DOCSLIB.ORG

Western Sahara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Western Sahara János Besenyő WESTERN SAHARA Publikon Publishers Pécs, 2009 János Besenyő WESTERN SAHARA Editor: István Tarrósy Photos made by: János Besenyő English language consultant: István Tarrósy, IDResearch Ltd. Cover: Gábor Kiss Layout editor: Dávid Keserű, IDResearch Ltd., Pécs Printed by: Ad Librum, Budapest Published by IDResearch Ltd./Publikon Publishers. ISBN 978-963-88332-0-4 © IDResearch Kft./Publikon Kiadó, 2009 © IDResearch Ltd./Publikon Publishers, 2009 www.afrikatanulmanyok.hu © János Besenyő, 2009 CONTENTS Recommendation 5 Editor’s Preface 7 Geographical Features – Flora and Fauna 9 Economy 17 Society 27 The History of the Region Before the Arrival of the Europeans 37 Colonisation of the Area 45 Spanish Sahara 57 The Beginning of the Struggle for Independence 65 The Early Activities of the UN in the Resolution of the Problem 73 The Decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) 83 in The Hague The Green March and Subsequent Events 89 The Occupation of the Sahara Territories and the Beginning of Hostilities 97 After the Declaration of Independence – The Escalation of the Conflict 103 Peace Treaty between Mauritania and the Polisario 111 Events after the Occupation of the Area by Morocco 119 The UN Re-enters the Negotiations on the Settlement 131 of the Future of the Region 3 MINURSO 141 The Structure of MINURSO 145 Life in the Refugee Camps 167 Endnotes 175 References 189 4 RECOMMENDATION I am fortunate enough to know the author of this book who was on duty in Western Sahara when I was serving as the Chief of Staff of the Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF). Even back then I considered it as a priority not just to send our soldiers to foreign countries but to process and channel their experiences to anyone who might benefit from them. For peacekeeping and the involvement of the HDF in missions outside Hungarian borders are not just military or governmental interests, but important contributions to uphold peace and stability worldwide. We simply cannot forget that the concepts of security and the world itself have changed gravely and rapidly, therefore, we are no longer an independent island with an outside view on the more and more bloody conflicts of other countries and continents. The Republic of Hungary—due to its NATO and EU commitments—participates in a growing number of armed and unarmed peacekeeping and peace-managing operations. Therefore, I consider it as of great importance that a vast number of studies deals with such operations in order to help us gain a better knowledge of the outside world and to support us with credible information about the activity of our peacekeeping forces. This volume gives a thorough overview of a still operating UN mission in Western Sahara. Also, this work fills in a niche, since this area—apart from a few minor articles—has not been covered yet. Since the Republic of Hungary has been deploying a small contingent for years—who has been tasked with classic peacekeeping duties—, this fact is rather surprising. Considering that one of the main duties of the Council on Geopolitics is to monitor the different crisis areas of the world, the timeliness of this study is completely verified. The author includes his own experiences to give a thorough overview on the activities of the MINURSO. The book is based on those experiences and on a wide-range analysis of relevant sources. Also, it soon becomes obvious that the author was not satisfied to be familiar only with the information deriving from his line of duty, but aimed to understand the roots of the conflict. One of the many benefits of this case study is that someone unfamiliar with this topic will also be able to understand the aim, essence and hardships of this mission in Western Sahara. As of today, the Hungarian foreign policy does not pay enough attention to the African continent, even though there is a lot to do over there. The world’s poorest continent has to suffer under an increasingly great number of wars and armed conflicts. The EU’s attention towards the region is already raised and the NATO is being involved in strategic logistics tasks aimed to support the African 5 Union peacekeeping mission in the Sudan. Meanwhile, the experts of security policy can only hope that a time will come when the different international organisations act together to solve the problems of Africa. I do recommend this book of János Besenyő for anyone who is interested in understanding the hardships of Africa in detail. Colonel General Zoltán Szenes Former Chief