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Helikon (2016.) Szabadkőművesség. Új irányok a 18. századi európai maszonéria kutatásában A 18. században a szabadkőművesség az európai politikai, kulturális, társa- dalmi és szellemi élet meghatározó tényezője volt. Kötetünk célja, hogy a magyar olvasókat közelebb hozza a 18. századi szabadkőművesség kutatásának legújabb irányaihoz, módszereihez és témáihoz. Erre nyilvánvalóan nagy szükség van, hi- szen a magyar szabadkőművesség történetének kutatása nemigen ízesült még be az európai tudományosságba. A téma kutatása túlnyomórészt az összeesküvés- elméletírók, szenzációhajhász szerzők és amatőr szabadkőműves történészek ter- ritóriuma volt egészen az 1980-as évekig. Ugyanakkor még tudományos körök- ben is számos régóta élő és szinte soha meg nem kérdőjelezett mítosz és spekulá- ció határozta meg a köztudatot a témában egészen a közeli múltig. Tematikus számunk első, historiográfiai tanulmánya a 18. századi európai sza- badkőművesség kutatásának időszerű tudományos vitáit és szakmai kérdéseit is- merteti, s új kutatási területekre mutat rá. Szentpéteri Márton a szabadkőműves templomszimbolika kora újkori forrásvidékeiről szól. Jan A. M. Snoek a szinte minden rituáléban megidézett alapszövegek polifonikus értelmezhetőségét meg- testesítő alluzív módszerről ír. Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire új ösztönzéssel szolgál a judaizmus és a szabadkőművesség felvilágosodás kori kapcsolatainak tanulmá- nyozásához. Péter Róbert az angol szabadkőműves diskurzusok és gyakorlatok gender szempontjait vizsgálja, és egyúttal az első angol adopciós páholyok és ri- tuáléik elemzését is nyújtja. Lengyel Réka a dégi szabadkőműves archívumnak a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltárban fellelhető 19. századi másolatainak állapotáról ír. Ez az archívum felbecsülhetetlen értékű feltáratlan forrásokat biztosít a közép- és kelet-európai szabadkőművesség és más fraternális rendek történetének jobb megismeréséhez. Granasztói Olga a 18. századi magyar páholyokban működő besúgók eddig érdemben nem kutatott ellentmondásos tevékenységéről beszél. A kötet szerkesztői Péter Róbert és Szentpéteri Márton, olvasószerkesztője Lengyel Réka. Igen nagy hálával tartozunk Jan A. M. Snoeknek és Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire-nek azért, hogy átengedték tanulmányaik fordításának jogát. Külön köszönjük a Magyarországi Nagyoriensnek, hogy támogatta kiadványunk meg- jelenését. A szerkesztőbizottság The Study of 18th-century European Freemasonry – New directions Freemasonry was a major component of European political, cultural, social and intellectual life throughout the eighteenth century. The objective of this volume is to familiarize Hungarian readers with current trends, methods and problems concerning the study of eighteenth-century European Freemasonry. There is clearly a need for such a volume since the history of Hungarian Freemasonry has not yet been integrated into European scholarship. Prior to the 1980s, the study of Freemasonry remained largely the province of conspiracy theorists, sensationalist authors and masonic amateur HELIKON_2016-4.indb 513 2017.02.21. 15:02:23 514 TANULMÁNYOK historians. Since then, many long-established masonic myths and speculations have been repeated and remain unquestioned even in academic scholarship. The first historiographical paper in the volume highlights the current scholarly debates and problems related to research in eighteenth-century European Freemasonry and points out areas for further research. Márton Szentpéteri analyses the early modern roots of masonic temple symbolism. Jan A. M. Snoek introduces and illustrates the allusive method based on the poly-interpretability of texts, which is used in almost all masonic rituals. Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire’s paper provides a novel impetus to research concerning the relationship between Freemasonry and Judaism during the Enlightenment. Róbert Péter explores the gender aspects of 18th-century English masonic writings and practice as well as examining the first adoption lodges and their rituals in England. Réka Lengyel gives an introduction to the status of the copies of the 19th-century Dég archives stored in the National Archives of Hungary, which contains invaluable and unexplored sources about the history of Freemasonry and other fraternal orders in Central and Eastern Europe. Olga Granasztói investigates the hitherto overlooked controversial activities of spies in Hungarian masonic lodges in the late 18th century. The editors of this issue are Róbert Péter and Márton Szentpéteri, the copy editor is Réka Lengyel. We are most grateful to Jan A. M. Snoek and Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire for granting us permission to publish the translations of their articles. We owe special thanks to the Grand Orient of Hungary for its contribution to the translation