UK research and the The role of the EU in funding UK research

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 1 The European research landscape is complex. Both the European Union and individual European countries fund research. Researchers collaborate with each other within Europe and internationally.

UK research and the European Union: The role of the EU in funding UK research

Working group Professor Carlos Frenk FRS Sir Tim Hunt FRS FMedSci Dame Linda Partridge DBE FRS FMedSci Dame Janet Thornton DBE FRS FMedSci Professor Terry Wyatt FRS

The text of this work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA.

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2 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH UK research and the European Union: the role of the EU in funding UK research

A referendum on the ’s at building capacity in the least economically membership of the European Union (EU) developed regions of the EU. Excellent research and will take place before the end of 2017. This innovation help us to report sets out to show the role of the EU in The UK was the second largest recipient in live healthier, fuller and funding UK research. absolute terms after in the most better lives. recent Framework Programme (FP7). If This is the first part of a phased project structural funds are taken into account, gathering evidence about the influence is ranked second and the UK fourth. In the of the UK’s relationship with the EU on UK, universities are by far the most successful research. It is intended to inform debate. in attracting Framework Programme funding, Subsequent phases will look at researcher taking 71% of the total funds awarded to the mobility and collaborations, and the role of UK during Framework Programme 71. UK EU regulation and policy. businesses attracted 18%2. By contrast, if we consider the distribution of where research Excellent research and innovation help us to and development is conducted in the UK; live healthier, fuller and better lives. Europe is 64% conducted by businesses and 26% in home to world-class research, and researchers universities3. come from all over the world to collaborate with researchers that are based here and to use The proportion of research income that EU European scientific infrastructure. Within this funding represents for universities has been community, the UK has created a world-leading increasing. Since the 2010 UK spending review, research base that interacts with the best and universities have seen their total research most ambitious in the rest of the world, keeping income rise slightly, despite experiencing a UK research at the cutting edge. drop in UK government funding for research through the Higher Education Funding Council The European research landscape is complex. and the Research Councils. This is due to Both the EU and individual European countries increases in research income from other fund research. Researchers collaborate with sources including the EU and the private sector. each other within Europe and internationally. The UK’s relationship with the EU is complex The UK contributes more overall to the EU and the EU’s influence varies across different budget than it receives. However, the UK is one parts of the UK’s research ecosystem. The of the largest recipients of research funding evidence presented in this report focuses on in the EU: it receives a greater amount of EU the financial aspects of the UK’s relationship funding for research and development than the with Europe and should not be considered proportion of its contribution analyses suggests in isolation. The monetary value of a funding is earmarked for this. stream is not the sole guide to its value for research. Small amounts of funding in There are two major routes by which the EU areas where little funding is available, or that directly funds research in the UK – Framework offer researchers mobility and encourage Programme funding and structural funds. The collaborations can have a bigger impact than UK is very successful in attracting Framework their monetary values might suggest. This value Programme funding, particularly that allocated is difficult to quantify and we have not sought to for excellence. The UK recieves relatively little do so in this document. structural funding, which is largely targeted

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 3 Who funds research in Europe?

The European Union (EU) is one of many The European research landscape is complex. According to estimates research funders in Europe. Regional, national and international actors by the League of interact at multiple levels. European Research Universities (LERU), FIGURE 1 15% of publicly funded research conducted Flow of research funding in Europe. in EU Member States comes from, or is EU Member State national governments coordinated by, the EU or by intergovernmental organisations.4 Key

DG = Director General

European Research- DG REGIO intensive Flow of funds Commision DGs

Funding of researchers based outside EU Member States DG RTD (research)

Framework Structural Sectoral R&I Programmes and Investment programmes Horizon 2020 funds (ESIF) (2014 – 2020)

EU Researchers Universities

Research infrastructures Associate Businesses Research institutes countries Businesses Charities

Third Charities countries

4 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH How does the EU fund research?

The EU supports research, development In addition the EU provides indirect support and innovation through several interlinked for research, development and innovation The EU has a total programmes. These are estimated to provide through specific programmes. estimated budget of €120 billion5 to directly support research, €120 billion to directly development and innovation activities over support research the period 2014 – 2020.6 and innovation activities between FIGURE 2 2014 and 2020.5

Estimated EU expenditure on research, development and innovation. 2014 – 2020.

€40.2bn Structural funds for R&D activities €120 billion €74.8bn Horizon 2020

€5bn Sectoral R&D programmes

Additional programmes indirectly supporting research and innovation activities: • Competitiveness for Enterprises and Small • The Life programme and Medium Size Enterprises (COSME) • The Connecting Europe Facility • Erasmus+ • European Fund for Strategic Investment • The Health programme

Source: References 1, 8, 28 and 29.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 5 Framework Programmes How is funding distributed? Up to December 2014, What are Framework Programmes? Horizon 2020 funding is mostly allocated almost half of the Framework Programmes (FPs) are the main EU competitively through calls for proposals to scientific publications funding mechanism for research, development which researchers and organisations can resulting from and innovation. The current Framework apply. Criteria for allocating funding vary completed Framework Programme is called Horizon 2020. and include scientific excellence, alignment Programme 7 projects with a number of strategic objectives (grand were in high impact Who manages them? challenges), geographical and disciplinary peer reviewed Horizon 2020 is managed by the European diversity and potential for commercialisation. journals.10 Commission’s Directorate-General for The calls for proposals are managed under a Research and Innovation (DG RTD). number of schemes and agencies, including Eight other DGs with a research dimension the European Research Council (ERC), (Energy, Communication, Agriculture, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCAs), Education and Culture, Growth, Home the Small and Medium sized Enterprises Affairs and the (JRC)) (SME) instrument, the European Institute of share ownership and responsibility for the Innovation and Technology (EIT), the European Programme with DG Research. Investment Bank and partnerships with Member States and industries. What is the budget? Horizon 2020 has a budget of €74.8 billion9 What has Framework Programme funding for the period 2014 – 2020. The budget achieved? and remit of Framework Programmes has Looking at the most recent Framework increased since their inception in 1984 Programme, (FP7 running 2007 – 2013), 48% (see timeline on page 9). of projects were completed by December 2014 and had produced over 43,000 Who can receive funding? publications, 47% of which were published Universities, research organisations, small in high impact peer reviewed journals10 and large businesses, charities and individual (defined as the top 10% of the SJR index11 of researchers from EU Member States are all journals within a given scientific category). eligible for Framework Programme funding. These projects also reported more than 1,500 Non-EU countries also participate in patent applications. Framework Programmes.