of Staff Hungarian Defence Forces 6 EDITOR’S PREFACE Fortunately, interest in Africa-related issues and topics has been gradually on the rise in the last decades—and this is a global phenomenon. Unfortunately, not many pieces on Africa (books, journals, etc.) are available in Hungary, definitely, not by Hungarian authors. The journal Afrika Tanulmányok (Africa Studies in Hungary) and Publikon Publishers have the mission to change this situation and annually come out with more and more articles and volumes about different themes connected with the continent. Luckily, we find committed partners in achieving these aims. We are delighted to be the publisher of the first English-language book of János Besenyő. He is that type of committed person who has been extensively writing on African topics, trying to channel his ground experiences into the Hungarian readers’ circles. One of his decisive works is formulated in this volume, in which he thoroughly explores the historical background and the present-day situation of the conflict in Western Sahara. The area itself is full of interesting stories and tales—János Besenyő relies on these while in a very professional way arrives at certain significant conclusions, for instance, as far as the UN mission in Western Sahara and its potential future are concerned. He does this in a sophisticated and even-tempered manner, which, I think is one of the strengths of the book. The author is a good photographer at the same time—he does have sharp eyes to notice the very details of life in the Sahara, among the local communities of the territories he visited. We had a difficult task to pick only a couple of his photos; we would have liked to publish another book only of these great moments and descriptions (hopefully, next time we will have the chance to continue this collaboration). We are proud to present János Besenyő’s monography on Western Sahara, as the first such book in the English language in Hungary. We hope that the readers will enjoy it, and wish that many more pieces on many more African countries and themes will follow so that people understand more about real Africa. These will surely allow them/us to look beyond the stereotypical images that are embedded in our everyday minds. Africa is much more to these; Africa deserves much more attention to discover its real values! Such attempts as János Besenyő’s can help us open our eyes. Pécs, 20 April 2009 István Tarrósy, M.Sc., M.A. editor, executive editor of Afrika Tanulmányok managing director of IDResearch Ltd./Publikon Publishers 7 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATUREs – fLORA AND FAUNA The area lies in North Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Morocco in the north, Algeria in the east (they have 42 kms of common boundary) and Mauritania from the east and south. Its area is 266,000 square kilometres. Just like in most African countries, the borders were marked out by the colonial powers by ratifying different treaties, agreements. The borders of Western Sahara were regulated and marked out by the agreements signed by Spain and France in 1900, 1904 and 1912.1 Its lowland area is plain, sandy and rocky, with a few hills in the southern and north-eastern parts. These hills are at an altitude of not more than 400 metres2. Its lowest point is Sebjet Tah, 55 metres below sea-level, while the highest is a 721 metre high hill, which has no official name. Western Sahara can be divided into three main regions. Source: MINURSO The north-eastern zone is a rocky desert (hamadas) spreading from the chains of the Atlas mountain to the Zemmour mountains. Mountain 9 chains of volcanic origin of different sizes and unique hanging rocks can be found here. Water is scarce in the area, there are only few scattered wells. Despite the relative lack of water, many species of plants and animals live in the area. For example, the screwhorn antelope or kudu (Addax nasomaculatus), 3 the Dama gazelle (Gazella dama), Dorcas gazelles (Gazelle dorcas), the African sand fox or pale fox (Vulpes pallida), sand foxes or Rueppel’s fox (Vulpes rueppeli), the caracal or African Lynx (Caracal caracal), the African wildcat (Felis silvestris), the golden jackal (Canis aureus), and the desert hedgehog (Hemiechinus aethiopicus). The most typical plant of the area is the acacia with large thorns, which can be considered the only indigenous species in the desert besides some variations of cacti. Deriving tannin from this acacia, the plant is used for paint production by the locals. Due to its hardness, the wood can be used in a versatile way. The so-called Senegal Acacia (Acacia senegal) can also be found in the desert. Rubber arabicum is made from it by tapping. The animals are quite difficult to observe as they move around mostly at dawn or late at night. The military observers can also see their footprints or gather information from the Moroccan soldiers and the descriptions of the Bedouins. Many of the animals living here are registered in the Red Book and are strictly protected.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S/2002/467 Security Council
