A Field Guide to Understanding Pressure Transducers
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A GUIDE to USING FETS for SENSOR APPLICATIONS by Ron Quan
Three Decades of Quality Through Innovation A GUIDE TO USING FETS FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS By Ron Quan Linear Integrated Systems • 4042 Clipper Court • Fremont, CA 94538 • Tel: 510 490-9160 • Fax: 510 353-0261 • Email: [email protected] A GUIDE TO USING FETS FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS many discrete FETs have input capacitances of less than 5 pF. Also, there are few low noise FET input op amps Linear Systems that have equivalent input noise voltages density of less provides a variety of FETs (Field Effect Transistors) than 4 nV/ 퐻푧. However, there are a number of suitable for use in low noise amplifier applications for discrete FETs rated at ≤ 2 nV/ 퐻푧 in terms of equivalent photo diodes, accelerometers, transducers, and other Input noise voltage density. types of sensors. For those op amps that are rated as low noise, normally In particular, low noise JFETs exhibit low input gate the input stages use bipolar transistors that generate currents that are desirable when working with high much greater noise currents at the input terminals than impedance devices at the input or with high value FETs. These noise currents flowing into high impedances feedback resistors (e.g., ≥1MΩ). Operational amplifiers form added (random) noise voltages that are often (op amps) with bipolar transistor input stages have much greater than the equivalent input noise. much higher input noise currents than FETs. One advantage of using discrete FETs is that an op amp In general, many op amps have a combination of higher that is not rated as low noise in terms of input current noise and input capacitance when compared to some can be converted into an amplifier with low input discrete FETs. -
Transducers and Sensors
3/7/2017 TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi Closed‐loop Control System 1 3/7/2017 CHAPTER ONE Introduction Functional Elements of a Measurement System • Basic Functional Elements 1‐Transducer Element 2‐ Signal Conditioning Element 3‐ Data Presentation Element • Auxiliary Functional Elements A‐ Calibration Element B‐ External Power supply 2 3/7/2017 Functional Elements of a Measurement System Transducer and Signal Conditioning 3 3/7/2017 Transducer Element • The Transducer is defined as a device, which when actuated by one form of energy, is capable of converting it to another form of energy. The transduction may be from mechanical, electrical, or optical to any other related form. • The term transducer is used to describe any item which changes information from one form to another. Transducer Element • The Transducer element normally senses the desired input in one physical form and convert it to an output in another physical form. For example, the input variable to the transducer could be pressure, acceleration, or temperature and the output of transducer may be disp lacemen t, voltage, or resitistance change depending on the type of transducer element. 4 3/7/2017 Transducer Element • Single stage • Double stage Single Stage Transducer 5 3/7/2017 Double Stage Transducer Typical Examples of Transducer Elements 6 3/7/2017 Typical Examples of Transducer Elements Typical Examples of Transducer Elements 7 3/7/2017 Transducers classification • Based on power type classification ‐ Active transducer (Diaphragms, Bourdon Tubes, tachometers, piezoelectric, etc…) ‐ Passive transducer (Capacitive, inductive, photo, LVDT, etc…) Transducers classification • Based on the type of output signal ‐ Analogue Transducers (stain gauges, LVDT, etc…) ‐ Digital Transducers (Absolute and incremental encoders) 8 3/7/2017 Transducers classification • Based on the electrical phenomenon or parameter tha t may be chdhanged due to the whole process. -
Transducers in Audio ● Transducer: Any Mechanism That Transforms One Form of Energy Into Another Form of Energy
Transducers in Audio ● Transducer: Any mechanism that transforms one form of energy into another form of energy. ○ Physical energy into mechanical energy ○ Physical energy into electrical energy ○ Mechanical energy into electrical energy ○ Vice versa Audio is primarily concerned with turning physical acoustic energy into electrical energy and back again. What are our two most basic audio transducers? scienceaid.net https://socratic.org/questions/what-part-of-the-ear-contains-the-sensory-receptors-for-hearing From Acoustic to Electric Energy First...a short trip into basic electrical theory... Michael Faraday http://www.rigb.org/our-history/michael-faraday Electro-magnetism Faraday’s Law of Induction: Basically, any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be induced in a wire. Conversely, any change in the voltage on a coil of wire will cause the magnetic field to change. This is called electromagnetism, and the field created is called an electro-magnetic field. Capacitance When two conductors are given an opposite charge, an electric or more specifically a capacitive field is generated around them. When the relationship between the two conductors (for example the distance between them) changes it causes measurable effects on the charges. