3 Remodeling the Panama Canal

29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 1 TR NEWS NUMBER 231 MARCH–APRIL 2004

3 Remodeling the Panama Canal: Master Plan for Modernization and Global Market Appeal 3 Ricaurte Vasquez The Panama Canal Authority has adopted a new market-oriented model of operation, emphasizing customer service, safety, and decreased traversal time. The master plan relies on results from more than 150 studies under way. 5 Identifying Ships on the Panama Canal Martha R. Grabowski, Steve Hung, and Arcelio Hartley

6 Military Deployment and Commercial Transportation Services: Survey of an Evolving Partnership Carl J. Seiberlich A group of military and commercial freight experts, convened by TRB s Military Transportation Committee, reports on recent experience with deployment and discusses major problems and efficient solutions in managing the intermodal 6 system in time of war or national emergency.

11 Enlisting Fast Ferries for Military Missions: U.S. Armed Forces Try Out New High-Speed Vessels David S. Chapman Fast ferry technology offers speed, shallow draft, and maneuverability features that are attractive to the military for sealift, special operations, surveillance, mine warfare, and other missions. Several vessels are undergoing trial runs. 15 Technical Challenges of Fast Ships for the U.S. Navy Malcolm MacKinnon

16 Weigh-in-Motion Technology for Military Operations: 19 Developing a Portable, Safe, and Accurate System Julius E. Coats, Jr., Robert K.Abercrombie, David L. Beshears, and Robert B. Honea Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been developing a portable weigh-in-motion system for military use in determining the safe distribution of cargo on aircraft with speed, accuracy, and efficiency, particularly in remote theaters of operation.

19 Renewal, Security, Funding—And More: 2004 Annual Meeting Spotlights Research Goals and Achievements Roundup of the TRB Annual Meeting provides photographs and details of sessions, meetings, posters, exhibits, and awards. The annual meeting again reached a record level of attendance in 2004, reflecting the vitality and contributions of transportation research in the United States and worldwide.

Cover: Soldier directs loading of CSX railcar at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. (Photo courtesy of U.S. Strategic Deployment and Distribution Command.) 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 2

32 TRB SPECIAL REPORT TR NEWS Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions features articles on innovative and timely research and development activities in all modes of trans- Tom Menzies portation. Brief news items of interest to the A study committee convened by the National Research Council under the transportation community are also included, auspices of TRB has recommended to Congress the establishment of an along with profiles of transportation profes- Airport Cooperative Research Program to advance airport security, sionals, meeting announcements, summaries of new publications, and news of Transportation efficiency, safety, and environmental compatibility. Research Board activities.

TR News is produced by the ALSO IN THIS ISSUE Transportation Research Board Publications Office Javy Awan, Editor and Publications Director David Altstadt, Assistant Editor Juanita Green, Production Manager TR News Editorial Board Neil F. Hawks, Chairman Joseph A. Breen Walter J. Diewald Frederick D. Hejl Timothy Hess David Jones Stephan A. Parker 36 43 Barbara L. Post A. Robert Raab 36 Research Pays Off Transportation Research Board Are Traffic Signals Warranted in All School Zones? Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Executive Director Suzanne B. Schneider, Associate Executive Indiana Study Verifies Industry Standards Director Tommy E. Nantung Mark R. Norman, Director, Technical Activities Stephen R. Godwin, Director, 38 Profiles Studies and Information Services Railroad maintenance management engineer Willem Ebers hn and military Michael P.LaPlante, Director, Administration and Finance deployment expert William R. Lucas Robert J. Reilly, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Neil F. Hawks, Director, Special Programs 40 News Briefs Value engineering savings, promoting pedestrian safety, measuring bridge TR News (ISSN 0738-6826) is issued bimonthly gaps, hiking the gas tax, Shanghai maglev, context-sensitive footbridge, and by the Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, NW,Washington, more DC 20001. Internet address: www.TRB.org.

Editorial Correspondence: By mail to the 44 TRB Highlights Publications Office, Transportation Research Board, CRP News, 45 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001, by telephone 202-334-2972, by fax 202-334-3495, or by e-mail [email protected]. 46 Calendar Subscriptions: North America: 1 year $55; single issue $9.50. Overseas: 1 year $75; single issue 47 Bookshelf $13.50. Inquiries or communications concerning new subscriptions, subscription problems, or single-copy sales should be addressed to the Business Office at the address below, or telephone 202- C OMING NEXT ISSUE 334-3216, fax 202-334-2519. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, D.C. The May—June 2004 TR News Postmaster: Send changes of address to TR features an overview of the News,Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth milestone Transit Capacity and Street, NW,Washington, DC 20001. Quality of Service Manual, 2nd Notice: The opinions expressed in articles appear- Edition, recently released by the ing in TR News are those of the authors and do Transit Cooperative Research not necessarily reflect the views of the Transportation Research Board. The Transportation Program; practical insights into Research Board and TR News do not endorse prod- the get in, get out, stay out ucts of manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers’ approach to pavement renewal names appear in an article only because they are considered essential to its object. for urban highways; and more. Printed in the United States of America. A longlife asphalt concrete project on the Long Beach Copyright © 2004 Transportation Research Board. Freeway in California exemplifies the “get in, get out, All rights reserved. stay out” approach for highway construction. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 3

Remodeling the PANAMA CANAL

Master Plan for Modernization and Global Market Appeal

RICAURTE VASQUEZ

n the 16th century, the Spanish galleon trade The author is Deputy sailed along the Pacific Ocean with goods from Administrator, Panama Pacific South America to Panama; after transport Canal Authority, Balboa, over the isthmus, the goods were shipped across Ancon, Panama. Ithe Atlantic Ocean to Spain. This route of trade and commerce led to the creation of the Panama Canal. Historian David McCullough, in his book, The Path Between the Seas, noted that the Panama Canal was far more than a vast, unprecedented feat of engineering. The canal affected the lives of tens of thousands of people at every level of society and of virtually every race and nationality. According to McCullough, the waterway enabled the United States to embark on a role of global involvement, opening up the world to the United States and vice versa.

Strategic Location Because of its strategic location, the Panama Canal has played a vital role in international trade and commerce since 1914. At the heart of the western hemisphere, the canal traverses the shortest distance between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. The 51-mile waterway cuts Panamax container vessel exits the Panama Canal’s across the Panamanian isthmus, climbs 87 feet above sea Gatun Locks into the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Gatun is in level, crosses the continental divide, and returns to sea the background. level, joining the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The advantageous location makes the Panama Canal canal traffic originates and ends at U.S. ports. Imported a nexus of many major trade routes, strengthening com- products of high and low commercial value traverse the mercial ties among the United States, Asia, Latin Amer- canal en route to East Coast destinations. ica, and Europe. Each year, more than 12,000 vessels sail The United States is the world s largest exporter of the canal, carrying a significant portion of the world s grains and soybeans. These commodities ship through goods and commodities, ranging from grain to coal, the canal to destinations in Japan, South Korea, and from crude oil to iron ore, and from fruit to automobiles. Taiwan in Asia, and in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador in For many years, the canal has played a pivotal role South America. In today s global trade, the canal TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 in the U.S. and world economies as an all-water route remains a strategic transportation option for the United with dependable, around-the-clock, 365-days-a-year States and the world. service, shortening the time and travel distance between producers and consumers, suppliers and retailers. The Market-Oriented Model canal lowers transportation and labor costs for ship- The Panama Canal Authority, an autonomous public pers, ultimately reducing prices for consumers. entity that operates independently of the government of Fourteen percent of all U.S. seaborne trade passes Panama, manages the canal. The canal s managers are through the canal, and approximately 60 percent of experienced, seasoned leaders from the business, finan- 3 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:47PMPage4

4 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 canal constructionperiod. Excavation work during visible inthebackground. skyline ofPanamaCityis The Canal’s Gaillard Cut. transiting thePanama Container vessel farmers. denuded areas anddonatinglandtitlestosubsistence porate citizenofPanama,theAuthorityisreforesting and maintainthecanalwatershed.Asaresponsible cor- the worldoverseesAuthority. shipping, business,andmaritimeleadersfrom around r cial, engineering,transportation, maritime,andenvi- the containersalong theAlamedaCorridorto East Los AngelesandLongBeach,California, andthenmove containers from theFarEastat congestedports of a bargain forshippers.Itis more expensivetounload ongoing improvements tothecanal. contribute tofundingincreased and customerservice 2003, withanaverageincrease of4.5percent. Thetolls of 8percent. Thesecondphasewentintoeffect inJuly phase, implementedin2002,tollsincreased anaverage address theevolvingneedsofcustomers.Infirst andreliability.model, focusingoncustomerservice ing from aprofit-neutral operationtoamarket-oriented the canalentered anewerainits90-yearhistory, mov- After theU.S.transferofownershiptoPanamain1999, customerneeds. strategic andinnovativewaystoserve economies, thePanamaCanalAuthorityisworkingon smajor merce andinthedevelopmentofworld onmental sectors. An advisory boardonmental sectors.Anadvisory ofdistinguished To To The Authorityhasalegislativemandatetoprotect Despite thetollincreases, thePanama Canalremains An innovativetollstructure wasestablishedto ananadetn h aa skeyrole incom- maintain andextendthecanal operations information database.Inaddition, the andatrackingsystem withamaritime sion surveillance security control centeremploysclosed circuit televi- nology ensures safepassageforall ships.A24-hour State-of-the-art tech- U.S. andinternationalagencies. security operationsandstrengthened coordination with September 11,2001,theAuthority hasenhanced after locks, aswellthrough theGaillard Cut. during transits,especiallyattheentrancesandexitsto of newtugboats.Thetugboatsassistvesselsefficiently ing safepassage. canal eachyear, locomotivesare indispensableinensur- fic. With more andmore Panamaxshipstransitingthe through thecanalandabout37.9percent ofcanaltraf- thelar max vessels large shipstravelingthrough thelocks,includingPana- cles. Thenew, more powerful locomotiveshelpposition fleet from 80to100andhasordered another40vehi- traffic by16percent. ment allowstwo-waytraffic andhasincreased canal r year r Culebra, isthenarrowest part ofthecanal.Thecut ment ofsecuritymeasures. locomotives, theadditionoftugboats,andenhance- deepening oftheGaillard Cut,thepurchase ofnew ship projects underpintheseefforts: thewideningand will boostnavigationalsafetyandreliability. Fourflag- that willincrease canalcapacityby20percent andthat gram ofmodernization,withaseriesimprovements down from 31.15hoursin1999to2000. 2001 to2002,theCWThasdecreased to26.2hours, percent from fiscalyears1999to2000. occurred inatotalof26,678transits,reduction of40 steadily. From 2001to2002,only34maritimeaccidents Canal, thenumberofmaritimeaccidentshasdecreased r takes totraversethewaterway. ing theCanalWaters Time (CWT),thetimeaship focused ontwopriorities:increasing safetyanddecreas- Ongoing capitalimprovements tothecanalhave ImprovementsCapital compared withthecostsofmultimodalhandling. may takeafewdaysmore, butthecostiscompetitive Coast ports viathePanamaCanal.Theall-waterroute Coast thanitistolandthecontainersdirectly atEast ecord. Since theAuthorityassumedcontrol ofthe ecord. ecently waswidenedanddeepenedinlessthan1 ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ The Authorityalsohaslaunchedaproactive pro- The reduction inCWTisequallyimpressive. From The Authorityhasestablishedanoutstandingsafety In response totheheightenedsecuritydemands The canalfleethasincreased withtheacquisition The Authorityalsohasincreased thelocomotive The Gaillard Cut,alsoknownastheCorte de ecord timeforsuchaproject. Theimprove- gest typeofvesselabletopass TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 5 some 2 o Panamax vessels pass o Panamax vessels Tw Cut. in Gaillard According to advisories from the Panama Canal to advisories from According Authority, www.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/advisories/index.html. emedied—for example,emedied—for data on ship dimensions, incorrect gyro- eedback and results from from eedback and results AIS use on the Panama Canal will be avail- The Authority also requires a clearly labeled pilot plug close to con- The labeled a clearly also requires Authority ning position No. bridge. 1 on the navigation In addition, a U.S. stan- 120-volt,dard alternating-current, is receptacle power three-prong computer,with laptop a connection to an necessary to run the pilot’s source. emergency power 2 TRB Marine Board,Grabowski, is Director, of the a member Information Systems Program, College, Le Moyne York,and Syracuse, Research New Professor, Department of Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems, York.She chaired the National New Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy, Auto- Display of Research Evaluating Shipboard Council Committee for Systems.matic Identification of Engineer- as Director retired Hung recently ing and Planning, St. Corporation, Development Seaway Lawrence York,andMassena, in Frederick, lives New Maryland. Hartley is Director, Affairs,Internal MaritimeAuthority,Ancon. Canal Panama AIS units on ships arriving at the canal are not operating correctly. at the canal are AIS units on ships arriving been on have of the most common deficiencies detected early Many r scope not connected to the AIS, internal and inability to recalculate System coordinates.Global Positioning accord- Pilot plugs not wired ing to IMO guidelines, however, a problem. remain early Additional f able later this year. 1 The Authority is forging ahead with a vision of the The Authority is forging If larger locks become necessary, water recycling water necessary, locks become If larger onmental issues play a major role in defining future a major role onmental issues play Panama Canal as the cornerstone of the global trans- Panama Canal as the cornerstone of the global system and as a model of excellence, integrity, portation service. in operations and customer and transparency trading The canal benefits not only Panama, but major nations, serving the U.S. and the global economies. The choice. Panama Canal is a strategic transportation Cornerstone and Model Cornerstone to Pana- U.S. The transfer of the Panama Canal from an excellent opportunity has provided manian control using the for long-term planning. The Authority is of the Panama Canal to enhance the role opportunity and to demonstrate the canal s advantages in the global marketplace. methods may reduce the fresh water requirements. the fresh methods may reduce such as building dams to create Alternative measures, towns and settlements. Envi- new lakes, could affect r The Authority is committed to and programs. directions the principles and practices of sustainable development, plan. which will be incorporated into the final master enable the Authority to apply new engineering tech- enable the Authority and operation of locks. nologies in the construction Identifying Ships on the Panama Canal Panama Identifying Ships on the MARTHA R. MARTHA GRABOWSKI, STEVE HUNG, AND ARCELIO HARTLEY

assist vessels that arrive without functional that arrive assist vessels AIS, the Panama he Panama Canal Authority mandated automatic identification 1, ships in canal waters as of July systems (AIS) on board 2003,

The Authority also has interfaced the Volpe technology with the The Authority also has interfaced the Volpe Shipboard be Panama Canal transits must AIS transponders for To ultiple units—for example,ultiple units—for be tugboat must tug-and-tows—the More than 150 studies are under way to help the under way to help than 150 studies are More and new concepts in lock design Also under study are

www.imo.org/includes/blastData.asp/doc_id=2741/227.pdf. ent at U.S. $150 per transit until December 31, 2004. The U.S.

1 T Department of Transportation’s Volpe Transportation Systems Cen- Systems Transportation Volpe Department of Transportation’s the canal, the units for ter developed and the Authority has adopted the technology tugboats, to track its own launches, and dredges. new and port AIS network radar systems.Thecanal’s integrated system canal pilots and floating equipment operators to detect vessels allows and radar signals on both systems.The enhance- Authority is developing to pilots. information weather ments that include providing Class A units—that is, must standards—and meeting type-approved Installation of Shipborne with the IMO Guidelines for comply AIS. Canal vessel-tracking,pilot-portableAuthority is offering AIS units for r three months after the United States instituted the requirements for months after the United States instituted the requirements three and St. Lakes ships on the Great transit the Seaway. Lawrence To Panama Canal, than 20 tons or more than 300 gross of more vessels be equipped with an meters long must AIS that meets the standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). In combined and m equipped with AIS. equirements of the waterway and, second, the devel- equirements Master Plan canal operations have brought changes These profound A 20-year challenges remain. up-to-date, but greater is in development, to master plan for modernization Canal the Panama improve Two s long-term viability. benefits initiatives will lead to significant major research the future for canal customers: first, studies to determine r recycling opment of engineering designs and water locks. options for larger to changes in the market. effectively Authority respond and Key studies involve analyses of market demand include assessments of the social and environmental changes. impacts of proposed with the contract by the Authority engineering, through U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Belgian-French Development Engineering, of Tractebel consortium and Compagnie N.V., Technum Coyne-et-Bellier, will these studies Nationale du Rhone. Results from Authority works closely with PanamaAuthority works closely s police and National Maritime to protect Service, or Coast Guard, the waterway. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 5 PM Page 3:47 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:47PMPage6

6 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Texas, February 2004. February Texas, Corpus Christi, off vessel, roll- medium-speed roll-on, Vir Corporation, Reston, Consultant, TranSystems Navy, andIntermodal Rear Admiral,U.S. The authorisaretired Naval Ship equipment ontotheU.S. Loading vehicles and SEIBERLICH CARL J. Partnership Evolving an of Survey and CommercialTransportationServices MILITARY DEPLOYMENT MOVING ginia. P ollux,a large OA S TODAY A learned intheDesert neers, program participants reviewed lessons Navigation DataCenter, U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngi- of CommitteeChairArleneL.Dietz,Director ofthe providers andtheircustomers.Undertheguidance effects ofdeploymentonU.S.transportation cial freight transportation experts toreview the mittee convenedagroup andcommer- ofmilitary the militar tions, aswellactionsandprograms toimprove Operation Iraqi Freedom. formance inOperationEnduring Freedom and emergency. Panelistsevaluated transportation per- portation efficiency in peacetimeandnational Board s Military Transportation sMilitary Com- Board 2003, theTransportation Research Conference inPortland, Oregon, July Summer Ports andWaterwayst the y—commer MILITARY cial partnerships andtrans- Shield—Desert Shield—Desert Storm opera- more than59millionMREsorMeals ReadytoEat. r more than10,000ground shipments, Galluzzo sions, more than157shipsonocean missions,and SDDC managedmore than 515airmis- terrorism, warfighting units. SDDC coordinates shipmentstodeployandsustain U.S. Transportation Command(USTRANSCOM), and war. Oneofthree componentcommandsofthe globally tomeetnationalsecurityobjectivesinpeace the missionofmanagingdistributionandservices Traf Military for bution Command(SDDC) Surface DeploymentandDistri- sis Centerofthe Frank Galluzzo,Director oftheDistributionAnaly- Supporting theWarfighter eported. From April to July 2003, SDDC shipped eported. From ApriltoJuly 2003, In shippingequipment, onegoalistoreduce the On oneofthebusiestdaysin the globalwaron i aaeetCmadr fic ManagementCommand merly knownasthe eviewed TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 7 , October 2003. Photographs courtesyPhotographs of Surface Deployment and Distribution Command. Bridging equipment rail in by arrives Charleston, South Carolina, transport for to Iraq on U.S. Ship Naval Bob Hope rail thern oach SDDC s account for the majority of U.S. il: Building Discipline Jon S. Meyer, Jon Senior Account Manager for CSXT, S. Meyer, rail deploy- During Operation Iraqi Freedom, information calls, improved Daily conference After deployment, motor carriers and DoD may After deployment, motor carriers and DoD esponding to requirements for security in transit. for security in esponding to requirements clearances, entering military installations, and r presented the rail experience in supporting military the rail experience in supporting presented CSXT operates 23,000 track-miles transportation. serving with an aver- 70 ocean, lake, and river ports age of 1,600 trains daily. with port ment went well, except for early problems and Blount congestion at Corpus Christi, Texas, car order- The rail Island, Florida, Meyer reported. disciplined appr needs a more ing process in-tran- and improved daily rail status reports, flow, an evolution in sit visibility effected Prob- and procedures. management process traffic calls that were with port encountered lems were Five major rail carriers Nor Burlington (CSXT), CSX Transportation Santa Fe Railway, and Union Pacific, Kansas City Southern Railway, Southern Norfolk for the mili- support and all provide rail revenue, The challenges for rail carriers in meeting mil- tary. planning, resource demands are itary transportation and equipment uti- opportunities, peacetime traffic lization with declining rail fleets. of spot shortages despite generally good availability, along with instances of poor utiliza- rail cars arose, tion of equipment. Motor carriers often had to sup- and supplement the rail operations. port Ra benefit from a review, to identify lessons learned to identify lessons a review, benefit from For actions to be taken, Deel advised. and corrective to reim- example, funds should be appropriated security burse motor carriers for DoD-mandated and should review A new program technology. identify driver safety issues. ship- ability rier s Defense s (DoD) onic identification and track- onic identification and Storm. face movements. One main benefit was face movements. One

ucking: Achieving Balance Motor carriers must achieve a balance between The 29 percent increase in shipment volume for in shipment volume increase The 29 percent SDDC and USTRANSCOM are integrating supply integrating SDDC and USTRANSCOM are

equirements. Planning, prioritization, and coordi- Planning, prioritization, and equirements. ping demands for deployment and maintaining tran- Enhanced security increased financial viability. in gaining driver sit time and has raised problems meeting the Department of meeting the Department to meet other military shipment requirements. Commercial truck drivers consult on delivery of truck drivers Commercial military to port. vehicles nation for military add to the industry shipments s problems. Shipping delays at one military installa- on a car tion can cause a domino effect 2002 exceeded the 15 percent increase in truck increase 2002 exceeded the 15 percent commer- in meeting problems presenting capacity, military cial customer needs while supporting r Tr of R&R Truck- Daryl Officer Deel, Chief Executive of the examined the experience ing Company, of military transpor- trucking industry support in tation. Deel also chairs the of Committee Surface Association the National Defense Transportation Committee of and the Government Traffic (NDTA) Associations. the American Trucking and transportation to support the warfighter. Exter- the warfighter. to support and transportation to address under way nal and internal initiatives are the transformation of U.S. forces. SDDC to support need for assembly in the theater of operations, need for assembly capability to the battlefield. delivering combat instituted for processes Among the new business sustainment was total asset both deployment and visibility the electr ingsur of like those that had avoiding stacks of containers of operations during Desert mounted in the theater Shield—Desert 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 7 PM Page 3:47 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 8

MOVING TODAY S MILITARY

(Left) Closeup of radio frequency identification tag on container carrying Stryker vehicle support equipment and (right) worker checking the tag, port of Philadelphia, October 2003.

