna Seswavla. grafikuli masalis (anazomebi, Canaxatebi da ori instituti: `istoriis instituti~ da `akademikos niko a.S.) fondi ki warmogvidgens saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis maris saxelobis enis (SemdgomSi enaTmecnierebis) insti- kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs, rogorc religiuri, tuti~. es iyo ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis aseve, TavdacviTi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo daniS- institutis istoriaSi axali etapi. nulebis nagebobebs. 2006 wlidan ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnolo- institutis direqtoris, profesor vaJa kiknaZis giis instituti gaxda sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, gancxadebiT, aseve mniSvnelovania institutSi daculi 2011 wlidan ki, Tsu-s SemadgenlobaSia. musikaluri fondi, romelic moicavs cvilis lilvakebis koleqciasa da magnitofirebze arsebul Canawerebs. dRes lilvakebis koleqcia saqarTveloSi dacul koleqcia- Ta Soris yvelaze moculobiTi da mravalferovania. es ma- ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti- sala umniSvnelovanesia erovnuli kulturuli memkvidre- tutis kvlevebSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs afxazeTisa da obisTvis. aRniSnuli fondi moicavs eqspediciebis dros Sida qarTlis mTiani nawilis e.w. samxreT oseTis istoriis, sergi JRentis, Salva aslaniSvilis, Tamar mamalaZisa da eTnologiisa da anTropologiis kvlevas uZvelesi droi- ucnobi Camweris mier 1920-50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sx- dan dRemde. aseve muSavdeba saqarTvelos istoriis prob- vadasxva kuTxeSi Caweril simRerebs. lemebi uZvelesi droidan dRemde. institutSi arsebobs: amasTan, CanawerebSi daculia eqspediciebis dros

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 93 Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

“The Scientific Board of the Caucasus Institute of History and Archeology welcomes the foundation of the Georgian University… The key objective of the Georgian University is not only to help the nation to learn about universal cultural values, but to promote building life. Taking into consideration such important and at the same time difficult tasks, the Caucasus Institute of History and Archeology warmly congratulates the Georgian University on behalf of the Board of Professors and is deeply convinced of a brilliant future for the University.” This is how the Caucasus Institute of History and Archeology congratulated Tbilisi State University upon its foundation in 1918. Today the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology continues its work within Tbilisi State University.

vaJa kiknaZe - iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis is- BACKGROUND toriisa da eTnologiis institutis direqtori. Aamave institutis Sua sau- kuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisa da wy- The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology was first established in 1917 as the Caucasus Institute of History and Archeology at the initiative of several founders aroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis mTavari including Member of the Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Niko Mari. The Institute has mecnier-muSaki. Tbilisis saxelmwifo changed its name several times but its mission remains the same. The key objectives of universitetis humanitaruli fakulte- the Institute are to study the languages and cultural history, life and antiquities of Geor- tis sruli profesori. monawileobda gian and Caucasian populations; to promote the development of scientific disciplines re- mraval saerTaSoriso konferenciasa lated to Georgian history and Caucasian studies; and to carry out research on the material da kongresSi. vaJa kiknaZe diaspora- and spiritual cultural monuments of Georgia. Ta sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris aparatTan arsebuli sazogadoebrivi Since its foundation, the Institute has collected historical materials, carried out expedi- sabWos da saqarTvelos geografiuli tions and other cultural and educational activities. Notable scientists who have worked obieqtebis damdgeni samTavrobo komi- siis wevria. aqvs 200 originaluri sa- mecniero naSromi, maT Soris 5 mono- grafiaa. aris istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromaTa krebulis mTavari redaqtori da mravali samecniero kre- bulis redkolegiis wevri. 2012 wels dajildovda poloneTis respublikis prezidentis br. komarovskis brZaneb- ulebiT, poloneTis umaRlesi jildoTi _ `jvris ordeni, poloneTis winaSe dam- saxurebisaTvis~. istoriuli pirebis fotoaslebi, institutis fondidan

Copies of historical documents in the Institute Vazha Kiknadze - Director of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology; chief scientific worker at the Department of History and Source at the Institute since its inception include Ekvtime Takaishvili, Simon Janashia, Giorgi Studies of the same Institute; Full Professor at Akhvlediani, Niko Berdzenishvili, Akaki Shanidze, Varlam Topuria, Arnold Chikobava, the TSU Faculty of Humanities. He participated Vukol Beridze, Giorgi Chitaia, Giorgi Nioradze, Grigol Tsereteli, Simon Kaukhchishvili, in numerous international conferences and con- Giorgi Chubinashvili, Dimitri Uznadze, Ilia Abuladze, and others. Ivane Javakhishvili gresses. Vazha Kiknadze is a member of the Pub- was invited as a permanent consultant upon the transformation of the Institute into the lic Council under the State Minister’s Office for Institute of Language, History and Material Culture (ILHMC). Diaspora Issues. He has published 200 original On May 8, 1941, the ILHMC was divided into two institutes: the Institute of History, and scientific works, including 5 monographs; he is the Niko Mari Institute of Language (which later became the Institute of Linguistics). editor-in-chief of the collection of works published This was a new stage in the history of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnol- by the Institute of History and Ethnology as well ogy. In 2006 the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology became a legal as member of the editorial board of numerous sci- entity of public law and since 2011 it has been part of Tbilisi State University. entific collections. In 2012 he was awarded the Grand Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of TODAY Poland by order of Polish President Bronisław Ko- Research conducted by the Institute of History and Ethnology focuses on a wide range morowski. of topics and places, including the history, ethnology and anthropology of Abkhazia and the mountainous areas of Shida Kartli or South Ossetia, from ancient times. The Institute

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 94

Sekrebili simRerebis teqstebi, notebi, gamokvlevebi qa- adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciebi rTuli musikisa da sakravebis Sesaxeb. da sxva samecniero RonisZiebebi (seminarebi, prezentacie- rogorc vaJa kiknaZe aRniSnavs, instituti aqtiurad bi da a.S.). exmaureba saqarTvelos istoriis yvela problemas. misi istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis sagranto proeq- mecnierebi TanamSromlobdnen saqarTvelos Tavdacvis tia _ `saqarTvelos ilustrirebuli istoria xuroTmoZ- saministrosTan, romelTanac erToblivad gamoica `meom- Rvruli memkvidreobis mixedviT~. proeqtis mizania saqa- ris biblioTekis~ 25 popularuli narkvevi. maTSi ganxilu- rTvelos istoriis srulyofili damuSaveba da internet lia gamorCeuli pirovnebebis Rvawli da sxvadasxva isto- qselSi ganTavseba. riuli movlena; gamoica agreTve sabrZolo moqmedebaTa `Cveni ZiriTadi mizania, SevqmnaT saqarTvelos isto- rukebis atlasi. 2006 wlidan institutSi gamodis yovel- riisa da xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis samecniero-encik- wliuri samecniero krebuli `istoriisa da eTnologiis lopediuri xasiaTis, srulyofili, interaqtiuli (fo- institutis Sromebi~, aseve, ganyofilebebis perioduli rumebi, blogebi), mdidari mediis (foto, video, audio) gamocemebi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, `ka- Semcveli internet-portali (`karibWe~), romelsac eqneba vkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli~, `kavkasiur-axloaRmosav- mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba, rogorc samecniero wreebi- luri krebuli~, `istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~, `qar- saTvis da zogadsaganmanaTleblo, saSualo da umaRlesi Tuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, `eTnologiuri krebuli~. 2006 saswavleblebisaTvis, aseve gamoyenebiTi _ saqarTvelo- wlidan sxvadasxva adgilobriv da ucxour samecniero ga- Si turistuli mogzaurobiT Camosvlis msurvelTa da mocemebSi daibeWda institutis mecnier-TanamSromelTa sazogadod mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebisaTvis~, _ acxadebs 1000-mde samecniero naSromi. aseve, institutSi tardeba institutis direqtori vaJa kiknaZe.

