United Kingdom?

How’s Life in the United Kingdom?

How’s Life in the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom’s current well-being, 2018 or latest available year CIVIC INCOME AND ENGAGEMENT WEALTH Hav ing House- House- Voter no say in hold gov ernment* income hold turnout w ealth S80/S20 SOCIAL Lack of income share social CONNECTIONS ratio* HOUSING support* Housing Social affordability interactions Ov er- crow ding WORK-LIFE Gender rate* BALANCE gap in hours Employ - w orked* ment rate Time off Gender WORK AND w age gap* JOB QUALITY Gender gap in feeling Long hours safe in paid SAFETY w ork* Homicides* Life ex pectancy Negative affect Gap in life balance* Life ex pectancy by education SUBJECTIVE satisfaction Student HEALTH (men)* WELL-BEING Ex posure to Access Students skills in outdoor air to green w ith science pollution* low skills* AVERAGE space KNOWLEDGE INEQUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SKILLS QUALITY Note: This chart shows the United Kingdom’s relative strengths and weaknesses in well-being compared to other OECD countries. Longer bars always indicate better outcomes (i.e. higher wellbeing), whereas shorter bars always indicate worse outcomes (lower well-being) – including for negative indicators, marked with an *, which have been reverse-scored. Inequalities (gaps between top and bottom, differences between groups, people falling under a deprivation threshold) are shaded with stripes, and missing data in white.

The United Kingdom’s resources for future well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Natural Capital Economic Capital Human Capital Social Capital

Educational Greenhouse gas Produced fixed assets attainment of young Trust in others emissions per capita adults …

Financial net worth of Trust in Material footprint Premature mortality government government

Red List Index of Labour Gender parity in Household debt threatened species underutilisation rate politics

Note: ❶=top-performing OECD tier, ❷=middle-performing OECD tier, ❸=bottom-performing OECD tier. ➚ indicates consistent improvement; ↔ indicates no clear or consistent trend; ➘ indicates consistent deterioration, and “…” indicates insufficient time series to determine trends since 2010. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020 2 

For more information Access the complete publication, including information about the methods used to determine trends at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9870c393-en. Find the data used in this country profile at: http://oecd.org/statistics/Better-Life-Initiative-2020-country- notes-data.xlsx.

Deprivations in the United Kingdom Deprivations in selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

UNITED KINGDOM

12% 32%

of the population live in relative would be at risk of falling into poverty if they income poverty had to forgo 3 months of their income

22% 6%

of poor households spend more than of the population report low 40% of their income on housing costs life satisfaction

6% 17%

say they have no friends or family are not satisfied with how they to turn to in times of need spend their time

Source: OECD (2020), How’s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-Being

Note: Relative income poverty refers to the share of people with household disposable income below 50% of the national median; financial insecurity refers to the share of individuals who are not income poor, but whose liquid financial assets are insufficient to support them at the level of the national relative income poverty line for at least three months; housing cost overburden refers to the share of households in the bottom 40% of the income distribution spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing costs; and low satisfaction with life and with time use refer to the share of the population rating their satisfaction as 4 or lower (on a 0-10 scale).

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between men and women in the United Kingdom Gender ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Feeling safe 0.79

Earnings 0.84

Adult skills (numeracy) 0.95 (EN) Adult skills (numeracy) 0.95 (NI) Hours worked 0.95 (paid and unpaid)

Perceived health 0.96

Time off 0.99

Student skills (science) 1.00

Life satisfaction 1.00

Social support 1.02

Life expectancy 1.05

Job strain 1.26

Social interactions 1.27

Long-term 1.35 unemployment rate

Homicide victims // 2.00

Long working hours // 2.75 (in paid work) Deaths from suicide, // 3.21 alcohol, drugs

Men doing better OECD average Women doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between men and women, defined as gender ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between age groups in the United Kingdom Age ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year A. Younger and middle-aged people

Long-term unemployment rate // 0.53 Employment rate 0.64

Earnings 0.68

Job strain 0.80 Having a say in government 0.84 Adult skills (numeracy) (EN) 0.96 Feeling safe 0.96 Adult skills (numeracy) (NI) 0.99 Life satisfaction 1.00

Social support 1.02

Time off 1.06 Satisfaction with time use 1.10 Social interactions 1.29 Long working hours (in paid work) // 2.08

Middle-aged people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

B. Younger and older people

Earnings 0.72 Long-term unemployment rate 0.74 Having a say in government 0.75 Employment rate 0.82