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/imgele/cap.png Capacitance When two conductors are given an opposite charge, a electric or more specifically a capacitive field is generated around them. When the relationship between the two conductors, for example the distance between them, changes is causes measurable effects on the charges. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/imgele/cap.png ● Alternating Current (AC) vs Direct Current (DC) ○ AC charge changes from positive to negative across the zero axis. -
Pressure Sensor/ Rohs 3-Screen Display Sensor Monitor IP65
Remote Type Pressure Sensor/ RoHS 3-Screen Display Sensor Monitor IP65 Pressure Sensor for General Fluids PSE57२ Series Rated pressure range 0 to 1 MPa −100 to 100 kPa 0 to 500 kPa 0 to 2 MPa 0 to 5 MPa 0 to 10 MPa Withstand voltage 500 VAC <Twice that of the PSE560> Materials of Parts in Contact with Fluid Piping port C3604 + Nickel plating Pressure sensor Al2O3 (Alumina 96%) Square ring FKM NewNew 3-Screen Display Sensor Monitor PSE300AC Series Change the settings while checking the measured value. Visualization of Settings Set value (Threshold value) Main screen Measured value (Current pressure value) Hysteresis value Sub screen Delay time Label (Display item), Set value (Threshold value) Peak value Bottom value PSE57२/PSE300AC Series CAT.ES100-119A Pressure Sensor for General Fluids PSE57२ Series bPSE570/573/574 Materials of parts in bPSE575/576/577 Materials of parts in contact with fl uid contact with fl uid (1 MPa/100 kPa/500 kPa) (2 MPa/5 MPa/10 MPa) Pressure sensor PressurePre sensor O-ring Al2O3 Port size AlA 2O3 (Alumina 96%) FKM + Grease (Alumina 96%) R1/4 (with M5 female thread) Square ring FKM Port size Fitting R1/8, 1/4 Fitting C3604 + (with M5 female thread) C3604 + Nickel plating Nickel plating Series Variations Series Variations Proof Proof Model Rated pressure range pressure Model Rated pressure range pressure −100 kPa 0 100 kPa 500 kPa 1 MPa 2 MPa 5 MPa 10 MPa −100 kPa 0 100 kPa 500 kPa 1 MPa 2 MPa 5 MPa 10 MPa 3.0 5.0 PSE570 PSE575 1 MPa MPa 2 MPa MPa 600 12.5 PSE573 ± PSE576 100 kPa kPa 5 MPa MPa 10 MPa 1.5 30 PSE574 -
Electromechanical Piezoresistive Sensing in Suspended Graphene
This document is the unedited Author’s version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Nano Letters, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see http://pubs.acs.org/articlesonrequest/AOR-kGn5XaTPGiC7mYUQfih3. Electromechanical Piezoresistive Sensing in Suspended Graphene Membranes A.D. Smith1, F. Niklaus1, A. Paussa2, S. Vaziri1, A.C. Fischer1, M. Sterner1, F. Forsberg1, A. Delin1, D. Esseni2, P. Palestri2, M. Östling1, M.C. Lemme1,3,* 1 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Isafjordsgatan 22, 16440 Kista, Sweden, 2 DIEGM, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy 3University of Siegen, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Monolayer graphene exhibits exceptional electronic and mechanical properties, making it a very promising material for nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) devices. Here, we conclusively demonstrate the piezoresistive effect in graphene in a nano- electromechanical membrane configuration that provides direct electrical readout of pressure to strain transduction. This makes it highly relevant for an important class of nano-electromechanical system (NEMS) transducers. This demonstration is consistent with our simulations and previously reported gauge factors and simulation values. The membrane in our experiment acts as a strain gauge independent of crystallographic orientation and allows for aggressive size scalability. When compared with conventional pressure sensors, the sensors have orders of magnitude higher sensitivity per unit area. Keywords: graphene, pressure sensor, piezoresistive effect, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), MEMS 2 Graphene is an interesting material for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) due to its extraordinary thinness (one atom thick), high carrier mobility 1,2, a high Young’s modulus of about 1 TPa for both pristine (exfoliated) and chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene.3,4 Graphene is further stretchable up to approximately 5 6 20%. -
Basic Physics of Ultrasonographic Imaging
BASIC PHYSICS OF ULTlVlSONOGRAPHIC IMAGING Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology Essential Health Technologies Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Geneva BASIC PHYSICS OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IMAGING Editor Harald Ostensen Author Nimrod M. Tole, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medical Physics Department of Diagnostic Radiology University of Nairobi WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Tole, Nimrod M. Basic physics of ultrasonic imaging / by Nimrod M. Tole. 1. Ultrasonography I. Title. ISBN 92 41592990 (NLM classification: WN 208) © World Health Organization 2005 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution - should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Measurement Systems