istoriuli pirebis fotoaslebi, institutis fondidan

Copies of historical documents in the Institute

also studies Georgian history from ancient times until the present. There nous and diverse of its kind in Georgia. This material is important for national are Departments of the History of ancient countries, Medieval Georgian cultural heritage and contains songs recorded in various regions of Georgia by history, Modern history, Georgian ethnology, and Caucasian ethnology, as Sergi Zhgenti, Shalva Aslanishvili, Tamar Mamaladze and others. well as the Laboratory of anthropological research. Collections also include lyrics, sheet music and research on Georgian mu- The scientific library of the Institute contains one of the major Georgian de- sic and musical instruments, gathered during expeditions. Vazha Kiknadze positories of antiques, which includes unique books--on the basis of which points out that the Institute actively responds to all research queries about the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics was founded-- as well as the Georgian history. Its scientists have cooperated with the Defense Ministry book reserves of the Center for Archeological Research. of Georgia and together they jointly issued 25 popular essays of a “War- rior’s Library.” These relate the stories of famous persons and historical Today the library of the Institute of History and Ethnology includes Geor- developments, along with an atlas of the maps of armed conflicts. gian, Russian and Armenian language reserves as well as European and other rare volumes. Especially important are the first Georgian print edi- Since 2006 the Institute has published an annual scientific collection, “The tions, like the Bakar Bible, literature belonging to the Bagrationi dynasty Works of the Institute of History and Ethnology,” as well as periodicals is- (Greek edition relating to the Patriarch Dositeo of Jerusalem), the Gospels sued by its departments, “Issues of New and Modern History,” “Caucasian presented by Georgian Patriarch Ephraim II to the Institute of History, a Ethnological Collection,” “Caucasus – Middle East Collection,” “Histor- reserve of ancient atlases and maps, encyclopedias and dictionaries as well ical-Ethnological Investigations,” “Ethnological Collection,” and others. About 1000 scientific works prepared by the Institute’s collaborators have as collections of miniature books. appeared in local and foreign scientific publications, and the Institute hosts As a result of reforms implemented at the Institute in 2006, the ethnological- local and international scientific conferences and other events such as semi- historical archives were created with materials from different departments of nars and presentations. the Institute. It is almost impossible to thoroughly study ethnographic life and The Institute of History and Ethnology is presently implementing a project culture without the materials, records and research obtained and conducted by called The Illustrated History of Georgia according to Monuments of Ar- the Institute’s employees. The graphic materials (outlines, sketches, photos) il- chitectural Heritage to create a comprehensive history of Georgia and post lustrate monuments of Georgian and Caucasian cultural heritage, as well as it online. According to Professor Kiknadze the website will be interactive, religious, defensive, residential and economic sites. with rich photo, video and audio materials. The site can be used for many The Director of the Institute, Professor Vazha Kiknadze, says that the musical purposes, and by scientific circles; primary, secondary and higher educa- collection stored at the Institute is also very important. It contains a collection tion institutions; and by individuals who wish to tour Georgia or learn more of wax rollers and tape records. The collection of rollers is the most volumi- about the region.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 95 Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti daarsda 1944 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi. misi daarsebis iniciatori da pirveli direqtori iyo akademikosi paata guguSvili. institutis Seqmnis saTaveebTan (mis pirvel samecniero sabWoSi Sediodnen) idgnen akademikosebi: simon janaSia, niko kecxoveli, irakli miqelaZe; profesorebi: filipe gogiCaiSvili, giorgi gextmani, nikoloz qoiava, da sxvebi. amJamad institutis direqtoria ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori ramaz abesaZe (2008 wlidan). ramaz abesaZe - ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis sax- ekonomikis institutis daarsebam impulsi misca ekonomikuri mec- elmwifo universitetis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis direqtori, amave nierebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSrom- es dargi mTlianad ideologizebuli iyo, mainc xerxdeboda kvlevebis Cat- eli; ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, areba zogad ekonomikur, maT Soris, sabazro ekonomikis problemebze. Aamis profesori; saerTaSoriso samecniero- dasturia akademikos paata guguSvilis fundamenturi gamokvleva _ `saqa- analitikuri Jurnalis _ “ekonomistis” (“ECONOMICS”) mTavari redaqtori; “paata rTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss.~, termi- guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis sa- nologiuri da demografiuli xasiaTis naSromebi da sxva. mecniero Sromebis krebulis” mTavari re- Tavisi arsebobis manZilze institutma araerTgzis ganicada cvlileba daqtori; 100-ze meti samecniero naSromis da reorganizacia. avtori; araerTi saerTaSoriso konferen- jer kidev gardaqmnis periodSi institutma muSaoba daiwyo sabazro ciis organizatori da monawile; saqarT- velos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncefciis Seqmnaze. momzadda sami dokumenti: 4 samecniero grantis xelmZRvaneli; iyo `ekonomikurad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos konceptualur-normatiuli sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis sruli modeli~ (xelmZRvaneli _ profesori vl. papava), `suverenuli saqarT- profesori; dajildoebulia saqarT- velos ekonomikis ganviTarebis modeli~ (xelmZRvaneli _ akademikosi velos Rirsebis ordeniT. Aa. gunia), `saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncefcia~ (xelmZRvaneli _ profesori vl. papava). maTSi Camoyalibebuli iyo saba- Ramaz Abesadze – Director of the Paata Gugushvili Insti- zro ekonomikis formirebis Zireuli principebi. tute of Economics at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; chief scientific worker at the same dRes Institute; Doctor of Economic Sciences; Professor; editor-in-chief of international scientific-analytical dReisTvis institutSi funqcionirebs 7 samecniero ganyofileba da journal Economics; editor-in-chief of the collection mecnierTa saqmianoba or ZiriTad _ fundamentur (Teoriuli) da gam- of scientific works published by the Paata Gugushvili oyenebiT mimarTulebad iyofa. kvlevebi mimdinareobs iseT aqtualur Institute of Economics; author of over 100 scientific sakiTxebze, rogoricaa sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis srulyofis works; organizer and participant of numerous inter- national conferences; head of four scientific grants Teoriul-meTodologiuri problemebi; msoflio ekonomikis globaliza- of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences; was ciis tendenciebi; Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis mizezebi; Full Professor at various higher educational institu- ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi postkomunistur qveynebSi; tions of Georgia; awarded the Order of Honor. saqarTvelos ekonomikis funqcionirebisa da evoluciis Teoriuli prob- lemebi; saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimar- Tulebebi da sxva. instituti zedized orjer (2009 da 2010 wlebSi) gamocxadda wlis sukeTeso samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebad sazogadoebriv mecniere- baTa dargSi, romelsac avlenda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka- demia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. 2009 wels institutis TanamSromlebis mier gamoqveynda 150 samecniero naSromi, maT Soris 13 monografia (sazRvargareT 2 monografia da 33 sta- tia), TanamSromlebma monawileoba miiRes 20 saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi. 2010 wels gamoqveynda 135 samecniero naSro- mi, maT Soris, 11 monografia (sazRvargareT 3 monografia da 16 statia, oTxi impaqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalSi). TanamS- romlebma monawileoba miiRes 20 saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi. 2011 wels gamoqveynda 151 samecniero naSromi maT Soris 4 monografia (sazRvargareT 20 statia, erTi impaqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalSi). TanamSromlebma monawileoba miiRes 16 saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi. institutis TanamSromlebs mopovebuli QaqvT rogorc saxelmwifo, ise saerTaSoriso samecniero grantebi. yovelwliurad saxelmwifo grantze waredgineba 7-8 proeqti. naSromebis didi nawili gamocemulia sazRvargareT, maT Soris impaqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalebSi. am naSromebSi gamoTqmulia ara erTi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis idea. maTgan aRsaniSnavia `nekroekonomiksis~, sabazro Tanasworo- bisa da `centraluri kavkaziis~ Teoria, lafer-keinzianuri sinTezis safuZvlebi, mecnieruli Semecnebis sistemuri meTodologia `periodantul-genetikuri midgomis~ saxiT, originaluri mosazrebebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, saba- zro ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis, regionuli ekonomikis, biznesis ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebis srulyofis mimarTulebiT da sxv. institutSi warmatebiT tardeba adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciebi. magaliTad, 2009 wels institutis organizebiT Catarda warmomadgenlobiTi saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 96

