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Pollinators of Astragalus Monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): New Host Records; Potential Impact of Sheep Grazing

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Pollinators of Astragalus Monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): New Host Records; Potential Impact of Sheep Grazing Great Basin Naturalist Volume 45 Number 2 Article 11 4-30-1985 Pollinators of Astragalus monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): new host records; potential impact of sheep grazing Evan A. Sugden University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Sugden, Evan A. (1985) "Pollinators of Astragalus monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): new host records; potential impact of sheep grazing," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 45 : No. 2 , Article 11. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol45/iss2/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. POLLINATORS OF ASTRAGALUS MONOENSIS BARNEBY (FABACEAE): NEW HOST RECORDS; POTENTIAL IMPACT OF SHEEP GRAZING Evan A. Sudden' .Vbstract.— Important bee specios inhahifini; tlie study area are listed, includiiii; tliose oliserved and collected foratiin<j; on Astrofi^dliis ntouocnsis, a California rare plant. The significance of each species as a potential pollinator is assessed, based on freciuency of occurrence in collecting, observed and published host plant records, and morphology. Three pollinator categories are proposed: observed and/or collected on the plant, probable visitors, and possible visitors. New host plant records for these species are listed. Current sheep grazing practices in the A. nionoensi.s habitat endanger pollinators in four ways: (1) destruction of potential nest sites, (2) destruction of existing nests and contents, (.3) direct trampling of adult bees, and (4) removal of food resources. Exposure of the major bee species to each of these factors is assessed utilizing experimental data and published information. Astragalus monoensis Barneby, "Mono baceae). Also prominent are Hulsea vestita Rattleweed" or "Mono Milkvetch," is a pe- Gray and Chnjsothamnus parriji vnlcanicus rennial legume endemic to the California (Greene) Hall & Clem. (Asteraceae), the pri- portion of the Great Basin (Barneby 1964, mary local nectar sources for early and late Miinz and Keck 1959). It is listed as endan- parts of the summer, respectively (unpubl. gered by the Federal Government (Ayensu data). Other associates are Enophyllum lana- and DeFilipps 1978) and rare and endan- tum var. monoense (Rydb.) Jeps. (Asteraceae), gered by the California Native Plant Society Phacelia frigida Greene (Hydrophyllaceae), (Smith et al. 1980). It occurs in the region Cahjptridiwn umbellatum var. caudiciferum east of the Mono Craters between 7500 and (Gray) Jeps. (Portulacaceae), and Mimulus 8000 feet (22861/4438 m) elevation (Smith et coccineus Congd. (Scrophulariaceae). Eriogo- al. 1980, K. Teare, pers. comm., unpubl. num umheUatum Torr. (Polygonaceae), a data). The number of individual plants in widely insect-utilized nectar source, occvxrs at each population varies from several thousand several sites. to less than 100. A majority of the known A. monoensis A detailed description of A. monoensis ap- populations occur with the above plant asso- pears in Munz and Keck (1959). It is a pa- ciates in isolated sand flats, the soil of which pilionaceous bee flower, as characterized by is composed of coarse gravel and sand of vol- Percival (1965), and produces considerable canic pumice origin. The flats are typically nectar, as evidenced by the regularity of vis- surrounded by a second-growth forest of its to its flowers by bumble bees. Males of the Pinus contorta Doug, ex Loud. (Lodgepole anthidiine ("carder" or "mason") bees An- Pine) and Finns jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. in A. thidium chjpeodentatum and the relatively Murr. (Jeffrey Pine). The forest floor is essen- large Callanthidium formosum (Mega- tially sterile with respect to pollen and nec- chilidae) also frequent the flower. Pollen tar. Hence, the wildflower patches of the from A. monoensis is also collected by these sand flats exist as resource "islands" for pol- and other species. It is an obligate outcrosser, linators. Beetle burrows in many trees and requiring insect transferal of pollen between logs provide abundant nest cavities that are flowers of different plants to set seed (Sugden utilized by solitary bees. Thomomys tal- 1984, R. Barneby, pers. comm.). Plant associ- poides, the Northern Pocket Gopher, inhabits ates are relatively few, dominated by the the sand flats, and its many abandoned bur- nectarless Lupinus duranii Eastw. (Fa- rows are probably utilized by bumble bees as 'Department of Entomology, University of Califorr 9.5616. Present address: The .'Kusti 6-8 College Street, P.O. Box A285, Svdnev South 20()0 N.S.W.. Australia. 