not in accordance with plans, that lacked priority Joint planning was critical to the success of the rankings, and that were issued on short notice. Operation Iraqi Freedom sealift. The USTRANSCOM Some DoD installations do not use rail. Mechani- Joint Planning Advisory Group planned both the cal, ownership, and deployment issues must be surge and the sustainment phases of the operation. addressed, Meyer advised. The majority of rail cars at Because the carriers with peacetime contracts pro- military installations are empty, causing redeployment vided adequate lift to meet military requirements, problems. USTRANSCOM and SDDC are working the Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) with rail carriers to address the problems with port was not activated. calls, equipment utilization, and marketing. In-transit visibility and total asset visibility were successful, Lambremont noted. Operation Iraqi Sealift: Joint Planning Freedom was the first contingency to use manda- The warfighter s sealift requirements during Opera- tory radio frequency tags to identify and track all tion Iraqi Freedom were met by U.S.-flag ships and containers carrying Class I (subsistence) and Class their intermodal systems, and by the U.S. organic IV (construction and barrier material) cargo. A doc- fleet, or active-duty force, noted Lou Lambremont, umentation rule required carriers to obtain a release Director of Military Marketing for Maersk, Ltd. The from SDDC operations in Ft. Eustis, Virginia, before organic fleet included 40 vessels from the Ready lifting a container. Reserve Force (RRF). The lessons learned from Desert Shield—Desert All vessels were manned by U.S. labor. Maersk Storm resulted in significant sealift improvements reflagged four of eight vessels in the Suez Express for Operation Iraqi Freedom. Berthing assignments service to the U.S. flag, Lambremont said. Since the at in-theater ports, however, remained a problem. completion of the surge phase, the vessels have Because of draft restrictions, U.S.-flag vessels were been supporting sustainment of U.S. forces in the limited to 50 to 60 percent of optimal capacity and Middle East. did not receive priority in berthing assignments. Obtaining chemical, biological, and radioactive protection equipment and inoculations for merchant Big Lift crews was difficult. n February 2004, more than 40,000 U.S. troops moved into the Operation In-theater logistics used trucking assets ineffi- IIraqi Freedom theater of operations, and 35,000 departed for home. The ciently, the speaker said. Port terminals were unpre- rotation was the largest troop movement since World War II, according to pared for the surge volumes. Although in-transit Department of Defense officials. visibility and total asset visibility were successful, The complex, multimodal transportation effort, directed by the U.S. Trans- electronic data interchange requires review and portation Command, was comparable in scope to the World War II invasion of updating. The sustainment stage should be reviewed Normandy “in both directions,” according to a military logistics officer in and improved. The Maritime Security Program is a Kuwait. The mission required a heightened focus on the synchronized move- vital element in U.S. strategic sealift and must be ment of lift assets—that is, available vehicles and modes of transport—into and reauthorized, Lambremont stated. out of the theater of operations, noted Brigadier General David Rodriguez of the U.S. Army. Ports: Effective Transitions For the rotation, more than 50 vessels using 10 seaports carried more than In the early 1990s, base closures removed the mili- 350,000 short tons of equipment to and from the theater, Rodriguez said. tary ports of Bayonne, New Jersey, and Oakland, Cal- “More than 90 military aircraft and 20 commercial aircraft were involved daily ifornia. As a result, according to Fred Stribling,

TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 in the transfer of personnel and equipment.” Director of Marketing and Sales, South Carolina 8 State Ports Authority, DoD cargo shifted to commer- TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 9 at ces and to boost Iraqi earl Harbor, Hawaii, for educe supply lines for U.S. lines for educe supply Equipment of 25th Infantry loading for Division ready onto U.S. Ship Pililaau, Naval P to Iraq, deployment December 2003. First commercially booked First commercially unloading maritime cargo Sima Tara vessel from Iraqi port of Umm Qasr, September 2003. The test validated use of the port to r for and economic growth development. infrastructure Develop a readiness-based procurement sys- procurement Develop a readiness-based to Develop a contingency planning process I pointed to the following measures to strengthen I pointed to the following measures ◆ ◆ esults in a national emergency: tem to ensure that the merchant marine and its inter- marine that the merchant tem to ensure military lift requirements modal system can support Maintain a mobilization base within the immediately. network. marine and its intermodal merchant rate and prenegotiated Develop an off-the-shelf, mecha- distribution system, along with other cargo lengthy negotiations and to deploy nisms to preclude assets without delays. anticipate logistics scenarios, including security clearances, so that military and industrycan part- trucking-in-country, the use of alternative ports, trucking-in-country, and identifying commodities. between the military and the working relationship to improve intermodal sector and the commercial r Storm d—Desert Storm, the Sealift Command Shield—Desert Shield—Desert Airlift Command came

Approaching problems with a can-do attitude. problems Approaching Investigating the availability of federal funds marshalling near-terminal Developing secure, Reinforcing the role of the local Port Readi- of the local Port the role Reinforcing aterfront property is limited. Marshalling and property aterfront At the outset of Desert At the outset of Desert USTRANSCOM is essential to the success of Rail load capacity has increased at ports, but at ports, Rail load capacity has increased and information from The flow of both cargo W ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

eception capacity has not. During periods of eception capacity has not. During periods eprioritizing should not take place in the marine eprioritizing should need for improvements in contracting and plan- need for improvements and in the use of the intermodal ning procedures Actions were container system became apparent. to provide and partnerships taken to strengthen with arose Problems delivery. capacity for reliable under military command only during war or After Desert Shiel national emergency. placed under commands were Storm, the three has USTRANSCOM at all times. This restructuring and coordina- preparation, preplanning, improved tion of intermodal transportation. (MSC), and the Military these operations. Originally the three subordinate these operations. Originally the three commands SDDC, Military As a retired U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and as an inter- As a retired Corporation, I modal consultant with TranSystems of the Desert a review provided in planning and operations and the improvements that DoD commands have imple- coordination mil- carriers supporting mented with the commercial itary transportation. Coordinating Commands Coordinating terminal, but nearby, Stribling noted. terminal, but nearby, r and the constraints berthing flow, cargo increased expertise availability of labor with the required is Communication become significant problems. to key and must be established in peacetime deploy- for mobilization that requirements ensure met. ment are arrival is must be optimized. On-time to port port essential for military cargo. Stribling identified the transition an effective following steps to ensure or to national emer- peacetime to wartime from gency operations: r cial port facilities, which had an effect on the com- which had an effect facilities, cial port Vir- Norfolk, at the ports. shipping business mercial ginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Savannah, Opera- Florida, support and Jacksonville, Georgia; operations. tion Iraqi Freedom to enhance port terminal rail capacity; to enhance port and areas; ness Committee; 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 9 PM Page 3:47 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:47PMPage10 10 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Runnymede (r Landing CraftUtility adjacentto at riverside, railroad trackaccess( whichoffers Philadelphia, of atport 2003, October demonstration, Intermodal transportation MOVING ight). left) OA S TODAY Storm operations, USTRANSCOMhasestablished activation schedules. contractors tomeetmilitary funding formaintenanceandrepair programs, toenable take anactiverole inthisprocess. container-handling facilities.USTRANSCOMcan systems, evenifneedsariseinareas thatdonothave companies toprovide thebenefitsoftheirintermodal need tohaveappropriate plansinplacetoallowliner r theflexibilitytoredeployindustry assetsquicklyin in containers. improve accesstomaterielthatcanbetransported canworktogetherto andindustry ment. Military national emergencies, aswellduringsustain- its infrastructure duringthesurge phasesof planning. terizes military consistent withthestrategicthinkingthatcharac- efficiencymilitary andproductivity. Thisapproach is andcommercialintact formilitary usersandincrease ensure thatthesystemwouldremain balancedand tract forapercentage oftheintegratedsystemcould ing, aswelllogisticsexpertise. Forexample,acon- including commodityidentificationandcargo track- and informationsystemsoftheU.S.-flagliners, use notonlytheshipsbutalsorelated intermodal should tation anddistributionsystems.Themilitary sintegratedtranspor- full capabilityoftheindustry SDDC, andMSCtodemonstratethe TRANSCOM, and othercarriersshouldcontinuetoworkwith ner inplanningandcoordinating transportation. esponse to military requirements.esponse tomilitary ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ Since completionofDesert Review RRFcontractingprocedures, aswell authorities U.S. linercompaniesandmilitary Address theregulatory barriersthatdeny Plan tomaximizeuseofthelinersectorand The containertransportation companyAPL MILITARY Shield—Desert military andindustrialorganizations.military NDTA hasbeeneffective inworkingwithboth ing effectively. VISAhasworkedasdesigned. GroupAdvisory wasestablishedandisfunction- gone amajorreorganization. TheJointPlanning been addressed. Informationsystemshaveunder- experienced inDesert strengthen thepartnership. Alloftheproblems worked withthethree subordinate commandsto a partnership withcommercial carriersandhas and applythelessons. continue toaddress thenewlyidentifiedproblems and commercial transportation organizations must Desert Iraqi Freedom appliedthelessonslearnedfrom transition toemergency operations,andinwartime. coordination are required inpeacetime,duringthe inpeaceandwar.ments ofthemilitary Planningand ments oftransportation carriersandtherequire- States andoverseas. terminals intheUnited r berths, railyards, andtruckterminals,toprovide transportation assets,suchasshipterminalsand tomakethemostefficientsary andeffective useof of warornationalemergency.Scheduling isneces- problems inmanagingtheintermodalsystemtime The presentations atthemeetingidentifiedmajor A ahntn October2003. Washington, Naval ShipSisler,P helicopter ontoU.S. Longshoremen move shrink-wrapped OH-58Kiowa ealistic transittimes.Problems emerged atyards and pplying theLatestLessons Operation EnduringFreedom andOperation Solutions mustconsiderthecommercial require- Shield—Desert Shield—Desert Storm operations.Military Shield—Desert Shield—Desert ort ofTacoma,ort Storm have 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:47 PM Page 11

MOVING TODAY S MILITARY ENLISTING FAST FERRIES for Military Missions

U.S. Armed Forces Try Out AVY .S. N New High-Speed Vessels :U H OTO P High-speed vessel Swift participating in the West African DAVID S. CHAPMAN Training Cruise 2004,a regularly scheduled exercise conducted by the United States and several African nations since 1978.

transformation is under way in the U.S. high-tech marine applications that have found only The author is Ports and Navy. With aging vessels and budget con- limited commercial use in the United States such as Marine Transportation straints, but an expanding global mission, air cushion vehicles (or hovercraft), small waterplane- Specialist, Delaware Sea the Navy is committed to identify and area twin-hull (or SWATH) vessels, and hydrofoils. Grant, Marine Advisory Aintegrate emerging technologies that will keep its The high-speed catamaran ferry, however, is a Service, Marine Policy fleet on the cutting edge. Innovative thinking is fos- high-tech application that has gained rapid adoption Program, Graduate tering the Navy s transformation, going beyond con- in the U.S. commercial market in the last decade. The College of Marine ventional solutions and ship acquisition practices to U.S. fast ferry market has grown at an annual rate of Studies, University of find the maximum cost-efficiency. 15 percent in the past 5 years (1). Although Aus- Delaware, Lewes. Commercial fast ferry technology is one of the tralian designs have dominated the market, Euro- ship concepts that the Navy is evaluating. Fast ferries pean designs play a significant role, and U.S. builders have proved their worth in commercial service and of fast ferries have been adept at imitating Australian have become one of the fastest-growing segments of and European models. the international and domestic marine industries. As ferry transportation surges in the United Speed, shallow draft, and maneuverability allow States, maritime policy which requires vessels in fast ferries to perform missions that would place domestic trade to be U.S.-built has effected a trans- larger, multimission ships in vulnerable positions. fer of technology and state-of-the-art designs to Relatively low cost and high reliability make fast fer- domestic shipyards. The Merchant Marine Act of ries attractive candidates for augmenting the fleet. 1920, also known as the Jones Act, requires a reliable Urban ferry transportation declined after World and secure merchant marine sealift that is responsi- War II, as bridges and tunnels were constructed. Per- ble only to U.S. control and immune to control by sonal automobiles have been the favored mode of foreign interests. transportation for decades. The increase in com- The Jones Act requires that vessels trading between muter traffic, however, has outpaced infrastructure U.S. ports be built in U.S. shipyards, manned by U.S. expansion in many cities; fixed crossings have citizens, sailed under the American flag, compliant become overcongested, and the addition of fixed with U.S. laws and regulations, and subject to U.S. crossings is too expensive. This has set the stage for taxes. Austal Ships, of Australia, has gone so far as to the return of ferries. build a new shipyard in Mobile, Alabama, for fast ferry Water transit has become more and more popular as and similar vessel construction. TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 an alternative mode, less congested and more attractive than fixed crossings. Commuter ferry services have Australian Experience resurged in New York, Boston, and San Francisco. Incat Australia1 is the world s leading producer of high- speed passenger and vehicular ferries. Since 1990 Incat Fast Ferry Surge has built 33 vehicle ferries of more than 70 meters (230 Fast ferry commercial applications are relatively new feet) in length; this constitutes almost 40 percent of the to the United States, and even newer to the U.S. mil- world s high-speed, large-capacity ferry market. itary. Nonetheless, the military has adopted several 1 www.incat.com.au. 11 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage12 12 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Force. Marine Expeditionary is charteredtotheThird f speed catamarandesigned Westpac Express,a rrl-n roll-off access, or roll-on, MOVING high- OA S TODAY military use(2 military bility ofhigh-speed,lightweight,multihullcraftfor East Timor. Theapplicationdemonstratedthevia- JervisBay HMAS missioned theIncat-builtpassenger-and-vehicle ferry oratotalcapacityof312cars ( cars ity of589trucklane-meters(0.3lane-miles)and50 weight capacityof1,000tonsandvehicledeckcapac- hasadead- travel at40knots.Thehigh-speedferry meter (367-foot)wave-piercing catamaranthatcan passenger vesselwithroll-on, roll-off access,isa112- s (cargo plusstores) of200tons.Incat piercing catamaranwithadeadweightcapacity in was delivered 2 ( outoff-the-shelfgram istrying vessels fastferry X-craft catamaranprogram. Ofthese,onlytheTSVpro- s (or shoreline) combatantshipprogram, andtheNavy the theatersupport vessel(TSV)program, thelittoral mine warfare. veillance andcommand-and-control missions,and special operationsforces intocoastalwaters,sur- cation; alsounderconsiderationare thetransport of Sealift isanaturalappli- roles.fast ferriesinmilitary nologies, severalprojects havedevelopedtoplace gets byadaptingcommercial off-the-shelf tech- fast ferries,andpressure bud- tooptimizemilitary propulsion, andgasturbineengines. tions includesingle-hullvessels,screw orpropeller with water-jet propulsion anddieselengines.Varia- majority offastferriesare twinhull,orcatamarans, that operateatspeedsofmore than25knots.The The U.S.CoastGuard definesfastferriesasvessels Going Military www.austal-ships.com. In May1999,theRoyalAustralianNavycom- h opn s The company Fast ferry projectsFast ferry include underwayinthemilitary W ith therapidadvanceofcommercially viable ). 90a74-meter(243-feet)wave- 1990 for operations between Darwin and for operationsbetweenDarwin MILITARY first passengerandvehicleferry 2 ). Evolution, 3 ). a Expeditionary Force.Expeditionary operate ahigh-speedcatamaranfortheThird Marine Ships to a $31million,36-monthcontracttoAustal s 2002, theNavy deployment oftroops andequipment.InJanuary tiveness ofcommercial high-speedshipsforrapid to theU.S.MarineCorpsdemonstrateeffec- of 1.4to2.9feethigh). State 3(that is, withsmallwaves Sea of 35knotsin more than1,100nauticalmiles at anaveragespeed 450 tonsofcargo andmore than 325personnelfor (6 suitable forlarge helicopters ing ofvehiclesfrom thesternoralongsideandapad cally-operated rampforrapidloadinganddischarg- use, includinginstallationofatwo-part hydrauli- technical andstructuralmodificationsbefore military 6weeksof 7200 kWeach,thevesselunderwent Powered byfourmarinedieselenginesdeveloping Strait. sBass Strait andinAustralia rugged Cook ferry, the as acommercial vehicle-and-passengerhigh-speed (5 2 yearsatacostof$20.5million the U.S.military. The101-meter(331-foot) Australia, are of indeploymentbyallmajorservices vessels,designedandbuiltin catamaran fastferry landing craftandlarge amphibiousliftships.Four The TSVprogram attemptstofillthegapbetween Theater Support Vessels 3 Ships In July2001,Austal W cially beforehand. V are wave-piercing catamaransfrom Incat.The Spearhead foot) Express V meter high-speed,wave-piercing catamaran leasedanIncat-built96- In 2001,theU.S.military Joint Venture can operateinavarietyofports ( draft ofonly4.25meters(14feet), planes and1shipforotherpurposes.With ashallow on site,andfreeing air- upasmany10military troops separatelyandmatchupwiththeequipment and theirequipment,obviatingtheneedtofly anentirecan carry reinforced battalionofMarines square meters(32,000square feet)ofcargo. Theship knots fullyloadedwith970passengersand2973 www.bollinger-incatusa.com. enture enture estpac Express The Goals includetherapidmovement ofmore than Joint Venture HSV-X1 from and theSpearhead W is from Austal Ships. The96-meter(314- is from Austal Joint Venture estpac Express TSV-1X, andthe98-meter Military Sealift Commandawarded Military HSV-X1, the98-meter(321-foot) Bollinger—Incat USA, a prtdi e eln s had operatedinNewZealand Joint Venture can sustainaspeedof33 2 leased theW were employedcommer- ). 4 ). W ). Builtin1998 can carry 363 can carry estpac Express Swift estpac Express 3 for upto HSV-X2 W estpac Joint Joint TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 13 has 11). Spear- ). 8 was deployed to ). The LSV, how- ). The LSV, ). After crossing the ). After crossing TSV-1X. The Spearhead TSV-1X. Spearhead project. The vessel departed project. , also transported various military also transported is the first of perhaps 17 $85-million is the first of perhaps cruises at 35 to 40 knots, delivering was charged with supporting various with supporting was charged Joint Venture Joint Venture Spearhead has a 9-year civilian past as a high-speed ferry Joint Venture The U.S. Army of the is part s TSV program The TSV will be used for sustainment deliveries, Like the Joint Venture Missions to be considered include sealift, replen- Missions to be considered Joint Venture eception, staging, and onward movement and inte- eception, staging, and onward is an all-Army endeavor, operated by the 469th Trans- is an all-Army endeavor, Eustis, Virginia. Detachment, Fort portation head between the Australian mainland and Tasmania ( from Norfolk, Virginia, on January 25, 2003, for its Virginia, Norfolk, from first operational deployment (7 Gulf. Atlantic, the ship operated in the Arabian and control operations and functioned as the command and Land platform for the U.S. Navy SEALs (Sea, Air, Forces). and search training for vessel-boarding units that were ( during Operation Iraqi Freedom seizure tons. a total deadweight of 849 short Spearhead The second Incat-built high-speed ferry to enter U.S. military service 98-meter (321-foot) wave- was the catamaran Spearhead piercing Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Advanced Concept Technology of the of the Office of Defense and the U.S. Secretary Army. units and as well as for the movement of troop and equipment within a stocks. Delivering troops on-shore the need for a large-scale theater reduces r vehicles, and equipment in the gration of troops, battle area. vessels to be built for the U.S. Army and is a critical element of the Army 10 intratheater mission. s Title ever, has a superior cargo capacity, with a total dead- capacity, has a superior cargo ever, tons, and can carry up to 900 weight of 2,864 short operations tons during logistics-over-the-shore short tons for missions within a the- and up to 2,000 short ater of military (10). The Joint Venture operations ishment and resupply at sea, special operations inser- ishment and resupply command reconnaissance, tion and redeployment, mine warfare, warfare, antisubmarine and control, war- and evacuation, surface humanitarian assistance protection. and force fare, Seeing Action changed the experimental The war against terrorism status of the fast as the and equipment almost four times as troops Army vessel (LSV), s conventional logistics support which has a speed of 11.6 knots (9 the Iraqi theater. Missions have included hauling two the Iraqi theater. Qatar to the naval Patriot missile battalions from base in Kuwait, working in conjunction with the

PHOTO:PAUL FARLEY,U.S. NAVY s shallow pproaches a program is a multiservice experi- program ).