What do Framework Programmes fund? Framework Programmes fund a variety of different research, development and innovation activities across the private and public sectors, spanning from fundamental research to technological development. These funded activities aim to broaden understanding of the world, harness scientific progress for economic and technological development, and solve some of the ‘grand challenges’ Europe faces.

6 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH The European Research Council (ERC)

What is the ERC? The ERC is the first What does the ERC fund? The ERC is unique pan-European funding body for frontier among EU research funding schemes in research12, established in 2007. The ERC funding individual researchers solely on the has rapidly established itself as a world basis of their scientific excellence and their leading funder of excellent research and its proposed projects. Unlike other forms of funding is highly prized by researchers for EU research funding, its grants have neither the status it confers and because it comes thematic priorities nor geographical quotas. with relatively few restrictions attached. What has ERC-funded research led to? What is the budget? The ERC budget for As of September 2014, 48% of the scientific 2014 – 2020 is €13 billion, 17% of the total publications from completed ERC-funded Horizon 2020 budget.13 projects were in the top 10% most highly cited publications in their scientific discipline and year of publication, and 11% were in the top 1% most highly cited publications worldwide.14

Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCAs)

What are Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions? What is the budget? The budget for Marie These enable researchers to work in Skłodowska-Curie Actions for 2014 – 2020 different countries, sectors or disciplines. is €6.2 billion, 8.2% of the total Horizon 2020 They are designed to encourage the budget.15 development of early stage and more experienced researchers by enabling them What do Marie Skłodowska-Curie to spend a period of time working abroad in Actions fund? MSCAs support international an academic or non-academic setting in the training networks for PhD and early EU and overseas. Prior to 2014 these were career researchers, international mobility known as Marie-Curie Actions. We shall refer fellowships for experienced researchers, to them by their current name throughout. international exchanges of research staff and other programmes related to international and intersectoral research training and career development.16

The SME Instrument

What is the SME Instrument? What does the SME Instrument? The Horizon 2020 SME Instrument is a SMEs from a wide variety of different mechanism for the EU to invest in, and sectors18 can access funding and support support, small and medium enterprises looking through this scheme. These include: low to convert successful and innovative research carbon technologies and energy efficiency; into market-leading businesses. SMEs transport; medicine and medical devices; considered to have strong potential for growth biotechnology; nanotechnology; space; on an international scale will receive funding food production; and eco innovation and as well as business support and mentoring. production of raw materials. There are currently 155 listed SMEs in the UK that What is the budget? The SME Instrument are receiving SME Instrument funding. budget for 2014 – 2020 is €3 billion, 4% of the total Horizon 2020 budget.17

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 7 Sectoral research and innovation What activities are funded? programmes19 Research and innovation activities funded What are the EU sectoral research by the European Structural and Investment and innovation programmes? Funds include the construction of research Sectoral programmes fund research and infrastructure, support for technology transfer innovation activities in specific sectors: and research intensive businesses, and skills • Nuclear energy: Euratom Research programmes. and Training Programme (ERTP) and International Thermonuclear Experimental Programmes connected to research and Reactor (ITER) innovation activities • Space: Copernicus and Galileo satellites Five other EU programmes indirectly programmes, complementing space support research, development and research under Horizon 2020 innovation activities, although they do • Coal and steel production not fund these directly: • COSME (supports Small and Medium What is the budget? Enterprises (SMEs), including to develop The total research budget for these Research & Development capabilities). programmes is about €5 billion over the • Erasmus+ (student mobility). period 2014 – 2020, of which the majority • The Health Programme (supports healthcare (€4.5 billion) is for research into nuclear frameworks including research hospitals). energy. These numbers are not exact because • The Life Programme (supports policy these programmes do not all run within uptake of environmental research). the same timeframe. • The Connecting Europe Facility (includes €1.14 billion for trans-European telecoms Structural funds infrastructures). What are the structural funds? European Structural and Investment Funds European Fund for Strategic Investment (ESIF) are a set of funds targeted especially (EFSI)21 (though not exclusively) at building capacity What is EFSI? in the least economically developed regions The European Fund for Strategic Investment of the EU. In the UK, these include Cornwall, (EFSI, also known as the ‘Junker Plan’) is parts of Wales and the Scottish Highlands. one pillar of the ’s Investment Plan for Europe. It aims to mobilise Although a large proportion of these funds investment to stimulate jobs and growth in are spent on projects such as building Europe across a range of infrastructure and infrastructure, support for research and innovation projects. innovation activities is also one of their priorities. Structural funds and Framework What is the budget? Programmes have different objectives and EFSI has a seed fund of €16 billion of EU awarding criteria, and support different public funds that are intended to leverage activities, but funding from the two external investment of €315 billion. €2.2 billion programmes is increasingly coordinated have been redeployed from Horizon 2020 to and synergies are encouraged. form part of the seed money.

What is the budget? What does EFSI fund? An estimated €40.2 billion of structural funds The Commission has guaranteed that will be allocated to research and innovation research and innovation projects will be activities over the period 2014 – 2020.20 among the activities for which EFSI will leverage investment. However, precise details are yet to be determined.

8 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH Who decides the EU’s priorities for its research funding?