_ Tendencies of economic Development at Current Stage (Tbilisi), 2010 wels _ `Actual Economic Problems at Current Stage of Global Paata Gugushvili Development (8-9 ivlisi, Tbilisi), 2011 wels _ `Actual Eco- nomic Problems Under Globalization~ (21-22 oqtomberi, Tbili- si)” . 2012 wlis 22-23 ivniss ki institutis organizebiT Institute of Economics Catardeba aseve warmomadgenlobiTi saerTaSoriso samec- niero-praqtikuli konferencia _ “National Economies and Globalization”. at Tbilisi State samecniero donis amaRlebis mizniT, 2008 wels daarsda perioduli gamocema `paata guguSvilis ekonomikis insti- tutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli~, romlis I-IV tomi University ukve gamovida. yovelwliurad gamoicema institutis mier organizebul konferenciaTa masalebis krebuli. The Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics at Tbilisi 2008 wels daarsda saerTaSoriso samecniero-anali- State University (TSU) was founded in 1944 as a part of tikuri Jurnali `ekonomisti~. 2009 wels dafuZnda insti- the Georgian Academy of Sciences. Academician Paata tutis sadiskusio darbazi, romelSic monawileoben Cveni Gugushvili was the initiator of its foundation as well as the qveynis mecnier da praqtikos ekonomistTa saukeTeso war- first Director. Some of the first scientific board members momadgenlebi. aseve Seiqmna rekomendaciebis SemmuSave- were also members of the Academy of Sciences: Simon beli komisia, romelic mecnierTa Sromebis safuZvelze Janashia, Niko Ketskhoveli, Irakli Mikeladze. Others were SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebsa da winadadebebs. professors: Philipe Gogichaishvili, Giorgi Gekhtman and institutis egidiTa da institutis TanamSromelTa Nikoloz Koiava. The present Director, Professor Ramaz monawileobiT Seqmnili naSromisaTvis _ `makroekonomi- kuri regulirebis meTodebi da modelebi~, 2004 wels av- Abesadze, Doctor of Economic Sciences, has led the Institute torTa koleqtivs mieniWa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia since 2008. mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi. 2008 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentma, The foundation of the Institute of Economics gave momentum to the ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorma, prof. vladimer papa- development of economic sciences in Georgia. Although this scientific vam wignisaTvis _ `Necroeconomics: The Political Economy of Post- field was completely subservient to economic ideology in the first years Communist Capitalism~, New York: Universe, 2005 _ saqarTvelos it existed, it was still possible to conduct research on general economic mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis filipe gogiCaiSvilis problems, including those related to market economies. For example saxelobis samecniero premia moipova. akademikos paata gu- fundamental research conducted by Paata Gugushvili included “The guSvilis premia moipova aseve profesorma giorgi papavam Economic Development of Georgia and the South Caucasus in the 19th wignisaTvis _ `Методология познания качеств реалий смешанной and 20th centuries”. Works of a terminological and demographic na- рыночной экономики и паралогизмы~ (Cтокгольмь, C&ACC, 2009). ture were also allowed at that time. ekonomikis institutSi misi daarsebidan dRemde Catar- Over the years the Institute has undergone numerous changes and reor- da yvela rangis araerTi samecniero RonisZieba _ respub- ganization. During the 1990s period of national transition the Institute likuri da saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciebi da started working on the creation of a concept of transition to the market simpoziumebi. institutis TanamSromlebi arian ucxouri economy. Three key task forces laid out the main directions for form- samecniero gamocemebis saredaqcio kolegiisa da samec- ing a market economy: “A Conceptual-Normative Model of Economi- niero sazogadoebebis wevrebi. cally Independent Georgia” headed by Professor Vladimer Papava; “A Model of Economic Development of Sovereign Georgia” headed by Academician Avtandil Gunia and “A Concept of Transition to a Market misia da gamowveva Economy in Georgia” also headed by Professor Vladimer Papava. Today seven scientific departments carry out activities, with two ba- dReisaTvis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti sic approaches – fundamental (theoretical) and applied. Issues include erT-erTia saqarTveloSi, sadac samecniero-kvleviTi theoretical-methodological problems for improving market economy muSaoba mimdinareobs ekonomikis dargSi. amdenad, insti- performance; trends in the globalization of the world economy; expla- tutis upirvelesi misiaa qveynis masStabiT toni misces nations for the present world economic crisis; particular factors of eco- ekonomikuri mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebas. E nomic development in post-communist countries; theoretical problems institutis misiaa agreTve monawileobis miReba sas- related to the performance and evolution of Georgia’s economy; and wavlo procesSi akademiuri samecniero kadrebis aRzrdis key trends of sustainable economic development in Georgia. mimarTulebiT, raSic instituts didi tradicia da mdi- • The Institute was nominated twice—in 2009 and 2010-- by the dari gamocdileba aqvs, risi ar gamoyenebac Secdoma iqne- Georgian Academy of Sciences as the Best Scientific-Research boda. Institute in the field of public sciences. In 2009 the Institute pub- institutis misiad, samecniero saqmianobasTan erTad, lished 150 scientific papers, including 13 monographs, of which institutis xelmZRvanelobas miaCnia aseve monawileoba two were published abroad. There were 33 articles published qveynis sulier da kulturul cxovrebaSi, risi dasturi- abroad as well. Researchers from the Institute participated in 20 caa is rom amJamad muSaoba mimdinareobs did proeqtze _ international conferences that year. “didi qarTuli ekonomikuri enciklopediis” Seqmnaze. Aam proeqtis ganxorcieleba did wvlils Seitans qveynis mec- • In 2010, there were 135 scientific works published including 11 nieruli da kulturuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi. monographs of which three were published abroad. There were Tavisi misiis Sesasruleblad instituts Sesabamisi sa- also 16 articles published with four outside Georgia in well-known mecniero potenciali gaaCnia. scientific journals. Institute collaborators participated in 20 inter- national conferences. damatebiTi informacia institutis saqmianobis Sesaxeb • In 2011, 151 scientific works were published, including four ixileT veb-gverdze _ www.pgie.tsu.org.ge monographs. There were 20 articles in foreign publications, one

