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Civil Rights in the United States of America Developments That Shape the 21St Century

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Civil Rights in the United States of America Developments That Shape the 21St Century NELSON NELSON MODERNHISTORY MODERNHISTORY CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA STATES UNITED RIGHTS THE IN CIVIL NELSON MODERNHISTORY CIVIL RIGHTS Nelson Cengage has developed this series A Globalised World for Australian senior secondary students of Age of Imperialism Modern History. The series includes titles Australia 1918–1950s that encompass the period from the 18th century to the contemporary world and China and Revolution IN THE they explore the social, cultural and political Civil Rights in the United States of America developments that shape the 21st century. Decolonisation Written by experienced educators and Germany 1918–1945 experts in their fields, each book builds on India UNITED STATES a narrative framework to incorporate recent research and historiography, primary and Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples secondary sources, and learning activities. Russia and the Soviet Union These key features combine to support the The American Revolution development of historical knowledge and OF AMERICA The Changing World Order understanding and historical skills that will enable students to interpret and reflect on The Enlightenment the experience and developments that have The French Revolution created the world in which they live. The Industrial Revolution The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East Civil Rights in the United States of America United States of America 1917–1945 In many of the southern states of the United States of America, buses were divided so that Women’s Movements white passengers sat at the front and black passengers sat at the back. When the white sections Workers’ Rights were full, black passengers were expected to give up their seats for white passengers. Black passengers paid at the front of the bus, but had to enter at the back, no matter what the weather. White bus drivers could, without explanation, eject black passengers from buses. In Montgomery, Alabama, on 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a standing white man. Parks was arrested at the next stop for disobeying MIRAMS the municipal rule of compulsory segregation on buses. Parks’ individual act triggered one of the most successful campaigns of the Civil Rights movement in the United States. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks ISBN: 978-0170244053 Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. In 1999, the US Congress described her as ‘the first lady of civil rights’. SARAH MIRAMS Read more about Rosa Parks and the Montgomery boycott in Chapter 3. SERIES EDITOR: TONY TAYLOR 9 780170 244053 For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au civilrights_sb_44053_cvr_gatefold_finalart.indd 1-4 23/07/14 10:08 AM I see America through the eyes of a victim. I don’t see any American dream; I see an American nightmare. Malcolm X , 1964 Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9780170244053 iii CONTENTS About the series iv Series editor acknowledgements vi Author acknowledgements vii 001 Introduction 072 CHAPTER 4 A change is gonna come (1961–1963) 006 CHAPTER 1 Free at last? (1865–1938) 090 CHAPTER 5 ‘Mississippi Goddam’ (1963–1965) 028 CHAPTER 2 We shall overcome (1939–1957) 112 CHAPTER 6 I’m black and I’m proud (1966–1971) 050 CHAPTER 3 ‘You won’t see me at the back of the 138 Conclusion bus’ (1955–1960) Index 143 9780170244053 ABOUT THE SERIES Using Civil Rights in the USA Civil Rights in the USA has been developed especially for senior secondary students of History and is part of the Nelson Modern History series. Each book in the series is based on the understanding that History is an interpretive study of the past by which you also come to better appreciate the making of the modern world. Developing understandings of the past and present in senior History extends on the skills you learnt in earlier years. As senior students you will use historical skills, including research, evaluation, synthesis, analysis and communication, and the historical concepts, such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect, significance, empathy, perspectives and contestability, to understand and interpret societies from the past. The activities and tasks in Civil Rights in the USA have been written to ensure that you develop the skills and attributes you need in senior History subjects. KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS, KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS, KEY DOCUMENTS feature brief biographies, profiles, definitions and summaries of key documents as a ready reference for learning and revision. INQUIRY ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE QUESTIONS is a bird’s-eye view of the topic are listed at and summarises the major the start of the developments of the period. chapter. These questions provide a focus for you as you read each chapter. CHAPTER INTRODUCTIONS provide a context to the issues that are addressed. SOURCE STUDIES of visual and text primary sources and secondary literature appear frequently through the text and are combined with questions and SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS activities to aid your evaluation are biographical profiles and assessments and interpretation of evidence of key historical figures and frequently from the past. include questions and activities. 