4/3/2019 Advanced Measurement Systems and Sensors Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi Chapter one Introduction to Measurement Systems 1 4/3/2019 Outlines • Control and measurement systems • Transducer/sensor definition and classifications • Signal conditioning definition and classifications • Units of measurements • Types of errors • Transducer/sensor transfer function • Transducer characteristics • Statistical analysis Closed-loop Control System 2 4/3/2019 Measurement System Transducer and Signal Conditioning 3 4/3/2019 Transducer Element • The Transducer is defined as a device, which when actuated by one form of energy, is capable of converting it to another form of energy. The transduction may be from mechanical, electrical, or optical to any other related form. • The term transducer is used to describe any item which changes information from one form to another. Transducer and Sensor • Transducers are elements that respond to changes in the physical condition of a system and deliver output signals related to the measured, but of a different form and nature. • Sensor is the initial stage in any transducer. • The property of transducer element is affected by the variation of the external physical variable according to unique relationship. 4 4/3/2019 Transducers classification • Based on power type classification - Active transducer (Diaphragms, Bourdon Tubes, tachometers, piezoelectric, etc…) - Passive transducer (Capacitive, inductive, photo, LVDT, etc…) Transducers classification • Based on the type of output signal - Analogue Transducers (stain -
Maximizing Efficiency in Active Loudspeaker Systems
Maximizing Efficiency in Active Loudspeaker Systems Wolfgang Klippel, KLIPPEL GmbH, Dresden, Germany Increasing the efficiency of the electro-acoustical conversion is the key to modern audio devices generating the required sound output with minimum size, weight, cost and energy. There is unused potential for increasing the efficiency of the electro-dynamical transducer by using a nonlinear motor topology, a soft suspension and cultivating the modal resonances in the mechanical and acoustical system. However, transducers optimized for maximum efficiency are more prone to nonlinear and unstable behavior. Nonlinear adaptive control can compensate for the undesired signal distortion, protect the transducer against overload, stabilize the voice coil position and cope with time varying properties of the suspension. The paper discusses the design of modern active systems that combine the new opportunities provided by software algorithms with the optimization of the hardware components in the transducer and power amplifier. reducing power consumption in portable 1 Introduction applications with limited battery capacity. The user of loudspeakers, headphone and other For this discussion, the paper provides new audio devices expects that the audio signal can be definitions of the efficiency to consider the influence reproduced at sufficient amplitude and quality but of the spectral properties of the complex audio prefers products which are smaller, lighter, less cost signals (e.g. music). The paper explains the intensive and provide a longer stand-alone operation difference between efficiency and voltage in personal applications. sensitivity, which is a second important Creating such an audio product requires a characteristic of the transducer required to match the combination of hardware and software components transducer with the power amplifier. -
Practical Recommendations for Using Sound Transducers
ICaD 2013 6–10 july, 2013, Łódź, Poland international Conference on auditory Display The 19th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD-2013) July 6-10, 2013, Lodz, Poland The 19th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD-2013) July 6-10, 2013, Lodz, Poland The 19thPRACTICAL International Conference on Auditory RECOMMENDATIONS Display (ICAD-2013) FORJu USINGly 6-10, 2013, Lodz, Poland PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING SOUND TRANSDUCERS WITH GLASS SOUNDMEMBERANE TRANSDUCERS AS AUDITORY DISPLAY WITH BASED GLASS ON MEASUREMENTS MEMBERANE AND SIMULATIONSPRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING SOUND TRANSDUCERS WITH GLASS ASPRACTICAL AUDITORY RECOMMENDATIONS DISPLAY FOR BASED USINGMEMBERANE SOUND ON TRANSDUCERS MEASUREMENTS AS AUDITORY WITH DISPLAY GLASS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS AND MEMBERANE AS AUDITORY DISPLAY BASED ON MEASUREMENTSSIMULATIONS AND György WersényANDi SIMULATIONS József Répás György Wersényi József Répás SzéchenyiGyörgyGyörgy István WersényiWersény Universityi , SzéchenyiJózsefJózsef IstvánRépás Répás University, DepartmentSzéchenyi of István Telecommunications University, , DepartmentSzéchenyi of Telecommunications, István University, Department of Telecommunications, SzéchenyiDepartment István University of Telecommunications,, Széchenyi István University, Széchenyi István University, Széchenyi István University, H-9026,H-9026, Győr, Győr, Egyetem Egyetem t. 1, Hungaryt. 1, Hungary DepartmentH-9026,H-9026, of TelecommunicationsGyőr, Győr, Egyetem Egyetem t. t.1, Hungary1,,Hungary Department of Telecommunications, -