Entry at multiple points. Passengers and equipment moving together, Bypassing strategic and operational choke- Fight on arrival, mission planning and rehearsal, En route Simultaneous deployment and employment of Joint Venture Concepts to be considered include Concepts to be considered The main vehicle deck has an unrestricted height The main vehicle deck has an unrestricted and The Incat vessel also must be able to launch ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

ecover helicopters and rigid inflatable boats in ecover helicopters and rigid inflatable boats Sea 3.6-meter (12-foot) draft also allows maneuvering in shallow waters (6 Multiservice Experiment The Development ment that includes the Navy Warfare Center; Command; the U.S. Army Transportation the Combined Special Operations Command; the Arms Command; the U.S. Marine Corps Support of Naval Plans, Policy and Operations; the Office Naval Research; Sea Systems Command and Naval Air Systems Command; and the U. S. Coast Guard Deepwater Project. persons, with military vehicles and equipment, for greater than 1,110 nautical miles at a speed more than 35 knots. of 23 than 4.25 meters (14 feet) and a width of more a draft of less than 4 meters meters (75 feet). With unavailable to (13 feet), the ferry access ports can conventional ships, boosting the boat s flexibility and mission options. r capacity of a deadweight cargo State 3. Alternatively, (600 570 tons for 966 kilometers approximately load, the a heavy Without statute miles) is required. ferry can travel at 48 knots. Joint Venture Multiservice Joint Venture high-speed vessel port in Souda Bay, Crete. points, and the military force, 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 13 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage14 14 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 U MOVING S Army vessel theatersupport .S. OA S TODAY mission combatshipnowinconceptualdesign. ship, arelatively small,next-generation,focused- the shipasastepping-stonetolittoralcombatant Some envision ditious troop andequipmenttransport. warfare, littoralaccess,homelandsecurity, andexpe- boat crane(12). square meter(4,000-square-foot) flightdeck,anda square-foot) missiondeckandvehicleramp,a372- T Mine Warfare Command,andstationedinIngleside, Sealift Command,operatedbytheU.S.Navy tary meter (321-foot) The payloadhas athreshold of180metrictons and smallerrigid inflatableboats. helicopter andcarry of 3,500to4,300nauticalmiles alsoare necessary. of 1,000to1,500nauticalmiles andacruisingrange and modularityare othergoals.A sprint-speedrange at minimum,withhigherspeeds preferred. Payload ef planing monohulls,orhybridcatamaran—sur nologies suchascarbon-fibertrimaranhulls,semi- technologyoronalternativetech- high-speed ferry Department ofDefenseinitiativethatmaybuildon The littoralcombatantshipprogram isamajornew Littoral Ships Combatant Navy. Anevolutionfrom theJointVenture Incat recently completedanothercatamaranforthe Swift troops wouldhavetraveledbyair. onlytheequipment; days forthevoyage,carrying trip in2.5days.TheLSVwouldhaverequired 10 Kuwait, makingthe3220-kilometer(2,000-mile) policefromborne Divisionmilitary Djiboutito LSVs intheater. TheTSValsomovedthe101stAir- exas. TheSwift etsis h iso roiyi pe 40knots fect ships.Themissionpriorityisspeed Spearhead Missions willincludemaritimeinterdiction, mine The littoralcombatantshipwill deployamilitary departs fromdeparts port. MILITARY has a2601-square-meter (28,000- Swift HSV-X2 isleasedtotheMili- , the98-

face

S N .S. ,U A :B P AVY HO RIEN OTO H r slittoralcombatantship isfy mostoftheNavy able boatsatsea(14).TheX-craftmaybetosat- vehicle operationsorfordeploymentofrigidinflat- cargo elevatorandasternrampforroll-on, roll-off to 12shippingcontainers.Otherfeatures includea copters, andacargo deckfortroops, vehicles,orup decks: aflightdeckfortwolarge on-board heli- knots (13).Thelow-profile vesselwillhavetwo propulsors, toachieveatopspeedofmore than50 drivingfourwater total of75,000-horsepower a and apairof4,000-horsepowerdieselengines pair ofgasturbineswith33,500horsepowereach X-craft. is responsible forthedesignandengineeringof struction atNicholsBrothers BoatBuilders starting in2005. ant shipsatanominalcostof$200millionperunit, expected tobuildaminimumof30littoralcombat- an objectivelevelof210metrictons.TheNavyis Nigel GeeandAssociates fast ferries.Anotherveterandesignerofferries, licensee ofIncat,andhasbuiltmanyIncat-designed land, Washington. NicholsBrothers isalsoaU.S. 5 4 as wellparticipating incombat support operations. Operation IraqiFreedom, supplies andtroops, ferrying The to theRoyalAustralianNavyin EastTimor conflict. is expectedtoincrease. Fastferriesproved theirmettle asdinnerboatsintheevening. hours ortoserve as overnightpackageshipments)duringoff-peak containerizedhigh-valuecargoferries tocarry (such ability enhancementscouldtransformfastcommuter modularadapt- cial venue.Forexample,military increased modularity. cient hullformsandpropulsion systems,and be added,suchascompositeconstruction,more effi- develop, technologicaladvancesandrefinements will applicationsofthesevessels ity (15).Asthemilitary 4.3 meters(12to14feet)],andmodularadaptabil- generous payload(750tonnes),shallowdraft[3.7to knots in4.5-to5-meter(14.8-16.4-foot)seas], cal milesat30knots),goodseakeepingability[30 than 45knots),longrange(more than4,000nauti- withmoderatecosts,highspeed(moreU.S. military Commercial technologyfirstattractedthe fast-ferry Call Next Ports of equirements. www.ngal.co.uk. www.nicholsboats.com. The 81-meter(266-foot)vesselispowered bya The U.S.NavyX-craftcatamaranisundercon- The U.S. military s embrace of fast ferry technology sembraceoffast ferry The U.S.military These features maytransferbacktothecommer- Joint Venture and theSpearhead 5 of Southampton, England, have served in have served 4 in Free- -jet TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 15 Navy Navy Ameri- orkboat orkboat W W Navy News- . Navy News- HSV-X1, Oct. 24, 2003. Oct. HSV-X1, Sept. 17, 2003. usmilitary.about. Joins Navy Rotation. Starting The reliability of high-speed The reliability Joint Venture Swift HSV-X1 Modules. Jan. 27, 2003. www. Modules. HSV-X1 A designer of high-speed ships must con- ships must A designer of high-speed liability. Re Pursuing high speed as a principal characteristic ◆ Rota. Expands Role; Visits Experimental Vessel Stand, Feb. 12, 2003. www.news.navy.mil/search/display. 29, 2003. asp?story_id=5801. Accessed Nov. Stand, Jan. 29, 2003. www.news.navy.mil/search/display. 29, 2003. asp?story_id=9765. Accessed Nov. NewsStand, Oct. 1, 2003. www.news.navy.mil/search/dis- 29, 2003. asp?story_id=9765. Nov. Accessed play. www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/hsv.htm. 25, 2003. Accessed Nov. www.naval-technology.com/projects/lsv/index.html#specs. 29, 2003. Accessed Nov. News Service, can Forces 29, 2003. com/cs/weapons/a/catamaran.htm. Accessed Nov. Vessel High Speed 19, 2003. www.news.navy.mil/search/ NewsStand, Nov. 29, 2003. Nov. Accessed display.asp?story_id=10482. Magazine, December 2003, pp. 82, 84. Magazine, May 2003, p. 42. Joint Venture globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/hsv-mod.htm. Accessed Feb. 10, 2004. KINNON esearch, and dedication. equired more Navy personnel shoreside for main- for personnel shoreside Navy more equired of ships poses challenges for Navy technology, Navy of ships poses challenges for r (retired), Admiral The author is Rear U.S. Navy, and Managing Member, MSCL LLC,Alexandria,Virginia.A TRB Marine Board, he is chairmember of the of the National Research Council Committee on Marine Workshop. Response Capability:ASalvage ships remains to be proved for the extended over- for to be proved ships remains warships. of naval required seas deployment The high-speed, ships of the hydrofoil high-performance boat) class,forPHM (guided missile patrol example, r manning and operating the vessels. tenance than for 6. 7. on Terrorism Joins War Experimental Vessel 8. Experimental Returns from KU-Band Expert Ship. payload. sider fuel consumption at high power levels. at high power sider fuel consumption The range. a given be sufficient for must fuel carried or pay- cargo in fuel leads to a decrease Increased load capacity. more the hull size requires Increasing the same top speed,in to achieve power turn requir- weight. ing larger machinery and volume with added 9. IX 532 / HSV 4676 10. Frank Besson ClassS. USA. LSV Logistic Vessel, Support 11. Army Catamaran Hauls Equipment Double-Time. 12. 13. High-Speed Military Craft Market Gains Steam. 14. to Build First Navy X-Craft. Nichols Brothers 15. AC , MALCOLM M for the U.S. Navy for the U.S. Extreme motions, Extreme echnical Challenges ofechnical Challenges Fast Ships T , June 2003, p. 50. In the open ocean,ship motions Maritime Reporter and Engineering News

erformance on the open ocean in Speed at the expense of range and Structural integrity. Structural P he success of some commercial fast ferry fast commercial he success of some has fueled an interest designs and technologies

High-speed ships have many virtues many but also pre- High-speed ships have ◆ ◆ ◆

eight. local stress These materials tend to develop orkboat Magazine, August 2003. www.workboat.com/ ext=off&scope =03aug. Accessed Nov. 30, 2003. =03aug. Accessed Nov. ext=off&scope January 2003, pp. 38-40. itary High-Speed Craft. s New Appetite for High-Tech, W archives/searchframe.asp?qu=august%202003&Free- T Release, Military Sealift Command, February 7, 2002. www.msc.navy.mil/N00P/Pressrel/press02/press03.htm. 30, 2003. Accessed Nov. High-Speed Heavy Cargo U.S. Military Services to Test Catamaran. July 24, 2001. www. Incat Wave-Piercing 29, 2003. Accessed Nov. bollinger-incatusa.com/. Marine Engineering Log The Army has budgeted for seven TSVs and high sea states. depend on both short chops and long swells. The of head seas can slam the heave-and-pitch extreme ships.Moreover,multihull of multihull structure cross and quarteringseas can ship motions in following seasickness. produce sent several drawbacks: sent several in achieving high speeds in the next generation of high speeds in the next generation in achieving ships.Some have naval already fast ferries commercial use. naval for been adapted The U.S.Navy like would speeds of 50 knots,whichto reach architect naval any without difficulty. not achieved are knows T

particularly ships, on multihull high local produce stresses. use nonsteel hull mate- High-speed vessels and composites to reduce rials such as aluminum w cracking,and corrosion. stress undergo may aluminum eferences 3. Banking on the Mil- Are Buls, B. Fast Fighters: U.S. Yards 2. Speed to Spare. 4. for Marine Corps. Press MSC Contracts High Speed Vessel 5. R 1. is preparing a request for proposals. Additional mil- for proposals. a request is preparing expected, which will of the vessels are itary orders fast ferry in the United shipbuilding nurture States. littoral The fast ferry TSV may become the surrogate transfer of tech- combatant ship, in an even broader speed, and cost reliability, Fast ferry versatility, nology. in transforming role give the technology a prominent the U.S. military fleet of the 21st century. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 15 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 16

MOVING TODAY S MILITARY WEIGH-IN-MOTION TECHNOLOGY for Military Operations Developing a Portable, Safe, and Accurate System

JULIUS E. COATS, JR., ROBERT K. ABERCROMBIE, DAVID L. BESHEARS, AND ROBERT B. HONEA

eighing vehicles and other cargo Coats is National before loading them onto aircraft in Laboratory Liaison, a theater of operations is critical to Department of Energy, to the deployment of U.S. military the U.S. Army Training forces.W Rolling stock and other cargo must be and Doctrine Command, weighed and measured accurately to calculate the Fort Monroe, Virginia. center of balance of each item for proper distribution Abercrombie is Senior of weight in the aircraft. The weighing and measur- Program Manager, ing are vital to the safety of the aircraft, the crew, and Computational Sciences any passengers. Errors can be fatal. and Engineering In-ground static scales for weighing are available Division, Oak Ridge Demonstration of weigh-in-motion (WIM) at Fort at most air bases in the United States, but not in Bragg, North Carolina, May 2003, with truck moving National Laboratory remote or undeveloped areas. In June 2002, a special over portable system. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, operations combat supply plane crashed in Tennessee. Beshears is Afghanistan, killing several crew members. U.S. Air portable scales and tape measures are used to weigh Senior Researcher, Force accident investigators concluded that the crash military equipment and to determine the center of Engineering Science and was caused by imprecise information about cargo balance. Individual wheel-weigh scales are placed Technology Division, weight combined with a get the job done attitude. under each wheel, and all wheels must be on the ORNL. Honea is The aircraft crashed because it was overweight for scales at the same time, to ensure accuracy. Technology Consultant, the location, 7,200 feet above sea level. Army Times After weighing the individual wheels or wheel ORNL. reported that weighing cargo at such isolated airstrips sets, the next step is to measure the distance between was not practical the Air Force special operations the axles and calculate the center of balance, the crews were relying instead on weight estimates (1). individual axle weights, and the total vehicle weight. Nevertheless, military procedure requires all The Air Force loadmaster uses the center-of-balance equipment to be weighed before loading, without data and total vehicle weight to plan a specific load guesswork or estimates. The unit in Afghanistan had for each aircraft. estimated a weight that was wrong by several thou- The process is time-consuming, exhausting, and sand pounds. Each location requires specifically prone to error, especially in adverse weather. Placing recalculating the cargo s weight and center of balance the individual wheel-weigh manual portable scales and taking into account the effects of altitude, tem- under the wheels of the vehicle also presents a safety perature, runway length, and aircraft type. hazard. The process requires 6 to 10 soldiers. The U.S. military forces today are deployed globally loadmaster uses the data to determine the safe load- and rapidly, often in areas with little infrastructure, ing of the aircraft. No Air Force pilot will take off rarely including an in-ground static weigh scale. New without clearance from the loadmaster. technologies are addressing this problem. Improved Systems Tools in Hand Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge,

TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 If an in-ground fixed weigh scale is not available for Tennessee, has been experimenting with and devel- 16 wheeled vehicles, individual wheel-weigh manual oping portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems for TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 17 that is, with the ). The safety board had concluded that had ). The safety board total weight, individual wheel weights, eight data are measured as each wheel rolls over as each wheel rolls measured eight data are W in completed electronically All calculations are eal time. The data can be relayed to the military to the eal time. The data can be relayed s egulators and the airlines develop methods to weigh egulators and the airlines in-ground static weigh scale used at home bases and in-ground with the individual wheel-weigh scale system used in Comparison Tests Comparison at Fort Several side-by-side tests have been performed to compare and other bases Carolina, Bragg, North WIM system with the weighing tech- the portable nologies now in use by the military individual axle weights, individual axle spacing, and individual axle weights, individual axle spacing, improves longitudinal center of balance. The system hours personnel by reducing the weighing process by elimi- for deployment and and the time required the from for human errors nating opportunities of the miscalculation manual transfer of data or from vehicle attributes. pads. By the system, which uses two to six transducer the last wheels as a trip indicator and using the front and cal- wheel to end the cycle, the system can collect 1). culate the parameters automatically (see Figure r such as databases for deployment decision making, Coordinatorsthe Transportation Automated Infor- mation for Movement System II or the Automated Air Load Planning System. Inside the Technology indi- system weighs and records WIM The portable the spac- and records vidual axle weights, measures the ing between axles, and automatically determines vehicle s passengers and baggage to prevent overloading of to prevent passengers and baggage airplanes (2 Flight 5481 on Januarythe crash of Air Midwest 8, of too much weight in the rear 2003, was caused by with a maintenance mistake. combined the aircraft r ogram of the U.S.—Soviet mis-ogram of the U.S.—Soviet

WIM systems have highway applications for com- WIM systems have highway The military tool that could weigh and needed a The WIM system has commercial applications as applications The WIM system has commercial The WIM system also may have applicability in The benefits of the WIM technology are many. The benefits of the WIM technology are

esponse to the National Transportation Safety esponse to the National Transportation egister individual wheel weights, axle weights, axle egister individual wheel weights, axle weights, of the total number of axles. egardless FIGURE 1 Typical new WIM system design. new FIGURE 1 Typical mercial vehicles at low and high speeds. In the early vehicles at mercial Avail- Reliability, Productivity, 1990s, the Air Force commissioned and Maintainability Office ability, WIM system for military ORNL to develop a portable deployment. vehicles determine the center of balance for wheeled for the data electronically providing and cargo, and and other inter- deployment, redeployment, a system to intratheater activities. ORNL developed r of balance, spacing, total vehicle weight, and center r more than 10 years. ORNL developed its first system than 10 years. ORNL more for the verification pr to identify and verify sile disarmament agreement, facil- production moved from the weights of missiles and deployment bases, or to ities, assembly plants, destruction sites. well. agencies could use portable State enforcement vehi- units for random weight checks of commercial static weigh- where cles on highways and state roads not available. Additional industrial ing scales are applications would include weighing trucks at facili- weight distribution for safe travel. proper ties to assure r Board that federal s February 2004 recommendation The system offers portability, reduces labor, increases labor, reduces portability, The system offers in trans- and eliminates human errors productivity, addition, ferring data and making calculations. In WIM enhances deployability and reduces portable the logistics footprint with fewer items of equipment, quickly and effectively so that the military react can to any need. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 17 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage18 18 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 MOVING OA S TODAY portable WIM systemwilleliminatemanual calcula- vehicle weight,andcenter of balance.ORNLs manual calculationofindividual axleweights,total fer ofdatafrom onedevicetoanother, aswellthe weigh scalesandthestatic require thetrans- r expected toincrease forthefirsttwotechniques. snow, orhighwinds,thehumanerror ratewouldbe formed inexcellentweatherconditions,butrain, zero fortheportable WIMsystem.Thetestswere per- wheel-weigh scalesandtapemeasure technique;and tape measure technique;14percent fortheindividual butes were 9percent forthestaticweighscaleand the numberofaxles. consistently registered thesametimes,regardless of gle wheel-weighscales.Theportable WIMsystem times forthestaticin-ground weighscaleandthesin- vidual vehiclesare showninTable 1. determine thecenterofbalance,andmarkindi- three. Theaveragetimesrequired toweigh,measure, r wheel-weigh scalesandtapemeasure technique r trailers, andaforklift. ers, tractorswithflatbedtrailers,5-tonvehicles mobility multipurposewheeledvehicle,5-tonwreck- vehiclesincludedahigh- deployment. Themilitary ance of23vehiclesand1containerinasimulated Bragg, weighedanddeterminedthecenterofbal- maintain speedindataprocessing. the othermethodrequired atleasteightsoldiersto portable WIMsystemrequired onlythree soldiers; system didthesamein4.4minutes.Operating the fivevehiclesin25.3minutes;portable WIM the vehiclesandcalculatedcenterofbalancefor trailer. Theindividualwheel-weighscalesweighed ton truck,a1-tonandtractorwith40-foot longitudinal centerofbalancea5-tontruck,2.5- Bragg inlate1996,weighinganddeterminingthe mercial individualwheel-weighscalesystematFt. errors andcalculation. inmanualentry significant savingsintimeandlaboreliminated r TABLEAverage Timesfor 1 VehicleDifferent PreparationScales with with tape measure Static scales iue,38seconds 7 minutes, equired seven;andtheportable WIMsystemrequired emote locations.Theportable WIMdemonstrated eduction ofpotentialerrors. The individualwheel- equired three operatingpersonnel;theindividual The mainadvantageoftheportable WIMisthe Human errors inthecalculationsofvehicleattri- The numberofaxlescausedgreat variationsin The staticweighscaleandtapemeasure technique A secondsetoftestsinMay2003,againatFt. A testcompared theportable WIMwithacom- MILITARY Individual wheel-weigh scales withtape measure iue,46seconds 7 minutes, itary personneltodootherjobs. itary and loadplanning.Thesystemalsowillfree upmil- tems fortheautomatedmanagementofdeployment tions andwillfeedthedatadirectly intoothersys- cle tobeloaded. users, andbetransported inthebackoflastvehi- the dataautomaticallytoallauthorizedsystemsand and thatcanweighvehiclescargo safely, provide system thatcangoanywhere deploys themilitary posites. Theobjectiveistodevelopafield-rugged per assembly is ontrimmingtheweightforeasierhandlingand dled easilyinthefieldbytwosoldiers,anotherfocus accuracy within1or2percent. transducers andoptimizedspacingwillmaintain State-of-the art loadcell or cargo beingweighed. and acapabilitytoidentifyautomaticallythevehicle interfaces deployment, tothedatabasesformilitary upgraded electronics, modificationsforfielduse, a newalgorithmforaccuracyofweighing,alongwith ORNL isenhancingtheportable WIMsystemwith Next Steps 2. Levin, A. Airlines Should Weigh Airlines Passengers,Bags,NTSB Levin,A. 2. Weight ofCargo Cited inCrashofMC-130H. 1. R ciently, more accurately, andingreater safety. the toolkit,soldierswillperform missionsmore effi- operating inafewminutes.With portable WIMin can goanywhere viaaircraft andcanbesetup rapid force movement,andreduce costs.Thesystem eliminate theneedforastaticweighscale,support increase speedandproductivity indeployments, human errors andincalculations, indataentry have occurred. sooner, thefatalaccidentinAfghanistanmightnot the portable versionhadbeenavailabletosoldiers than adecade,withwiderapplicationsinEurope. If andenforcementvehicle industry formore services WIM systemshavebeenavailableinthecommercial In theToolkit eferences USA Today, Feb.28,2004,p. 8A. Says; AgencyFindsOverloadingWas FactorinN.C.Crash. ARMYPAPER-1340371.php. Dec. 9,2002.www.armytimes.com/archivepaper.php?f=0- Although thesystemcanbeassembledandhan- The newportable WIMsystemwilleliminate haps withlightweightbutstrong com- Portable WIMsystem iue,3seconds 3 minutes, Army Times, TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 19 FUNDING AND MORE ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ANNUAL MEETING HIGHLIGHTS RENEWAL, SECURITY, SECURITY, RENEWAL, Goals and Achievements 2004 Annual Meeting Spotlights Research than 9,000 transportationMore researchers, practitioners, and government,administrators representing industry, the and academia from in Washington, gathered United States and abroad D.C., January 11–15, 2004, to participate in the 83rd Meeting of the Transportation Annual Board.Research program, The five-day than 2,400 including more in 500 sessions,presentations 55 specialty workshops, 350 committee meetings, exhibits, attendees and meet-the-author poster sessions offered a variety of opportunities sharing and interaction. information for Three Infrastructure; the Transportation spotlight themes—Renewing Security: a Real That Can Make Measures Difference; and Funding: Reauthorization sessions together. program the diverse of many and Beyond—tied Details pages. on the following and highlights appear