    United Nations S/2002/467 Security Council Distr.: General 19 April 2002 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara I. Introduction III. Developments on the ground 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to 3. My Special Representative, William L. Swing, Security Council resolution 1394 (2002) of 27 has continued to maintain regular contacts with the February 2002, by which the Council extended the parties. In Laayoune he has met regularly with the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Coordinator of the Kingdom of Morocco with Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 30 MINURSO, Governor Hamid Chabar. On 20 and 21 April 2002 and requested me to provide a report on the March 2002 my Special Representative, accompanied situation before the end of the present mandate. by the MINURSO Force Commander, visited the Reaffirming its previous resolutions on the question of Tindouf area in Algeria, where they met with the Western Sahara and its commitment to assist the parties Frente POLISARIO chief official dealing with defence to achieve a just, lasting and mutually acceptable issues, Mohammed Bouhali, and the Frente solution, the Security Council decided to consider POLISARIO Coordinator with MINURSO, Emhamed actively the options contained in my report of 19 Khaddad. During his visits to Algiers and Rabat on 31 February 2002 (S/2002/178). The present report covers March and 4 and 5 April, respectively, Mr. Swing met developments since that date. with senior Algerian and Moroccan officials. On 8 April he held talks in Nouakchott with the President of Mauritania, Maaouya Ould Sid’ Ahmed Taya, and II.
    [Show full text]
  • Contraintes Géomorphologiques Des Géosystèmes Du Bas Sahara Algérien Septentrional
    CONTRAINTES GEOMORPHOLOGIQUES DES GEOSYSTEMES DU BAS-SAHARA ALGERIEN SEPTENTRIONAL (Ziban, oued Rhir, Souf) Jean-Louis BALLAIS Avertissement : l’original de cet article étant indisponible, ce texte en reprend l’intégralité du texte et quatre des cinq figures, mais ne respecte pas la pagination des actes du séminaire. Introduction : Les géosystèmes sont des complexes naturels homogènes plus ou moins anthropisés et liés à un territoire (Rougerie, Beroutchachvili, 1991). Ils se caractérisent par des interactions complexes (fig. 1) entre leurs différents composants abiotiques (aéromasse, lithomasse, hydromasse), biotiques (biomasse, phytomasse) et de contact (sols et formations superficielles tout particulièrement). Dans le cas des domaines arides, un grand nombre de ces composants ou de leurs combinaisons constituent des contraintes, parfois très fortes, au développement durable. Je me limiterai ici aux contraintes géomorphologiques, c'est à dire celles dues à certains composants de contact et à la morphogenèse qui combine ces composants de contact, lithomasse, aéromasse et hydromasse. Fig. 1 – Ecosystème, complexe naturel territorial et géosystème (N. Beroutchachvili, J.L. Mathieu, 1977). I – Les contraintes liées aux formations superficielles : Il s'agit uniquement des contraintes dues à des formations superficielles caractéristiques des domaines arides en général et représentées dans le Bas-Sahara algérien septentrional. 1 – Les croûtes calcaires : Formations superficielles fossiles, donc non renouvelables, elles occupent des superficies moins importantes que dans le domaine semi-aride. Elles se limitent, pour l'essentiel, au piémont de l'Atlas saharien (Ballais, 1984) et à des espaces discontinus sur les collines qui isolent les dépressions (Still, Chebka du Mzab…). Cohérentes à l'affleurement, elles sont également imperméables, ce qui oblige à les casser (sous-solage par exemple) pour la mise en culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish Off Northwest Africa. Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 Ju