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 97

very well-known. Staff of the Institute participated in 16 interna- The Political Economy of Post-Communist Capitalism”, New York: tional conferences that year. Universe, 2005. Professor Giorgi Papava was awarded the Paata Gu- • The Institute’s staff has received grants from both governmental and gushvili Prize for his book “The Methodology for Quality Cognition international science foundations. Seven or eight projects receive of Mixed Market Economic Realities and Paralogisms” (Stockholm, government grants each year. Many works are published abroad and C&ACC, 2009). include issues of international importance. Most important are theo- Numerous scientific events, including national and international scientific ries of necroeconomics, or the theory of post-Communist transforma- conferences and symposiums, have been held at the Institute of Econom- tion of an economy; market equality and the Central Caucasus; prin- ics since it was established, and some of the Institute’s staff members ciples of Laffer-Keynesian synthesis; and original views on economic are on the editorial boards of foreign scientific publications and scientific development and performance of market economies; improving theo- societies. retical-methodological principles of business development, etc. The Institute also hosts local and international conferences. For example, MISSION AND CHALLENGES in 2009 a conference included themes such as Tendencies of Economic Development at Current Stage (Tbilisi); in 2010 – Present Economic Today the Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics is the only one in Problems within the Current Stage of Global Development (July 8-9, Georgia where scientific research is carried out in the field of econom- Tbilisi); and in 2011, Present Economic Problems under Globalization ics. The primary mission of the Institute is to give a new momentum to (October 21-22, Tbilisi). On June 22-23, 2012 the Institute will hold an- further develop economic sciences. Its mission is to participate in the other international conference entitled National Economies and Global- educational process, particularly to educate academic scientific staff for ization. which the Institute has a strong tradition and rich experience. To raise the scientific level of the Institute, a periodical was established in Along with scientific activities, the Institute’s mission is to participate in 2008 entitled Collection of the Scientific Works of the Paata Gugushvili the country’s public and cultural life. For example today work is being Institute of Economics. Volumes 1 to 4 have already been published. The carried out on an important project “The Georgian Economic Encyclo- Institute publishes an annual collection of materials from the conferences pedia”. The implementation of this project will significantly contribute they organize. to the scientific and cultural development of the country. The Institute’s An international magazine called Economist was founded in 2008 and in activities are described in detail on its website: www.pgie.tsu.org.ge . 2009, a Discussion Forum was established at the Institute with the partici- Ramaz Abesadze is Director of the Paata Gugushvili Institute of Eco- pation of leading scientists and practitioners in economics. A commission nomics at Tbilisi State University; Senior Scientific Researcher; Doctor makes recommendations and proposals on the basis of scientific works. of Economic Sciences; Professor; Editor-in-chief of the international In 2004 the authors of the study “Methods and Models of Macroeco- scientific-analytical journal Economist; Editor-in-chief of the Collection nomic Regulations” received the state award in the field of science of Scientific Works of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics; author and technology, for their work. In 2008 Vladimir Papava, Doctor of of over 100 scientific publications; organizer and participant in numerous Economic Sciences and corresponding member of the Georgian Acad- international conferences; Project manager for four scientific grants of emy of Sciences received the Philippe Gogichaishvili Scientific Prize the Georgian Academy of Sciences; Full Professor within several higher of the Georgian Academy of Sciences for his book “Necroeconomics: educational institutions; recipient of the Order of Honor of Georgia.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 98 gamarjvebuli proeqtebi

Tsu samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis departamentis monacemebiT, 2011 wlis samecniero konkursebSi mopovebuli grantebis raodenobiT, saqarTvelos samecniero centrebsa da universitetebs Soris iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti liderobs. Tsu-Si amJamad 200-ze meti samecniero proeqti xorcieldeba, maT Soris: 148 _ erovnuli, 85 _ saerTaSoriso; mxolod erovnuli samecniero fondis 2011 wlis sagranto konkursebis Sedegebis mixedviT 2012 wlisTvis Tsu-s mecnierebs ukve mopovebuli aqvT 23 granti. Aaqedan fundamenturi kvlevebisTvis saxelmwifo samecniero grantebis konkursSi gamarjvebulia Tsu-s 10 kvleva, gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisTvis saxelmwifo samecniero konkursSi _ 9, xolo `ucxoeTSi moRvawe TanamemamuleTa monawileobiT erToblivi kvlevebis konkursSi _ 4 naSromi. Aam nomerSi Cven mokled gamarjvebuli grantebis nawils warmogidgenT.

aRmosavleT aWara-TrialeTis frontuli nawilis ritmis cvlilebebis kavSiris dadgena marcxena parkuWis hiper- 3D ganzomilebiani struqturuli modeli: misi trofiasa da remodelirebis tipebTan, endoTeliumis disfun- gamoyeneba navTobisa da gazis Zebna-Ziebis qciasa da cerebrovaskulur aTerosklerozTan, metabolur TvalsazrisiT riskis faqtorebTan. proeqtis warmatebuli ganxorcielebis Sedegad arteriuli hipertenziis mqone pirebis gamovlenisa da manifestirebul SemTxvevebSi samizne organoebis mdgomareo- samecniero xelmZRvaneli aleqsandre Wabukiani. bis Sesafasebis Semdgom SesaZlebeli gaxdeba pacientTa indi- vidualuri riskis kategoriis gansazRvra da maRali riskis proeqtis ZiriTadi ide-aa navTobisa da gazis Zebna-Ziebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT aRmosavleT aWara-Triale- Tis frontuli nawilisaTvis 3 ganzomilebiani struqtu- ruli modelis ageba. pro- eqtis mizania Tanamedrove meTodebisa da kompiuteruli rogramebis gamoyenebiT Cat- ardes Semdegi kvlevebi: seismoprofilebis stru- qturuli interpretacia; balansirebuli da rekon- struirebuli Wrilebis age- ba; rRvevebisa da napralebis jgufis formireba, Semdgomi diferencirebuli da etiopaTo- statistikuri analizi. genazurad gamarTlebuli efeqtiani mkurnalobis Catarebisa miRebuli monacemebi gamoyenebuli iqneba 3 ganzomilebiani da cxovrebis stilis modificirebis mizniT, rac xels Seuwyobs struqturuli modelis asagebad, romelSic naCvenebi iqneba mosaxleobis avadobisa da invalidizaciis Semcirebas, popula- aWra-TrialeTis frontuli nawilis geometria, zeda carculi ciis janmrTelobis donis da Sromisunarianobis amaRlebas da napralovani kirqvebisa da qviSaqvebis kompleqsebis gavrcele- cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, rasac gaaCnia udidesi, ro- ba da naxSirwyalbadebis migraciis savaraudo gzebi. napralTa gorc saxelmwifoebrivi, ise ekonomikuri efeqti. statistikuri analizisa da qanebSi mikronapralTa Seswavlis proeqtis Sedegebis potenciuri momxmareblebi arian ojax- safuZvelze moxdeba rezervuaris xarisxis Sefaseba. proeqti is eqimebi, kardiologebi, zogadi profilis eqimebi, funqciuri kvlevis periodSi xels Seuwyobs navTobkompaniebTan TanamS- diagnostikis eqimebi, romlebic gamoiyeneben kvlevis SemuSave- romlobas, informaciisa da codnis gaziarebas. bul meTodikas arteriuli hipertenziis da misi garTulebebis prevenciisa daA pacientebis efeqtiani mkurnalobisTvis. maT- arakontrolirebadi arteriuli hipertenziisa da Tvis aseve momzaddeba akreditebuli saswavlo kursi uwyveti masTan asocirebuli kardiometaboluri riskis samedicino ganaTlebis farglebSi. faqtorebis gamovlena urgentuli samedicino samsaxuris personalSi stabiluri 13C izotopiT mar­kirebuli zogierTi farmapreparatis miRebis meTodebis SemuSaveba proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli g. lomTaTiZe. proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli - ioseb CikvaiZe, warmodgenili proeqti iTvaliswinebs prehipertenziis, jgufis xelmZRvaneli - SoTa samsonia. arteriuli hipertenziisa da masTan asocirebuli gul-sisx- lZarRvTa riskis faqtorebis (maT Soris metaboluri riskis proeqtis mizania legalur mimoqcevaSi arsebuli narkoti- faqtorebis) da uecari sikvdilis prediqtorebis mqone pire- kuli moqmedebis farmapreparatebis Sinagani struqturuli bis gamovlenas urgentuli samedicino samsaxuris personalSi, markirebisTvis stabiluri 13C izotopis gamoyenebis meTodi- samizne organoebis funqciuri mdgomareobis Sefasebas,��������� indivi- kis damuSaveba, stabiluri 13C izotopiT niSandebuli prepa- dualuri riskis kategoriis gansazRvras da maRali riskis jgu- ratebis miRebisa da identifikaciis teqnologiebis SemuSaveba. fis formirebas Semdgomi maRaldiferencirebuli da efeqtia- miznis misaRwevad, sawyis etapze, modeluri preparatebis ni Terapiis da riskis modificirebis uzrunvelsayofad. saxiT SerCeulia dimedroli da meTadoni, romelic warmatebiT proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad dagegmilia 30-65 wlis asakis gamoiyeneba CanacvlebiTi Terapiis saxelmwifo programis far- orive sqesis 500 piris gamokvleva, arteriuli wnevis da gulis glebSi.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 99 Winning Projects

According to data from the Department of Scientific Research and Development, Tbilisi State University leads all Georgian scientific centers and universities on the number of grants won in 2011. More than 200 scientific projects are currently being implemented at TSU; among them 148 are national projects and 85 are international. TSU has already won 23 grants from the National Science Foundation for 2012. Among these are ten research projects for fundamental research, nine for applied research and four winning projects for joint international research with the participation of Georgian scientists.

