Science and Technology Policy Research in the EU: from Framework Programme to HORIZON 2020
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Technology, Development and Economic Crisis: the Schumpeterian Legacy
CIMR Research Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 23 Technology, development and economic crisis: the Schumpeterian legacy by Rinaldo Evangelista University of Camerino Piazza Cavour, 19/F, 62032 Camerino (IT) +39-0737-403074 [email protected] June 2015 ISSN 2052-062X Abstract This contribution aims at highlighting the complex, non-linear and potentially contradictory nature of the relationships between technological progress, economic growth and social development, in particular within the context of market based economies. The main (provocative) argument put forward in the paper is that the recent neo-Schumpeterian literature, while providing fundamental contributions to our understanding of innovation, has contributed to the rising of a positivistic reading of the relationship between technology, economy and society, with technology being able to guaranty strong economic growth and (implicitly) social welfare. This is confirmed by the fact that, contrary to other influential heterodox economic schools and Schumpeter himself, in the recent neo- Schumpeterian literature technology is only rarely associated to macroeconomic market failures such as systemic crises, structural unemployment, and the growth of social and economic inequalities. It is also argued that the emergence of a “positivistic bias” in the neo-Schumpeterian literature has been associated to the dominance of a supply-side and micro-based view of the technology-economy relationships. Key words: Technology, Innovation, Schumpeter, Development, Crisis JEL codes: B52, O00, O30. 2 1. Introduction There is no doubt that the last economic crisis, with its depth, extension and length, could have, at least in principle, the potentiality of shaking at the fundamentals the dominant neo-liberal economic thinking and policy framework. -
Technology Policy and the Environment
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT « Technology Policy and the Environment What is the role of technology and technology policy in addressing environmental concerns and realising sustainable development goals? To consider this question, a Workshop on Technology Policy Technology Policy and the Environment was held in Paris on 21 June 2001 as part of the OECD Horizontal Programme on Sustainable Development. This brochure contains a summary of the workshop discussions, which and the Environment focused on the contributions of economic theory and modelling to understanding technology/ environment relationships. Participants debated the role and design of technology policy in addressing environmental problems and developed a list of recommendations for future OECD work. The insights gained at the workshop will contribute to further OECD analysis on technology and sustainable development. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT www.oecd.org 2000 Technology Policy and the Environment ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: – to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; – to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and – to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. -
Japanese Technology Policy: History and a New Perspective
DPRIETI Discussion Paper Series 01-E-001 Japanese Technology Policy: History and a New Perspective HARAYAMA Yuko RIETI The Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/ RIETI Discussion Paper Series 01-E-001 JAPANESE TECHNOLOGY POLICY: HISTORY AND A NEW PERSPECTIVE Yuko Harayama Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry August 2001 Abstract The last decade of the 20th century was marked by the emergence of a "knowledge-based economy," with governments in most OECD countries intensifying their commitment to the underlying research and development activities. Japan is no exception. The Japanese government affirmed setting the objectives of a "Nation Based on Science and Technology" as the fundamental policy goal in 1980 and since then it has implemented several laws and policy packages in the fields of science, technology, industry and higher education, with the common denominator being "Industry-University- State cooperation." This policy orientation has been consolidated by the Science and Technology Basic Law, introduced in 1995, which gave the government legal competence in science and technology. This trend tends to reinforce stereotypic images of the Japanese innovation system, such as the "government picking up technological paths" or "industry and government working hand-in-hand." Does this perception reflect reality? This study attempts to clarify this by examining: · How the technology policy evolved during the postwar period in Japan; · What its impact was on the private sector's decision on R&D activities; · What the underlying philosophy was of the government's R&D policies, if one existed; · What the new perspective is. -
The Future Is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America Since 1950
History Books History 2007 The uturF e is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America Since 1950 Alan I. Marcus Amy Bix Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Marcus, Alan I. and Bix, Amy, "The uturF e is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America Since 1950" (2007). History Books. 7. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books/7 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Books by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTENTS Introduction 7 Chapter I In the Beginning 13 Chapter 2 Coming Apart 61 Chapter 3 From Malaise to Morning in America 153 Chapter 4 Oscillations and Perturbations through Manipulations: Rise of the New Politics 203 Coda 287 Endnotes 293 Index 309 5 I NTRDDUCTI ON cience and technology are the essential building blocks of con Stemporary American society and governance. "Smart" bombs and other sophisticated weapons replace countless soldiers. Hybrid seeds, biotechnology, and fertilizers are the basis of agricultural pro ductivity. Job creation, global competitiveness, and the American standard of Jiving stand as the consequence of scientific insight and technological application. Acquisition of knowledge and provision of information and communication, whether through electronic impulses or on land, rest on science and technology. The effects of science and technology are immediate and abun dant. -
Perspectives on the New European Research Area from the University Sector