Decisions about the budget and strategic negotiations that shape EU research funding. priorities of EU research funding are agreed However, they can participate in Framework by the , Commission Programmes, contributing funds and and Council. Countries that are not Members accessing funding under specific conditions. States of the EU do not have a role in the

FIGURE 3 Timeline of EU research activities22

2014 Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) – €80 billion. 2010

2007 2007 Seventh Framework Programme Treaty on the European Union (2007 – 2013) – €55.9 billion. () signed. The European Research Council (ERC) 2002 is launched. Sixth Framework Programme (2002 –2006) – €19.3 billion. 2000 2000 The Lisbon launches 1998 the (ERA). Fifth Framework Programme 1996 (1998 – 2002) – €14.9 billion. Marie Curie Actions launched. 1994 Renamed Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fourth Framework Programme Actions in 2014. (1994 – 1998) – €13.2 billion. 1990 1990 Third Framework Programme (1990 – 1994) – €6.6 billion. 1987 Second Framework Programme 1986 (1987 – 1991) – €5.4 billion. signed, which includes a chapter on research, 1984 the first time this has been included First Framework Programme in an EU Treaty. (1984 – 1987) – €3.3 billion. 1981 1980 European Commission proposes supplying research funding under a single framework. 1958 1957 European Economic Community European Atomic Energy Community Established. (EURATOM) established, providing funding for research into nuclear 1951 energy between countries. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is launched. European Coal and Steel Community 1950 (ECSC) established, providing funding for The JRC now provides the European research in the coal and steel industries. Commission with independent scientific and technical advice.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 9 Which countries can access EU research funding?

All European Union (EU) Member States can Case study access EU research funding.

Switzerland is not an EU member state In addition, a number of mechanisms exist to but is partially associated to the EU enable scientific institutions and researchers in Framework Programme until the end non-EU countries to participate in, and receive of 2016. During this time, researchers funding from, EU Framework Programmes.23 based in Switzerland can access some parts of Horizon 2020 funding on the same Associated Countries24 basis as those in an EU Member State. Thirteen counties (including , Extension of this access through to 2020 Israel and Switzerland) have ‘Associated is dependent on Switzerland’s ratification Country’ status and contribute to Framework of an agreement on free movement of Programme budgets proportionally to their people related to joining the EU. GDP. This enables their researchers and organisations to apply for Horizon 2020 projects with the same status as those from EU Member States. Associated Country status Case study Norway is open to countries that are members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and Norway is not an EU member state current EU candidate nations. The terms of but is an official ‘Associated Country’ their association differ slightly by country. meaning it participates in Framework They do not have a role in the negotiations Programmes under the same conditions that shape EU research funding. as EU Member States. The nature of the agreement signed between Norway Non-associated third countries and the EU means that terms do not Institutions and researchers from other need to be renegotiated with each new countries can also apply and participate in EU Framework Programme. Framework Programmes, under the ‘openness’ strategy, and in some circumstances receive As an ‘Associated Country’ Norway is not direct funding. Depending on the exact represented on the European Council scheme, third countries might have to provide or in the European Parliament so has matching funds. limited ability to influence the direction of European research funding. However, it Scientific and technological cooperation does engage extensively in EU-funded The EU has international agreements for research, contributing to, and receiving scientific and technological cooperation with funding from, EU Framework Programmes. 20 countries. These create a framework for participation in joint projects, sharing of facilities, staff exchanges or the organisation of specific events.

10 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH The European Research Area (ERA) An ERA Board advices the European Work is underway to create a European Commission on the realisation of the ERA and Research Area (ERA). This is intended to be: helps develop, promote and evaluate policy initiatives and actions. The board consists of 22 “a unified research area open to the world high-level experts from academia, business and based on the Internal Market, in which industry appointed in their personal capacity26 researchers, scientific knowledge and by the European Commission. The current chair technology circulate freely and through which is Professor John Wood CBE FREng. the Union and its Member States strengthen their scientific and technological bases, The European Research Area and Innovation their competitiveness and their capacity Committee (ERAC) advises the EU and to collectively address grand challenges.”25 Member States on research and innovation issues that are relevant to the development The aim of the ERA is to maximise the return of the ERA. The ERAC is chaired by the on research investment for both the EU and its Commission and includes representatives individual Member States; avoid unnecessary of all Member States. A number of non-EU duplication of research and infrastructure countries that are associated to EU research investment at national level; and improve the and innovation programmes, including effectiveness and efficiency of the European Norway, Israel and Switzerland, participate research community. as observers.27

Its key priorities are: • More effective national research systems • Optimal transnational co-operation and competition • An open labour market for researchers • Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in research • Optimal circulation, access to and transfer of scientific knowledge

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 11 The UK and EU research funding

The analysis in the following section is based The UK is one of the largest recipients of on the most recent completed EU financial research funding in the EU and, although framework, that operated during 2007 – 2013. national contributions to the EU budget are not itemised, analyses suggest that the UK receives How much does the UK contribute to EU a greater amount of EU research funding than it research and how much does it receive? contributes. The UK Office of National Statistics Overall the UK is a net contributor to the (ONS) report an indicative figure for the UK’s EU budget. Over the period 2007 – 2013, contribution to EU research and development the UK contributed €77.7 billion to the EU of €5.4 billion over the period 2007 – 2013.29 (10.5% of the total EU income from Member During this time, the UK received €8.8 billion States), and received €47.5 billion in EU in direct EU funding for research, development funding (6% of the total EU expenditure and innovation activities.30 to Member States.28

FIGURE 4

Flow of funds between the UK and EU 2007 – 2013 (€ billion).*

Key

Share for research, development and innovation activities Total funds

€bn 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

UK contribution Total €77.7bn to the EU

€5.4bn

EU funding Total €47.5bn to the UK

€8.8bn

Source: References 1, 8, 28 and 29.

12 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH What types of research funding does the UK receive from the EU? The UK receives most of its EU research funding through Framework Programmes and structural funds. Over the period 2007 – 2013, the UK received €6.9 billion of Framework Programme 7 (FP7) funding31, of which €1.7 billion were in European Research Council grants32 (19%) and €1.1 billion for Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions33 (12%). The UK was allocated €1.9 billion of structural funds for research and innovation activities over the same period.34

FIGURE 5

Sources of EU funding to UK research, development and innovation. 2007 – 2013.

