Evolução Do S-Locus Em Rosaceae

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Evolução Do S-Locus Em Rosaceae Evolução do S-locus em Rosaceae José Pedro Oliveira Pimenta Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto em Área Científica 2018 Evolução do S-locus em Rosaceae José Pedro Oliveira Pimenta Mestrado em Biologia Funcional e Biotecnologia de Plantas Departamento de Biologia 2018 Orientador Cristina Alexandra Gonçalves Paula Vieira, Investigadora auxiliar no IBMC, [email protected] Coorientador Jorge Manuel de Sousa Basto Vieira, Investigador principal no IBMC, [email protected] Endereço R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ Evolução do S-locus em Rosaceae José Pedro Oliveira Pimenta Mestrado em Biologia Funcional e Biotecnologia de Plantas Departamento de Biologia Eu, José Pedro Oliveira Pimenta, aluno com o número 201307759, inscrito no mestrado Biologia Funcional e Biotecnologia de Plantas presente ano letivo 2017/18, declaro por minha honra que sou o autor da totalidade do texto apresentado, não aprento texto plagiado, e tomei conhecimento das consequências de uma situação de plágio. Porto, data 01 de Outubro de 2018 Agradecimentos Quero agradecer à minha orientadora, Cristina Vieira, pelos ensinamentos proporcinados ao longo deste ano, incluindo todo o apoio oferecido. Não esquecendo o apoio do co- orientador Jorge Vieira. Aos meus colegas de laboratório queria agradecer pelos bons momentos, divertimentos e apoio, neste ano letivo. Não esquecendo a minha família e amigos, agradeço pelo conforto e pelo apoio neste caminho percorrido e por me terem ajudado a definir a pessoa que sou hoje. i Resumo Em Rosaceae, dois sistemas distintos de auto incompatibilidade gametofítica (AIG) foram descritos. Estes sistemas diferem quer nos genes envolvidos na especificidade da reação, quer no tipo de reação. Assim, em Prunus, existem somente dois genes, um feminino (denominado por S-RNase) e outro masculino (denominado por SFB) envolvidos na especificidade desta reação. Os genes do mesmo S-haplótipo interagem, e como resultado desta interação a S-RNase fica ativa e degrada o RNA do tubo polínico de pólen geneticamente relacionado (self-pólen). Em Malus, Pyrus e Sorbus (Maleae) o gene feminino é também uma proteína com atividade ribonucleica (também denominado por S-RNase), mas existem múltiplos genes do pólen, denominados SFBBs, envolvidos na determinação da especificidade da reação de AIG. Neste caso, nenhum dos SFBBs tem afinidade para a S-RNase do mesmo S-haplótipo, mas cada um deles reconhece as diferentes S-RNases presentes numa determinada população. Ambos os componentes da reação de AIG nestas espécies tiveram histórias evolutivas diferentes. Embora o sistema de AIG tenha aparecido há 120 milhões de anos (Ma), diferentes duplicados dos genes ancestrais estão envolvidos na determinação desta reação em Prunus e em espécies de Malus, Pyrus e Sorbus (espécies de Maleae que estão a divergir à 30 Ma; Figura 4). A identificação de genes (feminino e masculino) da linhagem de Prunus em Fragaria (Potentilleae; que está a divergir à cerca de 100 Ma) sugere que o sistema ancestral seria do tipo de Prunus. Contudo, como o sistema em espécies de Maleae funciona de forma idêntica ao descrito em Petunia (Solanaceae), tem sido sugerido que este sistema possa também existir no ancestral de Rosaceae. Neste trabalho, identificamos a partir de análises genómicas, o possível gene feminino deste sistema em espécies de Vauquelinia (Maleae) e Gillenia (Gillenieae), que divergiram depois da separação de Prunus e Maleae à 46 e 48 Ma, respetivamente. A presença de genes da linhagem da S-RNase de Malus e não da linhagem de Prunus nestas espécies, sugere que à 52 Ma o sistema de AIG podia ser semelhante ao de espécies de Malus. Contudo, para confirmar esta hipótese, análises semelhantes às aqui realizadas para o gene feminino teriam de ser feitas para o(s) gene(s) do S-pólen. Análises genómicas dos genes da linhagem da S-RNase em Physocarpus (ancestral à separação de Maleae e Prunus) revelaram a presença de sequências da linhagem de Prunus, o que sugere que o ancestral de Rosaceae teria um sistema semelhante ao de Prunus e que o sistema presente em Malus teria evoluído de novo. Mais uma vez, análises do(s) gene(s) masculino(s) terão de ser realizados nesta espécie para validar esta hipótese. Contudo, estas análises não podem ser realizadas em genomas fragmentados como os analisados neste trabalho, pois os genes do S-pólen pertencem a uma das maiores famílias de genes em plantas, em que os genes apresentam níveis de divergência baixos (o que implica não reconhecer estes genes como diferentes). Para validar se o sistema AIG no ancestral de Rosaceae era do tipo de Prunus, neste trabalho analisamos 12 genomas de Rosa (Roseae, ancestral a Physocarpus). Neste caso, o grande número de espécies analisadas, mesmo que os genomas usados tenham uma cobertura baixa (ou seja, sejam incompletos), permite assumir que