3-D STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE FRONTAL SECTION OF (an intrastructural, invisible marking) to distinguish the legal production of EASTERN ADJARA-TRIALETI: ITS IMPLICATION FOR OIL narcotics made from original materials, from illegal ones, and to be able to exclude narcotics and psychotropic drugs produced illegally. AND GAS SURVEYS The positive moment, connected with the usage of labeled narcotics in legal Project Supervisor - Alexander Chabukiani circulation varies from creation of additional controlling system and to psy- chological prevention, is doubtless among specialists. The main idea of the project is to establish a 3-D structural model of the east- ern part of the Adjara-Trialeti region in order to explore for oil and gas in this region. The goal is to conduct the studies using up-to-date methodology and DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY computer software, as follows: TO OBTAIN NEW TYPES OF COPPER-GRAPHITE 1) structural interpretation of seismic profiles; 2) plotting balanced and reconstructed cross-sections; ANTIFRICTION MATERIALS 3) statistical analysis of faults and fractures. Project Supervisor - Ia Chitrekashvili The data will be used to establish a 3-D structural model reflecting the geom- etry of the frontal section of the Adjara-Trialeti, to determine a distribution of The project will develop simple technology to obtain copper-graphite an- Upper Cretaceous fractured limestone and sandstone deposits and probable tifriction material that has higher mechanical, heat-physical and electric hydrocarbon migration pathways. Fracture statistical analysis and the study of properties and a wider specter of application than currently available ma- rock microfractures will increase understanding and assessment of reservoir terials. The innovative approach to finding these materials includes me- qualities. This is a pioneering project and its realization will contribute to in- chanically mixing copper and graphite powder (which is coated in advance formation for cooperation with oil and gas companies. with copper), then to compress the resulting powder by explosion through shock wave. This technology will enable us to vary copper-graphite con- centrations over a wide range (10-85%) for each dose, which is necessary CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS IN EMERGENCY for obtaining antifriction materials that are adapted to particular technical MEDICAL CARE STAFF indices. Project Supervisor - G. Lomtatidze DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHOTOSTIMULATED The proposed project seeks to identify patients with arterial hypertension, which is associated with cardiovascular risk factors (RF), including metabolic SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR RF, as well as sudden death predictors within emergency medical care staff. ADVANCED MATERIALS The project will define individual risk categories, define a high risk group, and ensure further appropriate and effective therapy. Project Supervisor - Zurab Jibuti Examinations to detect arterial hypertension in 500 emergency medical care staff aged 30-65, and evaluations of target organ condition and function, will This project will develop new technology for the photostimulated solid state be carried out for early diagnosis of cardio-metabolic risks. The main objec- synthesis of high-temperature superconductors and other technologically tives are as follows: correlation of arterial pressure and heart rate changes with important materials. This technology will reduce the period of synthesis by Left Ventricle remodeling types, endothelial dysfunction and cerebro-vascular approximately three orders of magnitude, will reduce energy consumption atherosclerosis, and metabolic risk factors. The goal is to determine the indi- and will minimize the negative effects of lengthy thermal processing. The vidual risk category of patients and identify the high risk group, so that appro- technology is based on the principle of intensive pulse photonic irradiation priate and effective therapy can be provided. This will reduce the morbidity of basic reactants. The final result of the project will establish the optimal and disability rate among emergency medical service staff and increase their technological routes for the synthesis of proposed materials and the cre- health and productivity. ation of adapted photonic irradiation equipment. The potential consumers of these results are family doctors, cardiologists, gen- The novel photostimulated solid state synthesis technology and appro- eral practitioner physicians and physicians of functional diagnostics who use priate equipment developed in the project will have the potential for the examinations to prevent and treat arterial hypertension and its complica- very broad application since most of the advanced ceramic materials tions. Within the framework of a continuing education program, an accredited like strong permanent magnets, solid fuel cells, solar cells and cataliza- training course is being prepared. tors are produced by solid state reaction in high temperatures furnaces. Therefore the preparation of the materials using photostimulated reac- tion proposed in this project can significantly reduce the synthesis time DEVELOPMENT OF DETECTION METHODS FOR CERTAIN and costs. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS MARKED WITH STABLE 13C ISOTOPE APPLICATIONS FOR THERMAL ELASTICITY IN Project Supervisor - Ioseb Chikvaidze; Group Leader, Leading Researcher - Shota Samsonia MULTILAYERED BODIES AND THEORETICAL TECHNICAL AID BY MEANS OF AN ADAPTED PROGRAM TO The goal of the project is to elaborate principles for internal marking in legal CALCULATE THE BODIES’ STRENGTH network narcotic pharmaceuticals by using stable isotope 13C, and to develop technology for analogizing and identifying medications marked by the stable Project Supervisor - Nuri Khomsauridze isotope 13C. At the first stage diphenhydramine (Dimedrol) and Methadone, successfully used in therapy within government programs, have been selected The goal of this project is to create a TTAP (Technical and Theoretical Aid as target medications. Program) for units of buildings and machine parts widely used in construction The main aim of the project is to use narcotics labeled with stable isotopes and machine-building. In this proposal these important elements are:

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 100 Pproeqtis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs stabiluri izotope- Termodrekadobis gamoyenebiTi ara­ biT niSandebuli (Sida struqturuli, uxilavi markireba) nar- klasikuri amocanebi sxvadasxva mravalfeniani kotikuli nivTierebebis gamoyenebiT mkveTrad gaimijnos le- galuri warmoeba (nedleulidan dawyebuli) aralegalurisagan sxeulebisaTvis da maT simtkiceze gasaTvleli da amiT praqtikulad gamoricxos legaluri qselis meSveobiT saxelmZRvanelo Teoriul-teqnikuri masala aralegaluri warmoebis narkotikuli da fsiqotropuli prepa- saTanado programiT ratebis realizacia. pozitiuri momenti, romelic SeiZleba gamoiwvios lega- Pproeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli Pnuri xomsauriZe. lur brunvaSi niSandebuli narkotikuli saSualebebis gamoy- enebam, kontrolis damatebiTi sistemis Seqmnidan dawyebuli, proeqtis saboloo mizania sTtm-is (saxelmZRvanelo Teo- fsiqologiuri prevenciiT damTavrebuli. riul-teqnikuri masalis) Seqmna samrewvelo da sacxovrebeli nagebobebisa da manqanaTsamSeneblo konstruqciebis element- axali tipis spilenZ-grafitis klasis ebisa da kvanZebisaTvis, romlebic farTod gamoiyenebian mSene- antifriqciuli masalebis miRebis inovaciuri blobaSi da manqanaTmSeneblobaSi. Cvens proeqtSi aseTi mniS- teqnologiis damuSaveba vnelovani elementebia: mravalfeniani marTkuTxa paralelepipedi (mmp); proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli _ Aia CitrekaSvili. mravalfeniani cilindruli sxeulebi (mcs), anu wriuli cilindruli koordinatTa sistemis sakoordinato zedapir- proeqtis mizania, arsebulze ufro maRali meqanikuri, Tbo- ebiT SemosazRvruli mravalfeniani sxeulebi; fizikuri da eleqtruli Tvisebebis da gamoyenebis farTo speq- mravalfeniani sferuli sxeulebi (mss), anu sferul koor- tris mqone spilenZ-grafitis klasis antifriqciuli masalis dinatTa sistemis sakoordinato zedapirebiT SemosazRvruli miRebis martivi teqnologiis damuSaveba. mravalfeniani sxeulebi. mocemuli proeqtiT Semo- Tavazebulia antifriqciuli masalis formirebis axali, inovaciuri midgoma. ker- Zod, spilenZis da grafitis fxvnilebis meqanikuri nare- vis nacvlad, gaTvaliswine- bulia windawin spilenZiT plakirebuli grafitis fx- vnilis gamoyeneba, xolo Sem- dgom, am fxvnilis afeTqebiT (dartymiTi talRiT) kom- paqtireba. mocemuli te- qnologia saSualebas mogvcems vcvaloT spilenZ-grafitSi proeqtis saboloo produqtis potenciuri momxmarebeli grafitis koncentracia did diapazonSi(10-85%), im doziT, SeiZleba iyos rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso ba- rac aucilebeli iqneba saWiro teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis zari. proeqtis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebul Sedegebs Seu- mqone antifriqciuli masalebis misaRebad. ZliaT TavianTi wvlilis Setana Sesabamis organizaciebTan da qarxnebTan arsebuli ssb-is samecniero-teqnikuri donis amaR- Tanamedrove maRalteqnologiuri masalebis lebaSi. fotostimulirebuli sinTezis axali teqnologiis da aparaturis SemuSaveba axali tipis saTbobis elementebis damuSaveba

proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli zurab jibuti. Pproeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli paata nikoleiSvili.

