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European Research Area: Cost of Non-Europe Report

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European Research Area: Cost of Non-Europe Report European Research Area Cost of Non-Europe Report European Research Area Cost of Non-Europe Report In the last Parliament, on 12 February 2014, the Coordinators of the European Parliament’s Committee for Industry, Energy and Research (ITRE) requested a Cost of Non-Europe report on an integrated EU Research Area. This request was reaffirmed by ITRE coordinators of the current legislature at 23 February 2015 and asked for an evaluation of the application and implementation of the policy framework of the European Research Area (ERA) to be carried out, as well as for an assessment of possible gains from future action in this area. This paper has been drawn up by the European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value, within the European Parliament’s Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services. Its aim is to help improve understanding of the subject matter by providing evidence of the specific benefits that could be achieved through European action. This assessment builds on expert research commissioned specifically for the purpose and provided by Dr Inga Ulnicane, Institute for European Integration/University of Vienna, Simon Broeck, Ockham IPS, and Laura de Haan and Paul Vroonhof, both Panteia. The commissioned research papers appear at Annexes I to III of this study. Abstract This Cost of Non-Europe study examines the state of implementation of the current policy framework for the establishment of a European Research Area (ERA). The study combines a backward-looking (ex-post) and a forward-looking (ex-ante) evaluation. While the ex-post evaluation looks at the implementation of the ERA policy framework, the ex-ante assessment focuses on potential costs and benefits of possible further policy action. In doing so, it identifies shortcomings in the ERA policy framework and outlines costs due to the lack of further action on the issue. The study makes a cautious estimate that the costs linked with implementation shortcomings of the ERA policy framework could amount to €3 billion per year. PE 581.382 1 Cost of Non-Europe Report AUTHORS Christian Salm and Thomas Zandstra, European Added Value Unit ABOUT THE PUBLISHER This paper has been drawn up by the European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value, within the Directorate–General for Parliamentary Research Services of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. To contact the Unit, please e-mail [email protected] LANGUAGE VERSIONS Original: EN Translations: DE, FR This document is available on the internet at: www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank DISCLAIMER The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the authors and any opinions expressed therein do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. It is addressed to the Members and staff of the EP for their parliamentary work. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. Manuscript completed in April 2016. Brussels © European Union, 2016. PE 581.382 ISBN 978-92-823-9109-9 DOI: 10.2861/895783 QA-02-16-304-EN-N PE 581.382 2 European Research Area Table of Contents Note on methodology ................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Historical Background .............................................................................................................. 7 3. State of Play .............................................................................................................................. 10 4. Shortcomings in the ERA framework and obstacles for implementation .................... 12 5. Quantifying the Cost of Non-Europe .................................................................................. 16 6. Conclusion: Barriers to be removed ..................................................................................... 17 Annex I - Research Paper on the European Research Area Initiative and the Free Circulation of Knowledge, by Dr. Inga Ulnicane, University of Vienna .............................. 19 Annex II - Research Paper on the Implementation of an Integrated Research Area, by Panteia and Ockham IPS ............................................................................................................. 51 Annex III - Research Paper on the Monitoring Mechanisms of the Integrated European Research Area, by Panteia and Ockham IPS ............................................................................ 97 PE 581.382 3 Cost of Non-Europe Report Note on methodology Costs of Non-Europe (CoNE) reports are designed to study the possibilities for economic benefits and the achievement of a ‘public good’ through common action at EU level. They attempt to identify policy areas that can benefit from deeper EU integration, where the added value of action at EU level is potentially significant. This Cost of Non-Europe report examines the state of implementation of the current policy framework for establishing a European Research Area (ERA). Furthermore, it identifies the cost of no European-action on that issue. The study combines a backward-looking (ex-post) and a forward-looking (ex-ante) evaluation. While the ex-post evaluation looks at the implementation of the ERA policy-framework, the ex-ante assessment focuses on potential costs and benefits of possible further policy action. Three external research papers, which are annexed to this report, were commissioned to provide input to the establishment of this Cost of Non-Europe study. PE 581.382 4 European Research Area 1. Introduction In the view of the European Commission, the future of cooperation in the field of research and innovation in the European Union (EU) and the wider world is a positive one. A paper published by the Commission in 2015 describes a possible scenario for science in the year 2030 as follows: ‘Open science has become a reality and is offering a whole range of new, unlimited opportunities for research and discovery worldwide. Scientists, citizens, publishers, research institutions, public and private research funders, students and education professionals as well as companies and citizens from around the globe are sharing an open, virtual research environment, called the Lab. Open source communities and scientists, publishing companies and the high-tech industry have pushed the EU and UNESCO to develop common open research standards, establishing a virtual learning gateway, offering free public access to all scientific data as well as to all publicly funded research. The OECD (which now includes Brazil, India, China and Russia), as well as many countries from Africa, Asia and Latin America have adopted these new standards, allowing users to share a common platform to exchange knowledge at a global scale. High-tech start-ups and small public-private partnerships have spread across the globe to become the service providers of the new digital science learning network, empowering researchers, educators and students worldwide to share knowledge by using the best available technology. Free and open, high quality and crowdsource science, focusing on the grand challenges of our time, shape the daily life [of] a new generation of researchers.’1 As far as the EU is concerned, an important element for getting close to such an ideal situation for research and innovation is the concept of a European Research Area (ERA). Proposed by the European Commission in 2000, an ERA would help to put to best use scientific capacity and material resources in EU Member States and should lead to: 'A unified research area open to the world based on the Internal Market, in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely and through which the Union and its Member States strengthen their scientific and technological bases, their competitiveness and their capacity to collectively address grand challenges.'2 In a more detailed manner, the Commission describes an ERA as a place ‘where national and European policies can be implemented more coherently, and where people and knowledge can circulate more freely; an area attractive both to European researchers and to the best researchers from third countries and built on respect for the common social and ethical values of Europeans and 1 European Commission, Open Science 2030, A Day in the Life of Scientist, AD 2030, 2015. Although disclaiming that the document represents its official position, the European Commission published this paper which is based on a brainstorm with and feedback from a number of scientists, as well as representatives of publishing companies, funding agencies and research institutions. 2 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth, COM(2012) 392 final, 17.7.2012, p. 3. PE 581.382 5 Cost of Non-Europe Report their diversity.’3 In fact, these objectives for research and innovation in the EU have also been included in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU), which states that ‘The Union shall have the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a European research area
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