Photography Cable Risdon photography by photography Annual Meeting TRB 2004 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 19 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage20 20 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Streets. of Department Philadelphia Gihon Jordan, sitswith AccessBoard, U.S. Lois Thibault, Human FactorsLuncheonkeynote speaker All ChairsMeeting. Division Activities chatbefore theTechnical Inc., CambridgeSystematics, Neumann, Washington DOTState ( Charles Howard, HouseofRepresentatives Transportation and U.S. Upchurch, Jonathan OperationsandMaintenance: Simulation Technology, Inc.; Waterway Daggett, Larry Marine: California DOT; Brelend Gowan, LegalResources: DOT; U.S. ChristinaCasgar, Freight Systems: metmidday Sunday (lefttoright chairs withthereorganization, T TheTRB specific andcrosscutting research. issuesintransportation enhancingtheabilitytoaddress avarietyof Groups andSections, These committeeshave beenreorganized intoanew collectionof 200 standingcommitteesinTRB’s TechnicalDivision. Activities Annual MeetingsessionswereThe developed by theapproximately cnclAtvte iiinCucl whichexpandedto11group Division Council, Activities echnical TRB 2004 SESSIONS & left ,andLance ), ◆ drew nearly 200peopleto9all-day sessions( Human Factorsin TransportationAnnual which Planning Committeefor the 37th Workshop, (MARAD). T TRB Richard Pain, ofStreets; Department Philadelphia GihonJordan, Ohio StateUniversity; T Hanscom, Fred consultant; Richard Schwab, Administration (FRA); Federal Railroad Raslear, Thomas WESTAT, NeilLerner, Inc.; NHTSA; ChristopherMonk, Administration (FHWA); ransportation Safety Coordinator; and Alexander Landsburg, U.S. Maritime Administration Maritime U.S. Alexander Landsburg, and Safety Coordinator; ransportation Helmut Zwahlen, Akron; University of Harvey Sterns, Researchransportation Corporation; NULMEIGHIGHLIGHTS MEETING ANNUAL ): Minnesota. University of Johns, Robert Management andLeadershipSection: and Director MarkNorman; Division University ofIllinois; Barkan, Christopher TexasKatherine Turnbull, Rail: Transportation Institute; Policy andOrganization: DOT; Florida GalePage, Construction: Designand Analysis International; Safety &Policy Sweedler, Barry SystemUsers: Inc.; Moore IacofanoGolstman, McLaughlin, T Surface CouncilAnne Chair Canby, State HighwayAdministration; Maryland NeilPedersen, Planningand Environment: Corporation; MITRE AgamSinha, Aviation: Infrastructure Committee; Human FactorsWorkshop. discussesrisk factorsfor aggressive drivingduringa (NHTSA), Highway National TrafficAdministration Safety Richard Compton, asotto oiyPoet ulcTasotto:Patricia PublicTransportation: Policyransportation Project; left toright): rgr ai,Federal Highway Gregory Davis, TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 21 ederal-aid transportation programs may arrive, may ederal-aid transportation programs include, what it may Bonasso, and Special Programs Research Administration; Jeffrey Runge, NHTSA; Mary Peters, FHWA; Annette Sandberg, Federal Safety Motor Carrier Administration; Shane; Emil Frankel, U.S. DOT; Allan Rutter, FRA; Jennifer Dorn, Administration Transit Federal (FTA);Sturgell,Robert Deputy Administrator Aviation Federal Administration (FAA); William Schubert, U.S. MARAD. Staff members from the U.S.Staff members from and the U.S. House of Representatives of on when reauthorization their prognostications Senate provided f and issues that will need to be addressed. Squires, Jeff Senate Committee; and Public Works Environment Sarah Kline, Senate Banking Committee; and Debbie Hersman, Senate Commerce Committee, a light moment during the panel discussion. share (Not pictured: Committee staff and Infrastructure House Transportation Upchurch,members Jonathan presiding, Woodle, Clyde and Joyce Rose.) Samuel : left From

eatured discussion on the importance in eatured of cost–benefit analysis effrey Shane,effrey Policy, for leads Undersecretary of Transportation selecting the appropriate technology transit bus applications. for selecting the appropriate in involved Participants described the decision-making process operational and selecting transit technology to meet a system’s business needs. efforts to FTA The session highlighted current transit initiative the bus rapid and insights from compile information for that can help local planners and officials contemplating BRT transportationsolving local community problems. A well-attended session,A well-attended Barbara Sisson, by over presided FTA, f J administrators of the U.S. in a panel discussion about the DOT in technology, government of the federal role future transportation renewal,infrastructure financing, intermodal connectivity, freight movement, productivity, increasing management, aviation water transport, energy, programs. and environmental ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 21 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 ◆ ◆

29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage22 22 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 beginning ofthelastcentury. propelled theseorganizationsatthe that the innovations intransportation Presenters examined Harley-Davidson. and Buick, Ford, Automobile Association, American centennial achievements of presides over asessionrecognizing the Smithsonian Institution, William Withuhn, Airspace System. methodologies andconceptsdeveloped for theNational and new technologies, al spotlightsessionfocused onworldwidedesignchallenges, airport Therenew- examinepresent andfuture aviation research anddevelopment. Administration, Aeronautics andSpace National Jacobsen, andRobert FAA; Herman Rediess, MITRECorporation; AgamSinha, presiding; University ofCalifornia–Berkeley, Rakas, ( Left toright :Rcadd efil,MsahstsIsiueo ehooy(I) Jasenka MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology (MIT); Richard deNeufville, ): TRB 2004 SESSIONS & ◆ T Lou Ralls, Mary FHWA; Steven Ernst, consultant; JamesCooper, DOT; Virginia Clendenin, George Inc.; ModjeskiandMasters, Authority ofNew John York Kulicki, andNew Port Jersey; Joseph Englot, consultant; JamesRoberts, DOT; Missouri Hungerbeeler, Henry ( nel infrastructure: andoffered designguidancefor highway bridgeandtun- 2001, security afterSeptember11, The BlueRibbonPanelonBridgeandTunnel Security presented strategiesfor improving xsDT n aodRgr,J. Pennsylvania DOT. Jr., and Harold Rogers, exas DOT; NULMEIGHIGHLIGHTS MEETING ANNUAL left toright onGre,FW;Jrm sneg WeidlingerAssociates; Jeremy Isenberg, FHWA; ) John Gerner, Quick EvaluationofCompaction.” Cable Terminal asaNew Instrumentfor presents hispaper,“BreakawayUniversity, Texas YanfengA&M Li, case theirresearch. toshow- studentstheopportunity Ph.D. provided recent andupcominggeotechnical T Doctoral StudentResearch in ransportation GeotechnicsWorkshopransportation nentoa oprto,presiding.) International Corporation, Applications Science Lindor Henrickson, ( community. transportation initiatives andoptions available tothe an interactive forum toidentifycurrent Theworkshop concludedwith modes. interdependencies oftransportation examining information assurance andthe bycyberterrorism andcybersecuirty designed toraiseawareness about inspotlightworkshopparticipate Ya and NorthwesternUniversity; Gallamore, Robert presiding; Inc., International, CRADA DanielO’Neil, Agency; Fr mleft:W om o .Hie,University ofVirginia, Haimes, cov Y. limBak NationalSecurity illiam Black, Not pictured: TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 23 er session on innovations in er session on innovations Roger Clarke, Alberta Vehicle Services, and Carrier Safety Canada, discusses international examples of motor carrier during a session on safety in the efforts at self-regulation trucking industry. Govert Sweere,Govert Netherlands Ministry of Transport, presides ov and rehabilitation pavement maintenance. Other topics cov- Management in Pavement ered sessions included rigid and flexi- design,ble pavement pavement char- and deformation strength acteristics, monitoring pavement and evaluation, and pavement surface properties. public investment in private rail infrastructure. public investment Conrad Ruppert, Amtrak, speaks about track load high-speed and heavy-axle upgrade for design, trains at a session on advances in railway construction, and maintenance. Other rail ses- investment, on railroad sions focused particularly ): Steven from left): Osterman, Joe Sandy Rowlett, left to right vailable to support the development of alternative corridors are corridors of alternative vailable to support the development Alternative freight corridor planning, corridor freight Alternative development, funding, and issues;freight emerging rapidly management are however, the tools a stages of development.still in the early Emil Frankel, U.S. DOT, capacity, freight discusses efforts to fund alternative including rail and water options, during a funding spotlight session. A panel of National Transportation Safety Board officials discussed Board Safety A panel of National Transportation improvements,a list of most-wanted safety including medical certifi- operators, vehicle cation of commercial bus crashworthi- increasing ness, train control, positive devices, recording enhanced vehicle incursions, runway preventing drinking and hard-core and reducing driving. Panelists included ( Bob Chipkevich, Ellen Engleman Conners, Chairman Quinlan, Kevin and Jim Cash. is Mitchell Garber.) (Not pictured

oshiyuki Yokota, World Bank,oshiyuki Yokota, World pre- ones, of Los Port Angeles; Campbell Jackson, Margaret Howard/Stein-Hudson Panelists for session addressing freight–community relations, freight–community session addressing Panelists for ( Alfonso Martinez-Fonts,Alfonso Jr., U.S. Department of Homeland Security, discusses cost–benefit materials of hazardous analysis transportation security at a session on Wednesday. Associates, presiding; Richard Hollingsworth, Cities Partnership, Gateway Inc. Eisenach, Southern Corporation; Norfolk Anne Strauss-Wieder, consultant; Stacey J T “Roadside Rest on sents research Areas: to Road Infrastructure and Raise Regional Economy during a Communities,” Empower Operations and session on Traffic Design in Asia. ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 23 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 ◆ ◆

29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage24 24 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Session attheShoreham. during thePublicInvolvement Poster Associates, Project,” Schemmer withLindaWeaver Beacham, shares hisresearch,“Yokohama North-West Corridor InstituteofBehavioralHiromitsu Sciences, Yajima, research atitsexhibit. showcases automotive andhighway and NHTSA, between FHWA,effort George Washington University, acollaborative Analysis Center, The NationalCrash infrastructure systemsresearch. T University’sAdvanced Infrastructure & Centerfor perusetheexhibitfor Rutgers Meeting participants POSTERS & asotto,detailingmultimodal transportation ransportation, TRB 2004 ◆ NULMEIGHIGHLIGHTS MEETING ANNUAL sponsors andsustainingaffiliates. Hall attheMarriott housedrecentThe Exhibit research projects andproducts ofTRB value tollpricing. management results from explainstraffic New Jersey, Authority ofNew York and Port Mark Muriello, W Mega Poster Sessionatthe attended Environmental Thewell- Above: lecture. setting thantheconventional authors inamore personal tointeractwith opportunity provided with an participants Sessions atallthree hotels Meet-the-Author Poster and Transportation Officials(AASHTO) publicationsexhibit. sigo itn Below: ashington Hilton. Above: the AmericanAssociation of State Highway TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 25 ), talks with TRB ight views recruitment materials with Jeffrey recruitment views om left: Section Chair Public Transportation uesday. James Crites, Dallas–Fort Worth (r International Airport Thomas Menzies, Officer Senior Program during the Chairs Lunch on Aviation T Vijay Kornala,Vijay Kansas State University, re Smithline, URS Corporation, in the Room in the Marriott. Employment Fr Patricia McLaughlin, Iacofano Moore Golstman, Inc., about information provides TRB committees to MIT students Michael and James Sorensen. Hanowsky tugal read through materials before the materials before through tugal read New and Young Attendees Welcome and Attendees Welcome and Young New Reception. Networking Andreia Simoes and Margarida Coelho of Simoes Andreia Por Colleagues page through Colleagues page through Meeting Annual to strategize which sessions Final Program to attend. vid Boyce, Northwestern University, meets with Natacha Thomas and Xiaozhao James Bonneson, Transpor- Texas

om left: om left:Da

oung Attendees Welcome and Networking oung Attendees Welcome exas–San Antonio, Keaton, meets with Jeff INTERSECTIONS Fr tation Institute (TTI); Kononov, Jake Colorado DOT; and Karl Zimmerman, TTI; on a laptop. research view AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc. and Chair of Geology of Earth and Properties Materials Section, and during the New Y Reception. After a short on presentation the meeting, to navigate how newcomers mingled with committee chairs present. First-ever undergraduate recipient of the recipient undergraduate First-ever Grant,Eisenhower Jason West, of University T Fr Lu, of Rhode Island. University ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 25 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 ◆ ◆

29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage26 26 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 National Academy ofEngineeringin2001. National Hewaselectedtothe HighwayFuture Strategic Research Program. Hehascontributedtoboththeoriginaland Committee Chairin2002. has beeactive inTRBfor more than20years asExecutive andserved Carlson Astrong ofTRBprograms, supporter nation’s highway system. and presentation ofTRB’s mostprestigious awards. PrincetonUniversity, turedDavid speaker Billington, anaddress by fea- Committee membersandofficers, includedtheintroduction ofnew Executive Giuliano, by hosted The program for theChairman’s Luncheon, CHAIRMAN’S LUNCHEON program have gone tocollege. 85 percent ofthemore than200students whohave completed the who helpedfound TransTech hassethighacademicstandards; in1991, McCall, andcareer development activities. student work assignments, regular summerinternships, provides studentswithmentoring, TransTech andcareers intransportation. employment, education, the TRBExecutive Committeefrom 1985to1988. on Heserved decision-makingprocess. new lightonthetransportation Mega-Projects:The ChangingPolitics of UrbanPublicInvestment 2003 Executive CommitteeChairGenevieve TRB 2004 otefciees andsafety ofthe cost effectiveness, r of championed theimportance ofTransportationSecretary has FHWA ExecutiveDirector andKansas theformer Throughout hiscareer, researchtransportation andtoTRB. to outstanding leadershipandservice Award for his Distinguished Service Jr., Carey, N. accepted theW. Associates, Carlson DeanCarlson, E. esearch inimproving theperformance, students toconsiderhigher toencourageinner-cityan effort Academy (TransTech) atCardozo in T McCallcoordinates the education. accomplishments intransportation T Award for Innovative Leadershipin Banks D. honored withtheSharon was D.C., Washington, High School, Cardozo Senior Shirley ClairMcCall, ytm Politics Innovation andPolicy System: Process, suchas books, Through hisseminal Construction. ofTransportationSecretary and asMassachusetts’first served Altshuler A notedpoliticalscientist, planningandpolicy.on transportation significant contributionstoresearch Award for his Distinguished Service r Harvard University,Alan Altshuler, eceived Crum theRoy W. ransportation andTechnologyransportation for heroutstanding ransportation The Urban Transportation The CityPlanning , ◆ he hascast NULMEIGHIGHLIGHTS MEETING ANNUAL , and can Concrete Institute. MemberoftheAmeri- Society ofCivilEngineers,andanHonorary MemberoftheAmerican Sciences, anHonorary emy ofArts and 1986, andmore recently waselectedaFellowoftheAmericanAcad- in 2003.HewaselectedtotheNationalAcademyofEngineering ence FoundationDir subject ofanearlybook. his contributionstothedesignofthin-shellconcrete structures, the Structural Design:ASwissLegacy Modern, three booksontheworkofRobert Maillart, and neering, including Thisthemehasunfoldedinaseriesofmajor books, Past 250Years. Engineering andPoliticsHasTransformedStates overthe theUnited neatly summarizedBillington and internationalrecognition. Thetitleofonetheteachingexhibits but independentfrom, architecture. his lecture, considersstructuralengineeringasanart formparallelto, numbers ofliberalarts students.Thiscourse,whichwasthebasisof Science, attractinglarge School ofEngineeringandApplied by the and frequently hashadthehighestenrollment ofanycourseoffered and theUrbanEnvir Structures ductory coursesonengineeringatPrinceton.Oneofthese, to engineersandarchitects andhasintroduced three permanentintro- Billington hastaughtundergraduate andgraduatecoursesinstructures ture andEngineeringsince1990.Apioneeringeducatorauthor, than 40yearsandasdirector ofthe niques andcalledonattendeestoviewbridgesasworksofart. urged thecontinueduseofinnovativedesignandconstructiontech- wit tonarratebridgeconstructionduringthepast250years.He man and aestheticsofbridgedesignasthefeatured speakerattheChair- Princeton University, presented amultimedialecture onthehistory David Billington,Gordon Y.S. Wu Professor ofEngineeringat Provides aLessoninBridge Design Princeton Engineering Professor cal 03rcpeto h ak wr,isinthebackground, Award, 2003recipient oftheBanks McCall, students intheTransTech Shirley Theirprogram coordinator, program. David BillingtonmetpersonallyHigh School with Cardozo Senior Recipient of many awards, Billington received the National Sci- Recipient ofmanyawards, Billingtonreceived theNational His lectures andteachingexhibitionshaveearnedhimnational Billington has served asamemberofthePrincetonfacultyformoreBillington hasserved s Luncheon.Billingtonemployedalivelyslideshowandquick The Innovators:EngineeringPioneersWhoMadeAmerica The Tower andtheBridge:TheNewArtofStructural Engi- net hasbeenoffered regularly since1974 onment, ector s s ector Distinguished TeachingScholar Award antee TheInteractionof s maintheme: . Billingtoniswidelyrecognized for nvriysProgram university on Architec- The Artof left. TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 27 Lester Hoel,Virginia, of University 2003 Woods Consolazio, winners McVay, Award 2003 Woods Lehr; and pprovals and reports requiring review, and reports requiring pprovals with characteristic depth, eception honoring him as outgoing TRB eception honoring him as outgoing Division Chair for HONORING A FRIEND— with wife, Unni, and daughter, Sonja, Committee at the Executive r Council (NRC) Oversight.National Research In his many than 35 years,contributions to TRB spanning more Hoel has Activities Council Chair, Committee Executive served as Technical Chair, and than 30 committees and as a member or chair of more panels. as chair of the TRB nine years He spent an unprecedented NRC Oversight.Subcommittee for Committee’s Executive In that position, of committee and panel Hoel handled a large volume a detailed understanding, humor. and good om left: Fr 2003 Burggraf winner Vandenbossche;Activities Award Technical Council Chair Anne Canby; Committee Chair 2003 TRB Executive Giuliano;Genevieve and 2003 Mickle winners Lord,Award Lyon, McGee, and Persaud. The . The Develop- ransporta- ransporta- T , the paper describes ge Impact Events. Published , the paper describes a process for , the paper describes a process Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of r, ransportation Research Record No. 1823 Record ransportation Research T fic Signal Installation. Published in d-Winning Papers in Print Papers d-Winning ransportation Research Record No. 1849 Record ransportation Research

The Fred Burggraf Award recognizes excellence in transportation recognizes Award Burggraf The Fred for the outstanding paper in the The D. Grant Mickle Award T

essel-Pier-Soil Interaction During Bar essel-Pier-Soil esearch by researchers 35 years of age or younger whose papers have by researchers esearch ment of a Procedure for Estimating Expected ment of a Procedure of a Safety Effects Contemplated Traf been published under the sponsorship of any Technical Activities been published under the sponsorship of any Technical Julie Vanden- Division standing committee. The 2003 recipient, authoredbossche, University of Pittsburgh, Performance Analysis Min- of Ultrathin Whitetopping Intersections on US-169: Elk River, nesota, published in r facili- and maintenance of transportation field of operation, safety, University; Hugh to Bhagwant Persaud, Ryerson ties was presented University; and Ryerson McGee, Bellomo McGee, Inc.; Craig Lyon, for their paper, A&M University, Texas Dominique Lord, K.B. Woods Award for the outstanding paper in the field of design Award K.B. Woods to Gary facilities was presented and construction of transportation of the University and Michael McVay Consolazio, G. Benjamin Lehr, of Florida for their pape V in dynamic tests for computing lateral impact loads necessaryhigh- for way bridge design. study endorsed ultrathin whitetopping as a viable option when the is no sign of hot-mix asphalt maintains uniform thickness and there stripping and raveling. No. 1840 Record tion Research signals and safety warrants for the installation of traffic improving examines the impact of safety issues on the decision-making process. Awar During the Chairman to the presented were s Luncheon, awards series of the T outstanding papers published in the 2003 tion Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Board. Research Journal of the Transportation Record: tion Research ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:48 PM Page 27 PM Page 3:48 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 ◆ ◆

29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:48PMPage28 28 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 DEEN LECTURE TRB 2004 Highway program region, thesix-stateOffice ofMotor as theprincipallegaladviserfor thesix-stateFederalAid gating tort liabilityissues.As RegionalCounsel,heserved involved inhigh-visibilitylegal activities,includingliti- T series oftheT preservation ofcommunityvalues. and enhancementofthenaturalenvironment and design, shouldbebalancedwithmobility, protection, demonstrating thatsafety, considerationin aprimary that Congress hasestablishedpublicpolicyclearly Jonesobser ests, policy judgmentsinthebalancingofcompetinginter- thetic, historic,andenvironmental resources. Itinvolves equally: safety, mobility, andpreservation ofscenic,aes- on purposeandneed,withproject features addressing transportation project reflecting communityconsensus liability. sensitive designprincipleswillovercome thethreat of that thevisionofdesignexcellenceinvokedbycontext- Counsel forRegion8(Denver, Colorado),concluded be compromised. Jones,whoretired in1994asFHWAs increase exposure totort liability, becausesafetywould designstandards flexing that Liability Concerns? struction inrecent years. emerge inhighwayproject planning,design,andcon- described asamongthemostsignificantconceptsto context-sensitive designphilosophy, whichhasbeen slecture supported the 12,2004.Jones design, January the issueoftort liabilityconcernsincontext-sensitive Administration (FHWA) RegionalCounsel,addressed Lectureship, Richard Jones,retired FederalHighway The 13threcipient oftheThomasB.DeenDistinguished Jones Delivers Resounding Support forContext-Sensitive based on the context within which they were based onthecontextwithinwhichtheywere explain andprove thereasonableness ofdesigndecisions Theevidencewillestablishdesign immunityor tained. term andindividualcasesintheshort term,Jonesmain- towinfavorableappellatedecisionsinthelong necessary involve aconsciousbalancingofpublicpolicyfactors,is dence, showingthatcontext-sensitivedesigndecisions long term, r ter accommodate[context-sensitivedesign]processes, public interest, willinfluencechangesintort lawtobet- educing liabilityexposure inboththeshort termandthe ransportation Research Board During hisnearly30yearswith FHWA, Joneswas The lecture willbepublishedinavolumeofthe2004 I suggestthatsuchpublicpolicy Context-Sensitive Design:W What isenvisionedapr Jones explained. ransportation Research Record: Journalofthe ved. Supporting hisclaim,henoted ved. examined thecontinuingconcern . Solid documentaryevi- ◆ ocess thatresults ina NULMEIGHIGHLIGHTS MEETING ANNUAL ill theVision Overcome and guidelineswould , becauseitreflects the made. Jones:“Reflecting Community Consensus.”Jones:“Reflecting advised onlegalaspectsofaW cial counselforseveralmegaprojects inColorado;has asspe- those onAmericanIndianlands.Hehasserved arising from highwaytransportation projects, including ance withenvironmental requirements andinissues and transportation consultant,specializingincompli- mental impactstatementsforhighwayprojects. r tecting thenaturalandhumanenvironment. Hewas Policy Actandotherfederalstatutesregulations pro- mental requirements undertheNationalEnvironmental rolesprimary wastoassure compliancewithenviron- cutorial, andprocurement activities.OneofJones arisingfrom pr includinglitigation ters r Carriers region, andtheCentralFederalLandsDivision, present status,and prospects forthefuture. oftheirtechnicalarea,overview including itsevolution, orees are provided theopportunity topresent an sTechnical ActivitiesDivision.Hon- covered by TRB and achievementsofanindividual inoneoftheareas annual award thatrecognizes the career contributions Research Pr five articles fortheNationalCooperativeHighway s on India peetn h gnysChiefCounselinalllegalmat- epresenting theagency esponsible forthelegalsufficiency review ofenviron- Since retiring from FHWA, asalegal Joneshasserved The ThomasB.DeenDistinguished Lectureship isan National Highway System; andhasauthored National Highway ogram s s ogram Continuing LegalResearch project. orld Bank—FHWA orld Bank—FHWA ogram, prose- study ◆ TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 29 2004 Executive Committee Chair Committee 2004 Executive hugs his predecessor Michael Townes the gavel Giuliano following Genevieve at the close of the presentation Luncheon. Chairman’s 2000 Executive Committee Chair Martin 2000 Executive Wachs, of California–Berkeley, University insights during the TRB Executive offers Committee Winter Business Meeting. wnes, Hampton Roads Transit; Associate Executive eports conform to high standards of the National eports to high standards conform The TRB Executive Committee Subcommittee for The TRB Executive to works Council Oversight National Research and TRB committee appointments that ensure r Academies (left to right): Robert Executive Director Skinner, Jr.; C. Michael Walton, of University (Subcommittee Chair);2004Texas–Austin Executive Boardman,Committee Vice Chair Joseph York New State DOT; Giuliano, 2003 Chair Genevieve of Southern California; University 2004 Chair Michael To Schneider; Suzanne Director Craig, and John Nebraska Department of Roads. A) Legislative Commit- left), with Catherine Ross, Georgia Institute of Technology, responds to responds Georgia Institute of Technology, expansion. a question about program Cooperative Research Programs Programs Research Director Cooperative Robert ( Reilly tation Association s (APT Outstanding Public Transportation System Achievement Award and the APTA Public and the APTA System Achievement Award Outstanding Public Transportation s Vice Chair for 2004 is Joseph Boardman, Commissioner of New York State DOT. State DOT. Commissioner of New York Chair for 2004 is Joseph Boardman, s Vice wnes Guides 2004 Executive Committee 2004 Executive wnes Guides ownes currently is a member of the Board of Directors of the Virginia High-Speed Rail Devel- High-Speed of the Virginia Directors of is a member of the Board ownes currently TRB A 20-year veteran leader in public transportation, Townes has been active in TRB for many has been active Townes in public transportation, A 20-year veteran leader T ginia s EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SESSIONS ransportation System Outstanding Achievement Award. ransportation Award. System Outstanding Achievement rustees and of the American Public Transpor