Seminar Manual Pressure Sensors
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bsolute pressure vacuum closed vessel 3 ;8 3 !!2 !"" " !! !# !! '% Level measurement open vessel 3 ';< 3 ' ! " ! 2 ! " ! '(' : ! . R Level measurement closed vessel 3 %;< ' 3 % ! " ! ! 2 !"" " ! " " ! ! ,9 . Flow measurement 3 (;3 8 3 ( ! " " 2 !""" !" " ! '(. '1 2 " " # " !"" 3 ' "# " ! ! # "!"" '% # " 9 : ! 1 R +#! 2# 44!(44 # ! !" #! (2 # '. " + # 9 " ! "#! ! 3 .;,# 2# !#! !/#! !! !" " !! 3 1 ! " 2 ! ! ! 8 == ! ! " : ! R Accumulator charged at Accumulator discharged at max. operating -
Transducers Recommended by Garmin
TRANSDUCER SELECTION 2021 GUIDE CHOOSING THE RIGHT TRANSDUCER PANOPTIX LIVESCOPE™ There are several types of sonar available, each with special capabilities. And each requires a different transducer to work most effectively. For optimum performance, it is very important to match the transducer to your device’s sonar. To start, make sure the transducer you are buying pairs with your unit, and determine what type of sonar technology you would like to add. Read through each section to learn more about the sonar technologies and transducers recommended by Garmin. Our award-winning Panoptix LiveScope sonar brings real-time scanning sonar to life. It shows highly detailed, easy-to-interpret live scanning sonar images of structure, bait and fish swimming below and around your boat in real time, even when your boat SONAR TECHNOLOGY // PAGE 3 ADDITIONAL TRANSDUCERS // PAGE 24 is stationary. • Panoptix Livescope™ • Transom Mount Full capabilities are available with the Panoptix LiveScope • Panoptix Livescope™ Perspective • Thru-hull Traditional System (see below). The Panoptix LiveScope™ LVS12 transducer ® Mode Mount provides an economical solution for your GPSMAP 8600xsv • Thru-hull CHIRP Traditional chartplotter — without the need for a black box -- with 30-degree • Panoptix™ All-seeing Sonar • In-hull 2018 forward and 30-degree down real-time scanning sonar views. • Scanning Sonar System: UHD • Pocket Mount Part no: 010-02143-00 LVS12 • Scanning Sonar System: CHIRP Sonar THREE MODES IN ONE TRANSDUCER ACCESSORIES AND SENSORS // PAGE 32 THE RIGHT MOUNTING // PAGE 10 PANOPTIX LIVESCOPE™ DOWN • Accessories • In-hull Mount • Smart Sensors • Kayak In-hull • NMEA 2000® • Trolling Motor Mount • Transom Mount • Thru-hull Mount Live, easy-to-interpret scanning sonar images of structure and swimming fish in incredible detail below your Panoptix LiveScope LVS12 Down GARMIN TRANSDUCERS // PAGE 12 boat — up to 200’. -
Common-Notes Pressure-Sensor.Pdf
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ Products or specifications on the catalog are 〈Warranty Coverage〉 subject to be changed without notice. Please If any malfunctions should occur due to our inquire our sales agents for our latest fault, NIDEC COPAL ELECTRONICS warrants specifications. We require an acknowl edgment any part of our product within one year from the of specification documents for product use date of delivery by repair or replacement at beyond our specifications, and conditions free of charge. However, warranty is not appli- needing high reliability, such as nuclear reactor cable if the causes of defect should result control, railroads, aviation, automobile, from the following con ditions: combustion, medical, amusement, • Failure or damages caused by inappropriate Disaster prevention equipment and etc. use, inappropriate conditions, and Furthermore, we ask you to perform a swift inappropriate handling. incoming inspection for delivered products and • Failure or dam ages caused by inappropriate we wouldalso appreciate if full attention is given mod i fi cations, adjustment, or repair. to the storage conditions of the product. • Failure or damage caused by technically and sci en tif i cally unpredictable factors. 〈Warranty Period〉 • Failure or damage caused by natural disaster, The Warranty period is one year from the date fire or unavoid able factors. of delivery. The warranty is only applicable to the product itself, not applic a ble to con sumable products such as batteries and etc. PRESSURE SENSORS OUTLINE A pressure sensor is a device that converts fluid ■ PRODUCT LINE-UP pressure into an electrical signal. NIDEC COPAL a) Diffusion type semi-conductor pressure sensors ··· ELECTRONICS pressure sensors are man u fac- P series tured from the semiconductor pressure sensing A basic pressure sensing device which converts chips to a variety of pressure sensor products at its pressure into an electrical signal.