DOCSLIB.ORG

Moisture Problems in Manufactured Homes Understanding Their Causes and Finding Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

01-Moisture_Cover.qxd 3/8/01 10:58 AM Page 1 MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN MANUFACTURED HOMES UNDERSTANDING THEIR CAUSES AND FINDING SOLUTIONS Excellence in Design, Manufacturing and Installation Series Manufactured Housing Research Alliance Moisture Problem Checklists Moisture Problem Prevention Moisture Problem Mitigation Moisture Problem Basics MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN MANUFACTURED HOMES UNDERSTANDING THEIR CAUSES AND FINDING SOLUTIONS Excellence in Design, Manufacturing and Installation Series Acknowledgements The Manufactured Housing Research Alliance wishes to acknowledge the assistance, advice, and guidance of a number of people without whose help the publication of this guide would not have been possible. The dynamics of moisture flow in buildings is well understood yet the circumstances that will result in moisture-related problems are often difficult to predict, but when understood, possible to avoid. We use the term "moisture problems" to capture a whole array of different types of building failures that may have multiple sources, occur in different seasons of the year and geographical locations, and result from decisions made by manufacturers, installers, homeowners or some combination of the three. Weaving together a clear and concise resource guide on this complex topic was a task requiring many perspectives and a wide breadth of practical experience. The effort was lead by a project Steering Committee consisting of the following members: Richard Christjansen, Johns Manville Corporation, Project Chair Subrato Chandra, Florida Solar Energy Center Bob Davis, Ecotope Andre Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Mark Ezzo, Oakwood Homes Corporation William Farish, Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. William Freeborne, US Department of Housing and Urban Development John Freeman, Friedrich Air Conditioning Company William Harker, TACC International George James, US Department of Energy Frank Kern, Heatilator Bert Kessler, Palm Harbor Homes Rob Luter, Ventline, Inc. Mike Lubliner, Washington State University Energy Program Mike Kinard, Kinro, Inc. Mike McKitrick, International Paper Neil Moyer, Florida Solar Energy Center Armin Rudd, Building Science Corporation Dwight Schuler, Owens Corning Richard Veenstra, Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. Andrea Vrankar, US Department of Housing and Urban Development Frank Walter, Manufactured Housing Institute Bill Warren, AirTech Solutions James Welz, Philips Products Paul Ziegler, National Council of States on Building Codes and Standards Mike Zieman, RADCO Design, production, and editorial subcontractors: Hoi Ling Chu, H. L. Chu and Co. (Graphic Design) Dorothy Foster, Pacific Consulting Services (Editing) Robert La Pointe (Illustrations) MHRA staff responsible for coordinating and facilitating the development of the guide: Emanuel Levy, Executive Director Francis Conlin, Project Coordinator Sandra Ho, Editorial Director Disclaimer The Manufactured Housing Research Alliance, its members, consultants, contractors and representatives make no representations, warranty or guarantee, express or implied, as to the accuracy or appropriateness of any materials or information in this manual for use in a specific home, nor assume any liability for the use of the information, methods, or materials contained herein, or for damages arising from any such use. ISSN 1529-3424 Copyright © 2000 Manufactured Housing Research Alliance CONTENTS List of Illustrations v Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 The Manufacturer’s Checklist 1.3 The Installer’s and HVAC Contractor’s Checklist 1.4 The Homeowner’s Checklist Chapter 2 Moisture Problem Prevention 2.1 2.2 Avoiding Problems Through Design and Construction 2.8 Avoiding Problems Through Setup 2.11 Avoiding Problems Through Operation Chapter 3 Moisture Problem Mitigation 3.1 3.1 Floor System 3.5 Wall and Window System 3.12 Roof System 3.15 Equipment Closet 3.17 Crawlspace 3.19 Air Distribution System 3.21 Climate Control and Air Movement 3.22 Mold, Mildew, and Microbes Chapter 4 Moisture Problem Basics 4.1 4.1 Moisture Sources 4.3 Moisture Movement 4.5 Moisture Accumulation 4.6 Solving Moisture Problems Appendix A Glossary A.1 Appendix B Bibliography B.1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1 Moisture Problems by Region of Country . .2.1 2.2 Avoid Compressing Insulation . .2.4 2.3 Make Airtight, Durable Duct Connections . .2.6 2.4 Seal All Penetrations Through the Floor . .2.7 2.5 Site Grading Practices to Avoid . .2.9 3.1 Floor Perimeter Stain . .3.2 3.2 Bump in the Floor . .3.3 3.3 Bulge in the Belly . .3.4 3.4 Interior Wall Filled With Outside Air . .3.6 3.5 Vapor Retarder on Wrong Side . .3.7 3.6 Misplaced Window Flashing . .3.8 3.7 Condensation Between Glass Panes . .3.9 3.8 Water on Windows . .3.10 3.9 Frozen Walls . .3.11 3.10 Ice Dam . .3.13 3.11 Attic Condensation . .3.14 3.12 Clogged Filter . .3.16 3.13 Crawlspace Moisture Control and Ventilation . .3.17 3.14 Raining in the Crawlspace . .3.18 3.15 Flooded Ducts . .3.20 3.16 Water in Crossover Duct Insulation . .3.21 3.17 Closed-Off Room . .3.23 4.1 Moisture Balance . .4.1 4.2 Moisture Production From Indoor Activities . .4.2 4.3 Sources of Moisture . .4.3 4.4 Moisture Movement . .4.4 4.5 Moisture Accumulation . .4.5 v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The demands of the housing marketplace today challenge the home building and manufacturing industry to offer more and more features and increasingly better quality. Each element added and each improvement made in home design, installation, and operation has an impact on overall home performance, including the moisture balance within the home and its building components. When new designs are introduced without consideration for the effect on moisture dynamics, conditions are prime for water to accumulate and cause damage. This manual is designed to assist manufacturers, retailers, setup crews, and homeowners to recognize and solve moisture problems in manufactured homes. It reviews the symptoms of typical problems, outlines preventive meas­ ures, and provides solutions pertinent to home design, manufacture, installation, operation, and maintenance. A home's ability to resist potential moisture problems is a result of many decisions made at different stages of the home's life. Chapter 2 describes actions that can be taken during home design and construction, installation, and operation to prevent moisture-related problems. To provide a real-world perspective, Chapter 3 includes examples of homes experiencing moisture-related damage. The examples document why moisture problems occur and how they can be avoided. They are organized by the predominant location of the symptoms: floors, walls, ceiling, heating and cooling systems, and the crawlspace (or whole house). It is intended that users of this manual will first identify where their symptom is located, and then use this manual to review similar problems at the same site. Chapter 4 reviews the basic building blocks of a moisture problem: moisture source, transport mechanism, and accumulation site characteristics. This manual does not attempt to include all of the many specific and detailed moisture problems that have faced the industry; rather it is intended to be a snapshot of the more common types of moisture problems existing in current manufactured housing. Many published texts describe in greater detail the physics of moisture dynamics in residential buildings. Readers interested in learning more about the subject are encouraged to explore the materials listed in the bibliography. A manual specific to moisture problems in manufactured housing is necessary because of the differences between factory-built and site-built housing. Manufactured homes must comply with the provisions of the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards1 , a set of regulations administered by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The HUD standards represent a national building code for manufactured housing and sometimes specify construction details that are unique to manufactured housing. Some of the design characteristics more commonly found in manufactured homes create the need for special approaches to moisture control: • Homes are built in one or more sections in manufacturing plants using assembly line construction methods and materials not found in site-built homes. • Home sections are built on steel frames with wheels and have an integrated floor system design that is enclosed with a plastic cover, called bottom board. • Homes from the same manufacturing plant can be shipped to a number of destinations and experience a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions at their final locations. • Home sections are designed to be installed quickly on site. Perimeter skirting and protection from ground moisture may or may not be added later. These features have implications for the development of moisture problems and several are clearly associated with problems experienced by owners of manufactured housing. The relevant precautions can be as simple as ensuring adequate weather protection for a home during transport and setup. Over the past few decades, however, less obvious and more challenging moisture issues involving condensation and indoor air quality have surfaced in all types of homes. Many of these problems center on condensation-induced structural damage (such as buckled floors) or fungal growths (molds and mildew) found within framing cavities and on home surfaces, furnishings, and other homeowner belongings. This manual covers the range of potential moisture-related problems known to occur in manufactured homes
Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of the Make It Home Repair Program