T TRB Senior Program Officer TRB Senior Program Anne Brach Strategic discusses the Future Highway Program;Research interim plan was an outlined in NCHRP Report 510. tee. In 1999, Townes was selected as the first president and chief executive officer of Hampton and chief executive officer was selected as the first president tee. In 1999, Townes between the Peninsula Trans- commission formed after the merger a consolidated Roads Transit, District Com- Transportation District Commission (PENTRAN) and the Tidewater portation with of PENTRAN, the commission was honored was executive director mission. While Townes Vir opment Committee and is Chairman of the Norman Mineta Transportation Institute Board of Institute Board the Norman Mineta Transportation opment Committee and is Chairman of T Michael Townes, President and Chief Officer of Hampton Roads Transit, Virginia, received the received Virginia, of Hampton Roads Transit, Officer and Chief President Michael Townes, Genevieve Giu- his predecessor of the TRB Executive Committee from gavel as the 2004 Chair liano during the Chairman s Luncheon. and Project (TCRP) Oversight Program Selec- Research Cooperative Transit the years. He chaired TRB Com- the panels. He also chaired tion Committee and has served on several TCRP project Database to several other his expertise Study and has contributed mittee for the National Transit serves TRB Executive Committee since 2000, Townes policy study committees. A member of the on its Council Oversight and the Subcommittee for National Research Subcommittee on Plan- ning and Policy Review. To

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The Executive Committee policy session Research Center, who discussed the Constraints”; and Lee Schipper, the World focused on the interrelationship between “Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Resources Institute Center for Transport global climate change and transportation. Variability on Transportation in the Gulf and the Environment, who presented his

Expert panelists included (left to right) Coast/Mississippi Delta Region”; George research,“Looking at the CO2/Transport Michael MacCracken, Climate Institute, who Eads, Charles River Associates, Inc., who Problem Through the Right End of the assessed research on “The State of Climate detailed “The Transportation Community’s Telescope: A Challenge to the Change Science”; Virginia Burkett, U.S. Options for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Nontransportation Community.” Geological Survey National Wetlands Emissions: Economic and Political

Leaders at Work

Anne Canby, Chair of the Technical Activities Council, holds an informal meeting in the lobby of the Shoreham.

TRB Executive Director Robert Skinner, Jr., converses with Anthony Kane, Director of Engineering and Technical Services for AASHTO AASHTO President John Njord, Utah DOT, Committees. is one of the seven new members of the Executive Committee, along with Douglas Duncan, FedEx Freight; James Hertwig, Landstar Logistics, Inc.; Sue McNeil, University of Illinois–Chicago; Philip Shucet, Virginia DOT; C. Michael Walton, University

TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 of Texas–Austin;and Linda Watson, Corpus 30 Christi Regional Transportation Authority. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 31

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EMERITUS MEMBERSHIP

TRB’s emeritus membership category recognizes the significant,long- term contributions of individuals who have provided exemplary leadership and service on the Board’s standing committees. The 2004 group of honorees,recognized at the Annual Meeting,are listed below.

Technical Activities Structural Fiber-Reinforced Council Plastics Kumares C. Sinha Billy G. Connor International Activities Frost Action

Braja M. Das Policy and Organization Chemical and Mechanical Elizabeth A. Deakin Stabilization Transportation and Land Development Barry J. Dempsey Richard Miller, Chair of the Committee on Properties of Concrete Subsurface Drainage (right), honors the long-term contributions of Edward Nawy. Harvey Knauer Transportation-Related Noise Deborah J. Goodings A. Keith Turner Ken F. Kobetsky and Vibration Modeling Techniques in Engineering Geology Traffic Control Devices Geomechanics Thomas J. Yager Roger E. Smith Frank S. Koppelman Surface Properties, Vehicle Pavement Passenger Travel Demand William H. Hansmire Interaction Management Forecasting Tunnels and Underground Structures Thomas F. Zimmie Yash Paul Virmani Abba G. Lichtenstein Physicochemical Phenomena Corrosion Historic and Archeological Lynne H. Irwin in Soils Preservation in Transportation Low-Volume Roads Legal Resources Alan E. Pisarski Dennis M. Labelle Operations and Richard W. Bower Urban Transportation Data and Utilities Maintenance Transportation Law Information Systems Daniel Brand R. Gordon McKeen Intelligent Transportation Gordon A. Shunk Engineering Behavior of Systems System Users Transportation Planning Unsaturated Soils John W. Palmer Applications John W. Bugler Operator Education Edward G. Nawy Sealants and Fillers for Joints and Regulation Douglas L. Smith Properties of Concrete and Cracks Environmental Analysis in Transportation Public Transportation Darwin G. Stuart Jack W. Boorse Transportation Programming, Light Rail Transit Planning, and Systems Evaluation Donald O. Eisele Light Rail Transit S. Ling Suen Accessible Transportation and Thomas F. Larwin Mobility Light Rail Transit

Thomas L. Weck Roy E. Lave Environmental Analysis in Paratransit Transportation

Walter E. Zullig, Jr. TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 Commuter Rail Planning and Transportation Environment David J. Forkenbrock Transportation and Economic Aviation Development John W. Fischer Aviation Economics and Forecasting Design and Construction Engineering Geology Chair Thomas Badger,Washington State DOT (left), Craig A. Ballinger with emeritus member A. Keith Turner,Colorado School of Mines. Norman D. Witteveen 31 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage32 32 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 disseminate theresults. and practical solutions, search for problems, f w operatorsto allow airport ACRP would compatibility. andenvironmental safety, efficiency, security, in airport would confer lastingbenefits highways andpublictransit r onthecooperativepart Program (ACRP) modeledin Cooperative Research Airport A national T Cooperative Solutions ResearchAirport Needs REPORT SPECIAL TRB ederal agenciestoidentify esearch programs for ork togetherandwith OM MENZIES A nment s s government other modesoftransportation. Atairports, thefederal cargo, andgeneralaviation. ture forlong-distancepassengertransportation, air these airports formanationalsystemofinfrastruc- sector responsibilities, U.S.airports share manychal- suppliers, andusersingovernmentindustry. of publicandprivateairport operators,regulators, ment imperativethatrequires theefforts ofthousands efforts toensure nomic development.Airports are attheforefront of noise reduction, environmental protection, andeco- and safety, aswellregional andlocaldemandsfor to meetnationalgoalsforaviationsystemefficiency ownershipandoperation ofthefacilities. ernments fic intersectswithmunicipal,county, andstategov- iprscnettento saviationsystemwith Airports connectthenation At thenexusofsomanypublicdemandsandpublic- Airports are nationalandlocalresources, expected authorities, andsomebystates.Together owned andoperatedbylocalregional States. Mostare public useintheUnited pproximately 5,000airports are opento management andregulation ofairtraf- vainscrt afederalgovern- aviation security evaluation ofprocedures andproducts thatare already it maybesufficientand toconductasystematicsurvey practical solutionstoshared problems. Insomecases, Research isessentialtomeettheseneedsandfind Practical Solutions of airfields, terminals,andotherfacilities. seeking cost-effective waystostrengthen thesecurity addition, operatorsofairports ofallsizesandtypesare ulations, andallfacechallengesincompliance.In subject tofederal,state,andlocalenvironmental reg- major concernsatlarger airports, yetallairports are pollution, andchemicalrunoff from durable andcapableofhandlingheavierloads. tain, andlarger airports needpavementsthatare more need pavementsthatare economicaltobuildandmain- need toimprove r similar across thesystem.Forexample,mostairports airport tothenext,yetgeneraltopicsofinterest are cific research from needsandprioritiesmayvary one airport hastheincentiveorresourcesSpe- tosolve. lenges andfacemanycommonproblems thatnosingle Envir netlipcssuchasair onmental impacts na aeet smallerairports unway pavements craft noise,air ecn are deicing TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 33 is available from TRB from is available Special Report 272:Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in Form (see Publications Order this issue). tments and public transit ficiency of facilities for Managed by the Transportation Research Board Research Managed by the Transportation Nevertheless, airport operators do not have a direct operators do not have airport Nevertheless, esearch and other technical activities that respond to and other technical activities that respond esearch ole in advising federal agencies on research and devel- ole in advising federal agencies on research to shared to develop or disseminate solutions esources (TRB) of the National Academies, both programs of identifying prob- involve operators in the central role In contrast, the operators of two other transportation modes state highway depar agencies have the means to work together to identify The needs and find solutions to common problems. Program, National Cooperative Highway Research funds established in 1962, pools federal-aid research by individual states to develop near-term, volunteered facing many highway practical solutions to problems than a decade, the Tran- agencies. Likewise, for more has sponsored Program sit Cooperative Research r the needs of the public transit industry. Successful Models Completing the Portfolio Completing the and development research this varied Missing from research of applied is a program however, portfolio, that views the nation airside, and landside, s airport systems as functioning in management air traffic national airspace system. Airport to form the concert the overall operators can identify factors that affect and ef capacity, safety, instance, how air traffic control rules affect airport rules affect control instance, how air traffic facility con- how airport operations and capacity, and how regula- congestion and delay, straints affect tions governing noise and other environmental meet demands to the ability of airports factors affect for aviation services. r ideas and opment and do not have a way to pool r usually proceeds research Airport-sponsored problems. at the behest of individual operators, and dissemination even to other operators is often haphazard, of results when the application may be widespread. nificant implications for airport operations, configu- for airport nificant implications compliance. environmental and rations, capacity, egulates the nation s air ts with billions of dollars ove models for aircraft air ove models for aircraft

At its Airport Technology Research and Develop- Research Technology At its Airport also offices and division headquarters The FAA research aeronautics In contrast, NASA undertakes to mili- on topics relevant DoD sponsors research Through several agencies, the federal government several agencies, Through

ederal Initiatives ederal esearch through the Federal Aviation Administra- the Federal Aviation through esearch esearch to reduce aircraft noise through innovative noise through aircraft to reduce esearch traffic control system; provides and establishes stan- provides system; control traffic and safety, for security; and sets environmental, dards configurations, airport affecting design standards equipment, and operations. The federal government, meeting and much at stake in has a key role therefore, needs. research critical airport The federal government sponsors airport-related r and the National Aeronautics Space tion (FAA), of Defense Administration (NASA), the Department Security Administration (DoD), the Transportation of Homeland of the Department (part Security), and other agencies. J. Hughes Technical ment branch in the William grants and through New Jersey, Atlantic City, Center, to investigate sponsors research to universities, FAA and con- alternative runway and taxiway materials visual and other figurations, lighting at approaches ice-con- guidance technologies, runway snow- and opera- and rescue materials and methods, fire trol and other wildlife tions, and mitigations for bird FAAs supports overarching This research hazards. operation the safe and efficient mission to promote areas of the national airspace system. Airport-related of federal aid and invest- major recipients that are a comments, such as runways and taxiways, receive research. mensurate amount of attention in FAA special stud- through research conduct airport-related ies example, to impr for that can span decades. For example, NASA sponsors r incremental systems, not through propulsion in conventional techniques for engine improvements noise abatement. tary needs, with occasional applications to civil avia- NASA, by FAA, undertaken tion. In addition, research have sig- systems can control and DoD on air traffic F pollutant emissions and methods for measuring air- is short however, noise. Most of this research, port term, driven by specific rulemaking initiatives and policy proposals. in aid each year; operates and r and in aid each year; operates provides the nation the provides s airpor succeeding at some airports, and then to ensure that and then to ensure succeeding at some airports, have good information on effec- operators all airport may be required cases, research tive practices. In other equipment, designs, and to develop new materials, problems. particular techniques to address 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 33 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage34 34 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 mes C. DeLong, James C. Cooperative Research Program Airport an Committee foraStudyof Marlin Beckwith James M.Crites Barry J. Dempsey, J. Barry Edward L.Gervais George P. Vittas, Carolyn Motz S. Adib Kanafani, Angela Gittens mento ,M nvriyo aiona Berkeley University ofCalifornia, , , , alsFr ot nentoa ipr,Texas WorthDallas–Fort Airport, International California Department ofTransportation Sacra- Department California (retired), aesonRgoa ipr,Maryland Airport, Hagerstown Regional aiDd nentoa ipr,Florida Airport, iami–Dade International MMAito,Fr ot,Texas Fort Worth, DMJM Aviation, oivleItrainlArot(eie) Kentucky, (retired), Airport Louisville International , nvriyo lios Rantoul University ofIllinois, oigCmeca ipae,Sate Washington Seattle, Airplanes, Boeing Commercial r spectives onrelated issues.JamesC.DeLong,recently TRB witharangeofexpertise andabalanceofper- National Academies. through theNationalResearch Council(NRC)ofthe T formal studyoftheconceptbyU.S.Department of in 2000(PublicLaw106-181),Congress requested a oned suchproposals. Inlegislationreauthorizing FAA International—North State Aviationof Officials andtheAirports Council highways andpublictransit.TheNationalAssociation r tions haveurged thecreation ofanairport cooperative In thepastdecade,manyindividualsandorganiza- Creating aProgram organizationsor industry forseveralyears. not appearontheresearch agendaoffederalagencies problems, maybeoverlookedor whichotherwise often urgent needsand butfocusesonoperators try r address theproblems. Thisappliedresearch doesnot lems andofprogramming specificresearch projects to eplicate theworkoffederalgovernmentorindus- esearch program modeledinpart ontheprograms for etired asmanagerofLouisvilleInternationalAirport, ransportation, whichinturncontractedwithTRB NRC assembledacommitteeundertheauspicesof America developedandchampi- Chair dissemination. ers toensure objectivity, credibility, applicability, and by acombinationoftechnicalexperts andpractition- stages thepr and are accessibletousers,recognizing thatatall meet scientificandprofessional standards ofquality meeting theirneeds;and port andaviationcommunitiesacommitmentto strong senseofownershiptheprogram bytheair- afundingar users and implementtheresults; agencies, airport users,andothersexpectedtouse participation andclosecollaborationfrom federal also wouldguidetheresearch agenda,withactive as studydirector forthis project. Division ofStudiesandInformation Services,served The author, a SeniorProgram Officer intheTRB ment (seebox,nextpage). the structure forprogram governance andmanage- nities andTRBtoelicitresearch needsandtoestablish working withtheairport operatorandusercommu- Fiscal Year 2005andbeyond.Intheinterim,FAA is appropriation process willdetermineACRPfundingin tion offundsforFiscalYear 2004.Theannualfederal of theact,however, cametoolatefortheappropria- for ACRPinFiscalYears 2004through 2007.Approval Act of2003,Congress authorized$10millionperyear In theVision ofAviation 100:Century Reauthorization Congressional Approval gram thatwouldbe solutions, andthedisseminationofresults. tification ofproblems, thesearch forpractical eral agencies,wouldbeinvolvedactivelyintheiden- working withoneanotherandthevariousfed- to establishaprogram inwhichairport operators, Cooperative Solutions, Special Report 272, as TRB r benefits inairport security, efficiency, safety, andenvi- ative Research Program (ACRP)wouldconferlasting committee concludedthatanationalAirport Cooper- modes, aswelltheresearch needsofairports, the ucts ofthecooperativeresearch programs forother (see box,thispage). environmental analysis,andresearch andplanning experts inairport management,design,engineering, chaired thecommittee,whichincludednineother onmental compatibility. Initsfinalreport, published ◆ ◆ ◆ The committeerecommended creation ofapro- After studyingtheorganization, process, andprod- Managed toensure thattheresearch products Financed withrevenues derivedfrom aviation Governed primarilybyairport operators,who ogram s r s ogram rangement thatwouldprompt a esearch projects mustbeguided the committeeurged Congress Airport Research Needs: TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 35 The selection of ACRP . Each project will be assigned to a Each project . The emphasis is on disseminating research AA will make sufficient funding available in sufficient funding available AA will make . CRP is in the formative stage.CRP is in the formative A Memoran- .F submit a research problem statement or to request statement problem submit a research Developing and distributing requests for proposals; for and distributing requests Developing to select the proposals and evaluating Processing with the selected researchers; contracts Executing Guiding the research; reports; research Reviewing reports;Publishing and disseminating research and results. of research the application Promoting To Status.A Contractor Selection Contractor ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ Products Funding Project Panels Project CRP will produce research reports; research CRP will produce industry associations vailable for each project. vailable for esearchers will follow an open process that allows all that allows an open process will follow esearchers esearch agencies to compete on technical merit and that esearch esults to the intended end-users—airport operating agen- esearch specialists,andesearch users of the products. the intended dum of FAA, between Agreement TRB, and airport indus- is in development.Thetry representatives governing ACRP to the terms of the will be established according board Memorandum of and is expected to meet in Agreement and to pri- spring 2004 to establish operating procedures needs. oritize research further on information ACRP, contact Robert J. Reilly, Director, Programs, Research Cooperative TRB, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001; telephone 202-334- 3224; fax 202-334-2006; e-mail [email protected]. Program at www.TRB.org/acrp. is available information r cies, service providers, and suppliers. Industry associations available. information research in making roles key will play A workshops, for arrange may training aids, field visits, and other activities to encourage implementation. r r fair treatment,ensures talent as access to the best as well a TRB-appointed panel,whichTRB-appointed technical guidance will provide and counsel. Panels include experienced practitioners, r statements,evaluate project The panels prepare proposals, select contractors, guide the research, and review the reports. without Panel members serve voluntarily compensation. 2004 to enable the ACRP to be organized and prepared to 2004 to enable the to be organized and prepared ACRP (see feature appropriated as funds are carry out research details). article more for best qualified research agencies; best qualified research Preparing for Takeoff Preparing CRP will be managed CRP will solicit research .A The primary participants in .A . Airport Cooperative Research Program Research Cooperative Airport

AA as program sponsor. AA as program he Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) he Program Airport Research Cooperative was authorized in 2003 as partDecember of the Assisting the governing board in identifying and pri- board Assisting the governing expertAppointing and coordinating technical panels F TRB as program manager and secretariat for the for manager and secretariat TRB as program An independent governing board with representation board An independent governing CRP will carry out applied research on problems CRP will carry research out applied CRP will enlist the cooperation and participation of

erning board; and RP will be sponsored by the Federal the Federal by RP will be sponsored Aviation Admin- Program Management Selection of Research Program Participants A ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ A CRP will be according to procedures adapted from the National from adapted to procedures according and the Transit Program Research Cooperative Highway Program. Research Cooperative man- program Day-to-day tasks: agement will include the following problem statements periodically and will accept submis- periodically statements problem time. at any anyone sions by board The governing ACRP program, the research will formulate identifying the high- and and defining funding levels est priority projects expected products. airport professionals, officials, state and local government equipment and service suppliers,airport users,and research organizations. shared by airport by operating agencies but not adequately shared programs.Research research federal and tech- by addressed design,construction,maintenance,nical activities will cover operations,safety,security,policy,planning,human resources, and administration. A