POLICY INPUT Perspectives on the new European Research Area from the university sector December 2020 This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC This information may be freely used, copied and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the source is acknowledged (European University Association). European University Association asbl Avenue de l’Yser 24 Rue du Rhône 114 1040 Brussels Case postale 3174 Belgium 1211 Geneva 3, Switzerland +32 (0) 2 230 55 44 +41 22 552 02 96 www.eua.eu · [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction 4 A new ERA with research at its centre, adequate resourcing and capacity building through dialogue 5 Research at the centre of the new ERA 5 Inclusive governance 5 Sustainable funding 6 Overview of EUA’s thematic recommendations 7 EUA thematic recommendations 7 Emphasise academic freedom and institutional autonomy as the underlying principles of the new ERA 10 Invest in both investigator-driven and mission-oriented research and innovation 11 Strengthen the connection between the new ERA and the European Education Area 12 Invest in training and sustainable career paths for early-career researchers 13 Adopt a positive and holistic approach to diversity, equity and inclusion 15 Co-create a broad and forward-looking definition of excellence to guide the new ERA 16 Fully embrace inclusiveness with a view to closing research and innovation gaps in Europe 17 Strengthen innovation ecosystems for knowledge circulation and valorisation 19 Boost incentives and facilitate -
The Case of European Research Area
HEIDEGGERIAN UNDERSTANDING OF MODERN SCIENCE: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TUBA ALTINKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin GENÇÖZ Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________ Prof. Dr. Sibel KALAYCIOĞLU Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________ Instructor Dr. Barış MÜCEN Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nedim KARAKAYALI (Bilkent Uni, ADM) _________________ Instructor Dr. Barış MÜCEN (METU, SOC) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdoğan YILDIRIM (METU, SOC) _________________ PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Tuba Altınkaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT HEIDEGGERIAN UNDERSTANDING OF MODERN SCIENCE: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA Altınkaya, Tuba M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Instructor Dr. Barış Mücen September 2016, 147 pages This thesis undertakes the analysis of European Research Area on the basis of Heideggerian conception of modern science. -
Forget Politicizing Science. Let's Democratize Science!
DAVID H. GUSTON Forget Politicizing Science. Let's Democratize Science! Since the publication last year by them of being somewhat insincere, Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Ca.) of a in the same way that Louis, the report alleging that the Bush ad- Science advising in Vichy Prefect of Police in Casa- ministration has been inappropri- blanca, was "shocked, shocked" ately manipulating scientific re- government is to find gambling in the back room ports and advisory committees, unavoidably at Rick's, even as he collected his science policy has become an issue own winnings. From the $120 bil- with surprisingly long political political, but we lion for scientific R&D that the legs. The administration dismissed must make a government provides, to the petty Waxman's report as a partisan dis- power plays that plague depart- tortion and a politicization of sci- concerted effort to mental governance, science is ence in its own right. But this ensure that it is deeply political. Asking whether charge became somewhat harder science is politicized distracts us to sustain with the publication of democratic. from asking. "Who benefits and a like-minded report by the Union loses from which forms of politi- of Concerned Scientists and a let- cization?" and "What are the ap- ter, signed by a left-leaning but still propriate institutional channels for bipartisan group of scientists, again and Technology Policy, eventually political discourse, influence, and alleging that the administration has responded with his own defen- action in science?" Arguing over inappropriately played politics with sively toned report. The political whether science is politicized ne- the findings of government scien- right also took aim with a critique glects the more critical question: tists and with appointments to fed- of leftist science in Politicizing Sci- "Is science democratized?" eral scientific advisory panels. -
Some Notes on Theories of Technology, Society and Innovation Systems for S&T Policy Studies
1 Some notes on theories of Technology, Society and Innovation Systems for S&T policy studies Mónica Salazar-Acosta and Adam Holbrook CPROST Report 08-02 2 3 Some notes on theories of technology, society and innovation systems for science and technology policy studies Mónica Salazar-Acosta and Adam Holbrook, with editorial comments by Glenda Shaw-Garlock CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Vancouver BC Report 08-02 Introduction Does technology shape society, or does society influence our technological choices? Is technological determinism a theory of society or a theory of technology? The debate on Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies has been animated by two opposite views on technology: one that affirms that technology shapes society, and the other that society shapes technology. The former, is commonly associated with the notion of technological determinism; while the latter could be labeled ‘social shaping of technology’ which covers various approaches, such as social constructivism and actor-network theory. Neither provides an overall view: one looks at the forest and the other at the trees, but both have failed to give us a comprehensive view of technological change and the major forces driving social change. What follows is an examination of technological determinism – the shaping of society by technology - and the influence of society on the evolution of technology . It does not pretend to be exhaustive or representative of the most recent scholarship on the subject. A good, recent, -
Technology Policy and Complex Strategic