warmodgenili proeqtis mizania maRaltemperaturuli zegam- proeqtis mizans Seadgens efeqtiani damJangvelis, dez- tarebis da sxva teqnologiurad mniSvnelovani masalebis foto- infeqtantis, antiseptikuri da maTeTrebeli agentis, wyalbad- stimulirebuli myarsxeulovani sinTezis axali teqnologiis is peroqsidis da misi warmoebulebis TanageneraciiT momuSave SemuSaveba. es teqnologia Seamcirebs sinTezis dros da ener- denis qimiuri wyaroebis - saTbobis elementebis (se) axali sis- gomoxmarebas daaxloebiT sami rigiT, aseve minimumamde daiyvans temebis damuSaveba. uaryofiT efeqtebs romlebic Tan axlavs xangrZliv Termul proeqtis farglebSi Ctardeba eleqtroqimiuri ujredebis process. teqnologia dafuZnebuli iqneba sawyisi reagentebis in- konstruqciebis daxvewa, axali katalizatorebis, saeleqtrode tensiuri fotonuri impulsiT dasxivebis principze. proeqtis da samembrane masalebis SerCeva, maTze mimdinare procesebis saboloo Sedegi iqneba SerCeuli masalebisTvis sinTezis optim- bunebisa da Taviseburebebis, moreagire nivTierebaTa da reaq- aluri teqnologiuri marSrutebis Camoyalibeba da Sesabamisi ciis produqtebis masaTa gadacemis procesebis detaluri kv- fotonuri dasxivebis danadgaris prototipis Seqmna. leva. axal fotostimulirebul myarsxeulovan sinTezis te- energodamzogi da garemosadmi uvnebeli, kompaqturi, saT- qnologias da Sesabamis mowyobilobas, romelic SemuSavdeba bobis elementis principebiT moqmedi wylis gamwmendi avtono- am proeqtSi, eqneba didi gamoyenebiTi potenciali, vinaidan miuri danadgarebis gamoyeneba mosaxerxebelia turistebi- Tanamedrove keramikuli masalebis umravlesoba, rogoricaa sTvis, mezRvaurebisTvis mwyemsebisTvis, mesazRvreebisTvis, Zlieri mudmivi magnitebi, myari sawvavis elementebi, mzis el- saerTaSoriso mSvidobisdamcvel operaciebSi monawile samx- ementebi da katalizatorebi, iwarmoebian maRaltemperatu- edroebisTvis da samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebisTvis, romlebic rul RumelebSi myarsxeulovani reaqciis meSveobiT. amitom am moqmedeben mTian an udabno regionebSi, rekreaciul zonebSi, masalebis damzadeba proeqtSi SemoTavazebuli fotostimuli- navTobmompovebel platformebze, navTobmzid tankerebze, Te- rebuli reaqciis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs sinTezis vzsaWer gemebze, kosmosur da wyalqveSa aparatebSi da avtono- dros da xarjebs. miurad moqmed sxva sistemebSi. proeqtis ganxorcielebam unda

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 101 uzrunvelyos mniSvnelovani ekologiuri da ekonomikuri 1) Multilayer rectangular parallelepiped (MRP); efeqti. 2) Multilayer cylindrical bodies (MCB), or multilayered bodies bounded by coor- dinate surfaces of the circular cylindrical system of coordinates; 3) Multilayer spherical bodies (MSB), or multilayered bodies bounded by coor- dariSxanSemcveli warmoebis narCenebis dinate surfaces of the spherical system of coordinates. gauvnebloba da maTgan sasaqonlo produqciis Potential consumers of the project results are both local and international, and the results will contribute to work in the scientific and technical design departments miReba of companies and manufacturers.

proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli Mmaia rusia. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

proeqti exeba raWisa da canis samTo-qimiuri qarxnebis Project Supervisor - Paata Nikoleishvili warmoebis narCenebis, aseve ruseTidan (urali, novosibir- The goal of the project is to develop novel, environmentally friendly Fuel Cell ski) Semotanili feradi da keTilSobili metalebis dariSx- systems operating with the cogeneration of hydrogen peroxide and its com- anSemcveli warmoebis narCenebidan sasargeblo produqciis pounds – effective “green” reagents, which are widely used as oxidizing, anti- miRebis axali meTodis damuSvebas. septic disinfectant and bleaching agents in medicine, water treatment, pulp and proeqtis mizans Seadgenda safuZvlianad Segveswavla paper industry, detergent production and other spheres. raWis da canis samTo-qimiuri qarxnebis warmoebis narCe- New catalysts, electrode and membrane materials will be selected for Fuel Cell systems with methanol, hydrogen and sodium borohydride, used as a fuel, and nebi, aseve ruseTidan Semotanili feradi da keTilSobili oxygen (air) as an oxidizer. Detailed studies of electrode particularities, mem- metalebis dariSxanSemcveli warmoebis narCenebi, rogorc brane and mass transport processes in FC systems will be conducted. gamosavali masala dariSxanSemcveli naerTebis misaRebad. Autonomous equipment for water treatment, which is compact, energy saving, naSromis praqtikuli Rirebulebaa is, rom igi mTlianad environmentally friendly and operates on the principle of fuel batteries, can be gamoricxavs dariSxanSemcveli warmoebis narCenebis spe- used in many contexts: for tourists, sailors, military and civil personal working or cialur damarxvas sarkofagebSi da amave dros rekomenda- travelling in mountainous or desert areas, in grasslands and recreation zones, in peacekeeping camps located in remote regions, on oil platforms, tankers, fishing cias aZlevs sruliad axal, araordinalur mimarTulebas vessels, submarines, spacecraft and other places that are isolated from energy dis- maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebisa. am proeqtis gamarjvebis tribution sources and sewage disposal systems. Therefore, implementation and Sedegad SesaZlebelia mTlianad aRmoifxvras dariSxa- commercialization of results of the present project will have significant environ- nis madnis gadamuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli narCenebidan mental and economical impacts. garemos dabinZurebis kerebi, maqsimalurad Semcirdes misi mavne zemoqmedeba adamianis janmrTelobaze, xeli DETOXIFICATION OF ARSENIC-CONTAINING WASTE AND Seewyos regionSi (raWa, svaneTi) turizmis ganviTarebas da soflis meurneobis ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis THEIR TRANSFORMATION INTO COMMODITY PRODUCTS warmoebas. Project Supervisor - Maia Rusia