22% Structural funds for R&D

€8.8 billion* 47% FP7 – Other activities

19% FP7 – ERC

12% FP7 – Marie-Curie actions

Source: References 1 and 8.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 13 How much research funding does the UK get from the EU and how does this compare with other countries?

The UK is one of the largest recipients of In terms of funding awarded on a competitive research funding in the EU. Over the period basis in the period 2007 – 2013 (Framework 2007 – 2013 the UK received €8.8 billion out of Programme 7), the UK was the second largest a total of €107 billion expenditure on research, recipient after Germany, securing €6.9 billion development and innovation in EU Member out of a total of €55.4 billion.36 States, associated and third countries. This represents the fourth largest share in the EU.35

FIGURE 6

Distribution of EU expenditure on research, development and innovation (Framework Programme 7 and structural funds) in EU-28 countries. 2007 – 2013 (€ billion).

Key FP7 Structural funds for research and innovation activites

GER 7.14 4.94 UK 6.94 1.91 FRA 5.14 2.21 ITA 3.59 6.07 NED 3.33 0.30 ESP 3.26 5.56 BEL 1.81 0.30 SWE 1.71 0.40 AUT 1.18 0.36 DEN 1.06 0.16 GRE 1.00 2.44 FIN 0.88 0.47 IRE 0.63 0.16 POR 0.52 4.51 POL 0.44 9.30 HUN 0.29 2.13 CZE 0.29 3.97 SLN 0.17 1.01 ROM 0.14 1.13 BUL 0.10 0.29 EST 0.09 0.68 CYP 0.09 0.04 CRO 0.09 0.12 SLK 0.08 1.30 LUX 0.06 0.02 LIT 0.06 0.99 LAT 0.05 0.75 MAL 0.02 0.08

Source: References 1 and 8.

14 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH However these figures do not take into account second only to the . In contrast, the relative size of each country’s economy. Germany, and perform less well Adjusting these figures for GDP shows that the (see figure 7). UK performs well for the size of its economy,

FIGURE 7

Difference between the percentage proportion of Framework Programme 7 funding received and the percentage proportion of EU GDP for each EU Member State. 2007 –2013.

4

2

0 LIT UK ITA IRE FIN LAT SLK EST BEL ESP CZE SLO FRA LUX NET BUL POL CYP GRE GER AUS POR DEN MAL SWE CRO HUN 0 ROM

2

4

Source: Reference 1. GDP values from ec.europa.eu//tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00001&plugin=1

Structural funds are allocated to build capacity total EU research and development funding in the least economically developed regions of (FP7 and structural funds) for GDP. The UK, the EU. Countries with lower GDPs therefore Germany and France are shown to receive tend to receive a greater proportion of these. proportionally less overall funding when their This is demonstrated by figure 8 that adjusts GDP is taken into account.

FIGURE 8

Difference between the percentage proportion of EU funding on for research, development and innovation (Framework Programme 7 and structural funds) received and the percentage proportion of EU GDP for each EU Member State. 2007 – 2013.

8

6

4

2

0 LIT UK ITA IRE FIN LAT SLK EST BEL ESP SLO CZE FRA LUX NET BUL POL CYP GRE GER AUS POR DEN MAL CRO SWE HUN 0 ROM

2

4

6

8

Source: References 1 and 8. GDP values from ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00001&plugin=1

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 15 Looking at Framework Programme 7 funding million in ERC grants over FP7 2007 – 2013, Between 2007 – 2013, more closely, in terms of funding from the which was 22.4% of the total budget for the 3,454 UK-based European Research Council (ERC) and Marie programmes.37 Over the same period, through researchers received Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), which Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, UK-based funding from Marie are awarded solely on the basis of scientific researchers received €1,086 million, which Skłodowska-Curie excellence, the UK was the top performer was 25.5% of the programme’s total budget.38 Actions to work among participating countries. overseas and 8,120 UK based researchers received €1,665 overseas researchers came to work in UK FIGURE 9 organisations with Marie Skłodowska- Distribution of European Research Council (ERC) and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCAs) Curie Actions support.38 funding among participating countries. 2007 – 2013 (€ million).

1800 Key ERC MSCAs 1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 UK LIT ITA IRE ISR ICE FIN LAT SLK EST BEL SWI ESP SLN CZE FRA LUX BUL POL CYP GER GRE TUR AUT POR NED DEN MAL SWE CRO NOR HUN ROM

Source: References 32 and 33.

16 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH How does EU research funding compare with UK domestic research funding?

EU research funding through Framework is not captured in this as only some of these Programme 7 represented 3% of UK activities fall under the ONS definition of expenditure on research and development research and development used to calculate between 2007 and 2013.39 EU research and the domestic data below. The real figure is innovation funding through structural funds therefore likely to be higher than 3%.

FIGURE 10

UK expenditure on research and development by source of funding. 2007 – 2013.*

5% Charities 3% FP7 funding

17% Other sources

€226.3 billion 45% Business 11% Government departments

11% Research Councils 8% Higher Education Funding Councils

Source: References 1 and 3.

Which UK sectors receive EU research A total of 13 UK universities are ranked in the funding? top 25 European universities, rated in terms Considering just Framework Programme of the number of participations in Framework funding (as breakdown by sector is not Programme 7. Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial available for structural funds), UK universities College and UCL occupied the top four were among the most successful in securing spots.41 However no UK organisation was EU research funding, receiving 71% of total ranked in the top 25 research organisations Framework Programme (FP7) funding awarded participating in FP7, and only 4 were ranked to the UK.40 in the top 50.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 17 This reflects that research architecture varies This distribution contrasts with where research across participating countries, with research and development is conducted in the UK. strength in some countries concentrated in 64% is conducted by businesses and 26% research organisations (such as the Max Planck in universities.43 This reflects a low rate of Institutes in Germany) rather than universities. private sector participation in EU research funding in the UK. In the rankings of private- UK businesses attracted 18% of the total funds for-profit organisations, only 2 UK companies awarded to the UK through FP7. This is below (NEC Europe Ltd and Rolls Royce) were the EU average of 26.7% and much lower than ranked in the top 50 European companies countries such as Germany and France where in terms of FP7 participations.44 businesses secured 33% and 27% respectively of the FP7 funding received by the country.42

FIGURE 11

Breakdown of sectors receiving Framework Programme 7 funding in the UK. 2007 – 2013.