Technology Policy and Complex Strategic Alliance Networks in the Global Semiconductor Industry: An Analysis of the Effects of Policy Implementation on Cooperative R&D Contract Networks, Industry Recovery, and Firm Performance DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Travis Aaron Whetsell, M.P.A. Graduate Program in Public Policy and Management The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Caroline S. Wagner, Advisor Michael J. Leiblein Trevor L. Brown Anand Desai Copyrighted by Travis Aaron Whetsell 2017 Abstract This research analyzes the impact of U.S. Federal technology policy on the emergence of a complex network of strategic alliances in the semiconductor industry during a critical period in its evolution. During the mid-1980s the U.S. region of the global semiconductor industry was on the verge of collapse. A tectonic shift in the technological landscape occurred favoring the robust networked organizational form found in the Japanese keiretsu, and by 1985 Japan had taken the largest share of the global market. In the United States, industry leaders and policymakers moved to support and protect the U.S. manufacturing and supply infrastructure, crafting an organizationally innovative technology policy, called Sematech, which was implemented in 1987. Sematech was a public-private industry consortium that included fourteen U.S. firms, featuring sponsorship and protection by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Sematech is widely regarded as a critical element in the recovery of the U.S. region of the semiconductor industry. -
Scientific Innovation, Philosophy, and Public Policy
SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION, PHILOSOPHY, AND PUBLIC POLICY Edited by Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Jeffrey Paul (1996) CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS THEORY AND THE COMMONS: THE CASE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH By ROBERT P. MERGES I. INTRODUCTION For some time now, commentators in and out of the scientific community have been expressing concern over the direction of scientific research. Cogent critics have labeled it excessively commercial, out of touch with its “pure,” public-spirited roots, and generally too much a creature of its entrepreneurial, self-interested times. In most if not all of this and wringing, the scientific community's growing reliance on intellectual property rights, especially patents, looms large. Indeed, for many the pursuit of patents is emblematic of just what is rotten in the republic of science today. These concerns with property rights, and commercialization of science in general, spring from a number of motivations. For some, the issue is strictly utilitarian. Under this view of things, the traditional division of labor between the public and private spheres has proven so effective-contributing as it has to the development of such modern indispensables as semiconductors, penicillin, and jet transportation-that to change our approach now is sheer madness.1 For these observers of the latest trends in science, the changes currently afoot are a threat to kill (or at least cripple) the goose that has laid before us, like so many golden eggs, many of the conveniences we take for granted. Others are concerned for different reasons. They express a more fundamental objection: that commercializing the heretofore noble, pure, and otherwise untainted field of science is not just poor policy, but intrinsically bad.2 They are consumed with the notion that current trends threaten to undermine not simply an effective set of institutions, but ultimately a successful part of our shared public life-what they might characterize as 1. -
LD5655.V855 1993.C655.Pdf (11.60Mb)
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE, SOCIOLOGICALT HEORY, AND THE STRUCTURE OF RHETORIC by James H. Collier Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Science and Technology Studies APPROVED: Y— Joseph C. Pitt, Chair Aone ble EtaaT hone, Steve Fuller Elisworth Fuhrman April, 1993 Blacksburg, VA LD S635 VE5S , DaQa cose} aM’~ Scientific Discourse, Sociological Theory, and the Structure of Rhetoric James H. Collier Graduate Program in Science and Technology Studies Chair: Joseph C. Pitt (ABSTRACT) This thesis examines the rhetorical, analytical and critical efficacy of reflexivity and sociological theory as means for reconciling the normative and descriptive functions of the rhetoric of science. In attempting to define a separate research domain within Science Studies, rhetoric of science has borrowed Strong Program and constructivist principles and descriptions of scientific practice from the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) as a basis for analyzing scientific discourse. While epistemological claims in the social sciences have been considered inherently self-referential and subject to reflexive analysis and critique, rhetoricians have generally taken these claims on face value and applied them to a treatment of scientific practice. Accordingly, rhetoricians have maintained a natural ontological attitude to sociological theories and descriptions supporting an understanding of scientific discourse as implicitly rhetorical. Recently, however, the concept of "rhetoric" in rhetoric of science has come under scrutiny. This thesis will connect arguments involving the relation of the "irreducibly social" nature of science, to a concept of scientific discourse as rhetorical "without remainder,” to the philosophical commitments of reflexive analysis. -
Eu Research and Development Programmes
CROSS-CUTTING POLICIES | EU RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES CROSS-CUTTING POLICIES EU Research and Development Programmes Overview Today’s technologies have the potential to bend the carbon- emissions curve—but new, better, and cheaper innovations are a key component of any achievable plan for a net-zero– emissions economy by 2050. In its special report on Clean Energy Innovation, IEA estimates that currently mature technologies may reduce global emissions by 25 percent until 2070—but at least 35 percent of emissions cuts are expected to be delivered by technologies in the prototyping or demonstration phases. In other words, accelerated clean energy technology is essential to stopping climate change and limiting the rise of global temperatures. Government investment in clean energy research and innovation (R&I) can catalyse greater private-sector investment, help the EU reach its sustainable development targets, and maintain industrial competitiveness. Research and development (R&D) is usually understood as the first step in R&I. In 2017, total R&D spending in the EU was €317 billion, or 2.06 percent of its GDP. This was far below the official 3 percent target and behind Japan (spending 3.20 percent of its GDP), the U.S. (2.78 percent) and China (2.13 percent). Traditionally, around one-third of all R&D funding in the EU comes from public sources (some 10 percent from EU funds, 30 percent from national governments, and 60 percent from higher education). The rest comes from private R&D investments. The EU collates many R&I-related institutions, initiatives, and funds under one programme, Horizon Europe, which will run from 2021–2027 and replace the earlier Horizon 2020.