    FIAF/R1247(Bi) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture ISSN 2070-6987 5HSRUWRIWKH )$2:25.,1**5283217+($66(660(172)60$// 3(/$*,&),6+2))1257+:(67$)5,&$ %DQMXOWKH*DPELD-XQH²-XO\ 5DSSRUWGX *5283('(75$9$,/'(/$)$2685/·e9$/8$7,21'(6 3(7,763e/$*,48(6$8/$5*('(/·$)5,48(125' 2&&,'(17$/( %DQMXO*DPELHMXLQ²MXLOOHW FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1247 FAO, Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture no 1247 FIAF/R1247 (Bi) Report of the FAO WORKING GROUP ON THE ASSESSMENT OF SMALL PELAGIC FISH OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 July 2018 Rapport du GROUPE DE TRAVAIL DE LA FAO SUR L’ÉVALUATION DES PETITS PÉLAGIQUES AU LARGE DE L’AFRIQUE NORD-OCCIDENTALE Banjul, Gambie, 26 juin–1 juillet 2018 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L’ALIMENTATION ET L’AGRICULTURE Rome, 2019 Required citation/Citation requise: FAO. 2019. Report of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish off Northwest Africa.Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 July 2018. Rapport du Groupe de travail de la FAO sur l’évaluation des petits pélagiques au large de l’Afrique nord-occidentale. Banjul, Gambie, 26 juin–1 juillet 2018. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report/FAO Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture No. R1247. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Early European Exploration WORLD from the Esri Geoinquiries™ Collection for World History HISTORY Target Audience – World History Learners Time Required – 15 Minutes
    Early European exploration WORLD from the Esri GeoInquiries™ collection for World History HISTORY Target audience – World history learners Time required – 15 minutes Activity Compare and contrast Spain’s and Portugal’s early sea explorations to reach Asia. Standards C3: D2.His.1.9-12. Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place, as well as broader historical contexts. C3: D2.His.3.9-12. Use questions generated to assess how the significance of their ac- tions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context. Learning Outcomes • Students will compare and contrast Portugal’s and Spain’s early efforts to find a sea route to Asia. • Students will identify and explain the global effects of early European exploration. Map URL: http://esriurl.com/worldHistoryGeoInquiry11 Ask Who led the Age of Exploration? ʅ Click the link above to launch the map. ? What kingdoms were located on the Iberian Peninsula? [Portugal and Spain] ʅ Open and read the map note off the coast of Portugal. ? Why did Portugal become the early leader of exploration? [Prince Henry’s School of Navigation] Acquire Where did Portugal explore? ʅ Open and read the map note near West Africa. ʅ Why had no one explored past Cape Bojador? [People believed it was the edge of the world.] ʅ With the Details button depressed, click the button, Contents. ʅ Click the checkbox to the left of the layer name, Early Portuguese Routes. ʅ Click the button, Bookmarks. Choose Southern. ʅ Click on each route to answer the following questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Refugee Camps and Exile in the Construction of the Saharawi Nation
    Singing like Wood-birds: Refugee Camps and Exile in the Construction of the Saharawi Nation Nicola Cozza Wolfson College Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies Refugee Studies Centre Queen Elizabeth House Faculty of Social Studies University of Oxford Trinity Term 2003 [ttf CONTENTS Acknowledgments viii Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms ix Maps x - xv I - INTRODUCTION 1 'Humanitarian emergencies': the merging of global influences and local processes 4 Saharawi refugees, Polisario camps and social change 7 Methodological considerations 12 Verbal interactions 15 Trust, tribes and bias: assessing interviewees' information 19 Fieldwork and trans-local processes 22 Outline of the following chapters 26 II - THE GENESIS OF WESTERN SAHARA AND OF ITS POST-COLONIAL CONFLICT. AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 31 Western Sahara: a geographical overview 32 The birth of the Moors 34 Traditional tribal hierarchies 37 Inter-tribal hierarchies 37 The 'tribe' in Western Sahara 41 The 'ghazi' and social change 43 Spanish colonisation 45 From Spanish colony to Spanish province 48 Identifying Spanish Saharawi and providing goods and services 55 Colonial plans for independence 61 The birth of the Polisario Front 63 The last years of Spanish colonisation in Western Sahara 64 Genesis and development of the armed conflict in Western Sahara 71 III - WHO ARE THE SAHARAWI? THE REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF THE PEACE-PROCESS IN WESTERN SAHARA 78 'Saharawi': blood, land and word-games 79 From the UN to the OAU, and back to the UN 82 The MINURSO and the 1991 UN plan 85 The dispute over voter eligibility 91 The 1974 Census 92 Morocco vs.