Job strain 0.86 Satisfaction with time use 0.91 Life satisfaction 0.98 Adult skills (numeracy) (EN) 0.99 Social support 1.02

Time off 1.03

Feeling safe 1.06 Adult skills (numeracy) (NI) 1.06 Social interactions 1.29 Long working hours (in paid work) // 1.76

Older people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

Note: Age ranges differ according to each indicator and are only broadly comparable. They generally refer to 15-24/29 years for young people, 25/30 to 45/50 years for the middle-aged and 50 years and over for older people. See How’s Life? 2020 for further details. Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between age groups, defined as age ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between people with different educational attainment in the United Kingdom Education ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Job strain // 0.17

Long-term // 0.49 unemployment rate

Earnings 0.67

Feeling safe 0.92

Perceived health 0.93

Employment rate 0.94

Life expectancy (men) 0.97

Life satisfaction 0.97

Life expectancy (women) 0.98

Social support 0.99

Satisfaction with time 1.00 use

Long working hours 1.26 (in paid work)

People with tertiary education doing better OECD average People with upper secondary education doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between groups with different educational attainment, defined as education ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between top and bottom performers in the United Kingdom Vertical inequalities for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Household income of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Share of wealth owned by the top 10%, percentage

12 90

80 10 70

8 60 52.0 51.7 6.2 50 6 5.4 40

4 30

20 2 10

0 0

Earnings of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10%, PISA score in science of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10% full-time employees 6 2

1.69 1.67 5

4 3.4 3.4

3 1

0 0

Life satisfaction scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Satisfaction with time use scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% 4 4

3.33

3 3 2.78

2.1 2.1

2 2

1 1

0 0

Note: For all figures, countries are ranked from left (most unequal) to right (least unequal).

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Trends in current well-being since 2010 in the United Kingdom - I

Household income (household net adjusted disposable income, Average USD at 2017 PPPs*, per capita) OECD GBR ~ 28 000 ~31 000

Household wealth Average (median net wealth, USD at 2016 PPPs) OECD GBR ~162 000 ~232 000

Income andIncome Wealth

S80/S20 income share ratio (the household income for the top 20%, Inequality divided by the household income for the bottom 20%) GBR OECD 6.2 5.4

Housing affordability (share of disposable income remaining after Average housing costs) GBR OECD 74.6 79.2

Housing Overcrowding rate (share of households living in overcrowded Inequality conditions) OECD GBR 12 6

Employment rate (employed people aged 25-64, as a share of Average the population of the same age) OECD GBR 76.5 79.3

Gender wage gap (difference between male and female median Inequality wages expressed as a share of male wages) GBR OECD 16.5 12.9

Work and Job Quality

Long hours in paid work (share of employees usually working 50+ Inequality hours per week) GBR OECD 11.9 7

Life expectancy (number of years a newborn can expect to Average

Health live) OECD GBR 80.5 81.3

Note: The snapshot depicts data for 2018, or the latest available year, for each indicator. The colour of the circle indicates the direction of change, relative to 2010, or the closest available year: = consistent improvement, = consistent deterioration, = no clear trend, and white for insufficient time series to determine trends. The OECD average is marked in black. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020. * = Purchasing Power Parity.

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Trends in current well-being since 2010 in the United Kingdom - II

Student skills in science Average

Skills (PISA mean scores) OECD GBR 489 505

Knowledge and

Exposure to outdoor air pollution Inequality (share of population > WHO threshold) OECD

Quality GBR 65 62.8

Environmental

Life satisfaction Average (mean value on a 0-10 scale) OECD GBR 7.4 7.6

Negative affect balance (share of population reporting more negative Inequality

Subjective Well-being Subjective than positive feelings and states yesterday) OECD GBR 13 10

Homicides Average (per 100 000 population) OECD GBR 2.4 0.2

Safety Gender gap in feeling safe (percentage difference that women feel less Inequality safe than men when walking alone at night) OECD GBR -16 -7.7

Time off (time allocated to leisure and personal care, Average

Balance GBR Work-life Work-life hours per day) OECD 14.9 15

Social interactions Average (hours per week) GBR OECD 5.7 6

Lack of social support (share of people who report having no friends

Social Connections Social Inequality or relatives whom they can count on in times OECD GBR of trouble) 8.6 6

Voter turnout Average

Civic Civic (share of registered voters who cast votes) OECD GBR 69 Engagement 69

Note: See note on page 7.