Vision 100:Vision Act. Reauthorization of Aviation Century AC the National and managed by Academies istration (FAA) (TRB), Board Research the Transportation through with of representatives by and governance oversight program airport operating agencies. T oritizing research needs; oritizing research projects; to guide research gov from airport operating agencies,from other stakeholders, and industry organizations such as the Airports Council Interna- tional–North America,theof Airport American Association Executives,the National Association of State Officials, Aviation Association; Transport the Air and 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 35 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage36 36 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 RESEARCH T thr Indiana DOTcontractedwithPurdue University Solution document theeffect ofsignalsoncrashrates. to address becauseoflimiteddatathatquantitatively and requests forexplanations.Therequests are difficult r tion ofatraffic signalisnotwarranted,andthe (MUTCD). Oftenthestudyindicatesthatinstalla- the forms anengineeringstudyfollowingguidelinesin Indiana Department ofTransportation (DOT)per- injuries, particularly tochildren. of therequest increases ifthecrashinvolvespersonal signal toimprove safetyattheintersection.Thevigor city officials oftenrequest theinstallationofatraffic After asignificantcrash,parents, localgroups, and press coverageandprovoke communitydiscussion. Crashes atintersectionsadjacenttoschoolsattract Problem T Indiana StudyVerifies Industry Standards S W A changes inaverage dailytraffic andthe number of intersection. Thedatawere adjusted toaccountfor categorized bytype,severity, andproximity tothe 1996; 7ofthesignalswere near schools. tified 19traffic signalsinstalled between1994and School of Engineering, iden- the Purdue University r ria fortraffic signals.Working withIndianaDOT, a barely mettheMUTCDwarrantsorqualifyingcrite- ginally war after theinstallationoftraffic signalsthatwere mar- toanalyzecrashdatabefore and Research Program esearch teamledbyDarcy M.Bullock,aprofessor at equest isdenied. OMMY E.NANTUNG ough thestate—universityJointT The denialsthengenerateadditionalpress coverage After receiving arequest toinstallatraffic signal, Crash datafrom 1991to1999were collectedand PAYS Manual onUniformTraffic Control Devices CHOOL RE RATDIN ARRANTED best approach. zones butsometimesdonotagree onthe interested inimproving safetyinschool ransportation agenciesandthepublicare atdthatis,atintersections ranted T RAFFIC Z ONES ransportation S IGNALS ? to analyzestatistically. Becausenopedestriancrashes after crashrates. marizes thestatisticalcomparisonofbefore-and- years ofavailablebefore-and-after data.Table 1sum- A Pedestrian crashesare rare andtherefore difficult LL TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 37 topics are plans that pre- ch Pays Off Total Number Total observed increases Crash categories with Crash categories Total Number Total Personal InjuryPersonal Left Turn Left Turn Rear End Head On Run off Road Left Turn Other Property Damage Only Only Damage Property Rear End Head On Run off Road eas for students and Stand Back : Appreciation is expressed to B. Ray is expressed : Appreciation OTE N Increase safety training for students; and Increase Develop to school route safest Paint SCHOOL on the pavement of high-speed and wider sidewalks with Establish buffers For example, as a result of this study, Indiana of this study, For example, as a result ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ DITOR S Suggestions for Resear Jayaprakash, Transporta- welcome. Contact G. P. Wash- 500 Fifth Board, NW, Street, tion Research ington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-2952, e-mail [email protected]). Derr, Transportation Research Board, for his efforts Board, Research Transportation Derr, in developing this article. DOT has justification for not installing 40 requested signals. traffic Since an average signal costs $68,000, the total savings amounts to $2,720,000, not includ- maintenance, and opera- ing the savings in power, tions costs. Nantung, For further information contact Tommy Division, Indiana Department of Transporta- Research Box 2279, West P.O. Street, tion, 1205 Montgomery Lafayette, IN 47906 (telephone 765-463-1521, Ext. 248, e-mail [email protected]). E Benefits to results Indiana DOT now can cite the research signal is not always the demonstrate that a traffic can be Other treatments safety. best way to improve at lower costs. effective vent the location of new elementary schools on as bound- streets and that use arterial major streets, aries for school populations. approaches; waiting ar larger lines to restrain students; lines to restrain None observed reductions Crash categories with Crash categories Right Turn eets the tolerance for speeding in 15-

Enforce speed limits more strictly near speed limits more Enforce Place adult crossing guards at wide str guards Place adult crossing The results reconfirmed the appropriateness of the appropriateness reconfirmed The results signals alternatives to traffic presents The report ◆ ◆

19 signals (including those at schools) Right Angle 7 signals adjacent to schools ABLE 1 Statistically Significant Changes in Crash Rates Significant ABLE 1 Statistically Data set T were recorded at the 19 intersections before or after at the 19 intersections before recorded were installed, the study did not signals were traffic include that category. rec- therefore the MUTCD warrants. The researchers install traf- ommended that Indiana DOT should not met or not fic signals if the MUTCD warrants were marginal. were improving that other agencies have found useful in safety near schools: guards should wear brighter vests and uniforms and should wear brighter vests and uniforms guards special training; should undergo schools extend zero mph zones, set speed limits of 5 mph for other zones, and raise fines or add points for school zone citations; 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 37 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage38 38 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 awarded himafull scholarship.Hewent Spoornet, South AfricanRailwayandHarbours, nowknownas when hewasanundergraduate attheUniversityofPretoria. The face Issues,publishedin2001. Practice forHeavyHaulRailway Operations: WheelandRailInter- of fourinternationalspecialists tocoauthor was selectedbytheInternationalHeavyHaulAssociationasone on railwaymaintenancemanagementandgeotechnology. He and presented research at14peer-reviewed conferences, mostly tion measuringsystem. and installationofahigh-speedwaysidevehicletrackinterac- system. Inaddition,hewasinstrumentalinthedevelopment andtodetectimminentfailurestory intheelectricaloverhead Boston toWashington, D.C.,toobtainanaccurateasset inven- a helicopter survey of a helicoptersurvey mented aninfrastructure managementsystem.Heconducted haul axleloads. onanold,congestedright-of-waythatalsorunsheavy- service challenges facingAmtrakinoperatinghigh-speedintercity hnsayshewasenticedbythemaintenanceengineering Ebers opment inthefieldofrailroad maintenancemanagement. way engineeringeducationandperformed research anddevel- South Africa,where heestablishedaprogramPretoria, inrail- States after13yearsasaprofessor attheUniversityof United Amtrak asdirector ofengineeringsystems.Hemovedtothe and high-speedrailwayoperations. techniques inrailwayinfrastructure managementonheavy-haul his contributiontothedevelopmentandimplementationofnew South Africanprofessor turnedAmtrakengineerfor praise the nance managementandrailroad geotechnology. Colleagues W br hntraceshisinter Ebers hnhasauthored 11 Ebers ic onn mrk br hnhasdevelopedandimple- Since joiningAmtrak,Ebers the high-speedrailproject hnjoined at In late2000,Ebers PRO- practitioner withexpertise intrackmainte- well ascareers asaresearcher, educator, and railroad engineeringspantwocontinents,as s pr hn illem Ebers mrksNor Amtrak est inrailroading tothelate1970s papers inpeer-reviewed journals r of business concepts engineering and understand engineer youhave to “To beagoodrailway elated railway ofessional achievementsin theast Corridorfrom on toearn Guidelines toBest W illem Ebersöhn atrs a master Amtrak Engineering s notes. Althoughheworkedontracksasacivilengineer, Eber- business conceptsofalltherelated railwaydepar railway engineeringfieldandunderstandthe neer youhavetobeablethinkoutsidethecomfort ofyourown South Africa. and thenbeganworkfortherailroads in degree instructuralproperties ofrailroad componentsin1985 the South African heavy-haul coal export l South Africanheavy-haulcoalexport the and transportation engineeringoftraincontrol. of thefleet,electricalengineeringsignalsandelectrictraction, improving theirefficiency inmanagingscarce resour will allowmanagerstoknow what ishappeninginthefield, technologies intotherailroad asset managementenvironment Integratingthese hesays. ogy forinformationmanagement, day mobilecomputing,communication, andtrackingtechnol- structure andbecauseofthedangerous operatingenvironment. demand, complexity, andinaccessibilityoftherailroad infra- enterprise assetmanagementasimperative,becauseofthehigh chair oftheCommitteeonRailwayMaintenance. he isnowamemberoftheRailGroup ExecutiveCommitteeand tributed severalpaperstotheT ticipated innearlyevery 1996, whenhewasnamedchairofRailwayEngineering. hnwasaseniorlecturer Ebers hnin1990. laborative research program foundedbyEbers ognized experts, participate eachyearinthisgraduatelevelcol- Approximately 80to120students,includinginternationallyrec- gram inRailwayEngineeringattheUniversityofPretoria. was performed bystudentsintheContinuedEducationPro- ment systemswiththesystemdesign. one commuteragencyare implementinginfrastructure manage- adopted thesystemdatabasedesign,andtwoU.S.railroads and Spoornet. TheFederalRailroad Administrationhas Amtrak and railway infrastructure managementsystemimplementedby integrated presentation ofthedataledtodevelopment and South Africa. States assessment techniquesusedatseveralsitesintheUnited 1994. Hisresearch developedtherailroad substructure condition hnear achusetts, Ebers railroad foundationandalltheaspectsofrailroad geotechnology. opment wasineffective withoutasoundunderstandingofthe nized thatapure structuralapproach totrackcomponentdevel- hn tooktheinitiativetolearn Faced withpracticalchallengesandmajorfailures ofsome br hnseesthedevelopmentofanintegratedrailroad Ebers Selig introducedEbers The research anddevelopmentforthemanagementsystem The informationgathered W Early inmycar The industry ith the guidance of Ernest Selig attheUniversityofMass- ith theguidanceofErnest has notyetfullyembracedtheuse ofmodern- eer Ilearnedthattobeagoodrailwayengi- ned aPh.D.inrailroad geotechnologyin nulmeigsne br hnhascon- annual meetingsince.Ebers hn toTRBin1991,andhehaspar- ihEesh s hn with Ebers ransportation Research Record at theuniversityfrom 1987until about mechanicalengineering ns br hnr ines, Ebers techniques andthe mns he tments, ces. ecog- , and TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 39 life. ence, Global equently tell our ded to government notes. That dependence notes. That SDDC: I fr SDDC: I his appointment as deputy, he his appointment as deputy, only awar nment integrated process teams nment integrated process difference in someone in difference s y—gover SDDC is the result of an incredibly strong of an incredibly SDDC is the result ces, 1989—1990. Before degree in management studies and attended the Federal degree The capability of Lucas has used industr Lucas says he is proud to work at Lucas says he is proud Lucas is a charter member of the Lucas is a charter Distribution man- Strategic that contribute to the SDDC is focused on improvements the University of Maryland with a bach- Lucas graduated from elationship with and dependence on all modes of the U.S. com- elationship with and dependence on all modes 46 percent, with employee assistance efforts finding new assign- finding new assistance efforts with employee 46 percent, a reengi- personnel. Lucas orchestrated ments for all but two for the annual, worldwide movement of business process neered cus- a 99 percent 75,000 privately owned vehicles, achieving in the cost reduction tomer satisfaction rating and a 20 percent container leasing to move these vehicles. He also outsourced had minimal per- 13 contracts that and management, replacing personnel with a and several government formance standards to strict standards. single contractor that adheres folks, listen to the headlines on the way to work, and you can guess it is supporting Whether the job will take you that day. where our military and relocating disaster relief, humanitarian efforts, it will definitely be to crisis and war, their families, or responding a day you can make a positive extensively to develop performance-based, best-value contracts. extensively to develop performance-based, worldwide ocean shipping contract, valued at the In particular, a model for best indus- was so successful $400 million annually, that try practice and partnership the prestigious SDDC received Admiral of the Ocean Sea award held various assignments within Traffic the Freight SDDC for Fleet, and Freight Railway Interchange Division, Defense Freight Meritorious Presiden- two He has received Automation Office. in 1997 and 2002 and two Meritorious Civilian Ser- tial Awards in 1994 and 1996. vice Awards entities three times in the last 34 years. entities three U.S. Transportation together the agement initiative that brought Army and Air Force Command, Defense Logistics Agency, and the Armed Exchange Service, Defense Commissary Agency, distribution and customer wait time. Lucas Services to improve worldwide on sur- customer wait time aggregate helped reduce face shipments by 12 days. r industry, transportation mercial he ability keep us tuned need for speed and and the ever-increasing advances in transpor- including in transportation, in to research tation platforms, management information systems, radio frequency identification tags, and satellite tracking devices. in the participated Lucas security of highly sensitive cargoes. development and conduct of a TRB national confer Intermodal Freight: State of Readiness for the 21st Century, and he has served panels. on several TRB Annual Meeting elor s Executive Institute in 1985 and the Industrial College of the For Armed William R. Lucas William R. ves. Surface Deployment and Distribution Deployment Command Surface he obser elationship with and “The capability of SDDC ofis the result an strong incredibly r dependence on all modes of the U.S. commercial ts of eight and a half Army divisions, two PRO- very year, the U.S. Military and Deployment Surface very year, the (SDDC) coordinates Distribution Command 600,000 tons of cargo, movement of 3.7 million 100,000 containers of shipments, domestic freight

fects every warfighter in terms of deployment and sus- fects every warfighter

It af When you move par move you When Lucas, the senior civilian in the Command, acts as liaison to Lucas directed Lucas directed mandated SDDC analysis for congressionally Lucas has provided critical guidance and oversight for deploy- Lucas has provided ar on Terror. He has been instrumental in lowering costs, ar on Terror. the hundreds of commercial transportation industry partners transportation of commercial the hundreds during peace and war. who move and sustain the military forces The mission has an annual budget of $3 billion and operates from has served the world. Lucas, who as deputy around 24 seaports lightly. since 1990, does not take the scope of his responsibilities sustainment, 500,000 household goods shipments, and 75,000 sustainment, 500,000 household goods shipments, the privately owned vehicles for U.S. military personnel around in the onset of Operation Enduring Freedom world. With the task of mobi- Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom, magnitude not seen a and equipment has reached lizing troops II. War since World Marine Expeditionary Forces, and their equipment in a cascade of Marine ExpeditionaryForces, the halfway around deployment and simultaneous redeployment ballet and an synchronized world, it becomes an incredible absolute team sport, Deputy to the R. Lucas, William remarks Commander of SDDC. tainment, every depot and military in terms of traf- installation airman, and marine and sailor, fic management, and every soldier, their families in terms of quality of life as they move to new sta- travel,tions or arrange official mobility studies that gained additional heavy-lift rail cars and and out- streamlining other enhancements. The organizational by the Command structure that he emphasized reduced sourcing awarding new contracts, and improving the efficiency of ship- the efficiency new contracts, and improving awarding Management ments for SDDC, formerly the Military Traffic Command. ment, sustainment, and redeployment for every military and ment, sustainment, and redeployment Desert humanitarian assistance action from Storm to the Global W E 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 39 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage40 40 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 bridge were prefabricated atasteelyard Washington, inVancouver, sectionsofthe Atotalof18,40-foot structure intheriver. temporary endangered salmon-spawning habitatthatforbids any permanentor ov thebridgesuspends design, More thananaesthetic below. shadow onmarkers inagarden tioning asasundialthatcasts tilts 40degrees duenorth,func- McConnell Foundation. entirely financedby theprivate Itwasalmost the river trails. as adowntown entranceto Bay ExplorationParkandserves campuses ofthenew Turtle andsouth which linksthenorth the $23.5millionfootbridge, tect Santiago Calatrava designed Spanisharchi- and cascadelakes. forests, Cascade Mountains,pine amidtheTrinity and California, River ofRedding, intheheart Bridge crosses theSacramento theSundial tion thissummer, TIME—Scheduled for comple- FOOTBRIDGE FOR ALL er theriver toavoid anearby The bridge’s tapered mast NEWS uous variable-depthsteelplategirders. Thebridges The twinbridgeswere composedoffivespancontin- nificantly larger amountofsteelthansimilarbridges. sion ofHighways. r and agreed toconsiderthevalueengineering Construction Companysubmittedthewinningbid an alternativedesigntoconstructionbidders.Bilco Structures, Inc.,tooffer Steel steel fabricatorHigh savings, HDREngineering,Inc.,partnered with r US-50 around Parkersburg. Afterpreliminary 1,275-foot bridges,part ofanewcorridorrouting ways advertised fortheconstructionoftwin elimination ofspiralgirder geometry. stiffeners, skewedandrefined crossframe lines,and variety ofgirder designs,reduced useoflongitudinal 15per steel The optimizeddesignsaved1.5millionpoundsof through avalueengineeringredesign oftheproject. ning theLittleKanawhaRiverinWood County, costs intheconstructionofanewpairbridgesspan- (DOT) significantlyreduced materialandfabrication The West Virginia Department ofTransportation Bridge Project Cuts Costof V dsg,sbeunl cetdb h O sDivi- edesign, subsequentlyacceptedbytheDOT eview oftheoriginaldesignshowedapotentialfor alue Engineering Design The originaldesignofthebridgescalledforasig- sDivisionofHigh- September 2001,theDOT In BRIEFS eto h rgnlaon duetoa cent oftheoriginalamount tece rmtepln were welded togetherabove thewater.stretched from thepylon, by cables supported Theparts, by trucktoRedding. and transported F or further information visitwww.turtlebay.org/bridge/index.html. or further

PHOTO: HDR pared separategirder designsfortheinteriorand substructure unchanged. basic girder layoutandleavetheas-designeddeck and erectors workedtosaveoncostsbutretain the foot riverspan.Theteamofdesigners,fabricators, lengths andtransitionedto12feetforthemain350- web depthof9feetforthemajoritybridge accommodate rampbifurcations. Thegirders hada first twospansandflared attheoppositeendsto were andspiraledforportions slightlycurved ofthe pounds ofsteel. whichsaved 1.5million a valueengineeringredesign, The US-50bridgesinWest Virginiawere subjectedto In thevalueengineeringredesign, theteampre- TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 41 NEWS BRIEFS

PHOTO:DAN BURDEN [But] t start, don tation historically The study notes that curb ding to the FHWA report. ding to the FHWA ee-section walk with care, Emphasis on highway transpor Emphasis on highway Among the findings, the authors note that on a Among the findings, Useful signs include yield to pedestrians when col- The study found that half as many pedestrian management of for improved The authors argue visit the full report, information and to read For more A curb median provides a safe environment for environment a safe A curb median provides incoming traffic to pass. pedestrians waiting for and don t walk signal. busy multilane road, collisions are more likely at a more collisions are busy multilane road, an unmarked one. The than marked crosswalk contain marked crosswalks that authors recommend and pedestrian signals when warranted, raised traffic measures. medians, and other speed-reducing turning, vehicles, watch for turning pedestrians and the thr for pedestrians a safer environment medians provide highways. left-turn lanes or undivided than two-way, in all lisions occur at intersections that stop traffic at those than to permit pedestrian crossing directions that timing signals. The authors suggest with standard an exclusive pedestrian interval scheme could be used traffic. with light in high-volume pedestrian areas safety sub- Overpasses and underpasses can improve or busy freeways stantially for pedestrians crossing planned to carefully if facilities are streets, arterial notes. encourage pedestrian use, the report (CBC), sidewalk capacity in central business districts Refuse may spill onto roads. pedestrian traffic where boxes and poles, news- cans, parking meters, control among other furniture, stands, bus benches, and street the pedestrian capacity of obstructions, can reduce CBC sidewalks. In addition, the authors note that con- cross- can simplify pedestrian one-way streets verted when vehicle speeds do not increase. ing, particularly nighttime lighting substantially improved Moreover, can enhance pedestrian safety. of roads www.walkinginfo.org/rd/safety.htm#pedsynth. has focused on increasing the safety and mobility of has focused on increasing motor vehicles, accor in recent safety has emerged it is clear that pedestrian and concern. interest years as a topic of growing Bridge- provides

port Promotes port Released in January 2004, A Review of Pedestrian com- the authors note that the most In the report, Although pedestrian—vehicle collision rates have The team then decided to skew the crossframe The team then decided issue of 2004 the January Summarized from

edestrian Safety edestrian emains a disproportionately risky mode of trans- risky mode emains a disproportionately A new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) A new Federal Highway Administration reduce that could study has outlined safety measures The the number of pedestrians hit by motor vehicles. raised signals and signage, findings suggest that proper humps, and curb medians, nighttime lighting, speed sidewalk capac- improved one-way streets, converted safety improve could and stricter law enforcement ity, conditions and deter unyielding motorists and illegal pedestrian crossings. in the United States and Abroad Safety Research inter- mon pedestrian crash types include dart-outs, section dashes, and turning-vehicle collisions. likely to be hit at night or in an more Pedestrians are of most likely to die as result and are urban area the study. to rural collisions, according higher-speed in the last 10 years, walking 25 percent dropped r fatalities of traffic 11 percent representing portation, were of all trips. In 2001, there yet only 6 percent 4,882 pedestrian fatalities and 78,000 pedestrian to crashes, according traffic from injuries resulting statistics on the website www.walkinginfo.org. Re P on and domestic studies foreign an overview of recent including details of crash character- pedestrian safety, of spe- and safety effects istics, crash countermeasures, confined to is The report improvements. cific roadway facility design, and does not address safety research convenience, and factors finance, pedestrian comfort, walking. that affect , a technical publication produced by HDR. For fur- line, a technical publication produced ther information visit www.hdrinc.com. lines, originally oriented normal to the girders, lines, originally oriented normal to the eliminating 21 lines and simplifying crossframe design details to one-piece frames. The original curved to to transition from called for each girder spiral to tangent sections, but steel fabrication curved to be to equipment cannot permit a girder The team saved time and money by spiral geometry. circular with compound substituting the process the geometry of the spirals. curves to approximate exterior girders, so that the curved so that and straight por- exterior girders, met AASHTO specifications. tions of the structure of the cost-effectiveness The team also evaluated in the longitudinal stiffeners using thicker webs or not eco- were stiffeners design. Longitudinal girder economical depths but were nomical at 9-foot girder in the 12-foot deep sections. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 41 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage42 42 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 fot ntal ilfcso h ains efforts initially willfocusonthenation structure andfreight handlingterminals. His tation torestore port infra- andwaterway ofTranspor- sMinistry is workingwithIraq Y 18 months. Defense started March 1andcouldlastupto the U.S.Department of ways. Theappointmentby ports s nation the rebuilding ofthe ment inIraqtoadviseon has acceptedanassign- Environmental Task Force, Cochair ofTRB Thomas Wakeman III, Iraq Reconstruction Po PEOPLE INTRANSPORTATION BRIEFS NEWS ork andNewJersey(PANYNJ), Wakeman On leavefrom thePort Authority ofNew rt Expert Assistsin and water- s Marine and adaptedforuseasabridgeclearancedevicebythe bility. AirGaphasbeenextensivelytested,evaluated, PORTSStates plantoaddthecapa- across theUnited of itskindinthenation,butsomeothernine ably operatingsensorsinthemarineenvironment. eliminated manyoftheproblems associatedwithreli- not needtobephysicallyinthewater, AirGapshave BecausetheyareMaryland. noncontactdevicesthatdo bridges inReedyPoint,Delaware, andChesapeakeCity, ture thatcausefluctuationsinbridgeclearance. in tidalwaterlevel,traffic patterns,andairtempera- Air Gapreadings sixminutesbecauseofchanges every PortMaryland Administration,PORTS publishesthe on waterlevel,currents, andwinds.Fundedbythe the ChesapeakeBayPORTS, alongwithinformation arethe observations beingpubliclydisseminatedon the Chesapeake—Delaware Real-Time System (POR throughical observations thePhysicalOceanographic ity toitsdatasuiteofoceanographicandmeteorolog- surface. s and thewater time measurement ofthedistancebetweenabridge ing collisionswithbridges.AirGapprovides areal- bridge clearancesensorthatassistsmarinersinavoid- istration (NOAA)isexpandingtheavailabilityofa The U.S.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdmin- Bridge Clearance Sensor Measures Wak Air Gapsensorshaveoperatedattwobridgeson The ChesapeakePORTS airgapsystemisthefirst The sensorswere deployedonthecenterspansof eman ety ofCivilEngineers NationalConference Soci- Distinguished Lecture attheAmerican Levinson delivered theFrancis C. Turner TRB ExecutiveCommitteemember Herbert Levinson withLectureship Civil Engineers Honor ties forfiveyears. involved withTRBandMarineBoard activi- Army CorpofEngineers.Hehasbeen 1994 aftera20-yearcareer withtheU.S. ing program. HejoinedthePort Authorityin overseeing P carriers, Wakeman said. socean the larger shipsthatare used bytoday dredging workisneededtoaccommodate maritime facilities,includingBasrah.Major major port ofUmmQasrandonfourother Before theappointment,Wakeman was TS¤) pr NOAA isaddingthecapabil- Canal sinceMarch 1,and ANYNJ s $2 $2 s ANYNJ ogram. billion port dredg- NOAA Ocean Ser NOAA Ocean changes inclearance. Ships approaching bridgemust beabletogauge sional BudgetOffice (CBO). according toarecent report released bytheCongres- age FuelEconomy(CAFE)standards would, sumers, thanacomparableboostinCorporateAver- driving andreduce pollution,atlesscosttocon- A five-centhikeongastaxeswoulddomore todeter Gas Tax Hike BacksBudget Office www.noaa.gov. product suitewillbeavailablesoon. integration oftheAirGapsensorsintoCO-OPS CO-OPS technicalreport documentingthetestingand (CO-OPS).A Services Oceanographic Products and For furtherinformationonAirGaporCO-OPS,visit tion s s tion DepartmentThe Maryland of Transporta- forKassoff Named Operations Center National Academiesin2002. 1994 andbecameanationalassociate ofthe the NationalAcademyofEngineeringin ent, andFuture. ing. Hislecture wastitled, transportation engineer- andpracticeof the theory tions overtheyearstoboth his outstandingcontribu- selected inrecognition of portation consultantwas 2003. Thelongtimetrans- and Exposition,November ihas epe n lc Past,Pres- Highways, People,andPlace State Highway Administration vice s Ce s vice Levinson waselectedto nter forOperational