This project aims to obtain useful products from mining wastes in chemical min- samedicino daniSnulebis, biodegradirebadi, ing factories in the Racha Region and in Tsani (Svaneti Region), It will also show how products can be obtained from arsenic-containing wastes from the funqciuri poliesteramid-polimJavebis miRebis production of non-ferrous and noble metals from Russia in Novosibirsk, in the axali, gamartivebuli, iafi da ekologiurad Ural Mountain region. The intensive study of wastes from chemical mining in areas of Racha and in damzogi teqnologiis SemuSaveba Tsani, Svaneti, as well as from the production of arsenic-containing wastes of non-ferrous and noble metals from Russia, was the basis for obtaining arsenic- Dsamecniero xelmZRvaneli daviT tuRuSi, containing compounds. The practical value of our project is that it completely sinTezuri jgufis ufrosi ramaz qacarava. excludes burning these wastes and elaborates a new practical application. The project will directly and indirectly create more livelihoods for the local population: Eradicating environmental pollution in areas where residues were proeqti miznad isaxavs biodegradirebadi, funqciuri, left after processing arsenic ore will mean threats to human health will diminish Tana-poliesteramidebis (co-PEAs), konkretulad L– lizini- and tourism can be developed in these regions (Racha, Svaneti). It also means sa da sxva α-aminomJavebis safuZvelze miRebuli co-PEAs– better livelihoods for farmers who can produce ecologically pure products. polimJavebis martivi, iafi da eklogiurad damzogi te- qnologiis SemuSavebas. aRniSnuli teqnologia gamosadegia THE ELABORATION OF NOVEL, EASY, COST-EFFECTIVE mravali saxis wamlis gamoyofis sistemebis Sesaqmnelad, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY FOR mcire zomis molekulebidan dawyebuli damTavrebuli mak- romolekuluri. miznobrivi co-PEA-polimJavebis sinTezis THE SYNTHESIS OF BIODEGRADABLE FUNCTIONAL POLY erTstadiani gamartivebuli meTodi aris ekologiurad ESTER AMIDE-POLYACIDS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. damzogi teqnologia, vinaidan gamoricxavs ZviradRirebuli Project Supervisor - David Tugushi; Team Supervisor - Ramaz Katsarava mZime metalis katalizatorebis gamoyenebas, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs gamoyenebuli organuli gamxsnelebis raodenobas This research project addresses the development of a simple, cost-effective and da energodanaxarjebs. environmentally friendly technology of L-lysine and other α-amino acid based warmodgenili proeqtis farglebSi moxdeba Tanamono- biodegradable functional co-poly(esteramide)s, PEAs, rather than co-PEA-poly- acids. The technology can be used to develop drug delivery systems ranging from merebis bunebisa da Tanafarobebis gavlenis Seswavla mizno- small molecular to macromolecular systems. The synthesis of co-PEA-polyacids brivi co-PEA-polimJavebisa gamosavlebze, molekuluri eliminates the use of an expensive heavy metal catalyst, saves organic solvents wonebis maxasiaTeblebze, Termul Tvisebebze, organul and power, making the polymers more cost-effective and technologically more gamxsnelebSi xsnadobaze da biodegradaciaze. yvela sin- environmentally friendly. Tezirebuli polimeri daxasiaTdeba speqtroskopuli, gel- The influence of the co-monomers’ nature and their feed ratios on the yield, qromatigrafiuli, viskozimetruli, Termuli da meqani- molecular weight characteristics, thermal properties, solubility and biodegrad- ability of the resulting co-PEA-polyacids will be studied. The newly synthesized kuri Tvisebebis kvlevis meTodebiT. moxdeba am polimerebis polymers will be defined according to their standard physical-chemical, thermal, in vitro biodegradacias wonis klebisa da avtomaturi po- and mechanical properties. In vitro biodegradation of newly synthesized poly- teciometruli titraciis meTodiT, ori fermentis – qimo- mers will be studied using both weight loss and automatic potentiometric titration tripsinisa da lipazis Tanaobisas. and two enzyme-hydrolases: α-chym otrypsin and lipase.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 102 Tsu - saerTaSoriso konferenciebi - 2012

samuSao seminari: `krizisis prevenciisa da konfliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis SesaZle- blobebis gamomuSaveba’’. organizatori Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetTan arsebu- li ekonomikuri politikis qarTul-germanuli instituti. TariRi: 2011 wlis 26-30 seqtemberi - pirveli etapi; 2012 wlis 24 Tebervali - 2 marti - meore etapi. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, germania, kenia, moldova.

IV saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `globalizacia da ekonomikis mdgradi ganvi- Tarebis perspeqtivebi~; TariRi: 2012 weli, 23- 24 marti. organizatori: iv. javaxiSvilis sax- elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univeristetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti; mxardam- Weri: oikos Tbilisi. monawileebi: saqarTvelo, ukraina, belorusi, yazaxeTi, slovenia.

saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikul kon- ferencia Temaze: „globalizacia, saerTa- Soriso biznesis Tanamedrove problemebi da ganviTarebis tendenciebi“. TariRi: 2012 weli, 6-7 aprili. organizatorebi: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, praRis ekonomikuri universiteti; moldovis saxelmwifo universiteti; odesis saxelmwifo ekonomikuri universiteti; monawileebi: rumi- neTi, aSS, ukraina, CexeTi, belorusi.

student-arqeologTa me-4 saerTaSoriso konferencia, miZRvnili ingliseli arqeolo- gis, stratigrafiuli meTodis fuZemdeblis pit riversis xsovnisadmi. TariRi: 2012 wlis 13-15 aprili. organizatorebi: iv. javaxiSvi- lis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis arqe- ologiis instituti. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS, inglisi, avstria, poloneTi.

saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumi `folklori da kavkasiis xalxTa lingvokul- turologia~, miZRvnili profesor valeh ha- jilaris xsovnisadmi Temaze: Turqologiisa da kavkasiologiis problematika, kavkasiis xalxTa folklori, kavkasiis xalxTa istoria

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 103 TSU International Conferences – 2012

Workshop: Developing the Means of Crisis Prevention and Peaceful Resolution of the Conflict Date: First stage - 26-30 September, 2011; second stage - 24 February, 2012 Organizer(s): Georgian-German Institute of Economic Pol- itics of the Faculty of Economics and Business Participants: Georgia, Germany, Kenya, Moldova

4th International conference Globalization and Perspec- tives of the Sustainable Economic Development Date: 23-24 March, 2012 Organizer(s): the Faculty of Economics and Business at Tbilisi State University Supporter: Oikos Tbilisi Participants: Georgia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Slovenia, Ukraine,

International economics conference Globalization, Mod- ern Problems of International Business and Develop- ment Tendencies Date: 6-7 April, 2012 Organizer(s): Tbilisi State University; University of Eco- nomics, Prague; Moldova State University; Odessa State Economic University Participants: Georgia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Romania, Ukraine, USA

4th international conference of student archeologists, dedi- cated to the memory of Pitt Rivers, English archeologist, founder of strategic methodology Date: 13-15 April, 2012 Organizer(s): Institute of Archeology of the Faculty of Hu- manities at Tbilisi State University Participants: Georgia, Austria, England, Poland, USA.

International scientific symposium Folklore and Lingvocul- turology of the Caucasian Peoples dedicated to the memory of Professor Valeh Hajilar. Issues of Turkish studies and Caucasiology, folklore, history and culture dialogues of the Caucasian peoples, lingvoculturology (areal linguistics, ty- pology and comparatives) Date: 18-21 April, 2012 Organizer(s): Institute of Caucasiology of the Faculty of Humanities at Tbilisi State University; Sokhumi Universi-

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 104 da kulturaTa dialogi, lingvokulturologia (areal- ty; Institute of Folklore of the Azerbaijan National Academy uri lingvistika, tipologia komparativistika). TariRi: of Sciences; Ardahan University of Turkey; Union of Turkish 2012 wlis 18-21 aprili organizatori: iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Architects and Engineers; Valeh Hajilar International Scien- Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mec- tific-Cultural Research Foundation. nierebaTa fakultetis kavkasiologiis instituti, soxu- Participant(s): Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mol- mis universiteti, Aazerbaijanis mecnierebaTa erovnuli dova, Romania, Russia, Turkey. akademiis folkloris instituti, TurqeTis ardahanis uni- versiteti, TurqeTis arqiteqtorTa kavSiri da profesor valeh hajilaris saerTaSoriso samecniero-kulturuli gamokvlevebis fondi. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, azerbai- 13th annual international conference of American Studies on jani, TurqeTi, moldova, rumineTi, irani, ruseTi, yazaxeTi. The United States and Georgia: Yesterday, Today, Tomor- row. Dedicated to the 20th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the United States and Georgia. amerikismcodneobis mecamete yovelwliuri saerTa- Date: 17-19 May, 2012 Soriso konferencia Temaze: `SeerTebuli Statebi da Organizer(s): Institute of American studies of the Faculty of saqarTvelo: guSin, dRes, xval~. konferencia eZRvne- Humanities at Tbilisi State University ba saqarTvelos da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris Participants: Georgia, USA, India diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebis 20 wlisTavs. TariRi: 2012 wlis 17-19 maisi organizatorebi: Tsu humani- tarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis amerikanistikis insti- tuti. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS, indoeTi. Conference on energy, for representatives of the energy sector of Georgia and young experts Date: 18 May, 2012 konferencia saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris war- Organizer(s): Hydropower Investment Promotion Project momadgenlebisa da axalgazrda eqspertebisTvis. …TariRi: sponsored by the United States Agency for International De- 2012 wlis 18 maisi. organizatorebi: aSS-is saerTaSoriso velopment and International School of Economics at TSU ganviTarebis saagentos mier dafinansebuli `hidroenerget- (ISET) ikaSi investiciebis xelSewyobis proeqti~ da Tsu ekonomikis Participants: Georgia, USA saerTaSoriso skola (ISET). Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS.