    Evaluation of the Make It Home Repair Program

    REINFORCING LOW-INCOME HOMEOWNERSHIP FEBRUARY 2021 THROUGH HOME REPAIR: EVALUATION OF THE MAKE IT HOME REPAIR PROGRAM By Alexa Eisenberg, Connor Wakayama, and Patrick Cooney INTRODUCTION For most Detroit residents with low incomes, safe and afford- KEY FINDINGS able housing is far out of reach. An inadequate supply of subsi- dized housing units and vouchers, coupled with a recent history • Program participants faced multiple, major home of mortgage and tax foreclosures, leaves a growing number repair needs that impacted the safety and livabil- of low-income households to seek shelter in an increasingly ity of their homes. Program-eligible homeowners competitive private rental market. In 2019, housing costs were reported an average of three major repair needs re- unaffordable for 73% of Detroit renters earning less than lated to their home’s structural elements or systems. $35,000, with nearly half of these households spending at least The most common need related to roofing. 50% of their monthly incomes on rent.1 The majority of Detroit rental properties lack registration certifying code compliance; • Small-sum repair grants addressed many of partic- as a result, thousands of landlords operate their rental units ipants’ critical repair needs. A median of $6,000 per in violation of health and safety codes.2 Substandard housing participant in monetary and in-kind grants enabled conditions are commonplace in Detroit’s aged housing stock, participating homeowners to address, on average, and landlords file for eviction against the equivalent of one in one of every two major repair needs. 3 five renting households each year. Landlord disinvestment and • Homeowners reported improvements to the safety foreclosures lead many tenants to endure prolonged periods of of their housing and stability of their ownership as 4 disrepair and the threat of displacement.
  • Home Repair Assistance Guidelines and Check List

    Home Repair Assistance Guidelines and Check List

    45644 Veterans Memorial Drive PO Box 766 ~ Agency Village SD 57262 Phone: (605) 698-7747 ~ Fax: (605) 698-4216 Home Repair Assistance Guidelines and Check List 1. The maximum allowed home repair assistance is $2500 over a two year period. This amount includes both material and labor costs combined. 2. District members can only be served once every two years under this program. 3. Applicant must be an enrolled member of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate. 4. Applicant must be an adult registered member of the Old Agency District. 5. Applicant must have title to the house to be repaired. A copy of the deed must be attached to the application. 6. Only repairs addressing health and safety and issues will be considered. Luxury items and repairs are not acceptable. 7. Applicant is required to attach “Before Pictures” with the application. 8. Applicant will be required to attach a copy of the materials list and costs. 9. Applicant is required to attach a copy of the contractor’s quoted labor costs. 10.Applicant will be required to sign off on the work completed by the contractor. 11.Applicant is required to submit “After Pictures” of the work completed. OAD Home Repair Assistance Page 1 of 3 45644 Veterans Memorial Drive PO Box 766 ~ Agency Village SD 57262 Phone: (605) 698-7747 ~ Fax: (605) 698-4216 Home Repair Assistance Application Applicant Information First Name MI Last Name Mailing Address City State Zip Code County Date of Birth Disabled? Marital Status Total in House Social Security Number Home Phone Cell Phone Work Phone Email Address Physical Address if different than mailing address.
  • Southern California Edison

    Southern California Edison

    Emerging Products Residential Crawl Space and Attic Conditioning and Sealing Retrofits ET14SCE1100 & DR14.07.00 Final Report Prepared by: Engineering Services / Emerging Products Customer Programs & Services Southern California Edison July 2019 Residential Crawl Space and Attic Conditioning and Sealing Retrofits ET14SCE1100 & DR14.07.00 Acknowledgements Southern California Edison's (SCE) Emerging Products (EP) group is responsible for this project. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison's Emerging Technologies Program and Emerging Markets & Technologies under internal project numbers ET14SCE1100 & DR14.07.00. M. M. Valmiki, P.E., Akane Karasawa, P.E., and Antonio Corradini, P.E., with Alternative Energy Systems Consulting, Inc. (AESC) conducted this technology evaluation with overall guidance and management from Ron Kliewer, Jay Madden, Bach Tsan, and Jerine Ahmed. Contact [email protected] or more information on this project. Disclaimer This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards. However, neither SCE nor any entity performing the work pursuant to SCE’s authority make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with regard to this report, the merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work, or any analyses, or conclusions contained in this report. The results reflected in the work are generally representative of operating conditions; however, the results in any other situation may vary depending upon particular operating conditions.
  • HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol

    HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol

    Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Subcontract Report NREL/SR-7A40-63167 November 2014 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik Prepared under Subcontract No. LGJ-1-11965-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/SR-7A40-63167 Golden, CO 80401 November 2014 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
  • “The Key to Mold Control Is Moisture Control.”

    “The Key to Mold Control Is Moisture Control.”

    MOLD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development • Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control “The key to mold control is moisture control.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Does your home have...? ■ Stains or discoloration on your walls, ceiling, or furniture? ■ A damp or musty smell? ■ Water problems like a leaky roof or water in the basement? What is it? Molds are alive. There are hundreds of thousands of different types of mold. They are living organisms that grow naturally, particularly in warm, damp, humid conditions where there is little air movement. Often called “mildew,” molds are related to mushrooms and yeast but are much smaller— we can only see or smell mold when there is a large quantity. Mold can grow almost anywhere: on walls, ceilings, carpets, or furniture. Humidity or wetness, caused by water leaks, spills from bathtubs or showers, or condensation, can cause mold to grow in your home. Mold produces “spores,” tiny particles that float through the air. These can sometimes cause health problems. Mold does not affect everyone, and different people are affected differently when mold is breathed or inhaled. People who are allergic to mold may get watery eyes, runny or stuffed noses, itching, headaches, and may have difficulty breathing. Mold can also trigger asthma attacks (see “Asthma” fact sheet). Some molds produce toxins (poisons) that may be hazardous if people are exposed to large amounts of these molds. continued on back www.hud.gov/offices/lead U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development MOLD Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control Moldy materials that cannot be cleaned should be What can you do? thrown away.
  • Home Fires Involving Heating Equipment

    Home Fires Involving Heating Equipment

    Home Fires Involving Heating Equipment December 2018 Richard Campbell ©December 2018 National Fire Protection Association Key Findings Local fire departments responded to an estimated average of 52,050 fires involving heating equipment each year in 2012-2016. Home fires involving heating equipment caused an estimated average of 490 civilian deaths and 1,400 civilian injuries each year in 2012-2016, as well as an estimated $1.03 billion in direct property damage a year. Space heaters accounted for more than two in five (44%) of home heating equipment fires, but these fires were responsible for 86% of civilian deaths and 78% of civilian injuries caused by heating fires. Fires in which the heat source was too close to combustibles were associated with the largest shares of civilian deaths, civilian injuries, and direct property damage. Home heating equipment fires are less likely to occur in the overnight hours between midnight and 8 a.m. (19% of total), but these fires account for almost half (48%) of the civilian deaths. Nearly half (48%) of all home heating fires occurred in December, January, and February. Home Fires Involving Heating Equipment Heating equipment is a leading cause of fires in U.S. One dies, three injured when fireplace ember starts homes. Heating equipment was responsible for 15% of house fire home structure fires in 2012-2016, ranking as the second leading cause behind fires caused by cooking A 60-year-old man died and three female residents were injured in an early morning house fire that started equipment. Home heating equipment fires also when wind blew a fireplace ember onto a nearby sofa accounted for nearly one-fifth (19%) of civilian deaths and the resulting fire rapidly spread, cutting off escape (tied for third behind fires caused by smoking materials through the front door.
  • Water Vapor Migration and Condensation Control in Buildings 2