costs. The Editorial Board Nouvelles tendances dans les recherches de la franc-maçonnerie européenne du 18e siècle Dans l’Europe du 18e siècle, la franc-maçonnerie était un facteur déterminant de la vie politique, culturelle, sociale et spirituelle. L’objectif de notre volume est de présenter aux lecteurs les nouvelles tendances et méthodes ainsi que les nouveaux thèmes de recherche portant sur la franc-maçonnerie du 18e siècle. Cela se révèle d’autant plus nécessaire que les recherches sur la franc-maçonnerie hongroise ne se sont pas encore intégrées dans la réflexion scientifique européenne. Jusqu’aux années 1980, l’étude de ce sujet n’intéressait que des théoriciens du complot, des auteurs en quête du sensationnel et des historiens franc-maçons non-professionnels, et même dans les cercles scientifiques, c’étaient des mythes et des spéculations anciens et jamais contestés qui faisaient autorité. La première étude historiographique de notre numéro thématique présente les querelles scientifiques et les questions professionnelles actuelles et elle nous présente les nouveaux domaines de la recherche. Márton Szentpéteri écrit sur les sources prémodernes de la symbolique du Temple, Jan A. M. Snoek parle de la méthode allusive assurant la pluri-interprétabilité des textes fondamentaux, cités dans presque tous les rituels. Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire nous offre de nouvelles incitatons pour l’étude des rapports du judaïsme et de la franc-maçonnerie à l’époque des Lumières. Róbert Péter examine les discours et les pratiques maçonniques anglais du point de vue des études de genre et il examine les premières loges d’adoption anglaises et leurs rituels. Réka Lengyel nous présente l’état des copies faites au 19e siècle des archives maçonniques de Dég, préservées dans les Archives nationales hongroises. Ces archives offrent des sources inexplorées et de valeurs inestimables pour une meilleure connaissance de la franc-maçonnerie en Europe centrale et orientale. Olga Granasztói traite l’activité contradictoire et jusqu’ici non étudiée des espions dans les loges hongroises du 18e siècle. La rédaction de ce numéro a été assurée par Róbert Péter et Márton Szentpéteri, la lectrice- correctrice était Réka Lengyel. Nous tenons à remercier MM Jan A. M. Snoek et Pierre-Yves Beaupierre de nous avoir cédé le droit de traduction de leurs études, ainsi que le Grand Orient de Hongrie d’avoir sponsorisé la parution de ce numéro. Le Comité de Rédaction HELIKON_2016-4.indb 514 2017.02.21. 15:02:23 TANULMÁNYOK PÉTER RÓBERT Viták és problémák a 18. századi szabadkőművesség kutatásában: angolszász historiográfiai áttekintés1 A szabadkőművesség meghatározó tényezője volt az európai politikai, kul- turális, társadalmi és szellemi életnek a hosszú 18. század folyamán. A felvilá- gosodás társasági kultúrájában főként a közép és felső rétegek számára ez volt a társasélet legnépszerűbb formája. Nem csupán az angol nagymesterek többsége került ki a királyi családból 1782 után, de a szabadkőműves eszmények és értékek mind a magas, mind pedig a populáris kultúrában is meghatározó tudósokat, politikusokat, egyházi személyeket, írókat, költőket, zeneszerzőket, művészeket és kézműveseket inspiráltak. Bizonyos szabadkőműves páholyokat az erkölcs és a tudomány olyan iskoláiként láttathatunk, amelyek elősegítették a felvilágosult eszmék és gyakorlat népszerűsítését. Következésképpen a felvilágosodás történe- te nem írható meg anélkül, hogy oly sok vezető figurájának szabadkőműves hova- tartozását figyelembe ne vennénk. Ez utóbbi világosan kitűnik a Charles Porset és Cécile Révauger szerkesztette,Le Monde Maçonnique des Lumières. Europe-Amérique et colonies. Dictionnaire prosopographique című háromkötetes munkából.2 A társa- dalmi nyilvánosság (Öffentlichkeit, public sphere) obszervatóriumai és labora- tóriumai, a brit szabadkőműves páholyok ugyancsak szorosan kötődtek a whig, hannoveri dinasztiát pártoló politikai berendezkedéshez.3 A szabadkőművesség Nagy-Britanniából terjedt szét a földgolyón, és ahogy Jessica Harland-Jacobs ki- fejti, a kőművesség az egyik legjelentősebb olyan társadalmi erőnek bizonyult, 1 A cikk Péter Róbert, az általa szerkesztett ötkötetes British Freemasonry, 1717–1813-hez (New York, Routlege, 2016) írott általános bevezetőjének (1 Vol., xi–xlvi) rövidített és a szerző által módosí- tott változata. (A szerk.) 2 C. Porset, C. Révauger (Eds.): Le Monde Maçonnique des Lumières. Europe-Amérique et colonies. Dictionnaire prosopographique. Voll. 1–3. Párizs, Champion, 2013. Lásd még: K. Gerlach: Freimaurer im Alten Preußen 1738–1806. Voll. 1–3. Innsbruck, StudienVerlag, 2007, 2009, 2014. Az utóbbi háromköte- tes mű letölthető a kiadó honlapjáról. 3 P.-Y. Beaurepaire: Researching Freemasonry in the Twenty-first Century: Opportunities and Challenges. = Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism (ezentúl:
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