1% Others 2% 8% Public bodies Research organisations

5% Other businesses

13% Total €6.9bn 71% SMEs Universities

Source: Reference 1. Data are not available about the breakdown by sector of structural funds received by the UK.

What impact does EU research funding have In 2009/10 UK universities received £409 on UK universities? million of research income from EU government Over the period 2007 – 2013, universities bodies.* By 2013/14, this had risen to £687 received €4.9bn out of a total of €6.9bn million.48 * This is equivalent to the combined awarded to the UK through FP7 Framework total research income of Kings College London Programme.45 and Imperial College (£679 million), two leading research-intensive universities. Considering the years since the UK spending review in 2010, the overall research income It is important to note that EU funding does of universities46 has increased by 2.7% in real not always cover the full cost of research terms (between 2009/10 and 2013/14).47 * overheads, meaning that recipients need to meet such costs from other sources of research income, such as Quality-related Research (QR) funding or endowments.

18 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH FIGURE 12

Research income of UK Universities in 2009/10 and 2013/14*.

Overall funding

2009/10 Total £6.8bn

2013/14 Total £7.04bn

Breakdown

Other public sources Government science budget (Government departments, (funding from BIS distributed through the NHS and local authorities) Higher Education Funding Councils and the Research Councils)

2009/10 £0.85bn 2009/10 £3.86bn

2013/14 £0.89bn 5% 2013/14 £3.63bn 6%

European Union Private sector (includes both Framework Programmes (UK and foreign) and Cohesion Policy)

2009/10 £0.41bn 2009/10 £0.46bn

2013/14 £0.69bn 68% 2013/14 £0.51bn 11%

Other sources Charities (UK and foreign)

2009/10 £0.17bn 2009/10 £1.11bn

2013/14 £0.23bn 33% 2013/14 £1.11bn

Source:Source: Reference Reference 47. 47

In 2013/14, EU funding represented 9.7% of Over the same period, income from the total research income for Higher Education Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Institutions in the UK. This was a real terms (BIS)49 as a proportion of total research income increase of 68.2% from 2009/1048.* for UK Higher Education Institutions has declined by 4.5 percentage points, from 56% to 51.5%. This is a real terms decline of 6.2%.*

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 19 How does the EU fund research facilities and major equipment?

Research often needs specialised The EU supports transnational and virtual Framework Programme infrastructure, including equipment and access, networking, and joint research 7 earmarked €1.85 buildings, or less tangible infrastructure activities. These create opportunities for billion for research such as databases, archives, collections new and existing groups of researchers and facilities, and the and computing systems. scientists to collaborate across disciplines and Framework Programme countries, as well as platforms where science for 2014 – 2020 These can be of great scientific value but are and industry can come together. Users can (Horizon 2020) will sometimes expensive, and as a result are be researchers from academia, business, support them with often shared and used by scientists from many industry and the public sector from countries about €2.4 billion.50 different countries. Access to and networking participating in the programmes. The EU has between different pieces of research supported 3,539 UK based researchers to The EU has supported infrastructure represent an important part access 1,055 European research facilities 51 3,539 UK based of the European and international research between 2007 and 2013. researchers to access landscape. Different countries, including 1,055 European the UK, play host to the headquarters of In addition, 107 UK national research facilities research facilities international research facilities. received support from the EU to grant between 2007 access to international researchers, fostering 52 and 2013.51 Most of the cost of shared research facilities collaborations and exchange of ideas. is borne by participating countries, but the EU often provides funding for activities EU funding is also available to create and such as planning, strategic coordination, coordinate Europe-wide networks of research networking and transnational access. The facilities in the same research area.53 Framework Programme for 2007 – 2013 (FP7) earmarked €1.85 billion for research Pan-European research facilities facilities, and the Framework Programme A number of pan-European research for 2014 – 2020 (Horizon 2020) will facilities exist. They are often distributed support them with about €2.4 billion.50 across multiple sites within the EU and beyond, with headquarters in one of the National research facilities participating countries. They are funded Most research facilities are built, funded and by participating countries. managed at the national level. Although national research facilities will serve mostly The EU does not directly fund the construction their own national research community, their of these research facilities but can support the research value can be greatly increased associated planning and coordination. It does by creating international networks and this through the European Strategic Forum on granting reciprocal access to researchers Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). based elsewhere.