    Water Vapor Migration and Condensation Control in Buildings 2

    HPAC Info-dex 2 Engineering Basics he articles in this section were selected by HPAC’s Engineering Editor based on their generic and fundamental nature. Engineering Basics T is intended to be used by engineers, contractors, and facility managers 2 to brush up on engineering fundamentals across a wide range of subjects pertaining to mechanical systems design, building science, and product selection. This year’s selections are as follows: 72 “Water Vapor Migration and Condensation Control in Buildings”—The basics of psychrometric analysis of moisture conditions, including evaluation of vapor barriers and other construction features, and internal and external moisture sources. Examples help guide the discussion of this complex topic. William G. Acker 89 “BACnet: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions”—Answers to frequently asked questions about BACnetE provide invaluable information for building automation system designers, owners, and operators. A primer on the revolutionary development in the building automation and controls industry. By H. Michael Newman Circle 350 on Reader Service Card June 1998 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning 71 MOISTURE CONTROL Water Vapor Migration and 2 Condensation Control in Buildings The basics of water vapor analysis and control By WILLIAM G. ACKER, pressure). Thus the water vapor lustrated in Equations 4 and 5. President, diffusion is from inside to outside. The inside and outside vapor Acker & Associates, In warmer climates with short pressures can be determined from Green Bay, Wis. heating seasons, the water vapor test data or by using typical psy- drive is from outside to inside due chrometric data for that region. If ater vapor is the gaseous to the drying effect of indoor air there is concern over the amount form of water and is an in- conditioning.
  • Insulation and Your Home: Fact

    Insulation and Your Home: Fact

    Insulation And Your Home: Fact Sheet Health Considerations Environmental & Occupational Health Assessment Program September 2014 You may be thinking about adding new insulation to your existing home if your home is drafty, or you are looking for ways to save money on energy costs. There are many different types of insulation products in the market place, and many different ways to insulate a house. The type of insulation you choose and the way it is installed may affect your health. The goal of this fact sheet is to help you to become an informed buyer. You will learn to examine three things that can impact your health: 1. Chemical ingredients 2. How dampness and temperature extremes affect your insulation choices 3. Why using an experienced installer is so important. This fact sheet focuses on the most commonly used insulation products in existing houses in the Northeast: synthetic polymer foams like spray polyurethane foam (SPF), mineral wool or fiberglass batts, and blown in cellulose. If you are building a new house or addition, there may be additional insulation products for you to consider. Connecticut Department of Public Health 410 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06066 http://www.ct.gov/dph Insulation and Your Home: Health Considerations September 2014 Page 2 Exposure to some insulation products can cause 1. Ingredients certain health effects if the product is mis- Many building materials including thermal handled, mis-applied, or if the wrong product is insulation contain fire retardants. Certain classes used in certain environments. Common of insulation products may also contain symptoms may include irritated, itchy, watery, or chemical additives such as colorants, blowing burning sensation of the eyes, nose, or throat, or agents, catalysts, and binding agents.
  • Palm Beach International Airport (PBI)

    Palm Beach International Airport (PBI)

    Agenda Item:~ PALM BEACH COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS AGENDA ITEM SUMMARY -===================================================================== Meeting Date: January 12, 2021 [ ] Consent [ X] Regular [ ] Ordinance [ ] Public Hearing Submitted By: Department of Airports ---------------------------------------------------------------------- I. EXECUTIVE BRIEF Motion and Title: Staff recommends motion to approve: a Contract for Air Service Development Consulting Services (Contract) with Ailevon Pacific Aviation Consulting LLC (Ailevon), a Florida limited liability company, commencing on February 1, 2021, and expiring on January 31, 2024, with one 24-month option to renew for an amount not to exceed $200,000 per contract year for a total not to exceed amount of $600,000 for the initial term. Summary: This Contract provides for professional and technical consulting services on an as-needed basis in support of the air service development program for the Palm Beach International Airport (PBI). Ailevon's principal place of business is Atlanta, GA. Air service development consulting services may include, but are not limited to, air service strategy and planning, airline route study and forecasting, competitive service analysis, business case development for new/expanded air service, development of incentive programs, catchment area demographic and leakage studies and analysis of air traffic demand and airfare data. The Contract provides for a not to exceed amount of $200,000 per contract year with an initial three-year term and an option to renew for an additional 24 months at the County's sole option. Due to lack of availability of qualified Small/Minority/Women Owned Business Enterprises providing the services required by this Contract, the Office of Equal Business Opportunity issued a waiver of Affirmative Procurement Initiatives on July 30, 2020.
  • Home & Gite Plus Pool