Levinson

:NOAA P HOTO TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 43 ecognized NEWS BRIEFS A maglev train in Shanghai,A maglev China, the new from travelers takes airport to downtown, a 20-mile trip, in less than 10 minutes. Innova- Shanghai s ginia—Charlottesville, was r illam, of Civil Engineering at Professor fessor and Chairman of the Civil Engi- at the University of neering Department Vir for his significant contributions to national and international engineering opera- in traffic education and research He has served on the TRB tions and safety. Control Zone Traffic Committee on Work for 20 years, on two National Cooperative pan- project Program Highway Research and Truck els, and with the Commercial Kaspar Program. Bus Safety Synthesis W the University of Colorado—Boulder and a also was inducted TRB individual affiliate, into NAE for his contributions to consti- tutive modeling and computational fail- and quasi-brittle analysis of concrete ure materials and structures. t to ch—April issue of Garber Applying German technology, the maglev system the maglev Applying German technology, For further information, view the entire report at report view the entire For further information, Summarized from the Mar Summarized from changes in the CAFE standards or increases in the gas or increases standards changes in the CAFE or capital markets. labor tax would affect ftp://ftp.cbo.gov/49xx/doc4917/12-24-03_CAFE.pdf. underwent nearly a year of testing after an inaugural German experimental run on December 31, 2002. The spent decades and billions of Transrapid, consortium, dollars developing maglev technology before Shang- access to selected the system to improve hai officials China and to highlight airport its 3-year-old s drive for Germany shelved plans for excellence in technology. in a maglev train connecting Berlin and Hamburg 2000. tion Briefs, published by Urban Mobility Corporation. Line For further information on the Shanghai Maglev visit http://home.t-online.de/home/jok.geo/maglev-china- shanghai-main.htm. downtown financial district. Traveling at a top speed downtown financial district. Traveling dis- of 268 mph, the maglev train traverses the 20-mile ride takes tance in 7.5 minutes, while an average taxi than 1 hour. more INTERNATIONAL NEWS INTERNATIONAL High-Speed Maglev Opens in Shanghai operation of On Januarybegan commercial 1, China train that a $1.2 billion magnetic levitation (maglev) connects Pudong International Airpor nsportation Experts nsportation Nicholas Garber, Pro- Nicholas Garber, with awards for major highway projects. He has for major highway projects. awards been active in several TRB transportation a member systems activities and is currently on Accelerating Innova- Force of the Task tion in the Highway Facility. Academy Inducts Tra The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) elected 76 members and 11 foreign associates in February, including two transpor- active in tation experts TRB. The class of induc- tees brings the total U.S. membership to 2,174 and the number of foreign associates to 172. , uses a Kassoff rading would allow produc- eated the nation s first edits. T

The report while the tax s authors surmise that costs Consumers would bear the brunt of the The report found that increasing taxes from 41 to taxes from found that increasing The report Under Kassoff s leadership, the highway The December 2003 study, The Economic Costs of study, The December 2003

fuel economy cr and CAFE policies would improve the fuel economy the fuel and CAFE policies would improve greater of new vehicles, the tax hike would produce owners of immediate gasoline savings by inducing In con- both new and existing vehicles to drive less. higher CAFE fuel-efficient, trast, by making cars more vehicles to would encourage owners of new standards owners of existing but would not affect driver more vehicles, the authors conclude. to the according under all of the policies considered, how does not consider CBO estimates. The report $3 billion by raising CAFE standards with trading and with trading $3 billion by raising CAFE standards trading. without standards $3.6 billion for improved increase imposed on new cars would CAFE standards mpg and 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg) to 31.3 from mpg to 20.7 for light trucks would rise from standards 24.5 mpg. 46 cents per gallon would achieve the targeted reduc- 46 cents per gallon would achieve the targeted tion at a cost of $2.9 billion per year compared Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax Versus Fuel Economy Standards from by buying credits ers to meet the new standards that exceed the standards. other producers 10 percent reduction in gasoline consumption as a reduction 10 percent policies: the costs of three benchmark for comparing federal, state, and local taxes on the average increasing gasoline; or raising CAFE gallon standards s miles per to trade manufacturers with or without permitting statewide incident management and traffic and won several management program administration cr renamed its Statewide Operations Center after former administrator Hal who servedKassoff, between 1966 and 1984. now with Par- Kassoff, helped sons Brinckeroff, fed- 100 percent secure eral funding for the con- which opened in struction of the center, 1995. The center monitors a network of systems tech- intelligent transportation operations nologies to expedite emergency and weather traffic real-time and provide conditions online. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 43 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 44

TRB HIGHLIGHTS

Clearinghouse Highlights Environmental Research The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has launched a website to provide a one-stop source of environmental information for transportation professionals. The site, www.environment.transportation.org, posts TRB Cooperative Research Programs environment-related projects, tracks federal agency developments, monitors key transportation stake- holder websites, and links to current regulations, laws, documents, and reports. The website is the Internet arm of AASHTO s Cen- ter for Environmental Excellence, which promotes environmental stewardship and encourages innovative ways to streamline the transportation delivery process. From left: TRB Executive Director Robert Skinner, Jr., TRB Planning and Environment Group Chair Neil Nancy Ackerman, and Associate Executive Director Pedersen, Maryland DOT, was named to the 11- Suzanne Schneider during a reception honoring person Advisory Board of the center. Ackerman.

Longtime Publications Director Retires Publications Director Nancy Ackerman retired this spring, after 24 years of service at TRB. During her tenure, the Publications Office released approximately 80 special report policy studies, 123 issues of TR News, and nearly 970 volumes of the Trans- portation Research Record journal series, among other publications. Ackerman led efforts to upgrade the quality of editorial content and design and nav- igated TRB into the era of electronic publishing via PROJECT CONSIDERATIONS—The TRB desktop, the web, and CD-ROM. Executive Committee’s Subcommittee on Planning Ackerman oversaw the production of Bridge and Policy Review held its semiannual meeting at the Aesthetics Around the World (1991), the first book to National Academies Keck Center in Washington, receive an award by the National Society of Profes- D.C.,in March to review proposals for new TRB stud- sional Engineers. Other TRB milestone publications ies and conferences,and to discuss and approve other completed under her direction include several edi- policy and program initiatives. tions of the best-selling Highway Capacity Manual, Top: Philip Shucet, Virginia DOT; and Ronald Kirby, the expanded Landslides: Investigation and Mitiga- Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. tion (1996), and the special full-color issue of TR Bottom right: Stephen Godwin, TRB Director of Studies News marking TRB s 75th anniversary (1996). and Information Services,and Michael Walton,University Ackerman was hired by the National Academies in 1979 as a manuscript editor at the National Academies Press before joining the staff of TRB in 1980 as editor of the Synthesis series. She was pro- moted to publications director in 1983. In 1986, the Publications Office was the first TRB unit to receive a Group Recognition Award from the National Research Council. TRB Executive Director Robert Skinner, Jr., praised Ackerman s dedicated service to TRB and the creativity and high standards she brought to TRB publications. TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 44 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 45

INTERNATIONAL VISITORS—A delegation of transportation professors from Lanzhou Jiaotong Univer- sity in northwest China visited with TRB leadership in December 2003 during a nationwide tour of academic, governmental, and private-sector institutions to gather information about management of transportation research and practice. The university, a base for scientific research and training in the areas of rail and highways, has carried out studies in railway signal control and computerized tick- eting, bridge and structural design innovations, and transportation automation control. In March 2003, the university signed a joint education program agreement with Iowa State University to further international scientific research, cooperation, and academic exchanges. From left: Ren Enen, University President; translator; Zhang Wei, Dean of College of Architecture and Urban of Civil Engineering; Gai Yucian,Director of Administration Planning;Zhang Youping,Director of International Exchange Office; TRB Executive Director Robert Skinner, Jr.; and and Cooperation Office;Chen Xingchong, Dean of College Robert Reilly, Director of Cooperative Research Programs.

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS NEWS

Predicting Performance of J. B. Metcalf of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, has been awarded a Flexible Pavements $100,000, 9-month contract [National Cooperative Highway Research The use of accelerated pavement testing (APT) for determining pave- Program (NCHRP) Project 10-66, FY 2003] to conduct Phase I of the ment response and performance has increased in recent years pri- project and develop a research plan either for validating available or marily because APT can apply wheel loads in a compressed time modified methods or for developing and validating new methods to period, expediting evaluations of potential materials, designs, and fea- use APT results to predict long-term, in-service pavement perfor- tures. The short duration and controlled conditions of APT tests, mance. The research will focus on applying the results of APT studies however, do not accurately account for the long-term effects of envi- under specific environmental, aging, and loading conditions, to estab- ronment and aging of materials. lish the expected pavement performance under in-service traffic and In addition, the magnitude, duration, and configuration of the environmental conditions. loads applied in APT studies often differ substantially from those The research will deal with new and rehabilitated flexible pave- imposed by traffic on in-service pavements. Methodologies that relate ments, but not with pavements resurfaced with portland cement con- data from APT studies to in-service performance are not readily avail- crete overlays. The research plan will be executed in a subsequent able. For these reasons and to enhance the benefits of APT studies, phase that will recommend methodologies for relating APT results to research is needed to identify or develop methodologies for using in-service performance. results from APT studies to predict long-term, in-service pavement For further information contact Amir N. Hanna, TRB (telephone 202- performance. 334-1892, e-mail [email protected]).

SETTING A RESEARCH AGENDA—The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Stand- ing Committee on Research (SCOR) held a three-day meeting in Washington, D.C., in March to allocate funding for NCHRP projects for FY 2005.Out of 168 project requests totaling $66.4 million, the committee provided $12.4 million to continue 25

projects,$12.7 million to fund 35 new projects,and $2.4 million TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 for 6 contingent projects. The highway research areas assigned the most projects include traffic safety, bridge design, traffic operations and control, materials, and transportation planning. From left:SCOR Vice Chair Wesley Lum,California DOT,and SCOR Chair Kam Movassaghi,Louisiana Department of Trans- portation and Development, listen to a report given by Robert

45 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage46 46 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 12 Highway Capacity andQualityof 21–24 43rd Annual Workshop on 18–21 GeometricDesign Midyear 14–17 July 27–30 North American Travel 6thInternationalSymposiumon 7–9 June 8thInternationalConference on 26–28 Development in Port Ports 2004: 23–26 10thInternationalConference on 23–26 May 2002 TRB Meetings C *TRB iscosponsorofthemeeting. [email protected]/. Meetinglistings withoutTRBstaff contactshavedirect linksfrom theTRBcalendarwebpage. ore-mail usually isavailable2to3months inadvance.Forinformation,contacttheindividuallistedat202-334-2934, fax202-334-2003, cosponsors, andlinkstoconference websites,isavailableonline(www.TRB.org/calendar). Registrationandhotelinformation Additional informationonTRBconferences andworkshops,includingcallsforabstracts,registration andhotelinformation,lists of ALENDAR Richard Cunard State College,Pennsylvania Meeting andConference Committee Midyear Service James McDaniel Savannah, Georgia T W Meeting andWorkshop San Diego,California Conference 2004 Monitoring Expositionand Spokane, Washington T Snow Removal andIceControl Beijing, China T Advanced Applications of Joedy Cambridge Houston, Texas Midyear CommitteeMeetings* the ChangingWorld andTRB Claire Felbinger Hamamatsu, Japan and Disabled People* Mobility andTransport for Elderly echnology echnologies inTransportation* ransportation Lawransportation illiamsburg, Virginia –0Pro Walk–Pro Bike* 7–10 7 September Management Access 6thNationalMeetingon 1 Sept. 29– Performance Measures to 22–24 NationalCommunity Impact 21–26 Workshop onTransit Capacity 12 Removing Water from Within 2–4 August Joint SummerMeeting ofthe 25–27 Richard Pain Canada V G.P. Jayaprakash Kansas City, Missouri Geotechnical MethodsRevisited Kimberly Fisher Kansas City, Missouri Kimberly Fisher California Irvine, 2nd NationalConference Improve Transportation Systems: Claire Felbinger Portland, Maine Assessment Conference* Peter Shaw Canada V and QualityofService Sacramento, California Pavement Structures Elaine King Park City, Utah and ManagementCommittees Freight, Finance, Environmental, Economics, Planning, ancouver, BritishColumbia, ictoria, BritishColumbia, 42 16thNationalRuralPublicand 24–27 6thInternationalConference on 19–24 2ndInternationalConference on 19–22 October 2ndInternationalConference on 26–29 9thNationalConference on 22–24 StructuralMaterialsTechnology: 14–17 American North Conference on 12–15 8Cr Peter Shaw Roanoke, Virginia Going for theGold Celebrating theSilver— Intercity BusTransportation: Stephen Maher Brisbane, Queensland,Australia Managing Pavements* Kyoto, Japan Management* and Safety, Bridge Maintenance, Stephen Maher Minneapolis, Minnesota Accelerated Pavement Testing* Kimberly Fisher Colorado Springs, Colorado T and Medium-SizedCommunities: T Stephen Maher Buffalo, NewYork and Bridges* Nondestructive TestHighways for Nondestructive Evaluation– Richard Pain Detroit, Michigan from Around the World* BestPractices Elderly Mobility: Joedy Cambridge Minneapolis, Minnesota inaGlobalMarket*Opportunities ools oftheTrade ransportation Planningfor Small ransportation eating RuralFreight Transport TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 47 BOOK SHELF The books described above are not TRB The books described above are Health, Safety, and Environment Committee, and Environment Health, Safety, 2003; 360 pp.; TRB affiliates, $42.75 soft cover, 2003; 360 pp.; TRB affiliates, Black, active on TRB Planning and Environment Black, active on TRB the best depicts The 18-minute video presentation illiam R. Black, The Guilford Press. New York: 2003; New York: Press. illiam R. Black, The Guilford publications. To order, contact the publisher listed. publications. order, To ransportation: Analysis A Geographical egions. Environmental, economic, and social issues in economic, and social egions. Environmental, $26.25 CD-ROM, $51.75 soft cover and CD-ROM set; $35 CD-ROM, and $69 soft $57 soft cover, nonaffiliates, cover and CD-ROM set. induced and construction-related factors, binder and induced and construction-related mechanisms, lab- considerations and failure aggregate oratory and field test methods, additives and con- and case studies, struction practices, field performance and health issues. In specifications, and environmental session sum- addition to the papers and breakout include questions raised and maries, the proceedings than 100 partici- answers given by some of the more pants. the training program covers potential hazards, such as covers potential hazards, the training program and contami- burns, spills, falls, explosions, overfills, to equipment protective nation; demonstrates proper safely load hot asphalt into a tanker truck; and pre- and storage of hot sents tips for the safe transport asphalt. The accompanying workbook includes test- information. ing material and reference Group committees and task forces, the International task forces, committees and Group and National Cooperative High- Activities Committee, an panels, provides project Program way Research geogra- to transportation authoritative introduction definitions, and history, The textbook provides phy. for ana- concepts in the field, as well as models core networks and flows between lyzing transportation r and addressed, planning and policy are transportation in trans- the uses of geographic information systems discussed in detail. Although focus- (GIS-T) are port ing on the United States, the volume includes of the and other parts in Europe and trends problems developed world. Safe Handling of Hot Asphalt with Asphalt Institute. Kentucky: 2004; 20 pp. workbook $40. accompanying video on VHS or DVD format; unloading, practices for safely loading, transporting, Insti- and storing hot asphalt. Developed by Asphalt tute s T W 1-57230-848-6. 375 pp.; $65 hardcover; May 23—24,

This volume provides an interdisciplinary exami- an interdisciplinary This volume provides with 100 practice problems The workbook offers

