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The Late Wisconsin Vertebrate History of Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska 2

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The Late Wisconsin Vertebrate History of Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska 2 Timothy H. Heaton and Frederick Grady chapter The Late Wisconsin Vertebrate History of Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska 2 Abstract Three caves have been extensively excavated and many others sampled for fossil vertebrates on Prince of Wales Island and surrounding islands of the Alexander Archipelago, Southeast Alaska. A diverse fauna of fishes, birds, and mammals has been identified spanning the past 50,000 years, though only mammal fossils have been adequately dated. Prior to the last glacial maximum, Marmota caligata, Phenacomys cf. P. intermedius, Lem- mus sibiricus, Alopex lagopus, Ursus arctos, Ursus americanus, Lontra can- adensis, Rangifer tarandus, and a bovid (cf. Saiga tatarica) lived on Prince of Wales Island. A sea ice fauna consisting of Phoca hispida, Phoca vi- tulina, Eumetopias jubatus, A. lagopus, and Vulpes vulpes was present during the glacial maximum, and U. arctos, U. americanus, L. canadensis, and R. tarandus may have survived on coastal refugia. All rodents were extirpated by the glacial maximum, and barriers delayed their eventual recolonization. Sea bird fossils occur in great abundance with A. lagopus until this fox was extirpated following the last glacial maximum. The modern forest community, dominated by Odocoileus hemionus, U. amer- icanus, Canis lupus, L. canadensis, Mustela vison, Mustela erminea, and Microtus longicaudus, developed during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. During this transition R. tarandus, U. arctos, V. vulpes, Gulo gulo, and Microtus cf. M. oeconomus died out on the island as new arrivals competed with previous inhabitants and the coastal rainforest became more fully established on the islands. Introduction Until the 1990s, Southeast Alaska was ignored by Quaternary paleontol- ogists while spectacular finds were unearthed in eastern Beringia to the north and the midcontinental states to the south (Guthrie 1990; Kurte´n 17 and Anderson 1980). This was due to the belief that Ice Age glaciers covered virtu- ally all of the northwest coast of North America and consequently that all terres- trial vertebrates living in the region were postglacial immigrants (Klein 1965; Prest 1969; Nasmith 1970; Cwynar 1990; Mann and Hamilton 1995). A second reason was the lack of known fossil deposits in the dense coastal rainforest. A breakthrough was made in 1990 when cave explorers of the Tongass Caves Project, surveying the complex cave systems in the limestone of northern Prince of Wales Island, began discovering extensive vertebrate fossil de- posits. Prince of Wales Island is the largest island in Southeast Alaska, with a length of 220 km and an area of 5,780 square km, dominating the southern half of the Alex- ander Archipelago (Figure 2.1). All but the highest mountain peaks are covered by dense rainforest consisting of spruce, hem- lock, and cedar. About 85percent of the island com- prises the Thorne Bay and Craig Ranger Districts of Tongass National Forest. The climate is cool and wet but is kept com- paratively warm for a latitude of 55Њ by the Japan Current, which feeds the Gulf of Alaska. The terrain is rugged and glacier sculptured, and the island has 1,600 km of coastline. Smaller outer islands absorb most of the waves from the North Pacific, creating relatively quiet waters for the In- side Passage. Prince of Wales Island is only accessible by boat and plane. The usual connecting city is Ketchikan, and the near- est continental access road is at Prince Ru- Figure 2.1. Index map of the Alexander Archipelago, pert, British Columbia. The primary in- Southeast Alaska, and surrounding areas of British Co- dustries of the region are timber, fishing, lumbia. The star shows the area of Prince of Wales Island and tourism. where the majority of the caves we have studied are lo- Much of the northern half of Prince cated (from Heaton et al. 1996). of Wales Island has a bedrock of Paleozoic limestone. Weathering and dissolution has created a karst terrain where most of the drainage in limestone areas is underground. These well-drained karstlands support the largest timber and have been attractive areas for commercial logging. Many caves in logged areas have been severely damaged by slash and sedimentation, and some entrances have been buried by the building of logging roads. Clear- 18 TIMOTHY H. HEATON AND FREDERICK GRADY cut areas are nearly impenetrable because of dense, spiny vegetation (es- pecially devil’s club and young spruce) and rotting stumps and slash. Logging has greatly improved access to the area, however, and has re- sulted in the discovery of many previously unknown caves. The U.S. Forest Service, though mandated to assist with logging, has shown