um gene está ausente num genoma, se o mesmo não for identificado em nenhuma das espécies analisadas. Assim, podemos concluir que a linhagem do gene feminino de Malus não está presente em Rosa, ii e que o gene responsável pela especificidade feminina neste grupo de espécies é da linhagem de Prunus. Neste trabalho, usamos a segregação do alelo S2-RNase em R. arvensis para validar que as sequências putativas S-RNase estão de facto envolvidas em AIG. Devido à qualidade dos genomas de R. chinensis e R. multiflora pudemos também fazer análises do(s) gene(s) S-pólen. Em Rosa, a S-RNase identificada está localizada no cromossoma 3. Assim, fizemos análises filogenéticas de todos os genes com semelhança aos genes S-pólen de Malus e Prunus que se localizavam neste cromossoma em R. chinensis. Incluímos, nesta análise, todos os genes que tinham estas características pertencentes a R. multiflora. O resultado sugere que o gene masculino que determina a especificidade AIG é do tipo de Malus. Assim, a história evolutiva dos dois genes envolvidos em AIG é diferente. O estudo da evolução dos dois sistemas AIG em Rosaceae é mais complexo e requer análises dos genes femininos e masculinos em espécies da linhagem de Geum e Rubus para perceber a sua evolução. Palavras chave: Auto-incompatibilidade gametofítica (AIG), S-RNase, SFB, SFBB, S- locus, Rosa, Amygdaloideae Abstract In Rosaceae, two distinct systems of gamethophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) are described. These systems differ in both the genes involved in the specificity and the type of reaction. Thus, in Prunus, there are only two genes, one female (denominated as S- RNase) and the other male (called SFB) involved in the specificity of this reaction. The genes of the same S-haplotype interact with each other, and, as result of this interaction, the S-RNase becomes active and degrades the pollen tube RNA of the pollen genetically related (pollen self). In Malus, Pyrus and Sorbus (Maleae), the female gene is also a protein with a ribonucleic activity (also called S-RNase), but there are multiple pollen genes, called SFBBs, involved in determining the specificity of the GSI reaction. In this case, none of the SFBBs have affinity for the S-RNase of the same S-haplotype, but each of them recognizes the different S-RNases present in a given population. Both components of the GSI reaction, in this species, have different evolutionary histories. Although, GSI system appeared 120 million years (MY) ago, different duplicates of the ancestral gene are involved in determining this reaction in Prunus and in the species of Malus, Pyrus and Sorbus (Maleae species that are diverging at 30 MY; Figure 4). The identification of genes (female and male) of the Prunus lineage in Fragaria (Potentilleae; wich is diverging about 100 MY) suggests that the ancestral system would be of the Prunus type. However, as the system present in the species of Malus, Pyrus and Sorbus (Maleae), functions in the same way as described in Petunia (Solanaceae), it has been suggested, that this system may also exist in the Rosaceae ancestor. In this work, we identified from the genomic analyses the possible female gene, of this system, in Vauquelinia (Maleae) and Gillenia (Gillenieae) species, wich diverged after the Prunus separation at 46 and 48 MY, respectively. The presence of genes of the Malus S-RNase lineage and not of the Prunus lineage in these species, suggests that at 52 MY the GSI iii system could be similar to the Malus species. Nevertheless, to confirm this hypothesis, similar analyses to those performed here for the female gene would have to be carried out for the S-pollen gene. Genomic analyses of S-RNase lineage genes in Physocarpus (ancestral to Malus and Prunus separation) revealed the presence of Prunus lineage in the sequences, suggesting that the Rosaceae ancestor would have a similar system to Prunus and the system present in Malus have evolved de novo. Again, analyses of the male gene(s) will have to be performed on this species to validate this hypothesis. However, these analyses cannot be performed on fragmented genomes like those analysed in this work, because S-pollen gene belongs to one of the largest gene families in plants, where genes have low levels of divergence (which implies not to recognize these genes as different). To validate whether the GSI system in the Rosaceae ancestor was of the Prunus type, in this work we analysed 12 genomes of Rosa (Roseae, ancestral to Physocarpus). In this case, the large number of species analysed, although the genomes used have low coverage (incomplete), allows to assume that one gene is absent in a genome, if it is not identified in any of the analysed species. Therefore, we can conclude that the lineage of the female gene in Malus is not present in Rosa, and that the gene responsible for the female specificity, in this group of species, is from the Prunus lineage.
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