ransportation Problems raffic analysis, construction, and geometric design raffic Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements: Moisture A National Seminar a from The proceedings February 2003 conference in San Diego identify best practices, gaps in knowledge, and research dam- needs on moisture age in asphalt pavements. in The topics addressed cover problem the report identification and distinc- tions between materials- TRB PUBLICATIONS nation of transport pricing strategies as a solution for nation of transport the fields Contributors from congestion. urban traffic civil engineering, sociol- economics, of psychology, the determinants of science explore and political ogy, the lack of pricing acceptability and how to overcome gathers the public and political acceptance. The book information and pro- most advanced state-of-the-art and possible solutions for imple- poses forthcoming kinds of travel demand management menting different pre- were including pricing. The papers measures, Inte- Cost Pricing in Transport: sented at the Marginal Analysis grated Conceptual and Applied Model Pricing on Acceptability of Transport Conference Germany, Strategies, held in Dresden, Six-Minute Solutions for Civil PE Exam T Publications, Inc. Cali- Professional Norman R. Voigt, fornia: 2004; 96 pp.; $34.95 paperback; 1-59126-011-6. topics solutions covering the range of transportation of Civil that may appear on the Principles and Practice National by the Engineering exam (PE), administered Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. T included in the 20 morning, breadth- are problems several transportation are and there style problems, in the structural and geotechnical afternoon, problems depth-style units. The book helps engineers streamline the exam, on performance solving skills and improve which allows an average of six minutes per problem. Acceptability of Transport Pricing Strategies Acceptability of Transport Edited by Jens Schade Schlag, Elsevier Sci- and Bernhard 0-08-044199-8. $95 hardcover; ence Ltd. 2003; 340 pp.; 2002. 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 47 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage48 48 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 SHELF BOOK The accessibility, connectivity, andcaptivityoftran- T Transferand Intermodal Facilities MarketingandFare Policy,and Performance, T (IIIB). $44. Subscribercategory: materialsandconstruction more. the Virginia Department ofTransportation, and formance specificationsformixtures purchased by and anassessmentofconcrete per- drying-shrinkage ment andcrackinginlowwater-to-cement concrete, r forced concrete-overlay mixes,anexaminationofa erties anddurabilityofseveralplainfiber-rein- coarse aggregate, ananalysisofthemechanicalprop- ration ofconcrete pavementsconstructedwithslag Included are aMichigancasestudyintothedeterio- T Concrete 2003 (multimodal) (VIII). ates, $42.Subscribercategory: freight transportation 2. and workingconditionsonhighwaysafetyinPart truck tolllanes,andtheeffects oftruckdriverwages for trucks,theeconomicandfinancialfeasibilityof 1; andtheperceived benefitsofcongestionpricing meet naturalgasdemandinNewYorkState inPart nois, andanassessmentofpipelineadequacyto an evaluationoffreight transportation policyinIlli- tion andtradefacilitationstrategyforCentralAsia, This two-part volumepresents aroad transporta- T Tr Freight Policy, Economics,andLogistics: $22. costs. nance costs,potentialliability, andpublichealth and crashcushiondesigntoreduce utilitymainte- r safety, includingyieldingpoles;anddocuments effortfederal andindustry toimplementroadside cies; describesthecurrent statusofacombined ments oftransportation, andlocalhighwayagen- safety programs byutilitycompanies,statedepart- r Produced bytheTRBCommitteeonUtilities,this State oftheArtReport9 Utilities andRoadsideSafety estrained-ring testthatquantifiesstress develop- ecent developmentsinguardrail, concrete barrier, eport includesthelatestinformationonroadside ransit: PlanningandDevelopment, Management ransportation Research Record 1835 ransportation Research Record1834 ransportation Research Record1833 uck Transportation 2003; 106pp.;TRBaffiliates, $33;nonaffiliates, 2003; 102pp.;TRBaffiliates, $31.50;nonaffili- 2004; 68pp.;TRBaffiliates, $16.50;nonaffiliates, $40. Subscribercategory: public transit(VI). port withpersonalrapid transit. approach toeffective andsustainable urbantrans- vehicles toreduce averagewaiting times;andanew effort toreallocate emptypersonalrapidtransit for commuterrailreelectrification; athree-stage New JerseyTransit commutertrains;justifications tives onproposed designsformultilevelcoachesin Among thetopicsexaminedare customerperspec- T tems, NewTechnology, andMaintenance T T tions (IIIA). $42. Subscribercategory: soils,geology, andfounda- and validationofthehydraulicfracture test. inverted flexiblepavements;andtherefinement the stiffness ofunboundaggregate baselayersin suring sulfateinsubgradesoil;afieldevaluationof topics includethedifficulties andsuccessesinmea- and aggregate testingandcharacterization.Paper modeling ofgranularbasesforflexiblepavement, This three-part volumecoverssoilstabilization, T Geomaterials 2003 tion (IA). $48. Subscribercategory: planningandadministra- ligent transportation systemdatamore efficiently. tion, aswellmethodstostore andretrieve intel- andshort-terminformation services traffic predic- Also presented are approaches tooptimizetraffic collect highwayintersectionsafetyinformation. junction withphotogrammetricmapping)andto highway locationanddesignactivities(incon- light detectionandrangingtechnologytospeedup Included inthisvolumeisresearch intousesof T Geospatial ScienceforTransportation TechnologyInitiatives inInformation and ates, $46.Subscribercategory: publictransit(VI). Angeles. sit program attheUniversityofCalifor Switzerland; andthefare-free tran- gram inZurich, Peru; theimplementationofatransitprioritypro- new heavyrailandbusrapidtransitprojects inLima, San Francisco;thevalueof large employmentsitesin sit are addressed through casestudies:transituseat ransit, MajorActivityCenterCirculation Sys- ransit: RailTransit, Commuter Rail,LightRail ransportation Research Record1838 ransportation Research Record1837 ransportation Research Record1836 2003; 80pp.;TRBaffiliates, $30;nonaffiliates, 2003; 88pp.;TRBaffiliates, $31.50;nonaffiliates, 2003; 156pp.;TRBaffiliates, $36;nonaffiliates, 2003; 136pp.;TRBaffiliates, $34.50;nonaffili- nia—Los TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 49 BOOK SHELF missive left- ovements the Road- otected—per ossings; and that driving ossings 2003 Manual oad—highway grade cr 2003; 134 pp.; TRB affiliates, $34.50; nonaffili- 2003; 134 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2003; 102 pp.; TRB affiliates, $31.50; nonaffili- 2003; 102 pp.; TRB affiliates, $40.50; nonaffili- 2003; 230 pp.; TRB affiliates, ransportation Research Record 1842 ransportation Research Record 1844 ransportation Research ransportation Research Record 1849 ransportation Research raffic Control Devices, Visibility, and raffic Devices, Visibility, Control ecent advances in geotechnical engineering; and ecommendations for reducing the impacts of trans- reducing ecommendations for Rail—Highway Grade Cr T Energy, Air Quality, and Fuels 2003 and Fuels Air Quality, Energy, T in this volume describe how Authors of papers fuel consumption improve technologies may future analysis of alternative provide of heavy-duty trucks; sum- fuel economy standards; forms of automotive Force Gas Task Greenhouse marize the New York r warming; and consider transi- on global portation for tions to alternative-fuels and hybrid engines light-duty vehicles. and environ- energy ates, $46. Subscriber category: ment (IB). T on findings that travel speeds near high- Papers report danc- with likely to decrease more way work zones are displays; ing diamond displays than with flashing box safety that supplemental pavement markings improve at railr simulators should be considered in conducting driver in conducting simulators should be considered analyses of pr comprehension NCHRP Report 492 the intended to decrease Roadside safety devices are risk of death or injury for the motoring public; how- and maintaining a device the cost of installing ever, an presents This report also must be considered. for analysis procedure cost-effective improved, safety impr assessing roadside ates, $42. Subscriber category: highway operations, ates, $42. Subscriber category: (IVA). control and traffic capacity, Soil Mechanics 2003 T to trans- volume examines issues related This six-part polymer piles, fiber-reinforced earthworks; portation deep foundations, and advances in load and resistance factor design; thermoplastic pipe design and performance; spatial variability in pavement engineering; r in roads. geosynthetic reinforcement and soils, geology, ates, $54. Subscriber category: foundations (IIIA). (RSAP): Roadside Safety Analysis Program Engineer s side (RSAP). RSAP inte- Safety Analysis Program which contains the grates a main analysis program, and algorithms, with a procedure cost-effectiveness turn signal displays. oving clients rural public elationships for intersections, profiling

2003; 134 pp.; TRB affiliates, $34.50; nonaffili- 2003; 134 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2003; 190 pp.; TRB affiliates, $37.50; nonaffiliates, 2003; 190 pp.; TRB affiliates, $39; nonaffiliates, 2003; 197 pp.; TRB affiliates,

ransportation Research Record 1841 ransportation Research ransportation Research Record 1839 ransportation Research ransportation Research Record 1840 ransportation Research ransit: Bus, Paratransit, Rural Public and Capacity and Quality of Service echnology, ransportation and Finance, Economics, esults of a driver survey of the use of side lanes to ates. $46. Subscriber category: public transit (VI). ates. $46. Subscriber category: This volume includes an assessment of urban bus for consolidat- needs in Illinois; recommendations sys- ing single-county rural public transportation multicounty transit systems in tems into regional soft- an evaluation of a web-based Carolina; North that assists New Mexico human ser- program ware vices agencies in impr options; and statewide coordination transportation by social serviceof van transportation agencies to people with mental illness, or serve the elderly, and looking for work. those in poverty Intercity Bus, New Transportation Systems and Bus, New Transportation Intercity T T Statistical Methods and Modeling and Safety Data, Analysis, and Evaluation T in intelli- to outlier detection Empirical approaches systems data, modeling of traffic gent transportation crash—flow r T bypass traffic at intersections; the acceptability of bypass traffic among the public and pricing measures transport on travel and the impact in Europe; professionals time along I-15 in of a 3-year San Diego as a result congestion pricing project. planning and administration $50. Subscriber category: (IA). of asso- accident locations by use of high-frequency with and injuries ciation rules, analysis of rollovers utility vehicles, and automated accident detec- sport process- tion at intersections via digital audio signal in this volume. among the topics of research ing are safety and human perfor- $52. Subscriber category: mance (IVB). Part 1 consists of the 2003 presentation in the the 2003 presentation 1 consists of Part in series renamed lecture annual distinguished Thomas B. Executive Director honor of former TRB discusses the chal- recipient, Deen. Deen, the 2003 transporta- to create lenge for the U.S. government the tion policy that does not significantly burden 2 include private-sector market. The papers in Part r Development 2003 T T 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 49 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/043:49PMPage50 50 TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 SHELF BOOK bridge components.To automatethemethodology, for calculatingthecostoffatigue andoverstress in estimating changesintruck-weight histogramsand r a methodforestimatingnetwork maintenanceand level.Bridge ownersneed at anacceptableservice tenance andrepair tobridges,whichmustremain Increased truckweightscausemore frequent main- NCHRP Report495 ofTruckEffect Weight onBridgeNetworkCosts and hydraulicshydrology (IIC). $19. Subscribercategory: bridges,otherstructures, tance factorformat. as toconvert thespecificationsintoloadandresis- is astrategicplantoenhancethespecifications,aswell updating andrefining thespecifications.Alsoincluded r tation Officials (AASHTO).Thereport describesthe State HighwayandTranspor-American Associationof way Signs,Luminaires, andTraffic Signals Standard SpecificationsforStructuralSupportsHigh- This report includesrecommended revisions forthe NCHRP Report494 Luminaires, andTraffic Signals forHighwaySigns, Supports Structural ations, capacity, andtraffic control (IVA). nonaffiliates, $31.Subscribercategory: highwayoper- Devices. edition oftheManualonUniformTraffic Control are beingsubmittedforconsiderationinthenext more detailedinformation.Therecommendations studies, andtheaccompanyingCD-ROMincludes andfieldstudies.Thereporttory summarizesthe native traffic signaldisplaysandphasinginlabora- evaluation ofthesafetyandeffectiveness ofalter- The recommendations stemfrom acomprehensive displays forpr Recommendations are provided fortraffic signal NCHRP Report493 Left-TurnProtected/Permissive Control Evaluation ofTraffic SignalDisplaysfor (IVB). facility design(IIA);safetyandhumanperformance nonaffiliates, $30.Subscribercategories:highwayand an srs tains auser program results. AnaccompanyingCD-ROMcon- friendly environment fordatainputandreview of user interface program, whichprovides auser- esearch effort andprovides recommendations for epair costs.Thisreport recommends methodsfor 2003; 50pp.;TRBaffiliates, $14.25;nonaffiliates, 2003; 83pp.plusCD-ROM;TRBaffiliates, $23.25; 2003; 66pp.plusCD-ROM;TRBaffiliates, $22.50; manual andtheRSAPsoftware. otected—permis sive left-turncontrol. , issuedbythe public transit(VI). Subscriber categories:planningand administration(IA); with thisreport. www.travelmatters.org, wasdevelopedinconjunction and fuelsintransitfleets.TheTravelMatters website, patterns, andadoptingenergy-efficient technologies ple, increasing theuseoftransit,changingland-use transit sources. Keystrategiesare discussed,forexam- sions from transportation, specificallyfrom public r After presenting informationonclimatechange,this TCRP Report93 TransportationSustainable Surface T $22. Subscribercategory: publictransit(VIA). inprovidingtransit industry travelerinformation. mation systems,andoffers newdirections forthe tries, discussesTTIaspart oflarger communityinfor- information systemsinthetransitandrelated indus- art inproviding TTI,provides examplesofcustomer tomers, identifiesTTIneeds,assessesthestateof eler information(TTI)forcurrent andpotentialcus- This report considerswaysofimproving transittrav- TCRP Report92 tion (IIIB). hydraulics andhydrology (IIC);materialsandconstruc- $19. Subscribercategories:bridges,otherstructures, and factor designspecificationsforbridges. adoption byAASHTOaspart oftheloadandresistance procedures. Thenewprocedures are recommended for of prestress lossesthando age, andcreep ofconcrete andmore realistic estimates accurate predictions ofmoduluselasticity, shrink- bridge girders. Theguidelineprocedures yieldmore prestress lossesinhigh-strength, pretensioned concrete economical designshowtoobtainrealistic estimatesof This report showsbridgeengineerswhoare developing NCHRP Report496 Concrete BridgeGirders Prestress LossesinPretensioned High-Strength structures, andhydraulicshydrology (IIC). nonaffiliates, $35.Subscribercategory: bridges,other application examples. smanualand panying CD-ROM,alongwithauser AASHTO BRIDGEWare isincludedonanaccom- a software modulethatcanbeintegratedwith Strategies forImproved Traveler Information eport examineshowtoreduce greenhouse gasemis- ravel Matters:MitigatingClimateChangewith 2003; 77pp.;TRBaffiliates, $15;nonaffiliates, $20. 2003; 112pp.;TRBaffiliates, $16.50;nonaffiliates, 2003; 63pp.;TRBaffiliates, $14.25;nonaffiliates, 2003; 187pp.plusCD-ROM;TRBaffiliates, $26.25; h urn pcfcto s the current specification TR NEWS 231 MARCH—APRIL 2004 51 BOOK SHELF order the TRB titles described in Bookshelf, The report examines the approaches taken by examines the approaches The report $11.25; nonaffiliates, 2003; 47 pp.; TRB affiliates, among Because design exception practices differ $12; nonaffiliates, 2003; 82 pp.; TRB affiliates, To use the orderform on page 52; visit the TRB or www.TRB.org/bookstore/, online Bookstore; contact the Business Office at 202-334-3213. equire a design exception, data collection and equire oles. The synthesis also reports on the benefits and on the benefits oles. The synthesis also reports state DOTs to compensate contractors for unab- to compensate contractors state DOTs delays. for contract overhead sorbed home office per- include the use of formulas, The approaches resolu- dispute centages, specification provisions, and and audits. The advantages tion procedures, from reviewed are disadvantages of each approach contractor. the perspective of the owner and the how the federal govern- also reviews The report the issue. addressing ment and the private sector are Planning and Administration $15. Subscriber category: Transporta- (IA); Materials and Construction (IIIB); tion Law (IC). Design Exception Practices NCHRP Synthesis 316 and construction Nearly all highway and street by a state transportation projects improvement designed to conform to agency- are agency (STA) some situ- In adopted geometric design standards. to all design criteria is conforming ations, however, The decision to not always practical or reasonable. an applicable criterion is called a deviate from design exception. the dom- states and agencies, this synthesis reviews inant and unique practices for conditions that r and external analysis techniques, and internal STA r experience and identifies sug- that problems STAs the design exception gestions for improving process. Law (IC); $16. Subscriber categories: Transportation and Foundations (IIIA); Materials and Soils, Geology, Construction (IIIB); Maintenance (IIIC). Compensation for Contractors Home Office Overhead NCHRP Synthesis 315 for unabsorbed home Compensating contractors issues of the most controversial is one overhead office infra- of transportation the development affecting the report explain the issue, To projects. structure of the contractor and the the perspectives presents (DOTs). transportation of state departments 32, raveler and T covers 18 eas each published TCRP Reports 10 series comprehensively docu- series comprehensively including 9 new ar

TCRP Report 95 2003; 39 pp.; TRB affiliates, $13.50; nonaffiliates, 2003; 39 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2003; 67 pp.; TRB affiliates, $15; nonaffiliates, $20. $15; nonaffiliates, 2003; 67 pp.; TRB affiliates, 2003; 228 pp.; TRB affiliates, $20.25; nonaffiliates, 2003; 228 pp.; TRB affiliates,

raveler Response to Transportation System raveler Response to Transportation echnologies: Update $18. Subscriber categories: planning and administration (IA); public transit (VI). Determining Training for New Technologies: for New Technologies: Determining Training A Decision Game and Facilitation Guide TCRP Report 96 The public transit industry is adopting new technolo- industry-specific, but many, gies, some of which are such as the Global Positioning Internet System and is used in other industries. Training applications, are transit managers who essential for forward-thinking methods and tech- seeking to adopt mainstream are nologies. The guide and game that constitute TCRP 96 simulate the experience of making key deci- Report sions about training during the implementation of a decision also includes new technologies. The report matrix and a template. Subscriber categories: planning and administration (IA); and public transit (VI); highway operations, capacity, (IVA). control traffic ments various transportation system changes, policy ments various transportation actions, and alternative land-use and site-development edition of This third design approaches. System Changes Response to Transportation topic areas Chapter 14 focuses on automobile-based as a chapter. is on area- pricing, excluding parking. The emphasis and individual facility pricing schemes wide, corridor, and roads The static pricing of toll for urbanized areas. also value pricing project an example of an intercity examined. are Changes, Chapter 14: Road Value Pricing Changes, Chapter 14: Road Value TCRP Report 95, Chapter 14 The T $27. Subscriber category: public transit (VI). $27. Subscriber category: along with guidance for making decisions about fare along with guidance for making decisions includes 13 case policies and technologies. The report studies. TCRP Report 94 on customers, operations Focusing on the impacts integra- and equitable fare management, and effective poli- structures, the key fare evaluates tion, this report under consideration at transit cies, and technologies struc- includes data on fare agencies. The research and ongoing efforts procedures, policy-making tures, is Also presented technology. to implement fare updated information from Fare Policies, Structures, Policies, Fare and T 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 51 PM Page 3:49 5/4/04 29191_TRB_Book_6 29191_TRB_Book_6 5/4/04 3:49 PM Page 52

Publications Order Form Please send the following: Price Qty Title Nonaffiliates Affiliates ______TR News: Annual Subscription $55.001 No charge2 ______ Single Copy (TRN___) 9.50 $7.13 ______Bridge Aesthetics Around the World Hardcover (BAATHC) 85.00 63.75 ______ Softcover (BAATSC) 65.00 48.75 ______Highway Capacity Manual, 2000 ed. (HCM 2000), U.S. customary print version 100.003 75.003 ______ HCM 2000, Metric print version 100.003 75.003 ______ HCM 2000, Multimedia CD-ROM (includes both versions) 90.00 67.50 ______ HCM 2000, U.S. customary print version and CD-ROM 145.003 108.753 ______ HCM 2000, Metric print version and CD-ROM 145.003 108.753 ______Research Pays Off: 100 Articles CD-ROM (XRPO) 10.00 10.00 ______Access Management Manual 80.00 60.00 ______Access Management Manual on CD-ROM 60.00 45.00 ______Access Management Manual and CD-ROM 100.00 75.00 ______Utilities and Roadside Safety: State of the Art Report 9 (STA9) 22.00 16.50 ______Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements (XMSAP) 57.00 42.75 ______Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements on CD-ROM (XMSAPC) 35.00 26.25 ______Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements book and CD-ROM (XMSAPS) 69.00 51.75

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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORDS ______1833 Freight Policy, Economics, and Logistics: Truck Transportation (R1833) 42.00 31.50 ______1834 Concrete 2003 (R1834) 44.00 33.00 ______1835 Transit: Planning and Development, Management and Performance, 46.00 34.50 Marketing and Fare Policy, and Intermodal Transfer Facilities (R1835) ______1836 Initiatives in Information Technology and Geospatial Science for Transportation (R1836) 48.00 36.00 ______1837 Geomaterials 2003 (R1837) 42.00 31.50 ______1838 Transit: Rail Transit, Commuter Rail, Light Rail Transit, Major Activity Center 40.00 30.00 Circulation Systems, New Technology, and Maintenance (R1838) ______1839 Transportation Finance, Economics, and Development 2003 (R1839) 50.00 37.50 ______1840 Statistical Methods and Modeling and Safety Data, Analysis, and Evaluation (R1840) 52.00 39.00 ______1841 Transit: Bus, Paratransit, Rural Public and Intercity Bus, New Transportation 46.00 34.50 Systems and Technology, Capacity and Quality of Service (R1841) ______1842 Energy, Air Quality, and Fuels 2003 (R1842) 46.00 34.50 ______1844 Traffic Control Devices, Visibility, and Rail—Highway Grade Crossings 2003 (R1844) 42.00 31.50 ______1849 Soil Mechanics 2003 (R1849) 54.00 40.50

NCHRP REPORTS ______492 Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP): Engineer s Manual (NR492) 30.00 22.50 ______493 Evaluations of Traffic Signal Displays for Protected/Permissive Left-Turn Control (NR493) 31.00 23.25 ______494 Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals (NR494) 19.00 14.25 ______495 Effect of Truck Weight on Bridge Network Costs (NR495) 35.00 26.25 ______496 Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders (NR496) 19.00 14.25

T CRP REPORTS ______92 Strategies for Improved Traveler Information (TC92) 22.00 16.50 ______93 Travel Matters: Mitigating Climate Change with Sustainable Surface Transportation (TC93) 20.00 15.00 ______94 Fare Policies, Structures, and Technologies: Update (TC94) 27.00 20.25 ______95 Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Chapter 14: Road Value Pricing (TC95) 20.00 15.00 ______96 Determining Training for New Technologies: A Decision Game and Facilitation Guide (TC96) 18.00 13.50

NCHRP SYNTHESES OF HIGHWAY PRACTICE ______315 Compensation for Contractors Home Office Overhead (SYH315) 15.00 11.25 ______316 Design Exception Practices (SYH316) 16.00 12.00

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INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO TR NEWS

TR News welcomes the submission of manuscripts for possible POINT OF VIEW is an occasional series of authored opinions publication in the categories listed below. All manuscripts sub- on current transportation issues. Articles (1,000 to 2,000 mitted are subject to review by the Editorial Board and other words) may be submitted with appropriate, high-quality illus- reviewers to determine suitability for TR News; authors will be trations, and are subject to review and editing. Readers are also advised of acceptance of articles with or without revision. All invited to submit comments on published points of view. manuscripts accepted for publication are subject to editing for conciseness and appropriate language and style. Page proofs CALENDAR covers (a) TRB-sponsored conferences, work- will be provided for author review and original artwork shops, and symposia, and (b) functions sponsored by other returned only on request. agencies of interest to readers. 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Since September 11, 2001, citizens and government have looked to the scientific and Improving engineering research community to develop faster and more effective ways to detect, thwart, and respond to terrorist attacks on the transportation system. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) has assembled and published extensive information on ways to enhance the Transportation nation s transportation security. In addition to a wide-ranging Transportation System Security website (http://www4.trb.org/trb/homepage.nsf/web/ security), TRB has developed a bookshelf of resources and guides for transportation professionals, decision makers, and Security members of the general public. Recent TRB publications of interest include the following:

Intrusion Detection for Public Robotic Devices: A Guide for the Transportation Facilities Handbook Transit Environment Transit Cooperative Research Program TCRP Report 86C: Public Transportation (TCRP) Report 86D: Public Transportation Security, Volume 3, Security, Volume 4, ISBN 0-309-06760-X, ISBN 0-309-06760-X, 23 pages, 8.5 x 11, 160 pages, 8.5 x 11, paperback (2003) paperback (2003)

Transportation Security and K9 Units in Public Transportation: Infrastructure Protection A Guide for Decision Makers Transportation Research Record: Journal of TCRP Report 86B: Public Transportation the Transportation Research Board, No. Security, Volume 2, 1822, ISBN 0-309-08554-3, 55 pages, 8.5 x ISBN 0-309-06760-X, 120 pages, 8.5 x 11, 11, paperback (2003) paperback (2002)

Security Measures in the Commercial Communication of Threats: A Guide Trucking and Bus Industries TCRP Report 86A: Public Transportation Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Security, Volume 1, ISBN 0-309-06760-X, Program Synthesis 2, ISBN 0-309-08755-4, 42 pages, 8.5 x 11, paperback (2002) 48 pages, 8.5 x 11, paperback (2003) Deterrence, Protection, and Preparation: Cybersecurity of Freight Information The New Transportation Security Systems: A Scoping Study Imperative Special Report 274, ISBN 0-309-08555-1, Special Report 270, ISBN 0-309-07710-9, 80 pages, 6 x 9, paperback (2003) 84 pages, 6 x 9, paperback (2002)

A Guide to Public Transportation Security Resources TCRP Research Results Digest 59, 20 pages, 8.5 x 11, paperback (2003)

To order these and other TRB publications, visit the TRB Bookstore, www.TRB.org/bookstore/, or call