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Download Through the Royal Library At ALCHEMY OF THE GIFT: THINGS AND MATERIAL TRANSFORMATIONS AT THE COURT OF RUDOLF II by Ivana Horacek B.A., University of Calgary, 2005 M.A., University of Victoria, 2007 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Art History and Theory) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2015 © Ivana Horacek, 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines the material potentialities embodied in Kunstkammer works of art that were exchanged as gifts with the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II (1552-1612) and his contemporaries at the end of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Within this context, extraordinary, expertly crafted, and inventive gifts of things—such as paintings on semi-precious stone, commesso di pietre dure landscapes, magical natural objects (such as rhinoceros horns and bezoar stones), and books of instruments—were key players in political and social affairs, between courts and individuals separated by distance, religion, and political divides. Examining the highly discursive nature of particular gifts—mentioned in letters, poems, inventories, and dedicated treatises—this thesis brings forward the interrelated interests that made these artefacts matter to the people who collected them. Addressing the shared pursuits in knowledge-producing practices that centered on accumulating and improving knowledge through direct interaction with and observation of the material world—such as collecting, the study of natural history, astronomy, and alchemy—this dissertation focuses on the materiality of gifts, including their productive fusion of natural phenomena, artistic manipulation, and technology. The practice of alchemy, which sought to purify base matter through a conversion that resulted in a more valuable and more precious material, functions as a conceptual thread that brings forward the transformative nature of the gifts under examination, and also serves to highlight the socio- political agency of the gift and its material properties. Together the chapters probe the materiality of diverse gifts; that is, they examine their matter and why they mattered. ii Preface This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author, I. Horacek. Chapter 3. A version of this material has been published as I. Horacek, “The Art of Transformation: Kunstkammer Gifts Between Emperor Rudolf II and Elector Christian II of Saxony,” In Studia Rudolphina 13 (2013): 32-55. Chapter 4. Versions of this material has been presented as “Material Transformations: Gifts of Magic and Artifice,” Renaissance Society of America, San Diego, 4-6 April, 2013; as “Gifts of Magic: Unicorn Horns, Rhinoceros Horns and Bezoar Stones,” Universities Arts Association of Canada Annual Conference, Ottawa, 27-29 October 2011; and as “From Divine Relic to Magical Artefact: Animal Gifts at the Court of Rudolf II,” Early Modern Cultural Conversions, College Arts Association, New York, 12 February 2015. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ xi Dedication .................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter One Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Historical context ........................................................................................................................ 7 Rudolf as collector .................................................................................................................... 14 Materiality and the gift .............................................................................................................. 21 Breakdown of chapters ............................................................................................................. 26 Chapter Two Alchemical Transformations: Material Practices and Gifts Through Time ........... 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 30 Collecting and knowledge making ............................................................................................ 38 A tradition of gift-giving ........................................................................................................... 51 The iconography of two Kunstkammer gifts ............................................................................. 57 A transformation of matter ........................................................................................................ 61 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 65 Chapter Three Extracting and Committing Stone: A Commesso di Pietre Dure Gift and New Artistic Practices ........................................................................................................................... 68 Introduction: a timely gift ......................................................................................................... 68 Stones and princes ..................................................................................................................... 79 Transformation of stone ............................................................................................................ 87 The commissioned tabletop ...................................................................................................... 90 Landscape commessi ................................................................................................................. 99 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 111 Chapter Four Painted Gifts of Horns and Bezoar Stones: The Magic of Things ...................... 115 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 115 ‘Quanta rariora tanta meliora...’: representing and studying exotica ................................... 123 The export of rarities to central Europe .............................................................................. 123 Rudolf’s Tierbuch: Codex Miniatus 129 and 130 ............................................................... 128 Rudolf’s Kunstkammer: the pursuit of knowledge and natural magic ................................ 136 Animation of things ................................................................................................................ 144 iv Biography, materia medica, and the Christian association ................................................. 144 Representation: between still life and natural history ......................................................... 155 An exotic relic ..................................................................................................................... 160 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 162 Chapter Five Instrumental Images and Gifts of Knowledge: Stars, Books, and Instruments ... 166 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 166 A Gift of knowledge: the Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (1598) .................................. 177 The Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (1598) ................................................................ 179 The instauration of astronomy ............................................................................................ 188 Instrumental Images ............................................................................................................ 194 Instrument books in the age of absolutism ............................................................................. 200 Published gifts of knowledge: contacts, brokers and the Respublica literaria ....................... 206 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 213 Chapter Six Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 216 Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 221 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 267 v List of Figures Figure 1 Caspar Ulich, Hand stone in the form of a table fountain with David and Bathsheba, Third quarter of sixteenth
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