20 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH Pan-European research facilities in the UK The European Strategy Forum on The UK hosts the headquarters of 6 pan- Research Infrastructures (ESFRI)54 European research facilities, with facilities The European Strategy Forum on Research distributed across multiple participating Infrastructures (ESFRI) is a multi-disciplinary countries.56 These are: forum to support coherent and strategic • High Power Laser Energy research Facility decisions regarding the planning and (HiPER) – Harwell, Oxfordshire (Central implementation of new or improved Laser Facility)57 research infrastructures in Europe, and • ELIXIR (European Life-science Infrastructure to facilitate multilateral initiatives to best for Biological Information) – Hinxton support this approach. • Integrated Structural Biology Infrastructure (INSTRUCT) – Oxford The ESFRI membership consist of two • Infrastructure for Systems Biology-Europe delegates from all EU Member States as (ISBE) – London (Imperial College) well as a number of additional Associate • Square Kilometre Array (SKA) – Manchester Nations and a representative of the (Jodrell Bank) European Commission. The current ESFRI • European Social Survey (ESS ERIC) – Chair is Prof John Womersley, the Chief London (City University) Executive of the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council. The Forum The UK also hosts 10 facilities58 that are is a self-regulated body, operating in an part of pan-European research facilities open method of coordination, mainly on headquartered in other European countries the basis of consensus. and is a member of pan-European research facilities entirely based beyond its borders, It does not allocate funding nor does it such as the European Hard X-Ray Free give “direct recommendations” for funding. Electron Laser (European XFEL) based However the ESFRI plays a major role in in Germany. the decision-making processes regarding the strategy and implementation of new The EU’s role in the UK’s engagement with research infrastructure development intergovernmental research efforts and improvements. Intergovernmental organisations are part of the European research landscape providing Under the Framework Programme for 2007 valuable facilities and infrastructures. Each of – 2013 (FP7), the EU granted such projects these organisations has its own institutional about €300 million and further support is arrangements and membership rules, and the planned under the research programme EU plays a different role in each. Some, such Horizon 2020. Support is also provided for as the ITER fusion experiment, are directly conceptual design studies for new research managed by the EU. Others predate the EU facilities that demonstrate a clear European itself and receive only a marginal part of their dimension and interest. Sixteen design study budget from the EU, such as CERN. projects are funded by the EU under the Framework Programme for 2007 – 2013.55 The six boxes below outline some of the Structural funds can sometimes be used most prominent European intergovernmental to fund the construction phase. research organisations, providing details about their function, location, membership and funding, and the role of the EU in their operation.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 21 Image The Large Hadron Collider. European Organisation of Nuclear Research (CERN) CERN ©2014 CERN.

The ALICE project, What is CERN? The European Organisation nations from outside of Europe have non- investigating the basic of Nuclear Research (CERN) is an member status to CERN, meaning they do constituents of matter, intergovernmental research organisation, not participate in organisational decision is a collaboration operating the largest particle physics making but have co-operation agreements between more than laboratory in the world. It provides particle to participate in specific projects. 1000 scientists from physicists with state of the art equipment 30 countries.60 like particle accelerators and detectors, Who funds it? In 2014 CERN received €1.2 such as The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) billion in funding, 90% of which came from 59 to carry out ground breaking research. its member nations.61 The UK contribution CERN organises and sponsors international to CERN funding in 2014 was roughly €126 research collaborations, promoting contacts million (the third highest contributing member between scientists and interchange with nation behind Germany and France). In 2014, other laboratories and institutes. The the EU provided 1.6% of CERN’s funding.62 experiments conducted at CERN are the result of large-scale international What’s the role of the EU in it? The EU is collaborations. For example, the ALICE not directly involved in the organisation project60, investigating the basic constituents of CERN activities and policy but has held of matter, is a collaboration between more ‘Observer Status’ at CERN since 1985. While than 1,000 scientists from 30 countries. the direct investment from the EU at CERN is relatively low, EU-funded research projects Where is it located? CERN is situated astride conduct work at CERN and collaborate with the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. researchers who conduct work at CERN.63 During the seven years of EU Research Which countries are involved in it? The Framework Programme 7 (2007 – 2013), UK is one of 22 member nations of CERN, CERN participated in successful proposals which includes 19 EU Member States as well for 87 new EU projects, 36 of which are as Switzerland, Norway and Israel. Many coordinated by CERN.64

22 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)

What is the European Synchrotron Which countries are involved in it? Radiation Facility? The European The ESRF has 21 partner nations, including Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) mostly EU Member States as well as a operates one of the most powerful X-ray number of non-EU countries from Europe sources in the world, producing X-rays 100 and abroad, such as , Norway, billion times brighter than the X-rays used Switzerland, Israel and South Africa. Image in hospitals.65 This allows research scientists The Canadian Light Source, ESRF Who funds it? Since it was formed in 1994, visiting the facility to investigate the inner ©lightsources.org molecular structure of materials and living it is estimated that the ESRF has received Courtesy: National matter, carrying out innovative research in a around €2 billion of total investment, the Synchrotron Radiation very wide variety of scientific fields including: majority of which comes from its individual Research Center. chemistry, material physics, archaeology member nations. The UK provides funding and cultural heritage, structural biology and to the ESRF through the Science and medical applications, environmental sciences, Technology Facilities Council. The investment polymer science, information science and from the UK in 2014 was €6.3 million, the nanotechnologies. It is estimated that around fourth highest individual member contribution 6,500 academics visit the ESRF each year. behind Germany, France and Italy.66

Where is it located? The facility is located What’s the role of the EU in it? While the in Grenoble, France. ESRF does not receive direct funding from the EU, much of the research conducted at the ESRF forms part of EU-funded projects or as part of collaborations involving EU-funded researchers.67

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 23 European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO) and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)

What are the EMBO and EMBL? EMBO is EMBL is funded by 21 European member an organisation of more than 1700 leading nations, including most EU Member States, researchers that promotes excellence in the and by Australia and Argentina as associate life sciences. Its major goals are to support member states. EMBL funding comes Image talented researchers at all stages of their predominantly from its individual member Scientist examining careers, stimulate the exchange of scientific nations, of which the UK was the third culture sample. information, and help build a European highest individual contributor in 2014 after research environment where scientists can Germany and France. Roughly one third of achieve their best work.68 EMBL’s budget of € 210 million in 2014 was contributed by third party funding.70 The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) was created in 1974 following plans What’s the role of the EU? EMBO and EMBL elaborated by EMBO. Now an independent both act independently from the EU, but organisation, the EMBL conducts basic work closely together and synergise their research in molecular biology, engages activities with the European Commission. in technology development and provides EMBL’s collaboration with the EC began infrastructure, facilities, training and services with a cooperation agreement first signed for researchers. in 1995. Today cooperation is based on a Memorandum of Understanding Where are they located? EMBO and EMBL’s implemented through biannual work plans. headquarters are located in Heidelberg, The agreement grants the EC ‘observer Germany. In addition, EMBL operates status’ in EMBL. While EMBL does not outstations in 4 European countries, receive direct funding from the EU, the EU including the European Bioinformatics funding programmes for research remain Institute in Hinxton, UK. the biggest external funding source of EMBL and with €13.5 million accounted for 30% Which countries are involved in their of external funding awarded to EMBL in funding and governance? Funding and 2014. 30% of EMBL’s research faculty hold support for EMBO programmes of activities is ERC grants and in the years 2012-2014 provided by the European Molecular Biology EMBL coordinated 20 and participated Conference (EMBC), an inter-governmental in 88 collaborative projects funded by organisation with 27 member nations, the European Commission Framework including mostly EU Member States as well Programmes. as Norway, Switzerland, Israel and Turkey. In 2014, the UK provided 14.6% of total member nation contributions to the EMBC.69