9780170244053 v INFORMATION BOXES HISTORIAN BOXES DIAGRAMS AND contain extended discussions of introduce key historians and schools TALKING SOURCES key events, concepts and historical of interpretation as a way of making are used to visually summarise developments. Many also include historiography clearer. complex ideas and events. questions and activities. CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CHAPTER REVIEW ACTIVITIES conclude each chapter. They include a brief precis of the topic, suggestions for further reading, and a range of learning activities that consolidate knowledge and understanding of the chapter’s content. These tasks incorporate a range of historical understandings and skills. THE CONCLUSION summarises the topic and includes a series of activities to consolidate your knowledge of it. More importantly, these final tasks will help you build an understanding and interpretation of this period in history. Beyond this book The Nelson Modern History series includes numerous titles on a range of topics covered in senior History courses around Australia. For further information about the series visit: www.nelsonsecondary.com.au. 9780170244053 The Bridgeman Art Library/Photo by Gordon Parks 9780170244053 2 KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS STOKELY CARMICHAEL THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY ROSA PARKS (1913–2005) (1941–98) FOR SELF-DEFENSE The Black Panther Party was formed in California in 1966. It was a black socialist revolutionary party that called for the creation of a separate black colony for African Americans. Stokely Carmichael was a Freedom Rosa Parks was an NAACP member Rider, organiser of voter registration who refused to give up her seat to a THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL projects in Mississippi and leader of white passenger on a municipal bus EQUALITY (CORE) the Student Nonviolent Coordinating in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. Committee (SNCC), which Rosa Parks’ arrest for breaching racial The interracial Congress of Racial popularised the term ‘Black Power’. segregation laws sparked off the Equality (CORE) was established Montgomery Bus Boycott. in 1942. Its members were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and sought to challenge segregation using his MARTIN LUTHER KING JR techniques of non-violent resistance. (1929–68) MALCOLM X (1925–1965) CORE adopted Black Power as its organisational principal in 1966. THE KNIGHTS OF THE KU KLUX KLAN (KKK) The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr became leader of the Montgomery Born Malcolm Little, Malcolm adopted Improvement Association (MIA) X as a surname when he joined the during the Montgomery Bus Boycott Nation of Islam. Malcolm X’s ideas and he went on to co-found the about black pride, Pan-Africanism and Southern Christian Leadership black self-defence influenced the Black Conference (SCLS). King became the Power movements of the late 1960s. This white extremist terrorist most prominent civil rights leader organisation was founded in Pulaski, committed to non-violent protest. Texas, in 1866. The Klan was in decline by 1877, but was revived during the 1920s in both the North and South of the United States. Its membership grew again during the 1950s in response to the growth of the civil rights movement. The KKK committed arson, murder and acts of terror against civil rights supporters. 9780170244053 2 THE REGIONAL COUNCIL OF THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT THE LILY-WHITE MOVEMENT NEGRO LEADERSHIP (RCNL) COORDINATING COMMIttEE (SNCC) The-Lily White Movement was founded by the Republican Party in Established in 1961 in the aftermath the southern states in the aftermath of the sit-in movement, this bi-racial of the American Civil War. Its aim civil rights organisation was made up was to drive out African American of students committed to using non- supporters and attract white voters to violence to bring about desegregation the Republican Party. TRM Howard, a wealthy black in the South. surgeon and businessman, established the RCNL in 1951. Its aim was to THE NATIONAL promote black self-help, civil rights THE WHITE CITIZENS’ ASSOCIATION FOR THE and voting rights. COUNCILS ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) White supremacist groups formed after the Brown decision, which THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN The NAACP was established in fought to maintain segregation. LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE 1909 by white liberals and African (SCLC) American activists and was the first significant civil
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