Second international symposium in lexicographics meore saerTaSoriso simpoziumi leqsikografiaSi. TariRi: 2012 wlis 18-20 maisi. organizatorebi: iv. javax- Date: 18-20 May, 2012 iSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Organizer(s): Center of Lexicographics at Tbilisi State Uni- leqsikografiis centri, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis sax- versity; the Faculty of Education and Science of Batumi Shota elmwifo universitetis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa Rustaveli State University; A. Chikobava Institute of Linguis- fakulteti; Tsu arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmec- tics at TSU; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. nierebis instituti; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili- Participants: Georgia, Azerbaijan, Germany, Holland, Italy, sis saxelmwifo universitetis leqsikografiuli cen- Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, North Ossetia, Portugal, Russia, tri. SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi. Ukraine. monawileebi: saqarTvelo, holandia, germania, italia, israeli, ruseTi, ukraina, azerbaijani, CrdiloeT oseTi, latvia, litva, portugalia. International conference European Experience and Geor- gian Perspectives saerTaSoriso konferencia _ `kontrasignaciis insti- Date: 12-14 June, 2012 tuti _ evropuli gamocdileba da qarTuli perspeqtiva~. Oragnizer(s): Faculty of Law, Tbilisi State University organizatori: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Participants: Georgia, France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine saxelmwifo universitetis iuriduli fakulteti. TariRi: 12-14 ivnisi. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, safrangeTi, ger- mania, ukraina da poloneTi. International conference Effective Management in the Countries of the Black Sea Basin Date: 7-10 June, 2012 saerTaSoriso konferencia: `efeqturi mmarTveloba Oragnizer(s): Tbilisi State University; Austrian Foreign Min- SavizRvispira auzis qveynebSi~. TariRi: 7-10 ivnisi. Oorga- nizatori: Tsu, avstriis sagareo saqmeTa saministro, venis istry, Vienna Institute for Parliamentarism and Democracy. parlamentarizmisa da demokratiis instituti; Tanaorga- Co-organizer(s): Tbilisi City Hall; Vienna City Hall. nizatorebi: Tbilisis meria, venis meria. Mmonawileebi: saqa- Participants: Georgia, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, rTvelo, avstria, Aazerbaijani, somxeTi, TurqeTi, ukraina, Belgium, Russia, bulgareTi, belgia, ruseTi. Turkey, Ukraine.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 105 Tsu gamomcemlobis 2012 wlis gamocemebidan

From Editions of TSU Press 2012

100+ kiTxva-pasuxi gamoyenebiT ekologiaSi umaRlesi saswavle- blebis zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis stu- dentebisaTvis gankuTvnili meTo- duri miTiTebaa. masSi ganixileba gamoyenebiTi ekologiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, maT Soris: zogadi cnebebi, global- uri problemebi, daculi terito- riebi, landSaftebis dacva, qimia da garemo, atmosferuli haeris dacva, niadagis dacva, bunebrivi wylebis dacva, mcenareTa da cxovelTa dacva, stiqiuri movlenebi da maTi prevencia, ekologiuri medicina, ekologiuri samarTali, bunebaT- sargeblobis ekonomika. naSromis SedgenaSi monawileobdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli speciali- stebi.

100+ Questions and Answers in Applied Ecology is a methodical manual intended for Exact and Natural Sciences faculty students and individuals working in the sphere of natural sciences and applied ecology. The book considers basic questions of applied ecology, in- cluding general concepts, global problems, protected territories, land- scape ecology, chemistry and environment, protection of atmosphere and natural waters, soil protection, protection of flora and fauna, natu- ral disasters and their prevention, ecological medicine, nature man- agement and others. The book was compiled by Georgian scientists in cooperation with foreign scholars.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 106

wigni gamoica merab mamardaS- vilis saxelobis sagamomcemlo daxmarebis programis farglebSi – franguli institutis, wignis erovnuli centrisa da safran- geTis fondTan arsebuli Jan da Jan-pier Jiroduebis fondis mx- ardaWeriT.

The book was published in frames of the Merab Mamardashvili program on assist- ing publishing – with the support of the French Institute, National Book Center and Foundation Jean et Jean-Pierre Giraudoux, Paris (France).

naSromSi ganxilulia krimi- nalistikis kursis meTodologia (kursis Sesavali) da danaSaulTa gaxnis teqnikis ZiriTadi sakiTxe- bi. wigni gankuTvnilia saxelmZ- Rvanelod umaRlesi saswavle- blebis iuridiuli fakultetis studentebis, eqspert-kriminal- istebisa da policiis akademiis msmenelTaTvis. naSromi, aseve, daxmarebas gauwevs doqtoran- tebs, operatiuli samsaxuris mu- Sakebs, gamomZieblebs, prokuro- rebs, mosamarTleebs, advokatebsa da aRniSnuli sakiTxiT daintere- sebul mkiTxvels.

The publication outlines the methodology of criminology (introduction to the course) and key techniques for solving crimes. The book is designed as a textbook for students studying Law, for criminologists and for students of the Police Academy. It will also be useful for doctoral students, law enforce- ment officers, investigators, prosecutors, judges, lawyers and readers interested in the issues.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012 107

saukuneze meti gavida mas Semdeg, rac pirveli msmeneli Sevida Tbilisis qarTuli saTavadaznauro gimnaziis SenobaSi (amJamad ivane javaxiSvilis sax- elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mTavari Senoba). am arqiteqturuli Zeglis ageba XX saukunis qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi sagangebo movlena iyo. wignSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva gamokvlevaSi, pre- saSi, arqivebSi, muzeumebsa Tu kerZo koleqciebSiarse- buli cnobebi da fotodokumentebi, romlebic mkiTx- vels kidev erTxel Seaxseneben im adamianTa Rvawlis Sesaxeb, romelTa SromiT aSenda es istoriuli nage- boba

More than one century has passed since the first student entered the building of Tbilisi Georgian Private Gymnasium for the Children of the Nobility (at present the main building of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University). This book gathers information and photos to commemorate the mer- its of those who contributed their labor to building this historical building. 1

winamdebare naSromi aris romis samarTlis erT- erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis gaiusis `insti- tuciebis~ qarTul enaze pirvelad Sesrulebuli Targmani, romelsac darTuli aqvs SeniSvnebi da saZie- blebi.naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis saxelo- bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fa-kultetis profesoris nugzar surgulaZis mier da gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis iuriduli fakultetis studentebisa da specialistebisTvis, agreTve, romis samarTliT dainteresebuli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

This is the first Georgian translation of one of the most important pil- lars of Roman law, “Institutions”, by Gaius. The book contains notes and a research system. The publication was overseen by Professor Nugzar Surguladze of the TSU Faculty of Law and is intended for both students and specialists in the Law Faculties in institutions of higher education, as well as those interested in Roman Law.

2012 July TSU SCIENCE 108

Tsu zoologiis muzeumi

TSU Museum of Zoology

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2012

ISSN 2233-3657

9 772233 365003