299 300 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 45, No. 2 nest cavities. Bonihus huntii queens have legs) in the region (pers. inquiry of sheep- been observed entering such burrows, appar- herder). Solitary ground-nesting bee species ently nest-searching (pers. obs.). require specific substrate conditions to estab- The largest populations of Astragalus lish nests (Linsley 1958). Disturbance of the monoensis, which occur on federal land, are soil by sheep hooves probably alters the ac- subjected annually to the influence of sheep ceptability of many potential nest sites. Pithy grazing. This usually occurs in midseason, stems may be broken and trampled by sheep when the plants are in flower and before if near the ground, removing potential cav- most seed is set. In the sand flat region, ities for species that utilize stick nests. 12,000 sheep in herds of up to 2,000 individ- (2) Destruction of existing nests and con- uals may be stationed at springs or watering tents. Ground nesting bees construct delicate tanks near the known A. monoensis popu- burrows and chambers in the soil. Depending the species, the lations (C. Chamberlain, pers. inquiry of on brood chambers may be either close to the surface, sometimes within sheepherders). In the sand flats per se, the three to four inches (Thorp 1969), or several ground is often completely denuded of vege- feet below (Malyshev 1936). Soil disturbance tation where the sheep forage. Over the may destroy all or part of such nests, damage course of several days the grazed area may existing brood and provisions, and/or dis- extend in a continuous swath, 100 m or more place nest-entrance landmarks, which female in width, to cover an entire flat (pers. obs.). bees utilize in orientation to the exact loca- The loose soil of the habitat is subject to ex- tion of their burrows. Many bees construct treme disturbance by the spadelike action of nests in preexisting cavities above the sheep hooves, which may uproot or expose ground, often in hollow sticks. Such nests the crowns of mature plants and destroy may be shattered or disoriented by trampling seedlings (pers. obs.). Typical effects of graz- and exposed to rainfall. Many of the bees ing on the habitat are shown in Figure 1. concerned here are solitary, nonaggressive Although the toxicology of A. monoensis is species and have no means of nest defense unknown, foliage and flowers of the plant are against sheep. often grazed (C. Chamberlain, K. Teare, pers. (3) Removal of food resources. Sheep graz- comm.). Sheep merely passing over a site, i.e. ing greatly reduces the density of many her- not feeding, do less than those al- damage baceous plants. Among these are the nectar lowed to forage (C. Chamberlain, pers. and pollen sources on which local bee popu- comm.). lations subsist. For many species, these re- This paper examines the hypothesis that, in sources may be important to the completion addition to direct disturbance, the plant may of an entire life cycle. (Due to its limited dis- suffer reproductive setback due to the nega- tribution and population size, it is unlikely tive impact of intensive sheep grazing on its that A. monoensis provides all the annual nu- pollinators. These are various bee species, tritional requirements for individuals of any several of which nest in or near the ground single bee species. Its nectar and pollen- sheep where are herded and all of which are yielding plant associates are important in this part of the sand flat community. Postulated respect and are heavily impacted by sheep telow are four types of impact: grazing as reported here.) Destruction potential sites. (1) of nest (4) Direct trampling. Male bees of several Bumblebees often construct their nests in species are known to "sleep" singly or in ag- abandoned rodent burrows, including those gregations on vegetation close to the nest of Thomomys spp. (Thorp et al. 1983). Such sites of females (Linsley 1962, Rust et al. burrows are abundant in and near the A. 1974) or in shallow, temporary burrows or monoensis habitat. Sheep collapse the en- emergence holes (Linsley 1958). Earlv in the trances of these burrows and hence remove season, before nests are constructed, female many potential nest sites from discovery by bees may also rest in similar positions. In this bumblebee queens in the spring. The fre- situation, particularly during the cool hours (juency of burrow encounter by sheep is in- of night or morning, when bees are torpid dicated by the fact that rodent holes are the and unable to escape, they may be in danger major cau.se of livestock loss (through broken of being trampled by sheep. Astragalus 301 April 1985 Sugden: Pollinators of ^ -iie- d^^ MP34' ^ #' Plants in habitat prior to grazing. Big Sand Flat, June 1980. Fig. 1. (a) Typical aspect of Astragalus monoensis grazing by domestic sheep. foreground are primarily Lupinm duranii. (b) Same view following 302 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 45, No. 2 Methods divided into three groups based on inferred probability of importance as pollinators of listed are those which ap- Bee species Astragalus monoensis. Group I consists of peared two or more times in occasional col- those species collected or observed foraging lecting during 1979-1982.
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