24 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH European Southern Observatory (ESO)

What is the European Southern Which countries are involved in it? There Observatory? The European Southern are 16 ESO member nations, along with the Observatory (ESO) (more formally known as host state of Chile, including EU Member the European Organisation for Astronomical States, non-EU countries (Switzerland) and Research in the Southern Hemisphere) is an non-European countries (Brazil is in the intergovernmental organisation, focussed process of ratifying its membership). Image on the design, construction and operation of ESO telescope at La Silla powerful ground-based observation facilities Who funds it? In 2014, ESO received €140.6 Observatory, Chile. ©Iztok Bončina/ALMA (ESO/ for astronomy. This enables European million in funding from its member nations, NAOJ/NRAO). researchers to conduct ground-breaking of which the UK provides 15.7% (third highest astronomical research that would not be contributor after Germany and France).72 possible in their home nations. ESO work has paved the way to pioneering observations What role does the EU play in it? and discoveries such as identifying extra- The ESO operates independently from solar planets and black holes in the Milky the EU and is controlled by its own Way. ESO is the most productive astronomical directorates and governing council. The observatory in the world. In 2013, over 840 ESO plays a central role in a number of refereed papers were published based on EU-funded research networks. For example, data from ESO-based studies.71 The ESO also the OPTICON (The Optical Infrared Co- promotes the mobility and co-operation of ordination Network) project has received European scientists, for example by hosting €10 million in EU funding and involves externally-funded (e.g. Marie Skłodowska- several UK universities.73 The project aims Curie Actions) researchers and maintaining a to bring together members of national and programme of international conferences. international agencies and organisations to help improve the quality of facilities and the Where is it located? Based in Garching, near standard of training and development for Munich, Germany, the ESO operates three astronomy research. observing sites in the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile.

The ITER Organisation

What is ITER? ITER is an international- Who funds it? What’s the role of the scale research and engineering project EU in it? The EU’s commitments to the intended to demonstrate the scientific and ITER Agreement were agreed through technological feasibility of nuclear fusion as the European Atomic Energy Community an energy source and pave the way for a (EURATOM) Treaty. The EU is contributing functioning plant. 45% of the construction phase (buildings, Image machine components and assembly) cost and The ITER Facility, St Where is it located? In 2010, construction 34% of the cost of operation, deactivation and Paul-Les-Durance, France ©MatthieuCOLIN.com began of the world’s largest experimental decommissioning of the facility for the ITER tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at a location project, with the other six parties contributing adjacent to CEA-Cadarache nuclear research approximately 9% each. The current cost centre in the south of France. estimates for the European contribution to ITER construction phase (2007-2020) amount Which countries are involved in it? The to €6.6 billion.75 UK industry has so far been parties developing ITER are , the EU, awarded over €170 million worth of contracts , , the Russian Federation, South as part of the ITER project (ranked third Korea and the USA, with the partners signing behind France and Italy).76 the ITER Agreement in 2007.74 This scale of global scientific collaboration is comparable only with the International Space Station.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 25 European Space Agency (ESA)

What is the European Space Agency? The UK provided €322 million towards The European Space Agency (ESA) is an this current ESA budget, the fourth highest independent intergovernmental organisation individual contributor behind Germany, devoted to conducting aero-space research France and Italy. and exploration. ESA’s activities have Image Launch of Flight included human spaceflight missions (such as What’s the role of the EU in it? ESA is not VA224 of the Ariane 5 experiments conducted on the International an agency or body of the EU. However, ESA mission. ©ESA/CNES/ Space Station) and unmanned space maintains close ties with the EU and the ARIANESPACE-Optique exploration (such as the Rosetta spacecraft for two organisations have jointly developed Video du CSG, S. Martin studying comets), as well as the design, testing a European Space Policy.78 Roughly 23% and operation of satellites for commercial and of ESA’s funding in 2015 was provided by scientific purposes such as earth observation the EU, which is more than any individual and telecommunication projects. member nation.

Where is it located? ESA headquarters ESA’s relationship with the International are based in Paris but it also has research Space Station (ISS) The ISS is an facilities in a number of locations around international collaborative project involving Europe including the European Centre for the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan Space Applications and Telecommunications and 10 of the 21 ESA member nations (ECSAT) at Harwell in Oxfordshire, UK. (, , France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, , and Which countries are involved in it? Switzerland). These ESA members contribute ESA comprises 22 member nations, mostly approximately 8% of the total estimated EU Member States as well as Norway costs for the development, construction and Switzerland. Canada is an Associate and maintenance of the ISS.79 The UK is not Member of ESA. involved in the construction of the ISS but takes part in some of the research projects Who funds it? In 2015 ESA received total carried out on board, such as the ESA funding of €4.4 billion, 73% of which was Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in contributed by individual member nations.77 Space (ELIPS).80

Other intergovernmental research facilities The UK takes part in other intergovernmental organisations. These provide research infrastructures to European researchers and include: • European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) • Copernicus (formerly Global Monitoring for Environment and Security or GMES) • Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) • European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) • European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMESAT)

26 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH What role does the EU play in supporting researchers to collaborate and partner with other countries?