    Home & Gite Plus Pool

    16, Avenue de la Marne - 65000 TARBES Tel.: 0033 (0) 562.345.454 . - Fax : 0033 (0) 562.346.660 abafim.com You can contact us by email using [email protected] Home & Gite Plus Pool 325 000 € [ Fees paid by the seller ] ● Reference : AF24620 ● Number of rooms : 11 ● Number of bedrooms : 8 ● Living space : 342 m² ● Land size : 1 400 m² ● Local taxes : 1 130 € Located in the tranquil countryside close to the town of Maubourguet is this beautiful property for sale which dates from the end of the 19th century. Without any overlooking neighbours and with a swimming pool, it has a total of 342m² of living space (170m² for the main house and 172m² for the gite) including eight bedrooms, four of which are in the attached gite, two kitchens, two sitting rooms, a bathroom, two washrooms, a cinema room, a conservatory, a "summer" kitchen and a workshop and all on 1400m² of leafy and flower-filled gardens. Perfect for a primary home with a rental opportunity, gite, chambre d'hotes or a large family, its spacious layout will suit many projects. Main House A central and south-facing entrance opens to a hall serving, to the left, a 33m² living room with two-sided wood burner (to the sitting room and conservatory) and to the right a 15m² laundry room. The 21m² north-facing conservatory is accessed from the sitting room. Further on to the left is the 16m² fitted kitchen and stairs leading up. A washroom and toilet complete this level. Tiled flooring throughout. Upstairs is a landing serving four bedrooms (13, 20, 21 & 24m²) and bathroom with toilet.
  • American Standard Installer's Guide Air Conditioner Heat Pump 4A7Z0

    American Standard Installer's Guide Air Conditioner Heat Pump 4A7Z0

    11-BC25D1-7 Installer’s Guide Air Conditioner/Heat Pumps 4A7Z0/4A6Z0 with AccuLinkTM and Charge AssistTM ALL phases of this installation must comply with NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL CODES IMPORTANT — This Document is customer property and is to remain with this unit. Please return to service informa- tion pack upon completion of work. These instructions do not cover all variations in systems or provide for every possible contingency to be met in connection with the installation. Should further information be desired or should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser’s purposes, the matter should be referred to your installing dealer or local distributor. NOTE: The manufacturer recommends installing only approved matched indoor and outdoor systems. All of the manufacture’s split systems are A.H.R.I. rated only with TXV/EEV indoor systems. Some of the benefits of installing approved matched indoor and outdoor split systems are maximum efficiency, optimum performance and the best overall system reliability. Table of Contents Section 1. Safety ..................................................................................... 2 Section 2. Unit Location Considerations.............................................. 3 Section 3. Unit Preparation .................................................................... 5 Section 4. Setting the Unit ..................................................................... 5 Section 5. Refrigerant Line Considerations ......................................... 6 Section
  • Heat Pump Technology Opportunities in Santa Clara County a COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY

    Heat Pump Technology Opportunities in Santa Clara County a COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY

    Heat Pump Technology Opportunities in Santa Clara County A COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY April 2019 ` Heat Pump Technology Opportunities in Santa Clara County Executive Summary Nearly one third of Silicon Valley Clean Energy’s (SVCE’s) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are from the combustion of natural gas in building appliances, such as for space and water heating. Given SVCE’s carbon-free electricity supply, a key strategy to reduce GHG emissions from the built environment is to replace natural gas appliances with efficient electric appliances that run on clean electricity. This fuel-switching activity is referred to as “electrification.” This report documents a cost-effectiveness analysis of space conditioning and water heating electrification opportunities in Santa Clara County, the two end uses which are responsible for the majority of natural gas consumption in buildings. The lifetime net cost of ownership was calculated and compared for natural gas and electric appliances, for water heating, space heating and combined space heating and cooling, for both single-family residential and small commercial buildings. The cost-effectiveness evaluation was carried out from the customer perspective, meaning all costs and revenues born by the customer were considered, including, for instance, installation costs, equipment costs, and ongoing fuel costs. Electrifying an end use is cost-effective if the lifetime net cost of ownership for the electric appliance is lower than that of the natural gas appliance. The costs were also expressed in terms of the incremental cost of GHG abatement, to facilitate comparisons to other GHG abatement measures. The sensitivity of the results to the various input assumptions was captured through a scenario analysis and represented as error bars in the figures of results.