    [Show full text]
  • A/74/645 General Assembly
    United Nations A/74/645 General Assembly Distr.: General 13 January 2020 Original: English Seventy-fourth session Agenda item 162 Financing of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara Budget performance of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara for the period from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019 Report of the Secretary-General Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................... 5 II. Mandate performance ........................................................... 5 A. Overall ................................................................... 5 B. Budget implementation ...................................................... 5 C. Mission support initiatives ................................................... 8 D. Regional mission cooperation ................................................ 9 E. Partnerships and country team coordination ..................................... 9 F. Results-based budgeting frameworks .......................................... 9 III. Resource performance ........................................................... 26 A. Financial resources ......................................................... 26 B. Summary information on redeployments across groups ........................... 27 C. Monthly expenditure pattern ................................................. 28 D. Other revenue and adjustments ............................................... 28 E. Expenditure for contingent-owned equipment: major equipment and self-sustainment
    [Show full text]
  • Leidenstudies Inislamandsociety
    After Orientalism Leiden Studies in Islam and Society Editors Léon Buskens (Leiden University) Petra M. Sijpesteijn (Leiden University) Editorial Board Maurits Berger (Leiden University) – R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore) – Nico Kaptein (Leiden University) Jan Michiel Otto (Leiden University) – David S. Powers (Cornell University) volume 2 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/lsis After Orientalism Critical Perspectives on Western Agency and Eastern Re-appropriations Edited by François Pouillon Jean-Claude Vatin leiden | boston Cover illustration: Osman Hamdi Bey [1842–1910], A Persian carpet dealer or Street scene in Constantinople, 1888. Oil on canvas, 60×119,5 cm. Copyright: bpk / Nationalgalerie, smb / Bernd Kuhnert. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Colloque "L'orientalisme et après? - Méditations, appropriations, contestations" (2011 : Paris, France) After orientalism : critical perspectives on western agency and eastern re-appropriations / edited by Francois Pouillon, Jean-Claude Vatin. pages cm. – (Leiden studies in Islam and society ; v. 2) Original French title: Après l'orientalisme : l'Orient créé par l'Orient. Includes index. Translated from French. ISBN 978-90-04-28252-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-28253-7 (e-book) 1. Orientalism–Congresses. 2. East and West–Congresses. 3. Middle East–Civilization–Congresses. I. Pouillon, Francois. II. Vatin, Jean-Claude. III. Title. DS61.85.C6513 2011 303.48'2182105–dc23 2014034595 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.
    [Show full text]
  • Pmta-2007-00231
    .' . • • • Internal Revenue Service memorandum CC:INTL:BR.l :MEHara CAU-N-I13576-98 date: October 14, 1998 to: John T. Lyons, Assistant Commissioner (International) CP:IN:OO from: W. Edward Williams, Senior Technical Reviewer, Branch I (International) CC:lNTL:Br.l subject: Requestfor Opinion - CIAT Membership ofPuerto Rico In your memorandum dated June 24, 1998, you asked for a formal opinion regarding the matter ofPuerto Rico's request for membership in the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrators (hereafter "CIAT", the organization's Spanish acronym). After reviewing the political status of Puerto Rico, CIAT organizational documents including its Articles of Incorporation,1 Statutes, and Regulations,2 it is our opinion that Puerto Rico does not qualify for CIAT regular membership,3 because the conduct of foreign affairs is assigned by the United States Constitution to the President ofthe United States and Congress, and the political subdivisions of the United States are forbidden from entering into alliances with foreign governments without the explicit authorization of Congress. CIAT (REGULAR) MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS CIAT is an international organization whose purposes include encouraging "bilateral cooperation between members, mainly in an effort to promote voluntary compliance and counteract 1 CIAT was incorporated in Washington D.C., on July 10, 1967, upon the filing of Articles ofIncorporation with the Corporation Division, Office ofRecorder ofDeeds, under the District ofColumbia Non-Profit Corporation Act. The CIAT Articles ofIncorporation names five individuals as the organization's initial directors, including Sheldon S. Cohen, the Col11.ll$sioner ofthe IRS, and the directors ofthe tax authorities ofthe governments of Ecuador, Guatemala, Venezuela and Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 048 183 SP 007 070 TITLE Governmental Systems. Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project. INSTITUriCN Providence Puh?.ic Schools, R.I.;::.lode Island Coll., Providence. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (FHFW), Wa:hington, L.C. Cooperative Research Program. REPORT NO CRP-6-1195 PUB DATE 68 NOTE 29p.; Part of a.:et of re ounce units and curriculum overviews for K-12 social studies EERS PRICE EDRS Price MF-D.65 LC -33. 29 DESCEIPTORS *Cur:.iculum Guides, Governmental Structure, *Grade 6, *Social. Studies, *Urban 'reaching IDENTIFIERS Africa, Latin America ABSTPACT GRADES Oh AGES: GJ:ade r. SUEJECT MA2T27,.: Social studies; government of Latin America and Africa. ChGANIZATION PHYSICAL APPEARNCF: The major portion of the guide, which develops the unit, is laid out in three columns, each one for topics, activities, and materials. Other sections are in list form. Tlie guiOe is mimeographed and staple-bound with a paper cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: General objectives for the unit are listed on the first page. Each group cf activities in the second column is related to a topic in the first column. 7.NSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Each group of materials listed in the third colucn Is related to one or more activities. In addition, two appendixes contain curriculum materials. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: A one-page section entitled "Evaluation" lists ideas students shor.ld understand and skills the should possess ty the end of the unit. OPTIONS: The guide is prescriptive Ls to course content and timing. Activities and materials ?isted are ontional. (PI) M co -1 oo c) PROVIDENCE SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM PI:ZOJE CT 1 11.101.1 =1111 US DEPARTMENT OF 4IF ALTO", EDUCATION T WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT PVLS SEEN REPRO GOVERNAENTAL SYSTE0 OUCH/ EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG IPLATING ITR')INTS CO VIEW OR OPiN RESOURCE UNIT VI IONS Ei AI SO CO NOT NECESSARILY PEPRESENT OFFIC,AL (IPEICE OF ECU CATION POSTUON OR POLICY GRADE G r2IrIODE ISLAND COLLEGE PROVIDENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS RJ,VI - Gr.
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing Cluster Munition Remnants 2017.1.1
    WESTERN SAHARA PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE 2016 2015 Problem understood 7 7 Target date for completion of cluster munition clearance 4 4 Targeted clearance 8 7 Efficient clearance 6 6 National funding of programme 4 4 Timely clearance 5 5 Land release system in place 7 7 National mine action standards 9 8 Reporting on progress 5 5 Improving performance 6 6 PERFORMANCE SCORE: AVERAGE 6.1 5.9 PERFORMANCE COMMENTARY Progress to address remaining cluster munition contamination in Western Sahara was hindered in 2016 by a six-month shutdown of United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS)-contracted demining operations due to a political issue with Morocco. At the same time, despite a resulting decrease in the amount of cluster munition remnants (CMR) clearance, new funding for an additional team towards the end of the year and deployment on high density cluster munition-contaminated areas meant the number of CMR destroyed in 2016 increased by more than 40% compared to 2015. According to UNMAS, clearance of remaining CMR contamination could be completed by 2019. 162 OTHER AREAS WESTERN SAHARA WESTERN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION > The Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) should make a formal commitment to respect and implement the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) and to clear all CMR east of the Berm as soon as possible. > Morocco should ensure freedom of access and unhindered movement of all civilian UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) and UNMAS staff and take all necessary measures to facilitate the conduct of demining. > Morocco is strongly encouraged to provide cluster strike data to other relevant stakeholders to facilitate survey and clearance of CMR.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Moroccan Music Is a Westernized Version Driss Ridouani*