Collaborations are vital for science, and Currently, ten JPIs are operational and the scientists want to work with the best in their UK takes part in all of them.82 These are: field irrespective of their geographical location • Neurodegenerative Disease Research and institutional affiliation. (JPND) • Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Researchers often seek to collaborate. Change (FACCE) Institutional frameworks can enable, facilitate • A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life and promote these. For example, researchers • Cultural Heritage and Global Change: in different countries might operate on A Challenge for Europe different funding cycles, which makes • Urban Europe collaborations difficult. By pooling resources • Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe together and distributing them centrally, EU (CliK’EU) funding can overcome these challenges, • More Years, Better Lives – The Potential lowering the cost of collaborations and and Challenges of Demographic Change simplifying them.81 Most EU funded research • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is intrinsically collaborative, bringing together • Water Challenges for a Changing World expertise from different sectors and countries • Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans to share knowledge and expand networks. (OCEANS)

A number of specific EU initiatives seek to Four joint programmes have been initially promote and support such collaborations: proposed under Horizon 2020:83 • European and Developing Countries Joint Programming Initiatives Clinical Trials Partnership 2 (EDCTP2) Joint Programming Initiatives (JPIs) aim to • The European Metrology Programme for pool national research efforts to make better Research and Innovation (EMPIR) use of Europe’s limited public research and • Eurostars 2 (support for high-tech SMEs) development resources and tackle common • Active and Assisted Living Research and European challenges more effectively in a Development Programme few key areas.

JPIs are public-public research partnerships between participating countries within the European Research Area (ERA). Participating countries agree, on a voluntary basis and in a partnership approach, on common strategic research agendas, to be implemented jointly. The ERA-NET Cofund financially supports the preparation, establishment, design and implementation of these partnerships but the operating costs of the partnership come from participating member states.

UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 27 Joint Technology Initiatives84 • Electronic Components and Systems for The European Commission promotes research European Leadership (ECSEL): to boost collaborations between public and private Europe’s electronics manufacturing partners across Europe through its Joint capabilities. Technology Initiatives (JTIs). • Shift2Rail: to develop better trains and railway infrastructure that will drastically JTIs support large-scale multinational research reduce costs and improve capacity, activities in areas of major interest to European reliability and punctuality. industrial competitiveness and issues of high • Single European Sky ATM Research societal relevance. They are run as Joint (SESAR) 2020: to develop the new Undertakings that organise their own research generation of European Air Traffic agenda and award funding for projects on the Management system that will enhance basis of open calls. the performance of air transport

Current JTIs operate in a number of areas Intergovernmental frameworks for research of strategic importance for the EU: collaborations • Innovative Medicines 2 (IMI2): to develop A number of European intergovernmental next generation vaccines, medicines and agreements and frameworks exist to foster treatments, such as new antibiotics. research collaborations. These are not EU • Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 (FCH2): to initiatives but the EU and its Member States accelerate market introduction of clean and play an important role in them. These include: efficient technologies in energy and transport. • European Cooperation in the field of •  2 (CS2): to develop cleaner, quieter Scientific and Technical Research (COST)

aircraft with significantly less CO2 emissions. • European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) • Bio-based Industries (BBI): to use • Pan-European network for market-oriented, renewable natural resources and innovative industrial R&D (EUREKA) technologies for greener everyday products.

The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI)

What is the IMI? The Innovative Medicines What does the IMI Instrument Fund? Initiative (IMI) is a public-private partnership The IMI currently lists over 50 currently between the EU and the European ongoing Europe-wide projects86, focussed Federation for Pharmaceutical Industries on specific aspects of pharmaceutical and Associations (EFPIA) that aims to speed development. For example, the CHEM up the development of, and patient access 21 Project87 is focussed on finding ways to, innovative medicines. The IMI supports to make the chemical processes involved collaborative research projects and networks in drug synthesis more environmentally of different stakeholders (e.g. researchers, sound. This involves the participation of the pharmaceutical industry, SMEs, EFPIA companies (e.g. GlaxoSmithKline public bodies, patient organisations etc) and Pfizer); UK-based Universities (e.g. to encourage pharmaceutical innovation Manchester, Durham, York and Leeds) in Europe. and UK-based SMEs.

What is the budget? The current second phase (IMI 2) of the programme has a budget of €3.3 billion for the period 2014 – 2024. Of this: €1.6 billion comes from Horizon 2020; €1.4 billion comes from EFPIA companies; and up to €213 million comes from other life science industries or organisations.85

28 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH References 15. European Commission 2015, Marie Skłodowska-Curie * Unless stated, all values are presented in 2013 Actions – overview (See http://ec.europa.eu/research/ terms, calculated using a deflator provided by ONS. mariecurieactions/about-msca/actions/index_en.htm , Exchange rates between € and £ values were accessed 4 October 2015) provided by : http://www.ukforex.co.uk/forex-tools/ 16. European Commission 2014, Marie Skłodowska- historical-rate-tools/yearly-average-rates Curie Actions – A pocket guide: Your passport to a successful research career (See http://bookshop. 1. European Commission 2015, Seventh FP7 Monitoring europa.eu/en/marie-sk-odowska-curie-actions- Report 2013 (See http://ec.europa.eu/research/ pbNC0213842/, accessed 28 October 2015) SME Instrument budget evaluations/pdf/archive/fp7_monitoring_reports/7th_ 17. 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UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH 31 The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity.

The Society’s strategic priorities emphasise its commitment to the highest quality science, to curiosity-driven research, and to the development and use of science for the benefit of society. These priorities are: • Promoting science and its benefits • Recognising excellence in science • Supporting outstanding science • Providing scientific advice for policy • Fostering international and global cooperation • Education and public engagement

For further information The Royal Society Centre 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG T +44 20 7451 2500 E [email protected] W royalsociety.org

Registered Charity No 207043

Issued: December 2015. DES3891 32 UK RESEARCH AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE ROLE OF THE EU IN FUNDING UK RESEARCH