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Cfreptiles & Amphibians HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL & AMPHIBIANS15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 28(2):189 352–354 • AUG 2021 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS EffectsFEATURE ARTICLES of Drought on the Larvae of the . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: Short-leggedOn the Road to Understanding the Ecology Horned and Conservation of the Midwest’s Toad, Giant Serpent ...................... Panophrys Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: brachykolosA Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................ (Inger and RomerRobert 1961) W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES (Megophryidae),. The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western and Texas ....................... the Emily Henry,Lesser Jason Brewer, Krista SpinyMougey, and Gad Perry Frog,204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida Quasipaa ............................................. exilispinosaBrian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin(Liu M. Enge, Ellen and M. Donlan, and Hu Michael Granatosky 1975) 212 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than(Dicroglossidae), Mammals ............................................................................................................................... in Hong....................................... Kong 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 Colin Ho Yuen Yeung HUSBANDRY Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong ([email protected]) . Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226 PROFILE Photographs by the author. Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234 COMMENTARY rought is an. Theimportant Turtles Have Beenconsequence Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ of natural cli- to a terrestrial environment with Eric Gangloff land-dwelling 238 larvae (Tapley matic processes that can have direct and severe effects et al. 2011), most anuran larvae in Asia inhabit aquatic envi- D BOOK REVIEW on amphibian populations. Threatened Amphibians(Cayuela of theet Worldal. 2016). edited by ExtremeS.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann,ronments J.S. beforeChanson, undergoing N.A. Cox, metamorphosis. weather and climate R.events, Berridge, whichP. Ramani, includeand B.E. Young extreme .............................................................................................................. floods The Short-legged Horned Robert Toad Powell (Panophrys243 brachykolos) and droughts, have increased during the last century (Walls (Fig. 1) is a medium-sized species with a snout-vent lengths et al. 2013). Adaptations CONSERVATION of anurans RESEARCH to drought REPORTS: have Summaries been of Published(SVL) Conservation of 34–40 Research mm Reports in males ................................. and 34–46 245 mm in females (Fei NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 reported worldwide NEWBRIEFS (Prather ...............................................................................................................................et al. 2001), but little is known et al. 2012). The....................................................... species is distributed 248 throughout southern of adaptations in larvae.EDITORIAL In general,INFORMATION most ...............................................................................................................................anuran larvae rely China, including Guangdong ......................Province and 251 Hong Kong, where on bodies of water FOCUS as habitat ON CONSERVATION in which to grow: A Project prior You to Canmeta Support- ...............................................................................................it inhabits streams and seepages in secondary 252 forest (Wang et al. morphosis (Wells 2010). With the exception of some species 2020). Like all larvae of species in the genus Panophrys, those that evolved direct development without free-swimming lar- of P. brachykolos are surface microparticle filter feeders, which vae (Princy and Kannan 2018) and other species that adapted restricts them to aquatic habitats (Li et al. 2019). Currently, P. Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. Back Cover. Michael Kern Totat et velleseque audant mo Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as accullabo. Fig. 1. An adult male Short-legged Horned Toad (Panophrys brachykolos). Fig. 2. An adult male Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa). Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 352 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 2332-4961 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. YEUNG REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 28(2): 352–354 • AUG 2021 brachykolos is listed as Endangered (EN) by the IUCN Red List (Lau et al. 2004). The Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa) (Fig. 2) is a medium-sized species with SVLs of 44–67 mm in males and 44–63 mm for females (Fei et al. 2012). During the breeding season, males develop short horny spines on their chests and fingers. This stream-breeding species is widely distrib- uted in southern China. Quasipaa exilispinosa is listed as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2020). Both species breed in lotic habitats (Lau 1998). Consequently, water shortages in larval habitats can be critical for the tadpoles. Herein I describe the response of the larvae of both species to drought in Hong Kong. At 1630 h on 26 February 2018, during a rapid survey of Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, Hong Kong (22°15'24.3"N, 113°55'09.2"E; elev. 405 m asl), we found large numbers of larval Panophrys brachykolos and Quasipaa exilispinosa in a dried-out stream pool in which all surface water had disap- Fig. 3. Larval Short-legged Horned Toads (Panophrys brachykolos) and peared. The tadpoles were surviving amidst moist leaf litter Lesser Spiny Frogs (Quasipaa exilispinosa) in a dried-out stream pool at and sediments in the streambed (Fig. 3). During a previous Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. survey in January 2018, the pool, then a shaded slow-flowing stream-side pool with a high degree of canopy cover, was being used as breeding habitat by both species. ent in the pool (Fig. 4), and larval P. brachykolos were feeding Larvae of the two species were surviving in the dry pool by forming noticeable depressions at the water’s surface and by burrowing into moist leaf litter, silt, and gravel. We also ingesting surface film. observed an endemic Flat-headed Loach (Oreonectes platyceph- Studies have revealed direct effects of drought on tadpole alus) in such refugia with the larval anurans. Similar behav- mortality due to the desiccation of breeding sites (Cayuela et al. ior has been observed in stream insects that utilized different 2016). Most anuran larvae must complete metamorphosis and refuges during seasonal and supraseasonal droughts (Boulton move onto land before their larval aquatic habitats dry out. The and Lake 2008). larvae of some species can shorten the developmental period We paid another visit to the site at 1830 h on 28 February and begin metamorphosis when environmental cues indicate 2018, observed approximately the same number of tadpoles that the aquatic habitat will disappear (Wilbur and Collins in the pool, and saw no evidence of unusual deaths. At 1730 1973). However, at least these two species of stream-dwelling h on 11 March 2018, after days of rainfall had refilled the anuran larvae in Hong Kong are highly water-dependent dur- pool, we revisited the site a second time. Males were calling in ing development and appear to rely on refuge use to survive surrounding riparian habitat, larvae of both species were pres- droughts, behavior that had not been documented previously. Fig. 4. A larval Short-legged Horned Toad (Panophrys brachykolos) feeding on surface film (left) and a larval Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa) (right) in the pool after several days of rain. 353 YEUNG REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 28(2): 352–354 • AUG 2021 Literature Cited based on morphological data. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 38: 111–120 (in Mandarin). https://doi.org/10.11984/j.issn.1000-7083.20180165. Boulton, A.J. and P.S. Lake. 2008. Effects of drought on stream insects and its ecological consequences. Aquatic insects: Challenges to populations. CABI Prather, J.W. and J.T. Briggler. 2001. Use of small caves by anurans during a Publishing,
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