    Проблеми на постмодерността, Том II, Брой 1, 2012 Postmodernism problems, Volume 2, Number 1, 2012 Modern Moroccan Music is a Westernized Version Driss Ridouani* Abstract With the advancement of means of communication especially in the modern era, we have become more aware of the scope where nations constitute an ineluctable part system of the world at large. In fact, what is nowadays called individual societies and considered as independent entities do not exist any more for their local distinctive standard can be recognized only within the global framework. Hence, besieged and governed by mass media, the world at large has been transformed into what McLuhan cogently termed “Global Village”, paving the way for the expansion of foreign powers over the poor societies. In order to gain insight into an individual society, we would consider it as an integrated part of the global whole together with the external, say Western, factors that forcibly influence its fundamental principles. The scope of the impact is so wide and its nature is so various that it encompasses all nations together with their institutions. This paper is an attempt to investigate the way the cultural framework of Moroccan society is “Westernized”, drawing on the popular music and the changes that have shaped both its content and form. In the same vein, scholars of different interest and aim, chiefly Moroccan ones, underline the process of transformation that has been incessantly happening in popular music, pointing especially to the integration and assimilation of Western characteristics. Such a situation leads to a crucial question why Moroccan popular music has made room for external influences while sloughing off its originality and its essence.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobes SO* LA Ft¿Gfon Μέδιτδκκαν&Ννδ SZ£G£& 2011
    теьпемАЫ tanolmanvok ¿TObeS SO* LA ft¿GfON ΜέδΙΤδΚΚΑΝ&ΝΝδ SZ£G£& 2011 2011FE83 1S MEDITERRÁN TANULMÁNYOK ÉTUDES SUR LA RÉGION MÉDITERRANÉENNE XX. UNIVERSITÉ DE SZEGED DÉPARTEMENT D'HISTOIRE MODERNE ET D'ÉTUDES MÉDITERRANÉENNES SZEGED 2011 Directeur de publication László J. Nagy Comité de rédaction Beáta Varga, Lajos Kövér, Andrea Kökény, Péter Ákos Ferwagner Rédaction, publication Szegedi Tudományegyetem Újkori Egyetemes Történeti és Mediterrán Tanulmányok Tanszék H-6722 Szeged, Egyetem u. 2. Tel./Fax. : (36) (62) 544-805, 544-464 e-mail : [email protected] Metteur en pages Attila Bato ISSN : 02388308 Les opinions émises dans les articles η 'engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs. SOMMAIRE Gizella NÉMETH - Adriano PAPO Sigismondo di Lussemburgo e la campagna antiveneziana nella terza decade di Bonfini 5 Zsolt PALOTÁS Improvisation and directive. Development of naval warfare tactics in the Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) 17 Bianka SPEIDL Distance in Vicinity: Beirut's Zuqaq el-Blat, a Place of Transformation, Conflict and Co-existence 29 Abdallah ABDEL-ΑΤΥ Egyptian-Hungarian diplomatic relations between World War I and II 51 Alessandro ROSSELLI II P.S.I, (riformista) e la politica coloniale del fascismo in uno scritto di Angelo Tasca del 1939 61 András LÉNÁRT La concepción histórica de Franco y su reflejo en el cine oficial del régimen 71 Ákos WINDHAGER The Fall of Constantinople. Its musical remembrance in the 1950's 83 János BESENYŐ Colonization of Western Sahara 97 Péter POZDERKA Maltese-Hungarian Relations 117 Sigismondo di Lussemburgo e la campagna antiveneziana nella terza decade di Bonfìni GIZELLA NÉMETH - ADRIANO PAPO (*) ASSOCIAZIONE CULTURALE ITALOUNGHERESE DEL FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA «PIER PAOLO VERGERIO», DUINO AURISINA (TRIESTE) (*) UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI UDINE Iam tempus exposcit, ut, quo pacto res Dalmatie decrescere ceperint in Venetorumque potestatem devenerint Sigismundi temporibus, breviter aperiamus1.
    [Show full text]