a great interest in the forest’s other resources and has provided extensive support for cave explorers and scientists (Baichtal et al. 1997). We began our study of fossil vertebrates in the Alexander Archipelago in 1991, and our excavations are still ongoing. In this chapter, we describe the primary cave sites, list our preliminary identifications of the fossils recovered, and give our current interpretations of the Ice Age history of vertebrates on Prince of Wales Island. Description and Taphonomy of the Caves Taphonomically the cave deposits of Prince of Wales Island fall into three main categories: (1) den sites, (2) natural traps, and (3) fossiliferous wa- terlain sediments (Table 2.1). Some caves involve more than one of these processes. Below are descriptions of caves that have proven most signifi- cant and that we have excavated most extensively thus far. El Capitan Cave The study of Ice Age vertebrates in Southeast Alaska began when a bone deposit was discovered in 1990 by cavers in El Capitan Cave, Alaska’s largest known cave with nearly 4 km of mapped passageways. This cave is located on the north side of a glacial valley that is now occupied by the El Capitan Passage—a shallow fjord that separates Prince of Wales Island from Kosciusko Island. The main portion of the cave is a long horizontal solution passage with a large room and a river in the back portion (called the Alaska Room). Lower passages of the cave flood during heavy runoff, creating a hazard to cavers. Table 2.1. Cave Sites on Prince of Wales (POW) and Surrounding Islands in the Alexander Archipelago from Which Radiocarbon-Dated Vertebrate Remains Have Been Collected Island or Site Elevation Site Name Area Code (m) Cave Type 14Cyrb.p. 1 El Capitan Cave POW PET-190 130 Coastal den 12,295Ϫ5770 2 On Your Knees Cave POW PET-408 140 Coastal den Ͼ44,940Ϫ1990 3 Kushtaka Cave POW PET-410 50 Coastal den 9330Ϫ2820 4 Bumper Cave POW PET-407 520 Subalpine den 11,725Ϫ7205 5Blowing in the Wind Cave POW PET-220 670 Natural trap 9995 6 Tlacatzinacantli Cave POW — 200 Natural trap 10,970Ϫ5235 7 Devil’s Canopy Cave POW PET-221 180 Sedimentary Ͼ44,500 8 Broken Promise Cave Kuiu — 180 Natural trap 2230 9 Stadium Cave Kosciusko — 275Natural trap 260 10 Nautilus Cave Heceta CRG-462 170 Natural trap 8180Ϫ1580 11 Colander Cave Coronation — 200 Natural trap 11,630Ϫ3310 12 Enigma Cave Dall CRG-442 150 Coastal den 11,715 13 Puffin Grotto Noyes — 10 Sea cave 5115 14 Lawyers Cave Mainland — 30 Coastal den 8880Ϫ3050 15 Hole 52 Cave Mainland — 55 Natural trap 11,460Ϫ4395 Late Wisconsin History of Prince of Wales Island 19 Figure 2.2. Black bear skeleton in upper cham- ber of El Capitan Cave, Alaska. In an upper level of El Capitan Cave, behind a sealed second en- trance, caver Kevin Allred found a complete skeleton of Ursus americanus (black bear), parts of several other bears, and an accumulation of ground fish bone scattered on the rocky and muddy floor of the narrow solution passage (Figure 2.2). We first visited this site in 1991, and in 1992 we reopened the sealed entrance and conducted an extensive excavation (Heaton and Grady 1992, 1993). Radiocarbon dates revealed a latest Pleistocene to early Holocene age for the assemblage. The most spectacular discovery was remains of Ursus arctos (brown bear), a species never thought to have inhabited Prince of Wales Island. Two other extralimital species, Vulpes vulpes (red fox) and cf. Gulo gulo (wolverine), were also recovered, as were a variety of mi- cromammals, the most abundant being Microtus longicaudus (long-tailed vole). The upper passage of El Capitan Cave is typical of the den sites we have investigated. So is Kushtaka Cave, located farther south on the El Capitan Passage, and Bumper Cave (described on p. 21). These caves (or the fossiliferous portions thereof) have nearly identical structures; they are small in size (Յ40 m long and mostly 1–2 m in diameter), nearly hori- zontal, lack energetic streams, and have small entrances (about 0.5m diameter). Most of these caves appear to have been popular den sites for a variety of carnivores, particularly bears, otters, and foxes. Kushtaka Cave contains a modern otter nest made of sticks and has accumulated fresh otter dung since our first visit, so the use of these cave dens continues to the present day. Both El Capitan Cave and Kushtaka Cave contain thick beds of fish bone derived from otter scat, and bones of juvenile Lontra canadensis (river otter) have been found in the El Capitan Cave den. A late Holocene bone deposit containing juvenile L. canadensis and associated fish bone has also been found 60 m inside the main entrance of El Capitan Cave, demonstrating that portions of this cave still serve as an otter den. 20 TIMOTHY H. HEATON AND FREDERICK GRADY Several late Pleistocene bones have been found high in vertical ceil- ing passages of the Alaska Room in El Capitan Cave, 34 m above the floor, during explorations by caver Peter Smith.
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